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North South University

Course:
MAT 130 (Calculus & Analytical Geometry II)

Textbook:
Calculus, Early Transcendentals
By Anton, Bivens, Davis (10th Edition)

Course Teacher:
Dr. Md. Tauhedul Azam
Spring 2025
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Chapter 7

Principles of Integral Evaluation

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Chapter 7.8

Improper Integrals

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Improper Integrals
Definite Integrals

\
& ' ( *(
[

!, x : is a finite interval

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Improper Integrals
Infinite Discontinuity & Improper Integrals

The vertical asymptotes is considered as infinite discontinuities and

integrals with infinite intervals of integration or infinite discontinuities
within the interval of integration is called improper integrals.

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Improper Integrals
Examples of Improper Integrals
Infinite intervals of integrations:
_â ^ _â
*( *(
& G
, & B C *( , &
> ( =â =â 1 + (G
Infinite discontinuities in the intervals of integrations:
T G i
*( *(
& G, & , & tan ( *(
=T ( > (−1 ^
Infinite discontinuities and infinite intervals of integrations:
_â _â _â
*( *(
& , & G
, & sec ( *(
^ ( =â ( − 9 >
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Improper Integrals
Integrals Over Infinite Intervals
Consider ' is continuous & nonnegative on
!, +∞ .
_â
& ' ( *(
[

This means that the integral as the area under

the curve h = ' ( over the interval !, +∞ as
shown in Figure.

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Improper Integrals
Integrals Over Infinite Intervals
Consider the area z of the region that lies below
the curve h = 1⁄( G and above the interval
1, +∞ on the (-axis.
Let us consider a arbitrary and finite value x > 1
and calculate the portion of the area that lies
above the finite interval 1, x .

\ \
*( 1 1
& G= − =1−
> ( ( > x
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Improper Integrals
Integrals Over Infinite Intervals
If we now allow x to increase so that x → +∞ then
_â \
*( *( 1
z=& = lim & = lim 1 − =1
> ( G \→_â > ( G \→_â x

Thus, the area has a finite value of 1 and is not infinite.

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Improper Integrals
Definition 7.8.1
The improper integral of f over the interval !, +∞ is defined to be

_â \
& ' ( *( = lim & ' ( *(
[ \→_â [

§ In the case where the limit exists, the improper integral is said to
converge, and the limit is defined to be the value of the integral.

§ In the case where the limit does not exist, the improper integral is said
to diverge, and it is not assigned a value.
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Improper Integrals
Example 1 (p549)

Evaluate
_â
*(
! &
> (T
_â
*(
x &
> (

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 1(a))
_â \
*( *(
$=& = lim &
> ( T \→_â > ( T
\
1 1 1
= lim − G = lim − G
\→_â 2( > \→_â 2 2x
1
=
2
Since the limit is finite, the integral converges and its value is 1⁄2.

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 1(b))
_â \
*( *(
$=& = lim &
> ( \→_â > (

\
= lim ln ( >
\→_â

= lim ln x
\→_â

= +∞

In this case, the integrals diverges and hence has no value.

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Improper Integrals

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Improper Integrals
Example 2 (p549)

_â
*(
For what values of K does the integral & converge?
> (è

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 2)
_â \
*(
$=& = lim & ( =è *(
> ( è \→_â >

\
( >=è
= lim
\→_â 1 − K
>

x>=è 1
= lim −
\→_â 1−K 1−K

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 2)
_â
*( x>=è 1
$=& = lim −
> ( è \→_â 1 − K 1 − K
If K > 1, then the exponent 1 − K is negative and x>=è → 0 as x → +∞;
and if K < 1, then the exponent 1 − K is positive and x>=è → +∞ as x →
+ ∞. Thus, the integral converges if K > 1 and diverges otherwise. In the
convergent case the value of the integral is
_â
*( 1 1
$=& = 0 − = , K>1
> (è 1−K K−1
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Improper Integrals
Theorem 7.8.2

_â 1
*( if K > 1
& =í K−1
> (è
diverges if K < 1

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Improper Integrals
Example 3 (p550)

_â
Evaluate & 1 − ( B =C *( .
^

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 3)
First we evaluate the integral, ∫ 1 − ( B =C *(.

Let, 8 = 1 − ( and *9 = B =C *( . Then by using integration by parts

& 1 − ( B =C *( = −B =C 1 − ( − & B =C *(

= −B =C 1 − ( + B =C + D
= (B =C

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 3)
_â \
=C
∴& 1−( B *( = lim & 1 − ( B =C *(
^ \→_â ^
\
= lim (B =C ^
\→_â
x ∞
= lim ; [ form]
\→_â B \ ∞
1
= lim \ ; L’Hôpital’s rule
\→_â B
=0

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Improper Integrals
Definition 7.8.3
The improper integral of f over the interval −∞, x is defined to be

\ \
& ' ( *( = lim & ' ( *(
=â [→=â [

§ The integral is said to converge, if the limit exists and diverge, if it does
not.

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Improper Integrals
Definition 7.8.3
The improper integral of f over the interval −∞, ∞ is defined as

_â ö _â
& ' ( *( = & ' ( *( + & ' ( *(
=â =â ö

where | is any real number. The improper integral is said to converge if

both terms converge and diverge if either term diverges.

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Improper Integrals
Example 4 (p550)

_â
*(
Evaluate & .
=â 1 + (G

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 4)
_â ^ _â
*( *( *(
& = & + & ……… 1
=â 1 + (G =â 1 + (
G
^ 1 + (G
Now,
^ ^
*( *( a
& G
= lim & G
= lim tan=> ( ^
[ = lim − tan=> ! =
=â 1 + ( [→=â
[ 1 + ( [→=â [→=â 2
_â \
*( *( \ a
& = lim & = lim tan=> ( = lim tan=> ! =
^ 1+( G \→_â
^ 1 + ( G \→_â ^ \→_â 2

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 4)

From (1)
_â ^ _â
*( *( *( a a
& = & + & = + =a
=â 1 + (G =â 1 + ( G
^ 1 + ( G 2 2

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Integrals whose Integrands Have

Infinite Discontinuities

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Improper Integrals
Definition 7.8.4
If ' is continuous on the interval !, x , except for an infinite discontinuity
at x, then the improper integral of ' over the interval !, x is defined as
\ Å
& ' ( *( = limõ & ' ( *(
[ Å→\ [

In the case where the indicated limit exists, the improper integral is said to
converge, and the limit is defined to be the value of the integral. In the
case where the limit does not exist, the improper integral is said to diverge,
and it is not assigned a value.
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Improper Integrals
Definition 7.8.4

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Improper Integrals
Example 5 (p551)

>
*(
Evaluate & .
^ 1−(

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 5)
The integral is improper because the integrand approaches +∞ as (
approaches the upper limit 1 from the left . Then
> Å
*( *(
& = limõ &
^ 1−( Å→> ^ 1−(
Å
= limõ −2 1 − ( ^
Å→>

= limõ −2 1 − ú + 2
Å→>
=2
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Improper Integrals
Definition 7.8.5
If ' is continuous on the interval !, x , except for an infinite discontinuity
at !, then the improper integral of ' over the interval !, x is defined as
\ \
& ' ( *( = limù & ' ( *(
[ Å→[ Å

The improper integral is said to converge if the indicated limit exist and
and diverge if it does not.

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Improper Integrals
Definition 7.8.5
If ' is continuous on the interval !, x , except for an infinite discontinuity
at a point | in !, x , then the improper integral of ' over the interval
!, x is defined as
\ ö \
& ' ( *( = & ' ( *( + & ' ( *(
[ [ ö

where the two integrals on the right side are themselves improper. The
improper integral on the left side is said to converge if both terms on the
right side converge and diverge if either term on the right side diverges.
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Improper Integrals
Definition 7.8.5

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Improper Integrals
Example 6 (p552)

Evaluate
G f
*( *(
a & x & G⁄T
> 1−( > (−2

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 6a)
The integral is improper because the integrand approaches −∞ as (
approaches the lower limit 1 from the right . Then
G G
*( *(
& = limù &
> 1−( Å→> Å 1 − (
G
= limù − ln 1 − ( Å
Å→>
= limù − ln −1 + ln 1 − ú
Å→>
= −∞
So, the integral diverges.
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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 6b)
The integral is improper because the integrand approaches +∞ at ( = 2,
which is inside the interval of integration. Then
f G f
*( *( *(
& G⁄T
=& G⁄T
+& G⁄T
.
> (−2 > (−2 G (−2

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Improper Integrals
Solution (Example 6b)
G Å
*( *(
& G⁄T
= limõ & G⁄T
=3
> (−2 Å→G > (−2
f f
*( *( û
& G⁄T
= limù & G⁄T
=3 2
G (−2 Å→G Å (−2
f G f
*( *( *( û
∴& G⁄T
=& G⁄T
+& G⁄T
=3+3 2
> (−2 > (−2 G (−2

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Improper Integrals
Example 7 (p553)

Derive the formula for the circumference of a circle of radius ü.

Homework

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Chapter 7.8

Homework
Exercise Set 7.8 (p554 – 560)

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