H11- Engineering Mathematics-I

Solution (Tutorial Sheet No. 9)

1. Expand ex siny in powers of x and y as far as the terms of third degree.

Ans:
Let f (x, y) = e x sin y
Maclaurin 's Series is,
1 2
f ( x, y ) =
f ( 0, 0 ) +  x f x ( 0, 0 ) + y f y ( 0, 0 )  +  x f xx ( 0, 0 ) + 2xy f xy ( 0, 0 ) + y 2 f yy ( 0, 0 ) 
2!
1 3
+  x f xxx ( 0, 0 ) + 3x 2 y f xxy ( 0, 0 ) + 3xy 2 f xyy ( 0, 0 ) + y3 f yyy ( 0, 0 )  + − − − − (i)
3!
f (x, y) = e x sin y ∴ f (0, 0) = e0 sin 0 = 0
f x ( x, y ) e x sin y ∴ f=
x (0, 0) e=
0
sin 0 0
f y ( x, y ) = e x cos y ∴ f y (0, 0) = e0 cos 0 = 1
f xx ( x, y ) = e x sin y ∴ f xx (0, 0) = e0 sin 0 = 0
f xy ( x, y ) = e x cos y ∴ f xy (0, 0) = e0 cos 0 = 1
f yy ( x, y ) =
− e x sin y ∴ f yy (0, 0) =
−e0 sin 0 =
0
f xxx ( x, y ) =e x sin y ∴ f xxx (0, 0) =e0 sin 0 =0
=f xxy ( x, y ) e x cos y =∴ f xxy (0, 0) e0 cos 0 = 1
f xyy ( x, y ) =
− e x sin y ∴ f xyy (0, 0) =
−e0 sin 0 =
0
f yyy ( x, y ) =
− e x cos y ∴ f yyy (0, 0) =
−e0 cos 0 =
−1
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Substituting all in (i)
1 2
e x sin y = 0 + [ x ⋅ 0 + y ⋅ 1] + x ⋅ 0 + 2xy ⋅ 1 + y 2 ⋅ 0 
2! 
1 3
+ x ⋅ 0 + 3x 2 y ⋅ 1 + 3xy 2 ⋅ 0 + y3 ⋅ ( −1)  + − −
3! 
1 1
= y + xy + x 2 y − y3 + − − − − − −
2 6

y2
2. Expand , in powers of (x-1) and (y-1) up to second degree terms.
x3
Ans:
y2
Let f (x, y) =
x3
Taylors Series is,
f ( x,=
y ) f ( a, b ) + ( x − a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y − b ) f y ( a, b ) 
1
( x − a ) f xx ( a, b ) + 2 ( x − a )( y − b ) f xy ( a, b ) + ( y − b ) f yy ( a, b )  + − −
2 2
+
2!  
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(i)

Page1 Jayachandran V
 =
Take a 1=
and b 1
y2 12
f (x, y) =3 ∴ f (1,1) =3 = 1
x 1
−3y 2 −3 ⋅ 12
f x ( x, y ) = ∴ f x (1,1) = = −3
x4 14
2y 2 ⋅1
f y ( x, y ) =3 ∴ f y (0, 0) =3 = 2
x 1
12y 2
=f xx ( x, y ) = ∴ f xx (1,1) 12
x5
−6y
f xy ( x, y ) = ∴ f xy (1,1) = −6
x4
2 2
f yy ( x, y ) = 3
∴ f yy (0, 0) = = 2
x 13
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Substituting all in (i)
y2
=1 + ( x − 1) ⋅ ( −3) + ( y − 1) ⋅ 2 
x3
1
( x − 1) ⋅ 1 +2 2 ( x − 1)( y − 1) ⋅ ( −6 ) + ( y − 1) ⋅ 2  + − −
2 2
+
2!  
= 1 − 3(x − 1) + 2 y(− 1) + 6 ( x − 1) − 6 ( x − 1)( y − 1) + ( y − 1) + − − −
2 2

 π
3. Expand sin(xy) in powers of (x-1) and  y −  up to second degree terms.
 2
Ans:
Let f (x, y) = sin ( xy )
Taylors Series is,
f ( x,=
y ) f ( a, b ) + ( x − a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y − b ) f y ( a, b ) 
1
( x − a ) f xx ( a, b ) + 2 ( x − a )( y − b ) f xy ( a, b ) + ( y − b ) f yy ( a, b )  + − −
2 2
+
2!  
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(i)
π
=
Take a 1= and b
2
 π  π 
f (x, y) =sin ( xy ) ∴ f 1,  =sin 1 ⋅  =1
 2  2 
 π π  π
f x ( x, y ) y cos ( xy ) ∴ f x 1, =  cos 1 ⋅ =  0
 2 2  2
 π  π
f y ( x, y ) =x cos ( xy ) ∴ f y 1,  = 1 ⋅ cos 1 ⋅  = 0
 2  2
2
 π π π π2
f xx ( x, y ) =
− y 2 sin ( xy ) ∴ f xx 1,  =
−   sin   =
−
 2 2 2 4

Page2 Jayachandran V
 f xy ( x, y )= x ⋅ − sin ( xy ) ⋅ y + cos ( xy )
 π π  π  π π
− x ⋅ y sin ( xy ) + cos ( xy )
= ∴ f xy 1,  =−1 ⋅ sin 1 ⋅  + cos 1 ⋅  =−
 2 2  2  2 2
 π  π
f yy ( x, y ) =
− x 2 sin ( xy ) − (1) sin 1 ⋅  =
2
∴ f yy 1,  = −1
 2  2
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Substituting all in (i)
  π 
sin ( xy ) = 1 + ( x − 1) ⋅ 0 +  y −  ⋅ 0 
  2 
1 2  π  
2
2
 π  π  π
+ ( x − 1) ⋅  −  + 2 ( x − 1)  y −  ⋅  −  +  y −  ⋅ ( −1)  + − −
2!   4   2  2  2 
2
π2 π π π
( x − 1)2 − ( x − 1)  y −  −  y −  + − − − −
1
= 1−
8 2  2 2 2
xy
4. Expand f(x, y)= e at (1, 1) obtaining first three terms.
Ans:
Let f (x, y) = e xy
Taylors Series is,
f ( x,=
y ) f ( a, b ) + ( x − a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y − b ) f y ( a, b ) 
1
( x − a ) f xx ( a, b ) + 2 ( x − a )( y − b ) f xy ( a, b ) + ( y − b ) f yy ( a, b )  + − −
2 2
+
2!  
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(i)
=
Take a 1=and b 1
f (x, y) =e xy ∴ f (1,1) =e11⋅ =e
f x ( x, y ) =y e xy 1 e11⋅ =
∴ f x (1,1) =⋅ e
f y ( x, y ) = x e xy 1 e11⋅ =
∴ f y (0, 0) =⋅ e
sin ce we are asked to write the first three terms and none of the above values are zero,
no need to find theother derivatives
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Substituting all in (i)
e xy = e + ( x − 1) ⋅ ( e ) + ( y − 1) ⋅ e  + − − − −
= e ( x − 1) + ( y − 1) + − − − − − − − − − − − 
5. Expand x2y + 3y – 2 in powers of x-1 and y+2, using Taylor’s series.
Ans:
Let f (x, y) = x 2 y + 3y − 2
Taylors Series is,
f ( x,=
y ) f ( a, b ) + ( x − a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y − b ) f y ( a, b ) 
1
+

( x − a )2 f xx ( a, b ) + 2 ( x − a )( y − b ) f xy ( a, b ) + ( y − b )2 f yy ( a, b )  + − − − − − (i)
2!

Page3 Jayachandran V
 Take a = 1 and b = −2
f (x, y) =x 2 y + 3y − 2 ∴ f (1, −2) =−10
f x ( x, y ) =2xy ∴ f x (1, −2) =−4
f y ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3 ∴ f y (1, −2 = 4)
f xx ( x, y ) =2y ∴ f xx (1, −2) =−4
=f xy ( x, y ) 2x =∴ f xy (1, −2) 2
=f yy ( x, y ) 0 =∴ f yy (1, −2) 0
=f xxx ( x, y ) 0 =
∴ f xxx (1, −2) 0
=f xxy ( x, y ) 2 =
∴ f xxy (1, −2) 2
=f xyy ( x, y ) 0 ∴ f xyy (1, −2) =
0
=f yyy ( x, y ) 0 =
∴ f yyy (1, −2) 0
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Substituting all in (i)
x 2 y + 3y − 2 = ( −10 ) + ( x − 1) ⋅ ( −4 ) + ( y + 2 ) ⋅ 4 
1
( x − 1) ⋅ ( −4 ) + 2 ( x − 1)( y + 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 ) + ( y + 2 ) ⋅ 0 
2 2
+
2!  
1
+ ( x − 1) ⋅ 0 + 3 ( x − 1) ( y + 2 ) ⋅ 2 + 3 ( x − 1)( y + 2 ) ⋅ 0 + ( y + 2 ) ⋅ 0  + − − − − −
3 2 2 3
3!  
− 1 −04 ( x − 1) + 4 ( y + 2 ) − 2 ( x − 1) + 2 ( x − 1)( y + 2 ) + ( x − 1) ( y + 2)
2 2

6. Expand yx in the neighbourhood of (1, 1) up to the terms of second degree.

Ans:
Let f (x, y) = y x
Tylors Series is,
f ( x,=
y ) f ( a, b ) + ( x − a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y − b ) f y ( a, b ) 
1
( x − a ) f xx ( a, b ) + 2 ( x − a )( y − b ) f xy ( a, b ) + ( y − b ) f yy ( a, b )  + − −
2 2
+ − − − (i)
2!  
=
ake a 1= and b 1
f (x, y) yx =∴ f (1,1) 1
=f x ( x, y ) y x log y =∴ f x (1,1) 0
=f y ( x, y ) xy x −1 =∴ f y (0, 0) 1
f xx ( x, y ) = y x log y.log y ∴ f xx (1,1) =
0
f xy ( x, y ) = xy x −1 ⋅ log y + y x −1 ∴ f xy (1,1) = 1
f yy ( x, y ) =
x(x − 1)y x −2 ∴ f yy (0, 0) =
0
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Substituting all in (i)

Page4 Jayachandran V
 y x =1 + ( x − 1) ⋅ ( 0 ) + ( y − 1) ⋅ 1
1
( x − 1) ⋅ 0 + 2 ( x − 1)( y − 1) ⋅ (1) + ( y − 1) ⋅ 0  + − −
2 2
+
2!  
= 1 + (y − 1) + 6 ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)( y − 1) + − − −
2

7. The diameter and altitude of a can in the form a right circular cylinder are measured as 4 cm
and 6 cm respectively. The possible error in each measurement is 0.1 cm. Find
approximately the error in the computation of the volume and lateral surface area.
Ans:
π
The volume of a right circular cylinder is given by the formula V = D 2 h , where D is the
4
diameter and h is the altitude(height)
π
V = D2 h
4
π
Therefore the total differential= is dV
4
(
2Dh dD + D 2 dh )
π
=
∴ δV
4
(
2Dh ⋅ δD + D 2 ⋅ δh )
π
=  2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ( 0.1) + 42 ⋅ ( 0.1)  { given D =4, h =6 and δD =δh =1}
4
π π
= [ 4.8 + 1.6] = [ 6.4] =1.6πcm3
4 4
Also the Lateral Surface area is S = πDh
π ( h dD + D dh )
Therefore the total differential is dS =
∴ δS = π ( h δD + D δh ) = π 6 ⋅ ( 0.1) + 4 ⋅ ( 0.1)  = πcm 2

mv 2
8. The Kinetic energy T is given by the formula, T= . Find approximately the change in T as
2
m changes from 49 to 49.5 and v changes from 1600 to 1590.
Ans:
mv 2
T=
2
1
( 1
)
Therefore the total differential is dT = m ⋅ 2v dv + v 2 dm = 2mv dv + v 2 dm
2 2
( )
=
∴ δT
1
2
(
2mv δv + v 2 δm )
1 =
 given m 49,= v 1600 and 
= 2 ⋅ 49 ⋅ 1600 ⋅ ( −10 ) + 1600 2
⋅ ( 0.5 )  
 δm =49.5 − 49 =0.5 and δh =1590 − 1600 =−10 
2  
= −144000units
∴ Kinetic energy decreases by 144000 units

l
9. The period T of a simple pendulum with small oscillation is T= 2π . If T is computed using
g
l = 8ft and g = 32 ft/sec2, find the approximate error in T if the correct values are l = 8.05 ft
and g = 32.01 ft/sec2. Also find the percentage error.
Ans:

Page5 Jayachandran V
 l
T = 2π
g
 
 
 1 1 1 −l 
Therefore the total differential is dT =
2π dl + dg
 l g l g2 
2 2 
 g g 
 1 l 
=π dl − dg 
 lg g g 
 1 l 
δT =π  δl − δg 
 lg g g 
 1 8   given
= l 8,=
g 32 and 
= π × 0.05 − × 0.01  
 8 ⋅ 32 32 32  =δl 8.05 −=
8 0.05 and δ=
g 32.01 − 32
= 0.01
= 0.009 sec onds
∴ Error in T is 0.009 sec onds
l 8
T =π
2 =π
2 =π
g 32
δT 0.009
∴ % error in T is × 100= × 100= 0.3%
T π
10. The work W that must be done to propel a ship of displacement D for distance S in time t is
2
S2 D 3
proportional to . Find approximately the increase of work necessary, when the
t2
displacement is increased by 1%, the time diminished by 1% and the distance diminished by
2%
Ans:
2 2
S2 D 3 k S2 D 3
Since W is proportional to ,W = where w is a cons tan t.
t2 t2
2
k S2 D 3
W=
t2
Taking log on both sides,
 2 
k S2 D 3  2
log ( W ) =log  =log ( k ) + 2 log ( S) + log ( D ) − 2 log ( t )
 t 2  3
 
1 2 2 2
∴ dw = 0 + ds + dD − dt
w S 3D t
1 2 2 2
∴ δw = δs + δD − δt
w S 3D t
δw δs 2 δD δt
⇒ = 2 + −2
w S 3 D t
Mutiplying by 100,
δw δs 2 δD δt
× 100 = 2 × 100 + × 100 − 2 × 100
w S 3 D t

Page6 Jayachandran V
 2 −4  δs δD δt 
=
2 × −2 + × 1 − 2 × −1 =  given × 100 = −2, × 100 =1 and × 100 = −1
3 3  S D t 
−4
% error in w = %
3
11. The deflection at the centre of a rod of length l and diameter d supported at its ends loaded
at the centre with a weight w varies as w l3 d-4. What is the percentage increase in
deflection corresponding to percentage increase in w, l and d of 3, 2 and 1 respectively?
Ans:
Since D varies as w l3d-4,

D = k w l3 d −4 , where k is a cons tan t

Taking log on both sides,
(
log ( D ) = log k w l3 d −4 ) =log ( k ) + log ( w ) + 3log ( l ) − 4 log ( d )
1 1 3 4
∴ dD =+0 dw + dl − dd
D w l d
1 1 3 4
∴ δD= δw + δl − δd
D w l d
δD δw δl δd
⇒ = +3 −4
D w l d
Mutiplying by 100,
δD δw δl δd  δw δl δd 
× 100 = × 100 + 3 × 100 − 4 × 100  given × 100 = 3, × 100 = 2 and × 100 = 1 
D w l d  w l d 
= 3 + 3 × 2 − 4 × 1 = 5%

12.
The indicated horse power I of an engine is calculated by the formula
PLAN πd 2
= I = , where A . Assuming that errors of r percentage may have made in
33000 4
measuring P, L, N and d, find the greatest possible error in I
Ans:
PLAN PLπd 2 N PLπd 2 N
=I = =
33, 000 33, 000 × 4 132, 000
Taking log on both sides,
 PLπd 2 N 
log= ( I ) log  =  log ( P ) + log ( L ) + log ( π ) + 2 log ( d ) + log ( N ) − l og (132, 000 )
 132, 000 
1 1 1 2 1
∴ dI = dP + dL + 0 + dd + dN − 0
I P L d N
1 1 1 2 1
∴ δI = δP + δL + δd + δN
I P L d N
δI δP δL δd δN
⇒ = + +2 +
I P L d N
Mutiplying by 100,
δI δP δL δd δN
× 100 = × 100 + × 100 + 2 × 100 + × 100
I P L d N
 δP δL δd δN 
=+ r r + 2r + r = 5r%  given × 100 = × 100 = × 100 = × 100 = r
 P L d N 

Page7 Jayachandran V
13. Find the possible percentage error in computing the resistance r from the formula,
1 1 1
= + if r1 and r2 both in error by 2%
r r1 r2

Ans:
1 1 1
= +
r r1 r2
Total differential is
−1 −1 −1
= 2
dr dr + 2 dr2
2 1
r r1 r2
1 dr 1 dr1 1 dr2
∴ = +
r r r1 r1 r2 r2
1 δr 1 δr1 1 δr2
∴ = +
r r r1 r1 r2 r2
Mutiplying by 100,
1 δr 1 δr1 1 δr2
× 100= × 100 + × 100
r r r1 r1 r2 r2
1 1  δr δr 
= × 2 + × 2  given 1 × 100 = 2 × 100 =2 
r1 r2  r1 r2 
1 1 1 1 1 1 
= 2  +  =× 2  Since = + 
 r1 r2  r r r1 r2 
δr
∴ × 100 = 2
r
∴ % error in r =
2%

Page8 Jayachandran V