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CONTENTS
Preface iv
1. Set Relations and Functions 1
2. Quadratic Equations and Expressions 23
3. Complex Number 45
4. Matrices and Determinants 67
5. Progressions 93
6. Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 117
7. Exponential and Logarithm Series 141
8. Permutations and Combinations 161
9. Statistics and Linear Programming 179
10. Probability 201
11. Trigonometric Ratios and Equations 225
12. Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 257
13. Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 285
14. Differentiation 309
15. Applications of Derivatives 331
16. Indefinite Integration 357
17. Definite Integration and Area under Curves 385
18. Differential Equations 407
19. Coordinates and Straight lines 431
20. Circles and Systems of Circles 455
21. Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 481
22. Vector Algebra 513
23. Three Dimensional Geometry 537
24. Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 569
Practice Test 1 587
Practice Test 2 605

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Practice Test 3 625
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Set Relations and Functions 1

1 Set Relations and Functions

QUICK LOOK
Power set: If S is any set, then the family of all the subsets
of S is called the power set of S. The power set of S is
SET THEORY denoted by P(S). Symbolically, P(S) = {T : T ⊆ S}.
A set is well defined class or collection of objects. A set is
Obviously φ and S are both elements of P(S).
often described in the following two ways.

Subsets (Set inclusion): Let A and B be two sets. If every

Roster method or Listing method: In this method a set is
element of A is an element of B, then A is called a subset of B.
described by listing elements, separated by commas, within
If A is subset of B, we write A ⊆ B, which is read as “A is a
braces {}. The set of vowels of English alphabet may be
subset of B” or “A is contained in B”. Thus, A ⊆ B ⇒ a ∈ A
described as {a, e, i, o, u}.

Set-builder method or Rule method: In this method, a set ⇒ a ∈ B.
is described by a characterizing property P(x) of its
Proper and improper subsets: If A is a subset of B and
elements x. In such a case the set is described by {x : P(x) A ≠ B, then A is a proper subset of B. We write this
holds} or {x | P(x) holds}, which is read as ‘the set of all x as A ⊂ B. The null set φ is subset of every set and every set
such that P(x) holds’. The symbol ‘|’ or ‘:’ is read as ‘such is subset of itself, i.e., φ ⊂ A and A⊂ A for every set A.
that’. They are called improper subsets of A. Thus every non-
The set A = {0,1, 4,9,16,...} can be written as empty set has two improper subsets. It should be noted that
A = { x 2 | x ∈ Z }. φ has only one subset φ which is improper. All other
subsets of A are called its proper subsets. Thus,
Types of sets if A ⊂ B , A ≠ B , A ≠ φ , then A is said to be proper subset of

Null set or Empty set: The set which contains no element at
B.
all is called the null set. This set is sometimes also called the
‘empty set’ or the ‘void set’. It is denoted by the symbol φ or Venn-Euler diagrams
{}. The combination of rectangles and circles are called Venn-

Singleton set: A set consisting of a single element is called Euler diagrams or simply Venn-diagrams. If A and B are not
a singleton set. The set {5} is a singleton set. equal but they have some common elements, then to represent

Finite set : A set is called a finite set if it is either void set A and B we draw two intersecting circles. Two disjoints sets are
or its elements can be listed (counted, labelled) by natural represented by two non - intersecting circles.
number 1, 2, 3, … and the process of listing terminates at a U
certain natural number n (say).
A

Cardinal number of a finite set: The number n in the
above definition is called the cardinal number or order of a Figure 1.1: Venn-Euler diagrams
finite set A and is denoted by n(A) or O(A).

Infinite set: A set whose elements cannot be listed by the Operations on sets
natural numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., n, for any natural number n is
Union of sets: Let A and B be two sets. The union of A and
called an infinite set. B is the set of all elements which are in set A or in B. We

Equivalent set: Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if denote the union of A and B by A ∪ B , which is usually read
their cardinal numbers are same i.e. n(A) = n(B). as “A union B”.

Equal set: Two sets A and B are said to be equal iff every Symbolically, A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
element of A is an element of B and also every element of B U
is an element of A. Symbolically, A = B if x ∈ A ⇔ x ∈ B. A∪B

Universal set: A set that contains all sets in a given context
is called the universal set. It should be noted that universal A B
set is not unique. It may differ in problem to problem. Figure 1.2: Operations on sets

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2 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

Intersection of sets: Let A and B be two sets. The
Total number of relations: Let A and B be two non-empty
intersection of A and B is the set of all those elements that finite sets consisting of m and n elements respectively. Then
belong to both A and B. A × B consists of mn ordered pairs. So, total number of
U subset of A × B is 2mn. Since each subset of A × B defines
relation from A to B, so total number of relations from A to
A∩B
B is 2mn. Among these 2mn relations the void relation φ and
A B the universal relation A × B are trivial relations from A to B.
Figure 1.3: Intersection of sets
Domain and range of a relation: Let R be a relation from a
The intersection of A and B is denoted by A ∩ B (read as “A set A to a set B. Then the set of all first components or
intersection B”). coordinates of the ordered pairs belonging to R is called the
domain of R, while the set of all second components or
Thus, A ∩ B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
coordinates of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of R.

Disjoint sets: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if
Thus, Dom (R) = {a: (a, b) ∈ R} and Range (R) = {b : (a, b)
A ∩ B = φ . If A ∩ B ≠ φ , then A and B are said to be non-
∈ R}.
intersecting or non-overlapping sets.

Difference of sets: Let A and B be two sets. The difference of Inverse relation
A and B written as A – B, is the set of all those elements of A Let A, B be two sets and let R be a relation from a set A to a set
which do not belong to B. B. Then the inverse of R, denoted by R–1, is a relation from B to
Thus, A – B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∉ B} A and is defined by R −1 = {(b, a) : (a, b) ∈ R}
Similarly, the difference B − A is the set of all those elements of Clearly (a,b)∈R⇔(b,a) ∈R–1. Also, Dom (R) = Range ( R −1 ) and
B that do not belong to A i.e., B − A = {x ∈ B : x ∉ A} . Range (R) = Dom (R −1 )
U U

A–B B–A
Types of relations

Reflexive relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be
A B A B reflexive if every element of A is related to itself.
Figure 1.4: Difference of sets
Thus, R is reflexive ⇔ (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A.

Symmetric difference of two sets: Let A and B be two sets. Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and R = {(1, 1); (1, 3)}
The symmetric difference of sets A and B is the set Then R is not reflexive since 3 ∈ A but (3, 3) ∉ R
( A − B ) ∪ (B − A ) and is denoted by A ∆B . Thus, A ∆B = A reflexive relation on A is not necessarily the identity
( A − B) ∪ (B − A) = { x : x ∉ A ∩ B} . relation on A.

Complement of a set: Let U be the universal set and let A The universal relation on a non-void set A is reflexive.
be a set such that A ⊂ U . Then, the complement of A with
Symmetric relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be a
respect to U is denoted by A′ or Ac or C(A) or U – A and is symmetric relation iff (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈
defined the set of all those elements of U which are not in A. A i.e., aRb ⇒ bRa for all a, b ∈ A.
Thus, A′ = {x ∈ U : x ∉ A}. it should be noted that R is symmetric iff R −1 = R
Clearly, x ∈ A′ ⇔ x ∉ A The identity and the universal relations on a non-void set
U are symmetric relations.
A’
A A reflexive relation on a set A is not necessarily symmetric.

Anti-symmetric relation: Let A be any set. A relation R on
set A is said to be an anti-symmetric relation iff (a, b) ∈ R
Figure 1.5: Complement of a set
and (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b for all a, b ∈ A.
RELATIONS
Thus, if a ≠ b then a may be related to b or b may be related
Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then every subset of A × B
to a, but never both.
defines a relation from A to B and every relation from A to B is

Transitive relation: Let A be any set. A relation R on set A
a subset of A × B. Let R ⊆ A × B and (a, b) ∈ R. Then we say
is said to be a transitive relation iff
that a is related to b by the relation R and write it as a R b . If
(a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, b, c ∈ A i.e.,
(a, b) ∈ R , we write it as a R b . aRb and bRc

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Set Relations and Functions 3
⇒ aRc for all a, b, c ∈ A. FUNCTION
Transitivity fails only when there exists a, b, c such that a R If f : A → B where A ⊆ R, B ⊆ R is a real function then f is a rule
b, b R c but a R/ c . according to which, corresponding to each x ∈ A there is a

Identity relation: Let A be a set. Then the relation IA = {(a, unique real f ( x) ∈ B. f (a) is the value of the function at
a) : a ∈ A} on A is called the identity relation on A. x = a, i.e., x = a ∈ A corresponds to f (a) ∈ B. y = f ( x), i.e.,
In other words, a relation IA on A is called the identity relation
x ∈ A corresponds to y ∈ B then x is the independent variable
if every element of A is related to itself only. Every identity
and y is the dependent variable.
relation will be reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

Example: On the set = {1, 2, 3}, R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} Domain and range of a real-valued function
is the identity relation on A . It is interesting to note that If y = f ( x ) be a real function then domain of f = the set of real
every identity relation is reflexive but every reflexive x for which f ( x ) is real range of f = the set of real values
relation need not be an identity relation.
of f ( x ) for x ∈ domain f = [min f ( x), max f ( x)]

Equivalence relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be
an equivalence relation on A iff Note
It is reflexive i.e. (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A The above result on the range of f is true for continuous
It is symmetric i.e. (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈ A functions. If the domain of φ ( x) be D1 and the domain of
It is transitive i.e. (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for ψ ( x ) be D2 then the domain of f ( x) = φ ( x) ±ψ ( x) is
all a, b, c ∈ A. D1 ∩ D2 the domain of f ( x) = φ ( x) ×ψ ( x) is D1 ∩ D2 the
φ ( x)
Congruence modulo (m): Let m be an arbitrary but fixed domain of f ( x) = is D1 ∩ D2 − E , where E = the set of
ψ ( x)
integer. Two integers a and b are said to be congruence modulo
zeros of ψ ( x).
m if a − b is divisible by m and we write a ≡ b (mod m).

Equality of functions
Thus a ≡ b (mod m) ⇔ a − b is divisible by m. For
Two functions f (x) and φ ( x) are equal if
example, 18 ≡ 3 (mod 5) because 18–3=15 which is divisible by
(a) Domain of f = domain of φ and
5. Similarly, 3 ≡ 13 (mod 2) because 3 – 13 = –10 which is
(b) f ( x) = φ ( x) for all x ∈ the common domain
divisible by 2. But 25 ≠ 2 (mod 4) because 4 is not a divisor of
25 – 3 = 22. The relation “Congruence modulo m” is an Example: f ( x) = log x 2 , x > 0 and φ ( x) = 2log x, x > 0 are
equivalence relation.
equal function because they have the same
domain (0, + ∝) and for each x ∈ (0, + ∝) we have
Equivalence classes of an equivalence relation
Let R be equivalence relation in A(≠ φ ). Let a ∈ A. Then the f ( x) = φ ( x) as log x 2 = 2log x. But f ( x) = log x 2 , x ∈ and φ/
equivalence class of a, denoted by [a] or {a } is defined as the (x) = 2log x , x > 0 are not equal because they do not
have the same domain.
set of all those points of A which are related to a under the
A function may be defined in any one of the following ways:
relation R. Thus [a] = {x ∈ A: x R a}.
(a) Uniform definition
It is easy to see that
(b) Piecewise definition

b ∈ [a] ⇒ a ∈ [b]
(c) General definition given by a property of the function.

b ∈ [a] ⇒ [a] = [b]

Two equivalence classes are either disjoint or identical. Example Let
(a) f ( x) = x 2 + 1
Composition of relations: Let R and S be two relations from (b) g ( x) = 2 x − 1, x < 0 x + 3, x ≥ 0
sets A to B and B to C respectively. Then we can define a
(c) h( x + y ) = h( x).h( y ) for all x, y ∈ R.
relation So R from A to C such that (a, c) ∈ So R ⇔ ∃ b ∈ B
In (a), the definition is uniform. For every
such that (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ S. This relation is called the
x ∈ R, f ( x) = x + 1.
2
composition of R and S.

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4 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
In (b), the definition is piecewise. For negative values of ⇒ 3 x1 − 1 = 3 x2 − 1
x, g ( x) = 2 x − 1 is to be used while for non-negative values ⇒ x1 = x2 and g ( x1 ) = g ( x2 )
of x, g ( x) = x + 3 is to be used. In (c), the definition is ⇒ x12 + 1 = x22 + 1
general. The function is described by no rules but by a
⇒ x12 = x22
property of h( x). Clearly h( x) = e x obeys the property, but
⇒ x1 = x2 , − x2
there may be other functions satisfying the same property.

Into and onto (subjective) functions: A function

Some special piecewise functions:- Modulus function
f : A → B is an into function if for at least one β ∈ B there
f ( x) =| x | i.e., f ( x) = x, x > 00, x = 0 − x, x < 0 Sign
is no α ∈ A such that f (α ) = β . If there is no such
function f ( x) = 1, x > 0, 0, x = 0 −1, x < 0 Step function or
β ∈ B then f is an onto (surjective) function
greatest integer function f ( x) = [ x], where x = greatest
Example: y = f ( x) = 2 x − 1 is an onto function from R to R
integer less than or equal to x, i.e., f ( x) = n, n ≤ x < n + 1.
but y = g ( x) = x 2 + 1 is not onto, i.e., into function from R
Dirichlet function f ( x) = 1, x is rational 0, x is irrational
f ( x) + 1 y + 1

Even, odd and periodic functions to R because, x = = and so for every y ∈ R we
A function f (x) is even if 2 2
f (− x) = f ( x) for all x ∈ domain  y +1 
have the real x =   , and x = g ( x) − 1 = y − 1 and so
 2 
A function f ( x) is odd if
for y < 1 we have no real x = ( y − 1). In order to check
f (− x) = − f ( x) for all x ∈ domain
whether y = f ( x) from the set A to B is onto or not, write x
A function f ( x) is periodic if f ( x + k ) = f ( x) for all x ∈
in terms of y and see if for every y ∈ B, x ∈ A. If so, it is
domain and k is a positive constant.
If k is the least possible positive constant then k is the period onto. Otherwise, it is into. A function f which is one-one and
of the function. onto (i.e., injective as well as subjective) is called bijective.

Example: cos x,| x |, x 2 − 1 are even functions sin x, x3 are Inverse function: Let y = f ( x) be a function whose domain is
odd functions x + 2, e are neither even nor odd functions
x
A and whose range is B. If for every y ∈ B there exists a single
sin x, tan x, x − [ x] are periodic functions. Some standard values of x such that f ( x) = y then an inverse function of
periodic functions with their periods: f ( x) from B to A is defined, given by x = f −1 ( y ).
f
Function Period Function Period X Y
sin x,cos x 2p sin ax,cos ax 2π / a
a a1
sin x,cosecx 2p sec ax,cos exax 2π / a
b b1
tan x,cot x π tan ax, cot ax π /a
x − [ x] 1 constant c c1
f −1
intermediate

If f ( x) and g ( x ) are two trigonometrical functions of Figure 1.6: Inverse function

periods 1 and µ then af ( x) + bg ( x) is periodic and has the Note

period = 1 c.m. of {λ , µ} For the existence of inverse function, it should be one-one and
onto.

One-one (injective and many-one functions:-A function
Inverse of a bijection is also a bijection function.
f ( x) is one-one (injective) if f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) ⇒ x1 = x2 ;
Inverse of a bijection is unique.(f–1)–1= f
otherwise it is many-one.
If f and g are two bijections such that (gof) exists then
Example: f ( x) = 3x − 1 is one-one but g ( x) = x + 1 is 2
(gof)–1=f–1og–1.
many-one because f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
If f : A→ B is a bijection then f–1: B → A is an inverse

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Set Relations and Functions 5
function of f. f –1of = IA and fof–1=IB. Here IA, is an x is an integer ⇒ x = [ x] ⇒ { x} = 0 ⇒ {[ x ]} = 0
identity function on set A, and IB, is an identity function on If x ∈ [ 0, 1) , then [ x] = 0 ⇒ {x} = x
set B.
. x ∈ [1, 2), then [ x] = 1 ⇒ {x} = x − 1
Composite function: If f ( x) be a function whose domain is A Y
and range is B, and g ( y ) be a function whose domain is B and
the range is C then ( g o f ) ( x) is a composite function whose y = {x}
(0, 1)
domain is A and range is C such that ( g o f ) ( x) = z ∈ C where 0 0 0 0

f ( x) = y and g ( y ) = z.
X
x1 –2 –1 1 2 3
y1 z1
Figure 1.8: Fractional Part
x2 y2 z2
x3 y3 z3 Domain → R; Range → [0,1);
f g
Period → 1; Nature → neither even nor odd
( gof )( x )
Figure 1.7: Composite function
Periodic Function:- A function f : X → Y is said to be a
Properties of composition of Function periodic function provided there exists a positive real

f is even, g is even ⇒ fog even function. number T such that f (x + T) = f (x), for all x ∈ X . The least

f is odd, g is odd ⇒ fog is odd function. of all such positive numbers T is called the principal period

f is even, g is odd ⇒ fog is even function. or fundamental period or simply period of f.

f is odd, g is even ⇒ fog is even function.
To check the periodicity of a function put f (T + x) = f ( x)

Composite of functions is not commutative i.e., fog ≠ gof and solve this equation to find the positive values of t

Composite of functions is associative i.e., (fog)oh = fo( goh) independent of x. If positive values of T independent of x

If f : A → B is bijection and g : B → A is inverse of f. Then are obtained, then f(x) is a periodic function and the least
positive value of T is the period of the function f(x). If no
fog = I B and gof = I A . where, IA and IB are identity
positive value of T independent of x is obtained then f(x) is
functions on the sets A and B respectively. non-periodic function.

If f : A → B and g : B → C are two bijections, then
A constant function is periodic but does not have a well-
gof : A → C is bijection and A ∩ B = A defined period.

fog ≠ gof but if fog = gof then either f −1 = g or g −1 = f
If f(x) is periodic with period p, then f(ax + b) where
also, ( fog )( x) = ( gof )( x) = ( x). a, b ∈ R(a ≠ 0) is also period with period p / | a | .

If f ( x) is periodic with period p, then a f ( x) + b where
Greatest integer and fractional part a, b ∈ R( a ≠ 0) is also periodic with period p.

Greatest integer: Any real number x can always think of

If f ( x) is periodic with period p, then f (ax + b) where
lying between two consecutive integers say P and P +1. i.e.
P ≤ x < ( P + 1). That means, there always exist an integer, a, b ∈ R ( a ≠ 0) is also period with period p / | a | .
say ‘P’ which is just less than or equal to x. This unique ‘P’ Let f ( x) has period p = m / n ( m, n ∈ N and co-prime) and
is called the greatest integral value of x and is symbolically g ( x) has period q = r / s ( r , s ∈ N and co-prime) and let t be
denoted as [x] i.e. [x] stands for the greatest integer that is
LCM of (m, r )
less than or equal to x. the LCM of p and q i.e. t = , then t shall
HCM of ( r , s)
be the period of f + g provided there does not exist a

Fractional Part
Fractional Part of any real number is defined as the positive number) k (< t ) for which f (k + x) + g ( k + x)
difference between the number ‘x’ and it’s integral = f ( x) + g ( x), else k will be the period. The same rule is c
value‘[x]’and is symbolically denoted as {x}.Thus, applicable for any other algebraic combination of f(x) and
{x} = x − [ x], e.g. if x = 5.68, then [x] = 5 and {x} = 0.68. If f(x).

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6 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 10. If X = {4 – 3n – 1 : n ∈ N} and Y ={9(n – 1) : n ∈ N}
n

Set and Types of Sets then X ∪ Y is equal to:

a. X b. Y
1. The set of intelligent students in a class is: c. N d. None of these
a. A null set
b. A singleton set Relations of Number of Elements in Sets
c. A finite set
d. Not a well defined collection 11. In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% family
buy newspaper A, 20% buy newspaper B and 10%
2. Which of the following is the empty set? families buy newspaper C, 5% families buy A and B, 3%
a. { x : x is a real number and x 2 − 1 = 0} buy B and C and 4% buy A and C. If 2% families buy all
b. {x : x is a real number and x 2 + 1 = 0} the three newspapers, then number of families which buy:
A only is
c. {x : x is a real number and x 2 − 9 = 0}
a. 3100 b. 3300
d. {x : x is a real number and x2 = x + 2} c. 2900 d. 1400

3. If X = {8n – 7 – 1: n ∈ N): n∈N} and Y = {49(n–1): n∈N} 12. In a city 20 percent of the population travels by car, 50
then: percent travels by bus and 10 percent travels by both car
a. X ⊆ Y b. Y ⊆ X and bus. Then persons travelling by car or bus is:
c. X = Y d. None of these a. 80 percent b. 40 percent
c. 60 percent d. 70 percent
Venn-Euler Diagrams 13. Suppose A1 , A 2 , A 3 ,........, A 30 are thirty sets each having 5
4. Given the sets A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} , C = {4, 5, 6}, then: elements and B1 , B 2 , ......., Bn are n sets each with 3
A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) is 30 n
elements. Let ∪ Ai = ∪ B j = S and each elements of S
a. {3} b. {1, 2, 3, 4} i =1 j =1

c. {1, 2, 4, 5} d. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} belongs to exactly 10 of the Ai' s and exactly 9 of the B 'j s .
5. If A ⊆ B , then A ∪ B is equal to: Then n is equal to:
a. A b. B ∩ A a. 15 b. 3
c. B d. None of these c. 45 d. None of these

6. If A and B are any two sets, then A ∪ ( A ∩ B ) is equal to: 14. In a class of 55 students, the number of students studying
a. A b. B c. A c d. B c different subjects are 23 in mathematics, 24 in physics, 19
in chemistry, 12 in mathematics and physics, 9 in
7. If the sets A and B are defined as A = {( x, y ) : y
mathematics and chemistry, 7 in physics and chemistry
1
= ,0 ≠ x ∈ R} B = {( x , y ) : y = − x , x ∈ R } , then: and 4 in all the three subjects. The number of students
x who have taken exactly one subject is:
a. A ∩ B = A b. A ∩ B = B a. 6 b. 9
c. A ∩ B = φ d. None of these c. 7 d. 5
8. Let A = [x : x ∈ R, |x| < 1] B = [x : x ∈ R, |x – 1| ≥ 1] and
A ∪ B = R − D, then the set D is: Laws of Algebra of Sets
a. [ x : 1 < x ≤ 2] b. [ x : 1 ≤ x < 2] 15. If A,B and C are any three sets, then A×(B∩C) is equal to:
c. [ x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 2] d. None of these a. (A × B) ∪ (A × C) b. (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
c. (A ∪ B) × (A ∪ C) d. (A ∩ B) × (A ∩ C)
9. If the sets A and B are defined as:
16. If A,B and C are non-empty sets, then (A–B) ∪ (B – A)
A = {( x, y ) : y = e x , x ∈ R}
equals?
B = {( x, y ) : y = x, x ∈ R}, then a. (A ∪ B) – B b. A – (A ∩ B)
a. B ⊆ A b. A ⊆ B c. A ∩ B = φ d. A ∪ B = A c. (A ∪ B) – (A ∩ B) d. (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∪ B)

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Set Relations and Functions 7
Cartesian Product of Sets 25. With reference to a universal set, the inclusion of a subset
in another, is relation, which is?
17. If A = {2, 4 , 5}, B = {7, 8 , 9}, then n( A × B ) is equal to:
a. Symmetric only
a. 6 b. 9
b. Equivalence relation
c. 3 d. 0
c. Reflexive only
18. If the set A has p elements, B has q elements, then the d. None of these
number of elements in A × B is: 26. Let P = {( x, y ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1, x, y ∈ R} .Then P is:
a. p + q b. p + q + 1
a. Reflexive b. Symmetric
c. pq d. p2
c. Transitive d. Anti-symmetric
19. If P, Q and R are subsets of a set A, then R×(Pc∪Qc)c =? 27. Let R be a relation on the set N of natural numbers defined by
a. (R × P) ∩ (R × Q) b. (R × Q ) ∩ (R × P ) nRm ⇔ n is a factor of m (i.e., n|m). Then R is:
c. (R × P ) ∪ (R × Q ) d. None of these a. Reflexive and symmetric
b. Transitive and symmetric
Relation and Inverse Relation c. Equivalence
d. Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
20. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. The total number of distinct relations
that can be defined over A is: 28. Let X be a family of sets and R be a relation on X defined
by ‘A is disjoint from B’. Then R is:
a. 29 b. 6
a. Reflexive b. Symmetric
c. 8 d. 5
c. Anti-symmetric d. Transitive
21. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Y = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} . Which of the 29. Let R and S be two non-void relations on a set A. Which
following is/are relations from X to Y? of the following statements is false:
a. R1 = {( x, y ) | y = 2 + x, x ∈ X , y ∈ Y } a. R and S are transitive ⇒ R ∪ S is transitive
b. R2 = {(1,1), (2,1), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 5)} b. R and S are transitive ⇒ R ∩ S is transitive
c. R3 = {(1,1), (1, 3)(3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7)} c. R and S are symmetric ⇒ R ∪ S is symmetric
d. R and S are reflexive ⇒ R ∩ S is reflexive
d. R4 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (2, 4), (7, 9)}
30. The solution set of 8 x ≡ 6(mod 14 ), x ∈ Z , are:
22. Given two finite sets A and B such that n(A) = 2, n(B) = 3.
a. [8] ∪ [6] b. [8] ∪ [14]
Then total number of relations from A to B is?
c. [6] ∪ [13] d. [8] ∪ [6] ∪ [13]
a. 4 b.8
c. 64 d. 9 31. If R be a relation < from A = {1,2, 3, 4} to B = {1, 3, 5}
i.e., (a, b) ∈ R ⇔ a < b, then RoR −1
is:
23. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 3, 5}. A relation R : A → B is
a. {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)}
defined by R = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 1)}. Then R −1 is defined
b. {(3, 1) (5, 1), (3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4)}
by:
c. {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
a. {(1,2), (3,1), (1,3), (1,5)}
d. {(3, 3) (3, 4), (4, 5)}
b. {(1, 2), (3, 1), (2, 1)}
c. {(1, 2), (5, 1), (3, 1) Characteristics of Function
d. None of these
32. If A contains 10 elements then total number of functions
Types of Relations defined from A to A is:
a. 10 b. 210
24. The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} 10
c. 10 d. 210 –
on set A = {1, 2, 3} is:
a. Reflexive but not symmetric 1
33. If f ( y ) = log y, then f ( y ) + f   is equal to:
b. Reflexive but not transitive  y
c. Symmetric and Transitive a. 2 b. 1
d. Neither symmetric nor transitive c. 0 d. –1

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8 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 1 41. Domain of definition of the function
34. If f ( x) = + for x > 2, then
x + 2 2x − 4 x − 2 2x − 4 f ( x ) = sin −1 (2 x ) +
π
, for real value x , is:
6
f (11) = ?
 1 1  1 1
7 5 a. − ,  b.  − , 
a. b.  4 2  2 2
6 6
 1 1  1 1
c.  − ,  d. − , 
6 5  2 9  4 4
c. d.
7 7
x2 + x + 2
42. Range of the function f ( x) = ; x ∈ R is:
Domain, Co-domain and Range of Function x2 + x + 1
a. (1, ∞) b. (1,11 / 7)
1
35. Domain of the function is: c. (1, 7 / 3] d. (1, 7 / 5]
x2 −1
a. (−∞, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞) b. (−∞, − 1] ∪ (1, ∞) Kinds of Function
c. (−∞ , − 1) ∪ [1, ∞ ) d. None of these
43. Function f : N → N , f ( x) = 2 x + 3 is:
1 a. One-one onto b. One-one into
36. The domain of the function f ( x ) = is:
| x | −x c. 0 Many-one onto d. Many –one into

a. R + b. R − 44. The function f:R→R defined by f ( x) =

c. R 0 d. R ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) is:
a. One-one but not onto b. Onto but not one-one
37. The domain of the function f ( x) = x − x 2 c. Both one-one and onto d. Neither one-one nor onto
+ 4 + x + 4 − x is: 45. The function f : R → R defined by f (x ) = e x is:
a. [−4, ∞) b. [ − 4, 4] a. Onto b. Many-one
c. [0, 4] d. [0,1] c. One-one and into d. Many one and onto

38. The domain of the function log( x 2 − 6 x + 6) is: Even and Odd Function
46. Which of the following is an even function?
a. (−∞, ∞) b. (−∞, 3 − 3) ∪ (3 + 3, ∞)
 ax −1 
c. ( −∞,1] ∪ [5, ∞) d. (−∞,1] ∪ [3, ∞ ) a. x  x  b. tan x
 a +1
39. The domain of the derivative of the function a x − a− x ax + 1
c. d.
 tan x −1
, | x | ≤1 2 ax − 1

f ( x) =  1 is: 47. Which of the following is an even function?
 (| x | −1) , | x | > 1
2  ax − 1 
ax + 1
a. f ( x ) = b. f (x ) = x  x 

a. R − {0} b. R − {1} ax − 1  a +1
c. R − {−1} d. R − {−1, 1} a x − a− x
c. f (x ) = d. f ( x ) = sin x
a x + a− x
40. The domain of the function f ( x) = log 3+ x ( x − 1) is: 2

a. (−3, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞) Periodic Function

b. [−3, − 1) ∪ [1, ∞) 1
48. The period of the function f ( x) = 2 cos ( x − π ) is:
3
c. (−3,−2) ∪ (−2, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
a. 6π b. 4π
d. [−3, − 2) ∪ (−2, − 1) ∪ [1, ∞]
c. 2π d. π

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Set Relations and Functions 9
πx πx πx 58. Suppose that g ( x) = 1 + x and f ( g ( x )) = 3 + 2 x + x,
49. The function f ( x) = sin + 2cos − tan is periodic
2 3 4
then f(x) is:
with period:
a. 6 b. 3 a. 1 + 2 x 2 b. 2 + x 2
c. 4 d. 12 c. 1 + x d. 2 + x

50. The period of | sin 2 x | is:

Inverse Function
π π
a. b. 59. If f : R → R is given by f ( x) = 3 x − 5, then f −1 (x ) ?
4 2
c. π d. 2π
1
51. The period of the function f (x ) = sin 2 x is: a. Is given by
3x − 5
π
a. b. π x+5
2 b. Is given by
c. 2π d. 3π 3
c. Does not exist because f is not one-one
52. The period of f (x ) = x − [x ], if it is periodic, is:
d. Does not exist because f is not onto
a. f (x ) is not periodic b. 1/2
c. 1 d. 2 60: Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x) = 3 x − 4, then f −1 (x ) is:
1
53. The period of f ( x ) = sin 
 πx   πx 
 + cos  , n ∈ Z , n > 2 is:
a. 3 x + 4 b. x−4
− 3
 n 1   n 
a. 2πn (n − 1) b. 4 n (n − 1) 1 1
c. ( x + 4) d. (x − 4 )
3 3
c. 2n(n − 1) d. None of these

Composite Function NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

54. If f : R → R, f ( x ) = 2 x − 1 and g : R → R, g( x ) = x 2
then More than One Answer
( gof ) ( x ) equals? x+2
61. If y = f ( x) = , then:
a. 2 x − 1 2
b. (2 x − 1) 2
x −1
c. 4 x − 2 x + 1
2
d. x 2 + 2 x − 1 a. x = f(y)
b. f(1) = 3
 π
55. f ( x) = sin x + sin  x +  + cos x cos
2 2
c. y increases will x for x < 1
 3
d. f is a rational function of x
 π 5
 x +  and g   = 1, then (gof )( x ) is equal to: 2x −1
 3  4 62. If S is the set of all real x such that is
2 x + 3x 2 + x
3

a. 1 b. –1
positive, then S contains:
c. 2 d. – 2
 3  3 1
a.  −∞, −  b.  − , − 
1  2  2 4
56. If g(x)x2 +x – 2 and ( gof ) ( x) = 2x2 – 5x + 2, then f (x ) is
2
 1 1 1 
equal to: c.  − ,  d.  ,3 
 4 2 2 
a. 2 x − 3 b. 2 x + 3
c. 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 d. 2 x 2 − 3 x − 1 63. Let g(x) be a function defined on [–1,1]. If the area of the
equilateral triangle with two of its vertices at (0, 0) and
2x − 3
57. If f ( x ) = , then [ f { f (x )}] equals:
x−2 [ x, g ( x)] is 3 / 4, then the function g ( x ) is:
a. x b. –x
a. g ( x ) = ± 1 − x 2 b. g ( x ) = 1 − x 2
x 1
c. d. −
2 x c. g ( x) = − 1 − x 2 d. g ( x) = 1 + x 2

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10 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
64. If f ( x) = cos[π ]x + cos[−π ]x, where [ x] stands for the
2 2 Assertion and Reason
greatest integer function, then:
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
a. f (π / 2) = −1 b. f (π ) = 1
the correct option out of the options given below:
c. f ( −π ) = 0 d. f (π / 4) = 1
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
b−x correct explanation of the assertion.
65. Let f : (0,1) → R be defined by f ( x) = , where b is
1 − bx b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
a constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then: correct explanation of the assertion.
a. f is not invertible on (0, 1) c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
−1 1
b. f ≠ f one (0, 1) and f '(b) = d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
f '(0)
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
1
c. f = f −1 on (0, 1) and f '(b) = 70. Let F(x) be an indefinite integral of sin2 x:
f '(0)
Assertion: The function F(x) satisfies F(x + π) = F (x) for
d. f −1 is differentiable on (0, 1)
all real x.
66. For every integer n, let an and bn be real numbers. Let Reason: sin2 (x + π) = sin2 x for all real x.
function f : R → R be given by
71. Let f(x) = 2 + cos x for all real x:
f ( x) = {ab ++ cos
n
n
sin π x, for x ∈ [2n, 2n + 1]
π x, for x ∈ (2n − 1, 2n) ,
for all integers n.
Assertion: For each real t, there exists a point c in [t,t +π]
If f is continuous, then which of the following hold(s) for such that f’(c) = 0.
all n? Reason: f’(t) = f (t + 2π) for each real t.
a. an −1 − bn −1 = 0 b. an − bn = 1
c. an − bn +1 = 1 d. an −1 − bn = −1 x2
72. Assertion: The curve y = − + x + 1 is symmetric with
2
67. For every pair of continuous function f , g : [0,1] → R such respect to the line x = 1.
that max { f ( x) : x ∈ [0,1]} = max{g ( x) : x ∈ [0,1]}. Reason: A parabola is symmetric about its axis.
The correct statement: (s) is (are)
a. [ f (c)]2 + 3 f (c) = [ g (c)]2 + 3 g (c) for some c ∈ [0,1] 73. Consider the following relations. R= {(x,y)| x,y}are real
numbers and x=xy for some rational number w}
b. [ f (c )]2 + f (c) = [ g (c )]2 + 3 g (c ) for some c ∈ [0,1]
c. [ f (c )]2 + 3 f (c) = [ g (c )]2 + g (c ) for some c ∈ [0,1]  m p  
S =  ,   m,n,p,q are integer such that n.q ≠ 0 and
 n q  
d. [ f (c)]2 = [ g (c)]2 for some c ∈ [0,1]
qm = pn}
 π π
68. Let f :  − ,  → R be given byf(x)=[log(sec x+tan x)]3. Assertion: S is an equivalence relation but R is not an
 2 2
equivalence relation.
Then:
a. f(x) is an odd function Reason: R and S both are symmetric.
b. f(x) is a one-one function
74. Let R be a relation on the set N of natural numbers defined
c. f(x) is an onto function
d. f(x) is an even function by n Rm ⇔ n is a factor of m (i.e., n | m) :
Assertion: R is not an equivalence relation
69. Let L be the set of all straight lines in the Euclidean plane.
Reason: R is not symmetric
Two lines l1 and l2 are said to be related by the relation R
if l1 is parallel to l2. Then the relation R is: 75. Let A = {1,2,3}and B = {3,8}?
a. Reflexive c. Symmetric Assertion: (A∪B) × (A∩B) = {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)(8,3)}
b. Transitive d. Equivalence
Reason: (A×B) ∩ (B×A) = {(3,3)}

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Set Relations and Functions 11
76. Assertion: f:R→R is a function defined by f ( x) = 5 x + 3. 1995  r  
83. Let f(x) = g9(x), then the value of  ∑    is: (where
x −3  r =1  1996  
If g = f −1 , then g ( x) = .
5 [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
Reason: If f : A → B is a bijection and g : B → A is the a. 995 b. 996
inverse of f, then fog is the identity function on A. c. 997 d. 998

77. Let X and Y be two sets: 1996

 r 
Assertion: X ∩ (Y ∩ X ) ' = φ
84. Let f ( x) = g 4 ( x), then ∑ f  1997  is:
r =1

Reason: If X∪Y has m elements and X∩Y has n elements a. zero b. even
then symmetric difference X ∆Y has m − n elements c. odd d. none of these

78. Let f be a function defined by f ( x) = ( x − 1) 2 + 1,( x ≥ 1) 85. The value of g5 (x) + g5 (1–x) is:
−1
Assertion: The set {x : f ( x) = f ( x)} = {1, 2} a. 1 b. 5
c. 10 d. none of these
Reason: f is a bijection and f −1 ( x) = 1 + x − 1, x ≥ 1
2 n −1
 r 
79. Consider the following relation R on the set of real square 86. The value of ∑ 2 f  2n  is:
r =1

matrices of order 3. R = {( A, B ) : A = P −1 BP for some a. 0 b. 2n–1

invertible matrix P} c. 2n d. none of these
Assertion: R is an equivalence relation.
87. If the value of ∑ f 
Reason: For any two invertible 3 × 3 matrices M and N
2n
r  1
= + 987, then the value
r =0  2 n + 1  1+ a
sin x of n is:
80. Let f ( x) = sin x + cos x, g ( x) = ?.
1 − cos x a. 493 b. 494
Assertion: f is neither an odd function nor an even c. 987 d. 988
function.
Reason: g is an odd function.
Paragraph-II
81. Assertion: A function f:R→R satisfied the equation f (x) – f(y) f ( x)
Let F ( x) = f ( x ) + g ( x), G ( x) = f ( x) − g ( x ) and H ( x) = ,
= x – y ∀ x, y ∈ R and f (3) = 2, then f ( xy ) = xy − 1 g ( x)

Reason: f ( x) = f (1/ x)∀x ∈ R, x ≠ 0, and f (2) = 7 / 3 if where f ( x) = 1 − 2sin 2 x and g ( x) = cos 2 x, ∀f : R → [ −1,1] and

x2 + x + 1 g : R → [−1,1].
f ( x) =
x2 − x + 1
88. Domain and range of H (x) are respectively:
82. Assertion: Let A{2, 3, 7, 9}and B = {4, 9, 49, 81} f:A → a. R and {1}
2
B is a function defined as f(x) = x . Then is a bijection b. R and {0, 1}
from A to B. π
c. R ∼ {(2n + 1) }, and{1}, n ∈ I
Reason: A function f from a set A to a set B is a bijection 4
if f(A) = B and f(x1) ≠ f(x2) if x1 ≠ x2 for all x1, x2 ∈A and π
d. R ∼ (2 n + 1)  , and{0,1}, n ∈ I
n(A) = n(B).  2

89. If F: R → [–2, 2], then:

Comprehension Based
a. F (x) is one – one function
Paragraph-I b. F (x) is onto function
ax c. F (x) is into function
Let f be a function satisfying f ( x) = = g a ( x)(a > 0)
ax + a d. none of the above

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12 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
90. Which statement is correct? 95. Let f1 : R → R, f 2 :[0, ∞] → R, f3 : R → R and f 4 : R → [0, ∞) be
a. period of f(x), g(x) and F(x) makes are AP with
| x |, if x < 0
common difference π/3 defined by f1 ( x) =  x ; f 2 ( x) = x 2 ;
 e , if x ≥ 0
b. period of f(x), g(x) and F(x) are same and is equal to 2π
sin x,if x < 0
c. sum of periods of f(x), g(x) and F(x) is 3π f 3 ( x) =  and
d. sum of periods of f(x), g(x) and F(x) is 6π  x, if x ≥ 0
 f [ f ( x )], if x < 0
91. Which statement is correct? f 4 ( x) =  2 1
f [
 2 1f ( x )] − 1, if x ≥ 0
a. the domain of G(x) and H(x) are same
Column I Column II
b. the rang of G(x) and H(x) are same
c. the union of domain of G(x) and H(x) are all real (A) f4 is 1. onto but not one-one

d. the union of domain of G(x) and H(x) are rational (B) f3 is 2. neither continuous nor one-one
numbers (C) f2 o f1 is 3. differentiable but not one-one
(D) f2 is 4. continuous and one-one
92. If the solutions of F (x) – G (x) = 0 are x1,x2,x3,…xn where
a. A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2
x∈[0, 5π], then:
b.A→1; B→3; C→4; D→ 2
a. x1,x2,x3,…xn are in AP with common difference π/4
c. A→3; B→1; C→2; D→4
b. the number of solution of F (x) – G (x) = 0 is 10, ∀x∈[0, 5π].
d. A→1; B→3; C→2; D→4
c. the sum of all solutions of F ( x) − G ( x) = 0, ∀x ∈ [0,5π ]
is 25π Integer
d. (b) and (c) are correct
96. If maximum and minimum values of
16 − x 20 −3 x
Match the Column f ( x) = C2 x −1 + C4 x −5 are λ and µ respectively, then

93. Let the functions defined in Column I have domain the value of λ + µ must be:

(–π/2, π/2) and range (–∞,∞)?

97. The least period of the function
Column I Column II
 π [ x]  πx  π [ x ]  is λ, then the value of
(A) 1 + 2x 1. onto but not one-one sin   + cos   + tan  
 12   4   3 
(B) tan x 2. one-one but not onto
201λ must be (where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer
3. one-one and onto
function:
4. neither one-one nor onto
a. A→ 2; B→ 3 b. A→ 2; B→ 4  y2 y2 
98. If f  2 x 2 + , 2 x 2 −  = xy, then the value of f(60, 48)
c. A→ 1; B→ 3 d. A→ 4; B→ 1  8 8 

x2 − 6 x + 5 + f(80, 48) + f(13, 5) must be:

94. Let f ( x) = .?
x2 − 5x + 6
99. Let f be a function form the set of positive integers to the
Column I Column II
set of real numbers i.e., f: N→R, such that (i) f (1) = 1 ,
(A) If –1< x <1, then f(x) satisfies 1. 0 < f (x) < 1
(B) If 1 < x < 2, then f(x) satisfies 2. f (x) < 0 (ii) f (1) + 2 f (2) + 3 f (3) + … + nf (n) = n(n + 1) f (n) from
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f(x) satisfies 3. f (x) > 0 1
n ≥ 2, then the value of must be:
(D) If x > 5, then f(x) satisfies 4. f (x) < 1 f (1004)
a. A→3; B→1; C→2; D→2
(61x + 80 x 2 )
1
b.A→1; B→2; C→2; D→1 100.If f ( x) = x + ∫ ( xy 2 + x 2 y ) f ( y ) dy and x + , the
c. A→1; B→3; C→2; D→4 0
λ
d.A→4; B→1; C→3; D→2 n the value of λ must be:

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Set Relations and Functions 13
ANSWER 6. (a) A ∩ B ⊆ A .
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Hence, A ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = A .
d b a b c a c b c b
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 1 1
7. (c) Since y = , y = − x meet when − x =
b c c d b c b c a, b a x x
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
⇒ x = −1 , which does not give any real value of x
2
a,b,c c c a d b d b a c
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Hence, A ∩ B = φ .
c c c c a b d c c c
8. (b) A = [ x : x ∈ R, − 1 < x < 1]
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
a c b b c a b a d b B = [ x : x ∈ R : x − 1 ≤ −1
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. Or x − 1 ≥ 1] = [ x : x ∈ R : x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 2]
b c c b a a a b b c
∴ A∪B = R−D
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
Where, D = [ x : x ∈ R ,1 ≤ x < 2]
a, d a, d b, c a, c a b, d a, d a,b,c All d
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
9. (c) Since, y = e x and y = x do not meet for any x ∈ R
b a c a b c b a b b
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
∴ A∩B =φ .
b a c b a b c c d c
10. (b) Since, 4n − 3n − 1 = (3 + 1)n − 3n − 1
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
c d a b d 2345 4824 112 2008 119 = 3n + n C1 3n −1 + n C2 3n − 2 + ..... + n Cn −1 3 + n Cn − 3n − 1
= n C2 32 + n C3 .33 + ..... + n Cn 3n
SOLUTION
( n C0 = n Cn , n C1 = n Cn −1 etc.)
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) Since, intelligence is not defined for students in a class = 9[ n C2 + n C3 (3) + ..... + n Cn 3n −1 ]
i.e., Not a well defined collection. ∴ 4 n − 3 n − 1 is a multiple of 9 for n ≥ 2 .
For n = 1, 4 n − 3 n − 1 = 4 − 3 − 1 = 0 ,
2. (b) Since x 2 + 1 = 0, gives x 2 = −1
⇒
For n = 2, 4 n − 3 n − 1
x = ±i
∴ x is not real but x is real (given) = 16 − 6 − 1 = 9
∴ No value of x is possible. ∴ 4 n − 3 n − 1 is a multiple of 9 for all n ∈ N
∴ X contains elements which are multiples of 9 and clearly Y
3. (a) Since 8n − 7n − 1 = (7 + 1) n − 7n − 1 contains all multiples of 9.
= 7 n + n C1 7 n −1 + n C 2 7 n − 2 + ..... + n C n−1 7 + n C n − 7 n − 1 ∴ X ⊆ Y , ∴ X ∪Y = Y .

= n C 2 7 2 + n C 3 7 3 + ..... + n C n 7 n ( n C 0 = n C n , n C1 = n C n −1 etc.) 11. (b) n(A) = 40% of 10,000 = 4,000

= 49 [ C 2 + C 3 (7) + ...... + C n 7
n n n n−2
] n(B) = 20% of 10,000 = 2,000
n(C) = 10% of 10,000 = 1,000
∴ 8 − 7 n − 1 is a multiple of 49 for n ≥ 2 .
n
n (A ∩ B) = 5% of 10,000
For n = 1 , 8 n − 7 n − 1 = 8 − 7 − 1 = 0 ;
= 500, n (B ∩ C) = 3% of 10,000 = 300
For n = 2, 8 n − 7 n − 1 = 64 − 14 − 1 = 49 n(C ∩ A) = 4% of 10,000 = 400, n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
∴ 8n − 7 n − 1 is a multiple of 49 for all n ∈ N . = 2% of 10,000 = 200
∴ X contains elements which are multiples of 49 and clearly We want to find n(A ∩ Bc ∩ Cc) = n[A ∩ (B ∪ C)c]
Y contains all multiplies of 49. = n(A) – n[A ∩ (B ∪ C)] = n(A) – n[(A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)]
∴ X ⊆Y . = n(A) – [n(A ∩ B) + n(A ∩ C) – n(A ∩ B ∩ C)]
4. (b) B ∩ C = {4 } , = 4000 – [500 + 400 – 200] = 4000 – 700 = 3300.

∴ A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = {1, 2, 3, 4}. 12. (c) n(C) = 20, n(B) = 50, n(C ∩ B) = 10

Now, n(C ∪ B) = n(C) + n(B) – n(C ∩ B)
5. (c) Since A ⊆ B
= 20 + 50 – 10 = 60.
⇒ A∪B =B. Hence, required number of persons = 60%.

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14 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
 30  1 22. (c) Here n( A × B) = 2 × 3 = 6
13. (c)O(S) = O  ∪ Ai  = (5 × 30 ) = 15
 i =1  10 Since, every subset of A × B defines a relation from A to
Since, element in the union s belongs to 10 of ai' s B, number of relation from A to B is equal to number of
 n  3n n subsets of A × B = 26 = 64, which is given in (c).
Also, O(S) = O ∪ B j  = =
 j =1  9 3
23. (c) ( x, y ) ∈ R ⇔ ( y, x) ∈ R −1 ,
n
∴ = 15 ⇒ n = 45 . ∴ R −1 = {(3,1), (5,1), (1, 2)} .
3

14. (d) n(M) = 23, n(P) = 24, n(C)= 19 24. (a) Since (1, 1); (2, 2); (3, 3) ∈ R therefore R is reflexive.
n(M∩P) = 12, n(M∩C)= 9, n(P ∩ C)=7 n(M ∩ P∩ C) = 4 (1, 2) ∈ R but (2, 1) ∉ R, therefore R is not symmetric. It
We have to find n(M∩P′∩C′), n(P ∩M ′∩C′ ), n (C∩M ′∩ P ′) can be easily seen that R is transitive.
Now n (M ∩ P′ ∩ C′) = n[M ∩ (P ∪ C)′] 25. (d) Since A ⊆ A
= n(M)– n(M ∩ (P ∪ C)) ∴ Relation ' ⊆' is reflexive.
= n ( M ) − n[( M ∩ P ) ∪ ( M ∩ C )]
Since, A ⊆ B , B ⊆ C ⇒ A ⊆ C
= n(M) – n(M ∩ P)– n(M ∩ C) + n(M ∩ P ∩ C)
∴ Relation ' ⊆' is transitive.
= 23 –12 – 9 + 4 = 27 –21 = 6
But, A ⊆ B, ⇒ B ⊆ A ,
n(P ∩ M′ ∩ C′) = n[P ∩ (M ∪ C)′]
= n(P)– n[P ∩ (M ∪ C)] = n(P ) − n[( P ∩ M ) ∪ (P ∩ C )] ∴ Relation is not symmetric.
= n(P) – n(P ∩ M) – n(P ∩ C) + n(P ∩ M ∩ C) 26. (b) Obviously, the relation is not reflexive and transitive
= 24 – 12 – 7 + 4 = 9 but it is symmetric, because x 2 + y 2 = 1 ⇒ y 2 + x 2 = 1 .
n(C ∩ M′ ∩ P′)
27. (d) Since n | n for all n ∈ N , therefore R is reflexive. Since
= n(C) – n(C ∩ P) – n(C ∩ M)+ n(C ∩ P ∩ M)
= 19 – 7 – 9 + 4 = 23 – 16 = 7 2 | 6 but 6 | 2 , therefore R is not symmetric.
Let n R m and m R p ⇒ n|m
15. (b) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C). It is distributive law.
and m|p ⇒ n|p ⇒ nRp. So R is transitive.
16. (c) (A – B) ∪ (B – A) = (A ∪ B) – (A ∩ B).
28. (b) Clearly, the relation is symmetric but it is neither
reflexive nor transitive.
A B
29. (a) Let A = {1, 2, 3} and R = {(1, 1), (1, 2)}, S
= {(2, 2) (2, 3)} be transitive relations on A.
A∩B
A–B
B–A Then R ∪ S = {(1, 1); (1, 2); (2, 2); (2, 3)}
Obviously, R ∪ S is not transitive.
17. (b) A × B = {(2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (4, 7), (4, 8), (4, 9), (5,7),
Since (1, 2) ∈ R ∪ S and (2, 3) ∈ R ∪ S but (1, 3) ∉ R ∪ S .
(5, 8), (5, 9)}
n(A × B) = n(A) . n(B) = 3 × 3 = 9. 30. (c) 8 x − 6 = 14 P (P ∈ Z )
18. (c) n( A × B) = pq . 1
⇒ x = [14 P + 6 ] , x ∈ Z
8
19. (a, b) R × ( P ∪ Q ) = R × [( P ) ∩ (Q ) ]
c c c c c c c
1
⇒ x = (7 P + 3 )
= R × ( P ∩ Q) = ( R × P) ∩ ( R × Q) 4
= ( R × Q) ∩ ( R × P) ⇒ x = 6, 13, 20, 27, 34, 41, 48,.....
∴ Solution set = {6, 20, 34, 48,..} ∪ {13, 27, 41, ...}
20. (a) n( A × A) = n( A).n( A) = 3 2 = 9 = [6] ∪ [13].
So, the total number of subsets of A × A is 2 9 and a subset of Where [6],[13] are equivalence classes of 6 and 13 respectively.
A × A is a relation over the set A.
31. (c) We have, R={(1,3); (1,5); (2,3); (2,5); (3,5);(4,5)}
21. (a, b, c) R4 is not a relation from X to Y, R −1 = {(3, 1), (5, 1), (3, 2), (5, 2); (5, 3); (5, 4)}
because (7, 9) ∈ R 4 but (7, 9) ∉ X × Y . Hence RoR −1 = {(3, 3); (3, 5); (5, 3); (5, 5)}

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Set Relations and Functions
n
15
32. (c) According to formula, total number of functions = n 1 1 1
f ′(1 − 0) = = ; f ′(1 + 0) =
Here, n = 10 So, total number of functions = 1010. 1 + (1 − 0) 2
2 2
33. (c) Given f (y ) = log y ∴ f ′(−1) does not exist.
⇒ f (1/ y ) = log (1/ y ) ∴ domain of f ′( x ) = R − {−1} .
1
then f (y ) + f   = log y + log(1 / y ) = log 1 = 0. 40. (c) f (x ) is to be defined when x 2 − 1 > 0
  y
⇒ x 2 > 1, ⇒ x < −1 or x > 1 and 3 + x > 0
1 1 ∴ x > −3 and x ≠ −2
34. (c) f ( x) = +
x + 2 2x − 4 x − 2 2x − 4 ∴ Dr = (−3, − 2) ∪ (−2, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞) .
1 1
f (11) = + π π 1
41. (a) − ≤ sin −1 (2 x ) ≤ ⇒− ≤ 2x ≤ 1
11 + 2 18 11 − 2 18 6 2 2
1 1 3− 2 3+ 2 6  1 1
= + = + = . ⇒ x ∈ − ,  .
3+ 2 3− 2 7 7 7  4 2
1
35. (a) For domain, x 2 − 1 > 0 ⇒ (x − 1)( x + 1) > 0 42. (c) f ( x ) = 1 + 2
⇒ Range = (1, 7 / 3 ] .
 1 3
⇒ x < −1 or x > 1 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞,−1) ∪ (1, ∞) . x+  +
 2 4

36. (b) For domain, | x | − x > 0 ⇒ | x | > x . 43. (b) f is one-one because f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
−
This is possible, only when x ∈ R . ⇒ 2 x1 + 3 = 2 x2 + 3 ⇒ x1 = x2
x−3
37. (d) f ( x) = x − x 2 + 4 + x + 4 − x clearly f ( x) is Further f −1 ( x) = ∉ N (domain) when x = 1, 2, 3 etc.
2
defined if 4 + x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ −4 ∴ f is into which shows that f is one-one into.
4 −x ≥0 ⇒ x ≤ 4
44. (b) We have f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
x (1 − x ) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 0 and x ≤ 1
∴ Domain of f = (−∞ , 4 ] ∩ [−4 , ∞ ) ∩ [0 , 1] = [0 , 1] . ⇒ f (1) = f (2) = f (3) = 0 ⇒ f (x ) is not one-one
For each y ∈ R, there exists x ∈ R such that f (x ) = y .
38. (c) The function f ( x) = log( x − 6 x + 6) is defined
2
Therefore f is onto.
when log( x 2 − 6 x + 6) ≥ 0 Hence, f : R → R is onto but not one-one.

⇒ x 2 − 6 x + 6 ≥ 1 ⇒ ( x − 5)( x − 1) ≥ 0 45. (c) Function f : R → R is defined by f (x ) = e x . Let

This inequality hold if x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 5 . Hence, the domain x 1 , x 2 ∈ R and f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) or e 1 = e 2
x x
or x 1 = x 2 .
of the function will be (−∞,1] ∪ [5, ∞) . Therefore f is one-one. Let f (x ) = e x = y . Taking log on
both sides, we get x = log y . We know that negative real
1
 2 ( − x − 1), x < −1 numbers have no pre-image or the function is not onto and

39. (c) f ( x ) =  tan −1 x, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 zero is not the image of any real number. Therefore
1 function f is into.
 ( x + 1), x > 1
 2  ax − 1 
46. (a) We have: f (x ) = x  x 

 1  a +1 
− 2 , x < −1
 1 
  a− x − 1   −1
 1 f (− x ) = − x  − x  = −x ax 
⇒ f ′( x) =  , −1 < x < 1 a +1  1 
1 + x  
2
 + 1 
1  ax 
 , x >1
2  1 − ax   ax − 1 
= − x  =
 x  x  = f (x )

1+ a  a +1 
x
1 1 1 
f ′(−1 − 0) = − ; f ′(−1 + 0) = =
2 1 + ( −1 + 0) 2 2 So, f (x ) is an even function.

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16 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
47. (b) In option 2π
⇒ sin 2 x has period = =π
−x
a +1 1+ a a +1 x x 2
(a) f (− x) = = =− x = − f ( x)
a− x −1 1 − a x a −1 Now, if f (x ) has period p then | f ( x ) | has period
p
So, It is an odd function. 2
π
In option ⇒ | sin 2 x | has period = .
2
a− x −1 (1 − a x ) (a x − 1)
(b) f (− x) = (− x) − x = −x = x = f ( x)
a +1 1+ ax (a x + 1) 1 − cos 2 x 2π
51. (b) sin 2 x = ⇒ Period = = π.
So, It is an even function. 2 2
In option 52. (c) Let f (x ) be periodic with period T.
a− x − a x f ( x + T ) = f ( x) for all x∈R
(c) f (− x ) = − x = − f (x ) Then,
a + ax
⇒ x + T − [x + T ] = x − [x ] for all x ∈ R
So, It is an odd function.
In option ⇒ x + T − x = [x + T ] − [x ]
(d) f (− x ) = sin(− x ) = − sin x = − f (x ) ⇒ [x + T ] − [x ] = T for all x ∈ R ⇒ T = 1, 2, 3, 4 ,........
So, It is an odd function. The smallest value of T satisfying,
f (x + T ) = f (x ) for all x ∈ R is 1.
1 x π
48. (a) f ( x ) = 2 cos (x − π ) = 2 cos  −  Hence f (x ) = x − [ x ] has period 1.
3 3 3
Now, since cos x has period 2π  πx  π x 
53. (c) f ( x) = sin   + cos  
x π 2π  n −1   n 
⇒ cos  −  has period = 6π
 3 3  1
 πx  2π
3 Period of sin = = 2(n − 1 )
n −1   π 
x π  
⇒ 2 cos  −  has period = 6 π . n −1
3 3
 π x  2π
49. (d) sin x has period = 2π
Period of cos  = = 2n
 n  π 
πx 2π  
⇒ sin has period = =4 n
2 π
Hence period of f (x ) is LCM of 2 n and 2(n − 1) ⇒ 2n(n − 1) .
2
∵ cos x has period = 2π 54. (b) gof (x ) = g{ f (x )} = g (2 x − 1) = (2 x − 1) 2 .
πx 2π
⇒ cos has period = =6
3 π 55. (a) f ( x ) = sin 2 x + sin 2 (x + π / 3) + cos x cos( x + π / 3)
3 1 − cos 2 x 1 − cos(2 x + 2π /3)
πx = +
⇒ 2 cos has period = 6 2 2
3
1
∵ tan x has period = π + {2 cos x cos( x + π / 3)}
2
πx π
⇒ tan has period = =4. 1
4 π = [1 − cos 2 x + 1 − cos(2 x + 2π /3)
4 2
L.C.M. of 4, 6 and 4 =12, period of f (x ) = 12. + cos(2 x + π / 3) + cos π / 3]
1 5  2π   π 
= − {cos 2 x + cos  2 x + } + cos  2 x +  
(1 − cos 4 x) 2  2  3   3 
50. (b) Here | sin 2 x |= sin 2 2 x =
2 1 5  π π  π 
= − 2 cos  2 x +  cos + cos  2 x +   = 5 / 4
π 2  2  3 3  3 
Period of cos 4 x is .
2 for all x.
π ∴ gof ( x ) = g( f ( x )) = g(5 / 4 ) = 1 [∵ g(5/4) =1 (given)]
Hence, period of | sin 2 x | will be
2
Hence, gof (x ) = 1, for all x.
∵ sin x has period = 2π

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Set Relations and Functions 17
56. (a) g(x ) = x + x − 2
2 NCERT Exemplar Problems

⇒ ( gof ) ( x) = g[ f ( x)] = [ f ( x)]2 + f ( x) − 2 More than One Answer

x+2
Given,
1
( gof ) ( x) = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 2 61. (a, d) Given, y = f ( x) =
2 x −1
⇒ yx − y = x + 2 ⇒ x( y − 1) = y + 2
1 1
∴ [ f ( x)]2 + f ( x) − 1 = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 2
2 2 y+2
⇒ y= ⇒ x = f ( y ).
⇒ [ f ( x)]2 + f ( x) = 4 x 2 − 10 x + 6 y −1
Here, f (1) does not exist, so domain ∈ R − {1}
⇒ f ( x)[ f ( x) + 1] = (2 x − 3)[(2 x − 3) + 1]
f :R→R. dy ( x − 1) ⋅1 − ( x + 2) ⋅1 3
⇒ = =−
dx ( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2
 2x − 3  ⇒ f ( x) is decreasing for all x ∈ R − {1}.
2 −3
x−2 
57. (a) f [ f ( x)] =  =x Also, f is rational function of x.
 2x − 3 
 −2 + – + – + ∞
 x−2  62. (a, d) −∞
–1 –1/2 0 1/2
2x −1
58. (b) g ( x) = 1 + x Since, >0
2 x3 + 3x 2 + x
and f ( g ( x)) = 3 + 2 x + x . . . (i) (2 x − 1)
⇒ >0
⇒ f (1 + x ) = 3 + 2 x + x x(2 x 2 + 3x + 1)

Put 1 + x = y (2 x − 1)
⇒ >0
x (2 x + 1)( x + 1)
⇒ x = ( y −1)2
Hence, the solution set is,
then, f ( y) = 3 + 2( y −1) + ( y −1)
2
x ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1/ 2, 0) ∪ (1/ 2, ∞)
= 2 + y2 63. (b, c) A

therefore, f ( x) = 2 + x .
2

59. (b) Clearly, f : R → R is a one-one onto function. So, it is

invertible.
B C
Let f (x ) = y. (0,0) (x, g(x))
y+5 3
then, 3 x − 5 = y ⇒ x = Since, area of equilateral triangle = ( BC ) 2
3 4
y +5 3 3 2
⇒ f −1 ( y ) = . ⇒ = ⋅ [ x + g 2 ( x )] ⇒ g 2 ( x ) = 1 − x 2 c
3 4 4
x+5 ⇒ g ( x ) = 1 − x 2 or − 1 − x
2
Hence, f −1 ( x) = .
3
64. (a, c) Since, f ( x) = cos[π 2 ]x + cos[−π 2 ]x
60. (c) f (x ) = 3 x − 4 = y ⇒ f ( x) = cos(9) x + cos(−10) x,
⇒ y = 3x − 4
(using [π 2 ] = 9 and [−π 2 ] = −10 )
y+4
⇒ x= π  9π
3 ∴ f   = cos + cos 5π = −1
2 2
y+4 f (π ) = cos 9π + cos10π = −1 + 1 = 0
⇒ f −1 ( y ) =
3 f (−π ) = cos 9π + cos10π = −1 + 1 = 0
x+4 π  9π 10π 1 1
⇒ f −1 ( x) = . f   = cos + cos = +0 =
3 2 2 4 2 2

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18 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
b−x 68. (a, b, c) (a) If f '( x) > 0, ∀x ∈ (a, b), then f ( x) is an
65. (a) Here, f ( x) = , where 0 < b < 1, 0 < x < 1
1 − bx increasing function in (a,b) and thus f ( x) is one-one
For function to be invertible it should be one-one onto.
function in (a, b).
∴ Check Range:
(b) If range of f ( x) = codomain of f ( x), then f ( x) is an
b−x
Let f ( x) = y ⇒ y = onto function.
1 − bx
(c) A function f ( x) is said to be odd function, if
⇒ y − bxy = b − x ⇒ x(1 − by ) = b − y
f (− x) = − f ( x), ∀x ∈ R i.e.,
b− y
⇒ x= , where 0 < x < 1 f (− x) + f ( x) = 0, ∀x ∈ R
1 − by
b− y b− y b− y f ( x) = [ln(sec x + tan x)]3
∴ 0< < 1⇒ > 0 and <1
1 − by 1 − by 1 − by 3[ln(sec x + tan x )]2 (sec x tan x + sec 2 x )
f '( x) =
1 (sec x + tan x)
⇒ y < b or y > . . .(i)
b  −π π 
f '( x ) = 3sec x[ln (sec x + tan x )]2 > 0, ∀x ∈  , 
(b − 1)( y + 1) 1  2 2
< 0 −1 < y < . . .(ii)
1 − by b f ( x) is an increasing function.
From Equation (i) and (ii), we get ∴ f ( x) is an one-one function.
 1 π x 
y ∈  −1,  ⊂ codomain ; Thus, f ( x) is not invertible. (sec x + tan x ) = tan  +  ,
 b  4 2
66. (b, d) f (2n) = an , f (2n + ) = an f (2n − ) = bn + 1  π π π x 
As x ∈  − ,  , then 0 < tan  +  < ∞
⇒ an − bn = 1 f (2n + 1) = an  2 2   4 2
⇒ 0 < sec x + tan x < ∞
f ((2n + 1) − ) = an f ((2 n + 1) + ) = bn +1 − 1
⇒ −∞ < ln (sec x + tan x ) < ∞
⇒ an = bn +1 − 1 or an − bn +1 = −1
−∞ < [ln (sec x + tan x )]3 < ∞
Or an −1 − bn = −1
⇒ −∞ < f ( x) < ∞
67. (a, d) Plan if a continuous function has value of opposite Range of f ( x) is R and thus f ( x) is an onto function.
sign inside an interval, f , g : [0,1] → R 3
  1 
We take two cases. Let f and g attain their common f (− x) = [ln (sec x − tan x )]3 =  ln  
maximum value at p.   sec x + tan x  
⇒ f ( p ) = g ( p ), where p ∈ [0,1] f (− x) = −[ln (sec x + tan x)]3
Let f and g attain their common maximum value at f ( x) + f (− x) = 0
different points. ⇒ f ( x) is an odd function.
⇒ f (a ) = M and g (b ) = M
69. (a, b, c, d) Here l1 Rl2
⇒ f (a ) − g (a) > 0 and f (b) − g (b) < 0 l1 is parallel l2 and also l2 is parallel to l1 , so it is symmetric.
⇒ f (c) − g (c) = 0 for some c ∈ [0,1] as f and g are Clearly, it is also reflexive and transitive. Hence it is
continuous functions. equivalence relation.
⇒ f (c) − g (c) = 0 for some c ∈ [0,1] for all cases. . . . (i)
Assertion and Reason
Option (a) ⇒ f 2 (c) − g 2 (c) + 3[ f (c) − g (c)] = 0 which is
1 − cos 2 x
true from Equation (i). 70. (d) Given, F ( x ) = ∫ sin 2 x dx = ∫ dx
2
Option (d) ⇒ f 2 (c) − g 2 (c) = 0 which is true from 1
⇒ F ( x) = (2 x − sin 2 x ) + c
Equation (i) 4
Now, if we take f ( x) = land g ( x) = 1, ∀x ∈ [0,1] Since, F ( x + π ) ≠ F ( x) Hence, Assertion is false.
Option (b) and (c) does not hold. But reason is true as sin 2 x is periodic with period π .

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Set Relations and Functions 19
71. (b) Given, f ( x) = 2 + cos x, ∀ x ∈ R y −3
76. (c) Let y = 5 x + 3 ⇒ x =
Assertion: 5
y −3
There exists a point c ∈ [t , t + π ], where f '(c) = 0 ⇒ g ( y) =
5
Hence, Assertion is true. x−3
Or g ( x) = , so Assertion is true.
Reason: f (t ) = f (t + 2π ) is true. But reason not a correct 5
explanation for assertion. Reason is false because g : B → A
And f : A → B
2
x 3 1 ⇒ for: B→B and g = f –1 →fog is an identity function on B.
72. (a) y = − + x + 1 ⇒ y − = − ( x − 1) 2
2 2 2
⇒ It is symmetric about x = 1. 77. (b) X ∩ (Y ∪ X )' = X ∩ (Y '∩ X ') = X ∩ X '∩ Y ' = φ .
⇒ Assertion is true. X∆Y = (X ~ Y) ∪(Y ~ X) = (X ∪Y) ~(X ∩Y)
73. (c) Since (0,1) ∈ R but (1,0) ∉ R, R is not symmetric and ⇒ Number of elements in X ∆Y = m − n
hence is not an equivalence relation so Reason is false. ⇒ Reason is true but does explain Assertion.
Next, For the relation S, qm = pm
78. (a) Let y = f ( x) = ( x − 1) 2 + 1
m p
⇒ = ⇒ y − 1 = ( x − 1)2 ⇒ x = 1 + y − 1, y ≥ 1
n q
m p m p Thus f −1 ( x) = 1 + x − 1, x ≥ 1.
Thus  ,  ∈ S ⇒ = which shows that S is
n q n q So, Reason is true.

reflexive and symmetric Now f ( x) = f −1 ( x)

m p ⇒ ( x − 1) 2 = x − 1
Again,  ,  ∈ S
n q ⇒ x − 1[( x − 1)3/ 2 − 1] = 0
 p r ⇒ x = 1, 2.
And  ,  ∈ S
 q s So, Assertion is true and Reason is a correct explanation for
Assertion.
m p r m r 
⇒ = = ⇒  , ∈S
n q s  n s  79. (b) Reason in true
Thus S is transitive and hence S is an equivalence relation. In Assertion, A = I −1 A I
So Assertion is true. For all real square matrices A of order 3.
⇒ is ( A, A) ∈ R ⇒ R reflexive, Next let ( A, B) ∈ R
74. (a) Reason is true as 2 | 6 ⇒ 2r 6 but 6 χ 2 (6 does not
⇒ ∃ a invertible matrix P of order 3.
divide 2) so R is not symmetric ⇒ 6 is not an equivalence Such that A = P −1 B P
relation and the Assertion is also true.
⇒ B = P A P −1 = ( p −1 ) −1 A( p −1 )
75. (b) A ∪ B = {1, 2,3,8}, A ∩ B = {3} ⇒ R in symmetric

⇒ ( A ∪ B) × ( A ∩ B) = {(1,3),(2,3),(3,3),(8,3)} If now ( A, B) ∈ R
And ( B, C ) ∈ R
⇒ Assertion is true. ( x, y ) ∈ ( A × B ) ∩ ( B × A)
Then ∃ invertible matrices P and Q or order 3 such that
⇒ ( x, y ) ∈ A × B and ( x, y ) ∈ B × A
A = P −1 B P and B = Q −1 C Q.
⇒ x ∈ A ∩ B, y ∈ A ∩ B
⇒ A = P −1Q −1C Q P = (QP ) −1 C QP (From Reason)
⇒ {(3,3) = ( A × B) ∩ ( B × A)}
⇒ ( A, C ) ∈ R. and thus R in transitive Hence R is an
⇒ Reason is also true but is not a correct explanation for equivalence relation and the Assertion in also true but
Assertion. Reason is not a correct explanation for it.

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20 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
80. (b) f (− x) = − sin x + cos x ≠ f ( x)  r 
1996
 1   2   3 
84. (b) ∑ f  = f  + f  + f   +… +
Or − f ( x), ⇒ f is neither odd nor even. So Assertion is true r =1  1997   1997   1997   1997 

− sin x  1994   1995   1996 

g (− x) = = −( g ( x)) ⇒ g is an odd function f + f  + f  
1 − cos x  1997   1997   1997 
⇒ Reason is also True but does not lead to Assertion.   1   1996     2   1995  
=f  + f  +  f  + f  
  1997   1997     1997   1997  
81. (b) Taking y = 3, f ( x) − f (3) = x − 3
  3   1994  
⇒ f ( x) = x − 3 + f (3) = x − 3 + 2 = x − 1 + f  + f   + …
  1996   1996  
⇒ f ( xy ) = xy − 1 ⇒ = 1 + 1 + 1 + … 998 times
x2 + x + 1 = 998 (even)
Assertion is true f ( x ) =
x2 − x + 1 85. (a) g5 ( x) + g 5 (1 − x) = f ( x) + f (1 − x) = 1
1 + x + x2
⇒ f (1/ x) = = f ( x)
1 − x + x2 2 n −1   1   2   3   2 −3
86. (b) ∑ 2 f   = 2  f   +
r f  + f   +… + f +
And f (2) = 7 / 3
⇒ r =1  2n    2n   2n   2n   2n 
Reason is also true, but does not lead  to Assertion.
1   2   3   2n − 3   2n − 2   2n − 1  
=  f   + f   + f   +… + f  + f  + f  
  2 n 
82. (a) Reason is true by definition of a bijective mapping,  2 n   2 n   2 n   2n   2n  
using which Assertion is also true.   1   2n − 1     2   2n − 2   
=  f   + f   +  f  + f   
∵ f ( x) + f (1 − x) g a ( x) + g a (1 − x)   2   2n     2n   2n   
ax a1− x   3   2n − 3  
= + + f  + f   + …
1− x
a + a
x
a + a   2 n   2 n  

  1 
x
a a
= + =1 . . .(i) = 2 1
+ 1
+ 1
+…  +1+ f  
a + a
x
a+ a x
 ( n −1)times  2 
 1
Comprehension Based = 2  ( n − 1) +  = 2 n − 2 + 1 = (2n − 1)
 2
1995
 r   1   2 
83. (c) ∑ f  1996  = f + f 
 1996 

 1996 
r =1 2n
 r  2n
 r 
87. (c) ∑ f  2n + 1  = f (0) + ∑ f  
 2n + 1 
 3   1993   1994   1995  r =0 r =1
+f   +… + f  f + f 
 1996   1996   1996   1996  1 1
= +n = + 987 (given)
  1  1+ a 1+ a
 1995     2   1994  
=f  + f   +  f  +  ∴ n = 987
  19996   1996     1996   1996  
  3   1993   f ( x) 1 − 2sin 2 x cos 2 x
=f  + f   88. (c) H ( x) = = = =1
  1996   1996   g ( x) cos 2 x cos 2 x
  997   999    998  but cos 2 x ≠ 0
+… +  f  + f   + f  
  1996   1996    1996  π
⇒ cos 2 x ≠ 0 ⇒ 2 x ≠ nπ + ,n∈ I
1 2
= 1
+ 1 + 1
… +1 +1+ f  
2  π 
997 times
∴ x ∈ R ∼ (2 n + 1) , n ∈ I  And Range ={1}
 4 
1
= 997 + [from Equation (i)]
2 89. (d) F ( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = 1 − 2sin 2 x + cos 2 x
= 997.5 = 2 cos 2 x −1 ≤ cos 2 x ≤ 1 ⇒ −2 ≤ 2 cos 2 x ≤ 2
1995
 r  Range of F ( x) co-domain of F ( x)
∴  ∑ f  1996   = 1997
 r =1   ⇒ F ( x) is onto function.

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Set Relations and Functions 21
90. (c) Periods of f (x), g(x) and F (x) are π. 95. (d) Plan (a) For such questions, we need to properly
∴ sum of periods = π + π + π = 3 π define the functions and then we draw their graphs.
(n) From the graphs, we can examine the function for
91. (c) The domain of G(x) is R and domain of H(x)is
continuity, differentiability, one-one and onto.
R ∼ {x : g ( x) = 0}
∴ DG ∪ DH = R

92. (d) F (x) – G(x) = 0⇒2g(x) = 0

⇒ g(x) = 0
⇒ cos 2x = 0  − x, x<0
f1 ( x ) =  x
e , x≥0
π
⇒ 2 x = nπ + f 2 ( x) = x 2 , x ≥ 0
2

Or x = (2n + 1)
π
4
,n∈ I f 3 ( x) = {
sin x,
x,
x<0
x≥0
∵ x ∈ [0,5π ]  f ( f ( x )), x<0
f 4 ( x) =  2 1
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π 15π 17π 19π  f 2 ( f1 ( x )) − 1, x≥0
∴ Solutions are , , , , , , , , ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  x2 , x < 0  x2 , x<0
∴ Number of solutions = 10 Now, f 2 ( f1 ( x)) =  2 x ⇒ f4 =  2 x
 e , x ≥ 0  e − 1, x≥0
10  π 19π 
Sum of solutions =  +  = 25π  2 x, x < 0
As f 4 ( x) is continuous f '4 ( x ) =  2 x
2 4 4 
 2e , x > 0
Match the Column f4' (0) is not defined. Its range is [0,∞).
93. (a) y = 1 + 2x is linear function therefore, it is one-one and Thus, range = co-domain = [0,∞) thus, f4 is onto.
its range is (–π + 1, π + 1). Therefore, (1+2x) is one-one Also, horizontal line (drawn parallel to x-axis) meets the
but not onto so (A→2). curve more than once thus function is not one-one.
Again, see the figure. It is clear from the graph that y – tan Integer
x is one-one and onto, therefore (B→3). 96. (2345) For f (x) to be defined
y 16 – x > 0 ⇒ x < 16
y =1+2x 1
2x −1 ≥ 0 ⇒x≥
2
x' x 17
−π o π 16 − x ≥ 2 x − 1 ⇒x≤
2 2 3
20
20 − 3x > 0 ⇒x<
y'
3
5
( x − 1)( x − 5) 4x − 5 ≥ 0 ⇒x≥
94. (b) Given, f ( x) = 4
( x − 2)( x − 3) 25
20 − 3x ≥ 4 x − 5 ⇒x≤
y 7
5 25
Combining all we get ≤ x ≤
y =1 4 7
x' x ∵ x∈I
0 1 2 3 5
∴ x = 2, 3
y' ∴ Domain of f (x) = {2, 3}
The graph of f(x) is shown
∴ Range of f (x) = {f (2), f (3)}
= {14 C 3 + 14 C 3, 13
C 5 + 11C 7 }
(A) If –1 < x < 1 ⇒ 0 < f (x) < 1
(B) If 1 < x < 2 ⇒ f (x) < 0 = {2 ⋅ 14 C3 , 13C5 + 11C 4 } = {728, 1617}
(C) If 3 < x < 5 ⇒ f (x) < 0 ∴ λ = 1617, µ = 728,
(D) If x > 5 ⇒ 0 < f (x) < 1 Then λ + µ = 2345

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22 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
 π [ x]  2π Substituting the value of 2 f (2),3 f (3),… in terms of
97. (4824) The period of sin   is = 24 as
 12  π /12 nf (n) in equation (i), we have
 π [ x + 24]   π ([ x] + 24)  f (1) + (n − 1)n f (n) = n(n + 1) f (n)
sin   = sin  
 12   12  ⇒ f (1) = 2nf (n)
 π [ x]   π [ x] 
= sin  2π +  = sin   1 1 2n
 12   12  ⇒ = =
f ( n) f (1) 1
 π [ x]  1
Similarly the period of tan   is 3 and the period of ∴ = 2 × 1004 = 2008
 3  f (1004)
 π x  2π
cos   is =8 1
 4  π /4 100. (119) Given f ( x) = x + ∫ ( xy 2 + x 2 y ) f ( y ) dy
Hence, the period of the given function 0
1 1
λ = LCM of 24, 8, 3 = 24
Or f ( x) = x + x ∫ y 2 f ( y ) dy + x 2 ∫ yf ( y ) dy
∴ 201 λ = 201 × 24 = 4824 0 0
1 1
 y 2
y  2
Let A = ∫ y 2 f ( y ) dy and B = ∫ yf ( y ) dy
98. (112) f  2 x 2 + , 2 x 2 −  = xy
 8 8  0 0

2 2 Then f ( x) = x + Ax + Bx 2
. . .(i)
 y2   y2 
=  2 x2 +  −  2x2 −  1 1
 8   8  ∴ A = ∫ y 2 f ( y ) dy = ∫ y 2 ( y + Ay + By 2 ) dy
∴ f (60, 48) + f (80, 48) + f (13, 5) 0 0

1 A B
⇒ A= + +
= (60)2 − (48)2 + (80)2 − (48)2 + (13)2 − (5)2 4 4 5
=36 + 64 +12 =112 3A B 1
Or − + . . .(ii)
4 3 4
99. (2008) Given f (1) + 2 f (2) + 3 f (3) + … + nf ( n) 1 1

= n (n + 1) f (n) . . .(i) and B = ∫ yf ( y ) dy = ∫ y ( y + Ay + By 2 ) dy

0 0
Replacing n by n +1, then
1 A B
f (1) + 2 f (2) + 3 f (3) + … + nf ( n) + ( n + 1) f (n + 1) = + +
3 3 4
= (n + 1)(n + 2) f (n + 1) . . .(ii) A 3B 1
Or − + = . . . (ii)
Subtracting equation (i) form from equation (ii), then we 3 4 3
get 61 80
Solve equations (ii) and (iii), we get A = ,B=
(n + 1)(n + 1) f ( n + 1) = (n + 1)(n + 2) f (n + 1) − n(n + 1) f (n) 119 119

nf (n) = (n + 1) f ( n + 1) From which we concluded that 61x + 80 x 2

⇒ Now from equation (i), f ( x) = x + = 119 .
119
2 f (2) = 3 f (3) = 4 f (4) = … = nf (n)

***

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 23

2 Quadratic Equations and Expressions

QUICK LOOK Example: Solve x3 + x 2 + x = 84.
Here the equation is x3 + x2 + x − 84 = 0
Identity: f ( x ) = φ ( x ) is an identity if f ( x) and φ ( x) have the
We have to factorize x3 + x2 + x − 84.
same value for every real value in R. An equation with arbitrary
Trying x = 1, −1, 2, −2, etc., we get,
coefficients may be an identity under certain conditions.
when x = 4, x 3 + x 2 + x − 84 = 43 + 42 + 4 − 84 = 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0 will be an identity (or can have more than
( x − 4) is a factor of x + x + x − 84.
3 2
two solutions) if coefficient of each power of x is separately ∴

zero, i.e., a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0. Dividing x + x + x − 84 by x − 4. We get x + 5x + 21.

3 2 2

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 will be an identity if ∴ x3 + x2 + x − 84 = 0

a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0. ⇒ ( x − 4)( x 2 + 5 x + 21) = 0
∴ x−4 = 0 or x 2 + 5 x + 21 = 0
Polynomial equations and their solutions: If f ( x) is a −5 ± 25 − 84
∴ x=4 or x=
function of x then f ( x) = 0 is an equation in one unknown (or 2
variable) and zeros of f ( x) or roots of f ( x) = 0 are the values Exponential equations and their solutions: If the equation
of x which make f ( x) equal to 0. involves terms or factors of the type a f ( x) or {φ ( x) f ( x ) , it will be
(i) If f ( x) is a polynomial of the first degree in x then the an exponential equation.
equation f ( x) = 0 is of the first degree in one unknown. (iv) If the exponential equation is such that it can be put in the
ax + b = 0 is an equation of the first degree in x. Its solution (or form a f ( x ) = aψ ( x), a ≠ 1 a ≠ 1 then f ( x) = ψ ( x) will give the
root) is found like this: ax = − b; solution.
2

−b Example: Solve (2 2) x = 83 x.
∴ x= . A first degree equation has only one solution.
a 2
Here (2 2) x = {(2 2)2 }3 x
(ii) If f ( x) is a polynomial of the second degree in x then the 2
or (2 2) x = (2 2) 6 x
equation f ( x) = 0 is of the second degree (or quadratic
equation) in one unknown. ∴ x2 = 6x or x( x − 6) = 0;

ax2 + bx + c = 0 is an equation of the second degree in x where ∴ x = 0, 6.

a ≠ 0. (v) If the exponential equation cannot be put in the above
form, select an exponential as y so that the equation changes
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
The roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are x = . into a polynomial equation in y.
2a (vi) In the exponential ax, a is greater than 0. So, no negative
The roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 can also be found by value of ax is possible.
factorizing ax + bx + c and equating each factor to 0 separately.
2

A second degree equation has two solutions (different or equal). Logarithmic equations and their solutions: If the equation
(iii) If f ( x) is a polynomial of the degree three (or more) then involves logarithm of some function of the unknown then it
will be a logarithmic equation.
the equation f ( x) = 0 is cubic (or of higher degree) in one

If the logarithmic equation is such that it can be put in the
unknown.
form log a f ( x) = log a φ ( x) then f ( x) = φ ( x) will give the
Such equations can be solved if f ( x) can be factorized in linear
solution. Only those values of x from f ( x) = φ ( x) will give
or quadratic factors.
An equation of the nth degree has n solutions (different or equal). admissible solutions which make both f(x) and g(x) greater
than 0.

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24 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

If the logarithmic equation cannot be put in the above form, The sign-scheme for ax + bx + c, x ∈ R
2

select a logarithm as y so that the equation changes into a It is as follows: Let the roots of the corresponding
polynomial equation in y.
equation ax + bx + c = 0 be α , β .
2

If the bases of the logarithms are also functions of x, the
admissible solutions must make the values of the bases
If α , β are real and unequal (α < β ) then
greater than 0 but not equal to 1. sign in the same sign in opposite sign is the same
as that of a α to that of a as that of a
β
Equations Involving Modulus, Greatest Integer Function, (+ ) (−) (+ )
∴ if a > 0, ]
etc., and Their Solutions α β

f ( x) =| x − a | is a piecewisely defined function whose (−) (+ ) (−)
if a < 0.
definition is f ( x ) = x − a, x ≥ a −( x − a), x < a α β

f ( x) = [ x] is a piecewisely defined function whose
If α, β are real and equal then

definition is If a > 0, (+ ) (+ )

f ( x ) = n, n ≤ x < n + 1 where n is an integer. α =β

(−) (−)

f ( x) = [ x + n] = [ x] + n, where n is an integer. If a < 0,
α =β

If the definition of the function is not uniform over R, the

If α , β are imaginary (non-real complex) then
set R of real numbers should be divided into subsets
sign is the same as that of a throughout
according to the definitions of the function and the equation
in the corresponding interval is to be solved. A solution will ∴ if a > 0, the expression is always positive
be admissible if it lies in the interval of definition of that If a < 0, the expression is always negative.
equation.
Note
In-equations and their Solutions | x |< a, (a > 0) holds when − a < x < a
Laws of inequality are as follows | x |> a, ( a > 0) holds when x > a or x < − a

a+b > a+c ⇒ b>c
x2 > a2 holds when x > a or x < −a
and a > b ⇒ a + c > b + c.
x2 < a2 holds when −a < x < a.

a>b ⇒ ca > bc if c > 0 ca < bc if c > 0

ab > ac ⇒ b > c if a > 0 b < c if a < 0 Positive definiteness and negative definiteness of a quadratic
polynomial

a > b and c > d ⇒ a + c > b + d.

ax2 + bx + c > 0 holds for all x ∈ R, i.e. ax2 + bx + c is

a > 0, b > 0 ⇒ a + b > 0 and ab > 0
a < 0, b < 0 ⇒ a + b < 0 and ab > 0 positive definite, if D < 0 and a > 0 where D = b2 − 4ac.

a > 0, b < 0 ⇒ ab < 0
ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 holds for all x ∈ R, i.e., ax2 + bx + c is non-
negative, if D ≤ 0 and a > 0.

ax > ay ⇒ x > y if a > 1 x < y if 0 < a < 1

ax2 + bx + c < 0 holds for all x ∈ R, i.e., ax2 + bx + c is
f ( x ) > 0, f ( x) < 0, f ( x) ≥ 0, f ( x) ≤ 0 are all inequations in negative definite, if D < 0 and a < 0.
one variable if they hold for all x ∈ A ⊂ R. But if they hold for The sign-scheme for ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , x ∈ R
all x ∈ R then they are inequalities. It is as follows: Let the roots of the corresponding equation

ax + b > 0 is a linear inequation. For this inequation,
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 be α , β , γ .
−b −b
ax > −b, we have x > if a > 0 or x < if a < 0. The
If α , β , γ are real and unequal (α < β < γ ) then
a a
solution set is an infinite set (+ ) (−) (+ ) (−)
α β γ

ax + bx + c > 0
2
(or < 0 or ≥ 0 or ≤ 0) is a quadratic
Where a value between β and γ makes the expression positive;
inequation. The solution of the inequation is the set of real
values of x for which the inequality is true. The set can be (−) α (+ ) β (−) γ (+ )
obtained conveniently by sign-scheme. Where a value between β and γ makes the expression negative.

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 25
Note −b c
α +β = , αβ =

The sign-scheme for fourth or higher degree polynomials is a a
also prepared as above by detecting the sign of the value of Sign of real roots
the polynomial for x belonging to an interval determining When D ≥ 0, both roots are positive if
by two consecutive roots and then setting alternate signs in α β
−b c
the other intervals. α +β = > 0, αβ = > 0
a a O

If two roots of f ( x) = 0 for the in-equation f ( x) > 0 be real
both roots are negative if
and equal to α then ( x − α ) 2 is a factor of f ( x), which is −b c
α +β = < 0, αβ = > 0
positive for all real x except x = α where f ( x) is zero. a a β α O

∴ The solution of f ( x) > 0 will be the same as When D > 0, one root is positive and one root is negative if
c
f ( x)
> 0. So the omission of the factor (x –α)2 from f
αβ = <0 α β
a O
( x − α )2
(x) will not affect the solution of the in-equation. Location of real roots:
α β

If two roots of f (x) = 0 for the in-equation be complex When D ≥ 0,
conjugate α ± i β then ( x − α ) 2 + β 2 is a positive factor of both roots are greater than k k

f ( x). So the omission of the factor ( x − α ) 2 + β 2 from f (x) ⇒ α − k > 0, β − k > 0

will not affect the solution of the in-equaiton. ⇒ (α − k ) + ( β − k ) > 0, (α − k )( β − k ) > 0

The solution of an in-equation f ( x) > 0 or < 0 or ≥ 0 or ⇒ α + β − 2k > 0, αβ − k (α + β ) + k 2 > 0
≤ 0 is directly dependent on the solution of the both roots are less than k
corresponding equation f (x) = 0. ⇒ α − k < 0, β − k < 0 β α k

Quadratic equation and its roots: If ax 2 + bx + c = 0, ( a ≠ 0) ⇒ (α − k ) + ( β − k ) < 0, (α − k )( β − k ) > 0

be a quadratic equation whose only two roots are α,β then both roots lie between k and l (k < l )
−b ± b 2 − 4ac ⇒ α − k > 0, β − k > 0, α − l < 0, β − l < 0

Roots α , β = ,
2a ⇒ α − k + β − k > 0, α − l + β − l < 0
where b2 – 4ac is the discriminant D. (α − k )( β − k ) > 0, (α − l )( β − l ) > 0

The nature of the roots will be as follows :
α β
D > 0 ⇔ roots are equal and unequal (a, b, c being real)
D = 0 ⇔ roots are real and equal (a, b, c being real) k l

D < 0 ⇔ roots are non real conjugate complex (a, b, c being (b) When D > 0,
real) (i) one root is less than k and the other greater than k
D is a perfect square ⇔ roots are rational (a, b, c being real) ⇒ α − k < 0, β − k > 0
α β
D is a perfect square ⇔ roots are rational (a, b, c being ⇒ (α − k )( β − k ) < 0 k
rational) (ii) one root is less than k and the other greater than l (k<1)
D is not a perfect square (but positive) ⇔ roots are ⇒ α − k < 0, β − k > 0, α − l < 0, β − l > 0
conjugate irrational (a, b, c being rational)
⇒ (α − k )( β − k ) < 0, (α − l )( β − l ) < 0
Note
If any of the coefficients a, b, c is normal complex and p + iq is α k l β
a complex root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the other root need not
be p – iq. If any of the coefficients a, b, c is irrational and Equations of higher degrees and their roots
2
p + q be an irrational root of ax + bx + c = 0 then the other a0 x n + a1 x n −1 + a2 x n − 2 + .... + an = 0, when a is are real
root need not be p − q . The above notes hold for equation of (a0 ≠ 0), is an nth degree polynomial equation in one variable
higher degrees also. If a + b +c = 0 then the equation ax2 + bx + x. It has n roots (unequal or equal) which are either real or
c = 0 has the root x = 1. nonreal complex.

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26 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS a. x + 4 x + 1 = 0
2
b. x 2 + 4 x − 1 = 0
Identity and Polynomial c. x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0 d. None of these

1. Both the roots of given equation ( x − a )( x − b) + 10. If one of the roots of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 +
bx + a = 0 is coincident. Then the numerical value of
( x − b)( x − c ) + ( x − c )( x − a) = 0 are always:
(a + b ) is:
a. Positive b. Negative
a. 0 b. – 1
c. Real d. Imaginary
c. 2 d. 5
2. If 3 is a root of x2 + kx – 24 = 0, it is also a root of :
a. x 2 + 5 x + k = 0 b. x 2 − 5 x + k = 0 Properties of Quadratic Equation
c. x 2 − kx + 6 = 0 d. x 2 + kx + 24 = 0
11. The value of ‘a’ for which one root of the quadratic
3. For what values of k will the equation equation (a 2 − 5a + 3) x 2 + (3a − 1) x + 2 = 0 is twice as large
x − 2(1 + 3k ) x + 7 (3 + 2k ) = 0 have equal roots?
2
as the other is:
a. 1, –10/9 b. 2, –10/9 a. 2/3 b. – 2/3
c. 3, –10/9 d. 4, –10/9 c. 1/3 d. – 1/3

Equations of Higher Degrees and Their Roots Quadratic Expression

2
4. If the difference between the corresponding roots of x + 12. If x be real, then the minimum value of x 2 − 8 x + 17 is:
ax + b = 0 and x2+ bx + a = 0 is same and a ≠ b, then: a. 0– 1 b. 0
a. a + b + 4 = 0 b. a + b − 4 = 0 c. 1 d. 2
c. a − b − 4 = 0 d. a − b + 4 = 0
Solution of Quadratic Equations and Nature of Roots
5. If the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of the squares of their 13. The roots of the equation a( x 2 + 1) − (a 2 + 1) x = 0 are:
reciprocals, then a / c, b / a , c / b are in: 1
a. a, b. a, 2a
a. A.P. b. G.P. a
c. H.P. d. None of these 1
c. a, d. None of these
2a
6. If the roots of the equation x − 5 x + 16 = 0 are α, β and
2

14. The roots of the equation ix 2 − 4 x − 4i = 0 are:

the roots of equation x 2 + px + q = 0 are α 2 + β 2 , αβ / 2 ,
a. – 2i b. 2i
then:
c. –2i, –2i d. 2i, 2i
a. p = 1, q = − 56 b. p = − 1, q = − 56
15. The number of roots of the quadratic equation
c. p = 1, q = 56 d. p = − 1, q = 56
8sec2 θ − 6secθ + 1 = 0 is:
7. If one root of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 is the square of a. Infinite b. 1
the other, then: c. 2 d. 0
a. p 3 + q 2 − q (3 p + 1) = 0 b. p 3 + q 2 + q (1 + 3 p ) = 0 16. The number which exceeds its positive square root by 12
c. p + q + q (3 p − 1) = 0
3 2
d. p + q + q (1 − 3 p ) = 0
3 2 is:
a. 9 b. 16
8. Let α and β be the roots of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0 , the c. 25 d. None of these
equation whose roots are α19, β7 is:
17. If x 2 / 3 − 7 x1/ 3 + 10 = 0, then x = ?
a. x 2 − x − 1 = 0 b. x 2 − x + 1 = 0
a. {125} b. {8}
c. x 2 + x − 1 = 0 d. x 2 + x + 1 = 0
c. φ d. {125, 8}
1 2
9. If one root of a quadratic equation is ,then the 18. The solution set of the equation xlog x (1− x ) = 9 is:
2+ 5
a. {– 2, 4} b. {4}
equation is:
c. {0, – 2, 4} d. None of these

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 27
− sin x
19. The number of real roots of the equation e sin x
−e −4 Relation between Roots and Coefficients
= 0 are: 28. If one root of 5 x 2 + 13 x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other,
a. 1 b. 2 then k = ?
c. Infinite d. None a. 0 b. 5
1 c. 1/6 d. 6
20. The solution of the equation x + = 2 will be:
x 29. If the product of the roots of the equation
1 (a + 1) x + (2a + 3) x + (3a + 4) = 0 be 2, then the sum of
2
a. 2, –1 b. 0, –1, −
5
roots is:
1
c. −1, − d. None of these a. 1 b. –1
5
c. 2 d. –2
21. If 3x 2 − 7 x − 30 + 2 x 2 − 7 x − 5 = x + 5 ,then x is equal to: 30. If α , β are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then
a. 2 b. 3 1 1
the equation whose roots are α + and β + , is:
c. 6 d. 5 β α
a. acx 2 + ( a + c)bx + (a + c) 2 = 0
22. If x1 , x2 , x3 are distinct roots of the equation
b. abx 2 + ( a + c)bx + (a + c) 2 = 0
ax + bx + c = 0 then:
2

c. acx 2 + (a + b)cx + (a + c) 2 = 0
a. a = b = 0, c ∈ R b. a = c = 0, b ∈ R
d. None of these
c. b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 d. a = b = c = 0
31. If α and β be the roots of the equation
2 x 2 + 2( a + b) x + a 2 + b 2 = 0 , then the equation whose
23. The value of x = 2 + 2 + 2 + ..... is:
a. –1 b. 1 roots are (α + β ) 2 and (α − β ) 2 is:
c. 2 d. 3 a. x 2 − 2abx − (a 2 − b 2 )2 = 0 b. x 2 − 4abx − (a 2 − b 2 )2 = 0

24. The equation e x − x − 1 = 0 has: c. x 2 − 4abx + ( a 2 − b2 ) 2 = 0 d. None of these

a. Only one real root x = 0 32. If the sum of the roots of the equation λ x 2 + 2 x + 3λ = 0
b. At least two real roots be equal to their product, then λ = ?
c. Exactly two real roots a. 4 b. −4
d. Infinitely many real roots
c. 6 d. None of these
25. A real root of the equation log 4 {log 2 ( x + 8 − x )} = 0 is: 33. If α and β are the roots of the equation 2 x 2 − 3 x + 4 = 0 ,
a. 1 b. 2 then the equation whose roots are α 2 and β 2 is:
c. 3 d. 4
a. 4 x 2 + 7 x + 16 = 0 b. 4 x 2 + 7 x + 6 = 0
c. 4 x 2 + 7 x + 1 = 0 d. 4 x 2 − 7 x + 16 = 0
26. If the roots of the equations px 2 + 2qx + r = 0 and
qx 2 − 2 pr x + q = 0 be real, then: 34. If the ratio of the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 be
p : q , then:
a. p = q b. q 2 = pr
a. pqb 2 + ( p + q) 2 ac = 0 b. pqb 2 − ( p + q) 2 ac = 0
c. p 2 = qr d. r 2 = pq
c. pqa 2 − ( p + q) 2 bc = 0 d. None of these
27. If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 then both the roots of the equation
35. If α , β be the roots of the equation x 2 − 2 x + 3 = 0 , then
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ?
1 1
a. Are real and negative the equation whose roots are and is:
α2 β2
b. Have negative real parts
c. Are rational numbers a. x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0 b. 9 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0
d. None of these c. 9 x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 d. 9 x 2 + 2 x − 1 = 0

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28 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
36. If α , β be the roots of x − px + q = 0 and α ′, β ′ be the
2
43. If α , β are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and α + β ,
roots of x 2 − p′x + q′ = 0, then the value of α 2 + β 2 , α 3 + β 3 are in G.P., where ∆ = b 2 − 4ac , then:
(α − α ')2 + ( β − α ′) 2 + (a − β ′)2 + ( β − β ′) 2 is: a. ∆ ≠ 0 b. b∆ = 0
a. 2{ p 2 − 2q + p′2 − 2q′ − pp′} c. cb ≠ 0 d. c∆ = 0

b. 2{ p 2 − 2q + p′2 − 2q′ − qq′} 44. If 3 p 2 = 5 p + 2 and 3q 2 = 5q + 2 where p ≠ q , then the

c. 2{ p 2 − 2q − p′2 − 2q′ − pp′} equation whose roots are 3 p − 2q and 3q − 2 p is:

d. 2{ p 2 − 2q − p′2 − 2q′ − qq′} a. 3 x 2 − 5 x − 100 = 0 b. 5 x 2 + 3 x + 100 = 0

c. 3 x − 5 x + 100 = 0
2
d. 5 x 2 − 3 x − 100 = 0
37. If α , β are the roots of ( x − a )( x − b) = c, c ≠ 0, then the
roots of ( x − α )( x − β ) + c = 0 shall be: Condition for Common Roots, Quadratic Expressions and
a. a, c b. b, c Position of Roots
c. a, b d. a + c, b + c 45. If the roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + a2 + a –3 = 0 are real
and less than 3, then:
1 1 1 a. a < 2 b. 2 ≤ a ≤ 3
38. If the roots of the equation + = are equal in
x+ p x+q r c. 3 < a ≤ 4 d. a > 4
magnitude but opposite in sign, then the product of the
roots will be: 46. If both the roots of k (6 x 2 + 3) + rx + 2 x 2 − 1 = 0 and

p2 + q2 ( p2 + q2 ) 6k (2 x 2 + 1) + px + 4 x 2 − 2 = 0 are common, then 2r − p is

a. b. –
2 2 equal to:
p2 − q2 ( p2 − q2 ) a. –1 b. 0
c. d. –
2 2 c. 1 d. 2

39. Ifα,β are roots of x 2 − 3 x + 1 = 0, then the equation whose 47. If the two equations x 2 − cx + d = 0 and x 2 − ax + b = 0
1 1 have one common root and the second has equal roots,
roots are , is: then 2(b + d ) = ?
α −2 β −2
a. x 2 + x − 1 = 0 b. x 2 + x + 1 = 0 a. 0 b. a + c
c. ac d. −ac
c. x − x − 1 = 0 d. None of these
2

40. If α and β are the roots of 6 x 2 − 6 x + 1 = 0, then the value of

48. If every pair of the equations x 2 + px + qr = 0,

1 1 x 2 + qx + rp = 0, x2 + rx + pq = 0 have a common root,

[ a + bα + cα 2 + dα 3 ] + [ a + bβ + c β 2 + d β 3 ] is:
2 2 then the sum of three common roots is:
1 a b c d −( p + q + r ) −p +q+r
a. ( a + b + c + d ) b. + + + a. b.
4 1 2 3 4 2 2
a b c d c. −( p + q + r ) d. − p + q + r
c. − + − d. None of these
2 2 3 4
49. If the equation x2 + px + q = 0 and x2 + qx + p = 0 , have a
x−m x+n
41. If the roots of the quadratic equation = are common root, then p + q + 1 = ?
mx + 1 nx + 1
reciprocal to each other, then: a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. – 1
a. n = 0 b. m = n 50. x 2 − 11x + a and x 2 − 14 x + 2a will have a common factor,
c. m + n = 1 d. m + n = 1
2 2
if a = ?
1 1 a. 24 b. 0, 24 c. 3, 24 d. 0, 3
42. If a and b are roots of x 2 − px + q = 0 , then + =?
a b 51. If x 2 − 3 x + 2 be a factor of x 4 − px 2 + q, then ( p, q ) = ?
1 1 1 p
a. b. c. d. a. (3, 4) b. (4, 5)
p q 2p q
c. (4, 3) d. (5, 4)

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 29
x+2 60. If for real values of x, x − 3 x + 2 > 0 and x − 3 x − 4 ≤ 0 ,
2 2
52. If x is real, the expression takes all value in
2 x 2 + 3x + 6 then:
the interval: a. −1 ≤ x < 1 b. −1 ≤ x < 4
 1 1  1 1 c. −1 ≤ x < 1 or 2 < x ≤ 4 d. 2 < x ≤ 4
a.  ,  b.  − , 
 13 3   13 3 
 1 1 Equation and In-equation Containing Absolute Value
c.  − ,  d. None of these 61. The roots of | x − 2 | 2 + | x − 2 | − 6 = 0 are:
 3 13 
a. 0, 4 b. –1, 3 c. 4, 2 d. 5, 1
53. If x, y , z are real and distinct, then u = x 2 + 4 y 2 + 9 z 2 −
6 yz − 3 zx − zxy is always: 62. The set of all real numbers x for which x 2 − | x + 2 | + x > 0 ,
a. Non-negative b. Non-positive is:
c. Zero d. None of these a. (−∞, − 2) ∪ (2, ∞) b. (−∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞)
( x − a )( x − b) c. (−∞, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞) d. ( 2 , ∞)
54. If x is real, the function will assume all real
( x − c)
63. Product of real roots of the equation t 2 x 2 + | x | + 9 = 0 (t≠ 0)
values, provided:
a. a > b > c b. a < b < c a. Is always +ve b. Is always –ve
c. Does not exist d. None of these
c. a > c < b d. a < c < b
55. If the roots of the equation x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3 = 0 are real 64. The number of solution of log 4 ( x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3) ?
and less than 3, then: a. 3 b. 1
a. a < 2 b. 2 ≤ a ≤ 3 c. 2 d. 0
c. 3 < a ≤ 4 d. a > 4
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
56. If a, b, c are real numbers such that a + b + c = 0, then the
More than One Answer
quadratic equation 3ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 has:
65. Let a∈R and f :R→R be given by
a. At least one root in [0, 1]
b. At least one root in [1, 2] f ( x) = x5 − 5 x + a. Then:
c. At least one root in [−1,0] a. f(x)has three real roots, if a >4
d. None of these b. f(x)has only one real root, if a > 4
57. If the equation an x n + an−1 x n−1 + .... + a1 x = 0 a1 ≠ 0 , n ≥ 2 , c. f(x)has three real roots, if a < –4
d. f(x)has three real roots, if –4 a < 4
has a positive root x = α , then the equation nan x n−1
66. Let f(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all
+ (n − 1) an−1 x n−2 + .... + a1 = 0 has a positive root, which is
real x. If g ( x) = f ( x) − f '( x) + f ''( x), then for any real x:
a. Greater than or equal to α b. Equal to α ?
c. Greater than α d. Smaller than α a. g ( x) > 0 b. g ( x) ≥ 0
c. g ( x) ≤ 0 d. g ( x) < 0
Descarte's Rule of Signs
67. The real values of λ for which the
58. The maximum possible number of real roots of equation
equation, 3 x + x − 7 x + λ = 0, has two distinct real roots
3 2

x 5 − 6 x 2 − 4 x + 5 = 0 is:
in [0, 1] lie in the interval: (s)
a. 0 b. 3
c. 4 d. 5 a. (−2,0) b. [0,1]
c. [0,2] d. (−∞, ∞)
Calculus in Problems of Equations and Expressions
68. The roots of the equation, ( x 2 + 1) 2 = x (3 x 2 + 4 x + 3), are
2x 1
59. If > , then: given by:
2 x2 + 5x + 2 x + 1
a. 2 − 3 b. (−1 + i 3) / 2, i = −1
a. −2 > x > −1 b. −2 ≥ x ≥ −1
c. −2 < x < −1 d. −2 < x ≤ −1 c. 2 + 3 d. (−1 − i 3) / 2, i = −1

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30 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
69. If A, G and H are the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean 75. Assertion: If a,b,c ∈R– {0}, then at least one ax 2 + bx + c
and Harmonic mean between two unequal positive = 0, bx + cx +a=0 and cx + ax + b =0 has imaginary
2

integers. Then the equation Ax – |G| x – H = 0 has:

2
roots.
a. both roots are fraction
Reason: If a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0, then imaginary roots of the
b. at least one root which is negative fraction
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 occur in conjugate pair.
c. exactly one positive root
d. at least one root which is an integer x x 2 x3 x 4
76. Assertion: The equation f ( x)1 + + + + = 0 has
1 2! 3! 4!
70. If a, b, c ∈ R and the equality ax 2 − bx + c = 0 has complex two pairs of repeated roots.
roots which are reciprocal of each: Reason: Polynomial equation P(x) = 0 has a repeated root
a. | b |≤| a | b. | b |≤| c | α if P(α) = 0 and P' (α) = 0.
c. a = c d. b ≥ a 77. Assertion: If all the four roots of x4 – 4x3 + ax2 – bx + 1 = 0
71. The equation | x + 1|| x − 1|= a 2 − 2a − 3 can have real are positive, then a = 6 and b = 4.
Reason: If polynomial equation P(x) = 0 has four positive
solution for x, if a belongs x to:
roots, then the polynomial equation P'(x) = 0 has 3 positive
a. (−∞, −1] ∪ [3, ∞) b. [1 − 5,1 + 5]
roots.
c. [1 − 5, −1] ∪ [3,1 + 5] d. none of these
78. Assertion: If a, b, c ∈ Q & 21/3 satisfies a + bx + cx 2 = 0,
72. The equation x 2 + a 2 x + b 2 = 0 has two roots each of then a = 0, b = 0, c = 0.
which exceeds a number c, then: Reason: A polynomial equation with rational coefficients
a. a > 4b
4 2
b. c + a c + b > 0
2 2 2
cannot have irrational roots.
c. − a / 2 > c
2
d. none of these 79. Let a, b, c ∈ R, a>0 and function f : R → R be defined by
73. A quadratic equation whose difference of roots is 3 and f ( x) = ax 2 + 2bx + c.
the sum of the squares of the roots is 29 is given by: Assertion: b 2 < ac ⇒ f ( x) > 0 for every value of x
a. x + 9 x + 14 = 0
2
b. x + 7 x + 10 = 0
2
Reason: f is strictly decreasing in the interval (–∞, b/a)
c. x − 7 x − 10 = 0
2
d. x − 7 x + 10 = 0
2
and strictly increasing in the interval (–b/a, ∞)

74. If a, b, c are distinct number in arithmetic progression, 80. Assertion: If a, b, c ∈ R and 2a + 3b + 6c = 0, then the
then both the roots of the quadratic equation
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in [0, 1]
(a + 2b − 3c) x + (b + 2c − 3a ) x + (c + 2a − 3b) = 0 are:
2
Reason: If a continuous function f defined on R assumes
a. real b. positive both positive and negative values, then it, vanishes at least
c. negative d. rational once.

Assertion and Reason 81. Assertion: Let f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a, b, c ∈ R. If f(x)

assumes real values for real values of x and non-real
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
values of for non-real values of x, then a = 0
the correct option out of the options given below:
Reason: If a, b, c are complex numbers, a ≠ 0 then
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
correct explanation of the assertion. a + iβ , β ≠ 0 is a root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 if and only if
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the α − i β is a root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0
correct explanation of the assertion.
c. If assertion is true but reason is false. 82. Assertion: If a ≠ 0 and the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has
d. If the assertion and reason both are false. two roots α and β such that α < −2 and β > 2, then
e. If assertion is false but reason is true. a + | b | +c and a have the opposite signs.

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 31
Reason: If a >0 and γ , δ (γ < δ ) are the roots 88. The area bounded by the curve y = f ( x) and the lines
of ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then graph of the parabola x = 0, y = 0 and x = t , lies in the interval:

y = ax 2 + bx + c, for γ < x < δ lies below the x-axis. 3   21 11 

a.  ,3  b.  , 
4   64 16 
83. Let a, b, c, p, q be the real numbers. Suppose α, β are the
 21 
1 c. (9,10) d.  0, 
roots of the equation x2 + 2px +q = 0and α , are the roots  64 
β
89. The function f '( x ) is:
of the equation ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0, where β 2 ∉ {−1, 0,1}.
 1  1 
Assertion: ( p 2 − q )(b 2 − ac) ≥ 0 and a. increasing in  −t , −  and decreasing in  − ,t 
 4  4 
Reason: b ∉ pa or c ∉ qa.  1  1 
b. decreasing in  −t , −  and increasing in  − , t 
 4  4 
Comprehension Based c. increasing in (−t , t )
Paragraph-I d. decreasing in (−t , t )
Read the following passage and answer the questions. If a
continuous f defined on the real line R, assumes positive and
Match the Column
negative values in R, then the equation f ( x) = 0 has a root in
90. A Observe the following columns:
R. For Illustration:, if it is known that a continuous function f Column I Column II
on R is positive at some point and its minimum values is
(A) A The number of 1. m is the AM of n and p
negative, then the equation f ( x) = 0 has a root in R. Consider solution of the system
f ( x ) = ke x − x for all real x where k is real constant. of equations x + 2y =
6 and |x – 3| = y is m,
84. The line y = x meets y = ke x for k ≤ 0 at:
then.
a. no point b. one point (B) If x and y are integers 2. n is the GM of m and p
c. two points d. more than two points and (x–8)( x – 10)=2y
85. The positive value of k for which ke x − x = 0 has only one the number of solution
root is: is n, then.
1 (C) The number of 3. p is the HM of m and n
a. b. 1
e integral solution for
c. e d. log e 2 the equation x + 2y =
2xy is p then.
86. For k > 0, the set of all values of k for which
m p + pm
ke x − x = 0 has two distinct roots, is: 4. n =
mp
 1 1 
a.  0,  b.  ,1
 e e  m = n p n p n....∞
1 
c.  , ∞  d. (0,1) a. A→1,5; B→2,4; C→3
e  b. A→2,5; B→5, l C→1
c. A→3,4; B→1,3; C→2,4
Paragraph-II d. A→2,3; B-3,4; C→1,4
Consider the polynomial f ( x ) = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 . Let s be the
91. Observe the following columns:
sum of all distinct real roots of f ( x) and let t =| s |
Column I Column II
87. The real numbers s lies in the interval: (A) If a + b + 2c = 0, c ≠ then 1. at least one root in
 1   3  3 1  1 equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (–2, 0)
a.  − ,0  b.  −11, −  c.  − , −  d.  0, 
 4   4  4 2  4 has

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32 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
(B) Let a, b, c ∈ R such that 2a 2. at least one root in Integer
– 3b 6c = 0, then equation (–1, 0)
93. If α,β are the roots of the equation λ(x2 – x) + x + 5 = 0.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
If λ1 and λ2 are two values of λ for which the roots α,β are
(C) Let a, b, c be zero real 3. at least one root in
numbers such that (–1, 1) α β 4 λ λ
related by + = , then the value of 1 + 3 must be
1 β α 5 λ2 λ1
∫ (1 + cos x) (ax2 + bx + c)
8
0

2
equal to:
dx= ∫
0
(1 + cos8 x) (ax2 +
94. If α,β,γ are such that α + β +γ = 4, α2 + β2 +γ2 = 6, α3 +
bx +c) dx, then the
equation ax2 + bx +c = 0 β3 +γ 3 = 8, then the value of [α4 + β4 +γ4] must be equal
has to: (where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer function)
4. at least one root in
(0, 1) 95. Sum of all roots of the equation
5. at least one root in
(0, 2) x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2 3x = x must be equal to:

n radical signs
a. A→3,4,5; B→1,2,3; C→3,4,5
b. A→1,2,3; B→1,3,5; C→3,4,5
96. In copying a quadratic equation of the form x2 + px + q = 0
c. A→1,2,5; B→1,5,3; C→3,2,5
d. A→2,5,3; B→1,4,5; C→2,1,5 then coefficient of x was wrongly written as –10 in place
of –11 and the roots were found to be 4 and 6. If α, β are
92. Observe the following columns:
the roots of the correct equation, then the value of α4 + β 4
Column I Column II
must be equal to:
(A) If a, b, c, d are four non 1. a + b + c ≠ 0
zero numbers such that(d
97. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 and
+ a – b)2 +(d + b – c)2 =
α β
0 and roots of the also x3900 + p1950 x1950 + q1950 = 0 and if , are the roots
equation a(b – c)x2 +b(c β α
– a)x + c(a – b) = 0 are of x n + 1 + ( x + 1) n = 0, then the value of n must be equal to:
real and equal, then
(B) If a, b, c are three non 2. , b, c are in AP 98. The smallest value of k, for which both the roots of the
zero real numbers such equation x 2 − 8kx + 16( k 2 − k + 1) = 0 are real, distinct and
that the roots of the
have values at least 4, is:
equation
(C) If the three equations x2 3. a, b, c are in GP 99. Let (x, y, z) be points with integer coordinates satisfying
+ px + 12 = 0, x2 + qx + the system of homogeneous equations 3x – y – z = 0, –3x
15 = 0 and x2(p + q)x +
+ z = 0, –3x + 2y + z = 0 Then the number of such points
36 = 0have a common
for which x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 100 is:
positive root and a, b, c
be their other roots, then
2π 2π
4. a, b, c are in HP 100. Let ω be the complex number cos + i sin . Then
3 3
5. a = b = c
the number of district complex number z satisfying
a. A→1,2,3,4,5; B→1,2; C-1
z +1 ω ω2
b. A→2,1,4,3,5; B→1,3; C-1
ω z + ω2 1 = 0 is equal to:
c. A→2,1,3,5,4; B→3,2; C→2
ω2 1 z +ω
d. A→5,2,3,4,1; B→1,2; C→5

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 33
ANSWER 4. (a) α + β = −a , αβ = b
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
⇒ α − β = a 2 − 4b and γ + δ = −b , γδ = a
c c b a c b d d b d
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. ⇒ γ − δ = b2 − 4a
a c a c d b d a d d According to question, α − β = γ − δ
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
⇒ a 2 − 4b = b 2 − 4 a
c d c a a b b b b a
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
⇒ a+b+4=0
b d a b b a c b c b 5. (c) As given, if α, β be the roots of the quadratic equation, then
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
1 1 (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ
a d d a a b c a a b ⇒ α +β = + =
α 2
β 2
α 2β 2
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
b b 2 / a 2 − 2c / a b 2 − 2ac
d b a d a a d b c c ⇒ − = =
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
a c2 / a 2 c2
a b c b b,d a,d All All b,c a,b,c 2a b 2 b ab 2 + bc 2
⇒ = + =
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. c c2 a ac 2
b,c a,b,c b,d a,b b d b c b b ⇒ 2a 2 c = ab 2 + bc 2
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 2a b c c a b
⇒ = + , , are in A.P.
c a b a a a c a b a b c a a b c
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. a b c
⇒ , , are in H.P.
a a 254 7 3 4177 1950 k =2 7 1 c a b

SOLUTION 6. (b) Since roots of the equation x 2 − 5 x + 16 = 0 are α, β.

αβ
Multiple Choice Questions ⇒ α + β = 5, αβ = 16 and α 2 + β 2 + = −p
2
1. (c) Given equation ( x − a )( x − b) + ( x − b)( x − c) +
αβ
⇒ (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ + = −p
( x − c )( x − a ) = 0 can be re-written as 3x 2 − 2(a + b + c) x 2
+ (ab + bc + ca ) = 0 16
⇒ 25 − 2(16) + = −p
2
D = 4[(a + b + c) 2 − 3(ab + bc + ca )]
 αβ 
= 4[a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ac] ⇒ p = −1 and (α 2 + β 2 )  =q
 2 
= 2[(a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2 ] ≥ 0 αβ
⇒ [(α + β ) 2 − 2αβ ] =q
Hence both roots are always real. 2
⇒ (25 − 32)8 = q
2. (c) Equation x 2 + kx − 24 = 0 has one root as 3,
⇒ 3 2 + 3 k − 24 = 0 ⇒ q = −56
⇒ k =5 7. (d) Let α and α2 be the roots then α + α 2 = − p , α .α 2 = q
Put x = 3 and k = 5 in option
Now (α + α 2 )3 = α 3 + α 6 + 3α 3 (α + α 2 )
Only (c) gives the correct answer i.e.
⇒ 3 2 − 15 + 9 = 0 ⇒ − p 3 = q + q 2 − 3 pq ⇒ p3 + q 2 + q(1 − 3 p) = 0
⇒ 0=0 8. (d) Roots of x 2 + x + 1 = 0 are
3. (b) Since roots are equal then [−2(1 + 3k )]2 −1 ± 1 − 4 −1 ± 3i
x= , = = ω,ω 2
= 4.1.7(3 + 2k ) 2 2

⇒ 1 + 9k 2 + 6k = 21 + 14k Take α = ω , β = ω 2

⇒ 9k 2 − 8k − 20 = 0 ∴ α 19 = w19 = w, β 7 = ( w2 )7 = w14 = w2
Solving, we get k = 2, − 10 / 9 ∴ Required equation is x 2 + x + 1 = 0

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34 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

1 2− 5 17. (d) Given that x 2/3

− 7 x1/ 3 + 10 = 0 . Given equation can be
9. (b) Given root = = = −2 + 5
2+ 5 −1 written as ( x1/3 ) 2 − 7( x1/ 3 ) + 10 = 0
∴ Other root = −2 − 5 Let a = x1/ 3 , then it reduces to the equation
Again, sum of roots = – 4 and product of roots = – 1. a 2 − 7a + 10 = 0 ⇒ (a − 5)(a − 2) = 0 ⇒ a = 5, 2
The required equation is x + 4 x − 1 = 0
2
Putting these values, we have a3 = x ⇒ x = 125 and 8.
10. (b) If α is the coincident root, then x2 + a α + b = 0 and
18. (a) x log x (1− x )2 = 9
1α2 α
α + bα + a = 0 ⇒ 2 2 =
2
= ⇒ log x (9) = log x (1 − x) 2 (∵ a x = N ⇒ log a N = x)
a −b b−a b−a
α 2 = −( a + b) , α = 1 ⇒ 9 = (1 − x) 2 ⇒ 1 + x 2 − 2 x − 9 = 0
⇒ − ( a + b ) = 1 ⇒ ( a + b ) = −1 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x − 8 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 2)( x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = −2, 4 .

11. (a) Let the roots are α and 2α 19. (d) Given equation esin x − e− sin x − 4 = 0
1 − 3a 2 Let esin x = y , then given equation can be written as
Now, α + 2α = 2 , α .2α = 2
a − 5a + 3 a − 5a + 3
y2 − 4 y −1 = 0 ⇒ y = 2 ± 5
1 − 3a 2
⇒ 3α = 2 , 2α 2 = 2
a − 5a + 3 a − 5a + 3 But the value of y = esin x is always positive, so
 1 (1 − 3a)2  2 y = 2 + 5 (∵ 2 < 5)
⇒ 2 2
= 2
 9 ( a 2
− 5a + 3)  a − 5a+3
⇒ log e y = log e (2 + 5) ⇒ sin x = log e (2 + 5) > 1
(1 − 3a) 2
⇒ = 9 ⇒ 9a 2 − 45a + 27 = 1 + 9a 2 − 6a Which is impossible, since sin x cannot be greater than 1.
a 2 − 5a + 3 Hence we cannot find any real value of x which satisfies
⇒ 39a = 26 ⇒ a = 2 / 3 the given equation.
12. (c) Since a = 1 > 0 therefore its minimum value is 1 1
20. (d) x + = 2 ⇒ x + − 2 = 0 (∵ x ≠ 0)
4ac − b 4(1)(17) − 64 4
2 x x
= = = =1
4a 4 4 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1,1 .
13. (a) Equation a( x 2 + 1) − (a 2 + 1) x = 0
21. (c) 3 x 2 − 7 x − 30 + 2 x 2 − 7 x − 5 = x + 5
⇒ ax − (a + 1) x + a = 0
2 2

3 x 2 − 7 x − 30 = ( x + 5) − 2 x 2 − 7 x − 5
1
⇒ (ax − 1)( x − a ) = 0 ⇒ x = a , .
a on squaring, 2x2 − 7 x − 5 = 5

14. (c) We have ix 2 − 4 x − 4i = 0 2 x 2 − 7 x − 30 = 0 ⇒ x = 6 .

⇒ x 2 + 4 ix − 4 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2 ix + 2 ix − 4 = 0 22. (d) Since quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has three

⇒ ( x + 2 i)( x + 2 i) = 0 ⇒ x = −2i, − 2i . distinct roots so it must be an identity.
So, a = b = c = 0 .
1
15. (d) 8 sec 2 θ − 6 sec θ + 1 = 0 ⇒ sec θ = 23. (c) x = 2 + x ⇒ x 2 − x − 2 = 0
2
1 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, −1
or sec θ = , but sec θ ≥ 1 or sec θ ≤ −1 .
4
But 2 + 2 + ..... ≠ −1 , so it is equal to 2.
Hence the given equation has no solution.
x x2
16. (b) Let the required number is x 24. (a) e x = x + 1 ⇒ 1 + + + ...... = x + 1
1! 2!
So, x = x + 12 ⇒ x − 12 = x ⇒ x 2 − 25 x + 144 = 0 x 2 x3
⇒ + + ...... = 0 ; x 2 = 0, x3 = 0, ...... x n = 0
⇒ ⇒ x = 16
x 2 − 16 x − 9 x + 144 = 0 2! 3!
Since x = 9 does not hold the condition. Hence, x = 0 only one real root.
By inspection, since 16 exceeds its positive square root Check the equation with options then only option (a)
i.e.,4 by 12. satisfies the equation.

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 35

{
25. (a) log 4 log 2 ( x + 8 − x ) = 0 } = αβ + 1 + 1 +
1
=2+
c a
+ =
2 ac + c + a
=
(a + c)
2 2 2

αβ a c ac ac
⇒ 40 = log 2 ( x + 8 − x ) ⇒ 21 = x + 8 − x
Hence required equation is given by
⇒ 4 = x + 8 + x − 2 x 2 + 8x ⇒ 2 x2 + 8x = 2x + 4 b (a + c)2
x2 + (a + c)x + =0
⇒ x2 + 8x = x2 + 4 + 4 x ⇒ 4 x = 4 ⇒ x = 1 . ac ac
⇒ acx 2 + (a + c)bx + (a + c)2 = 0 .
26. (b) Equations px + 2qx + r = 0 and
2
Trick: Let a = 1 , b = −3, c = 2 , then α = 1, β = 2
qx 2 − 2( pr ) x + q = 0 have real roots, then from first 1 3 1
∴ α+ = and β + = 3
4q − 4 pr ≥ 0 ⇒ q − pr ≥ 0 ⇒ q ≥ pr
2 2 2
. . .(i) β 2 α

and from second 4( pr ) − 4q ≥ 0 (for real root )

2 Therefore, required equation must be
( x − 3 )( 2 x − 3 ) = 0 i.e. 2 x 2 − 9 x + 9 = 0
⇒ pr ≥ q 2 . . . (ii)
Here (a) gives this equation on putting a = 1, b = −3 , c = 2 .
From (i) and (ii), we get result q 2 = pr .
a2 + b 2
27. (b) The roots of the equations are given by 31. (b) Sum of roots α + β = −(a + b ) and αβ =
2
−b ± b 2 − 4ac ⇒ (α + β ) 2 = (a + b ) 2 and (α − β ) 2 = α 2 + β 2 − 2αβ
x= Let b 2 − 4ac > 0, b > 0
2a = 2 ab − (a 2 + b 2 ) = −(a − b) 2
Now if a > 0, c > 0, b − 4ac < b 2 2
Now the required equation whose roots are
⇒ The roots are negative. (α + β ) 2 and (α − β ) 2
Let b − 4ac < 0, then the roots are given by
2
x 2 − {(α + β )2 + (α − β )2 } x + (α + β )2 (α − β )2 = 0
−b ± i (4ac − b 2 ) ⇒ x 2 − {(a + b) 2 − (a − b) 2 } x − (a + b) 2 (a − b)2 = 0
x= , (i = −1)
2a
⇒ x 2 − 4abx − (a 2 − b 2 )2 = 0
Which are imaginary and have negative real part (∵ b > 0)
2 2
∴ In each case, the roots have negative real part. 32. (d) Under condition, − =3⇒ λ =−
λ 3
1 3
28. (b) Let first root = α and second root = 33. (a) α + β = and αβ = 2
α 2
1 k 9 7
Then α . = ⇒ k = 5. α 2 + β 2 = (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ = −4=−
α 5 4 4
3a + 4 Hence required equation x 2 − (α 2 + β 2 ) x + α 2 β 2 = 0
29. (b) It is given that αβ = 2 ⇒ =2
a +1 7
⇒ x2 + x+4=0
⇒ 3 a + 4 = 2 a + 2 ⇒ a = −2 4
2a + 3 ⇒ 4 x 2 + 7 x + 16 = 0
Also α + β = −
a +1
34. (b) Let pα , qα be the roots of the given equation
Putting this value of a, we get sum of roots
2a + 3 −4 + 3 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 .
=− =− = −1 .
a +1 − 2 +1 b c
Then pα + qα = − and pα .qα =
a a
b c
30. (a) Here α + β = − and αβ = b
a a From first relation, α = −
1 1
a( p + q)
If roots are α + ,β + , then sum of roots are
β α Substituting this value of α in second relation, we get
 1  1 α+β b b2 c
=  α +  +  β +  = (α + β ) + =− (a + c) × pq =
 β   α  αβ ac a ( p + q)
2 2
a

 1  1 ⇒ b 2 pq − ac( p + q )2 = 0
and product = α +   β + 
 β  α Students should remember this question as a fact.

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36 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
35. (b) α , β be the roots of x − 2 x + 3 = 0 , then α + β = 2
2
−3αβ (α + β )]
and αβ = 3 Now required equation whose roots are b 1  2 1 1  1
= a+ + c (1) − 2.  + d  (1)3 − 3. 
 1 2 2  6 2  6
1 1 1  1
, is x 2 −  2 + 2 
x+ 2 2 =0
α 2
β 2
α β  α β a b c d
= + + + .
1 2 3 4
 2 1
⇒ x2 −  −  x + = 0 ⇒ 9 x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 .
 9  9
41. (a) Given,
x −m
=
x +n
36. (a) As given, α + β = p, αβ = q,α ′ + β ′ = p′, α ′β ′ = q ' mx + 1 nx − 1
⇒ x 2 (m − n) + 2mnx + (m + n) = 0
Now, (α − α ' )2 + (β − α ' )2 + (α − β ′)2 + (β − β ′)2
1 1 m +n
= 2(α 2 + β 2 ) + 2(α ' 2 + β ' 2 ) − 2α ' (α + β ) − 2 β ' (a + β ) Roots are α, respectively, then α . =
α α m −n
{
= 2 (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ + (α ′ + β ′) 2 − 2α ' β '−(α + β )(a ′ + β ' ) } ⇒ m−n = m+n ⇒ n = 0.
= 2{p 2
− 2q + p ′ − 2q ′ − p p ′ .
2
}
42. (d) Roots of given equation x 2 − px + q = 0 is a and b
37. (c) As given, α + β = a + b , αβ = ab − c or ab = αβ + c .
i.e., a + b = p . . . (i)
Then the required equation is x 2 − x (α + β ) + αβ + c = 0
and ab = q . . . (ii)
⇔ x 2 − x (a + b) + ab = 0 , whose roots are a, b.
1 1 a+b p
38. (b) Given equation can be written as Then + = = .
a b ab q
x 2 + x ( p + q − 2r) + pq − pr − qr = 0 . . . (i)
whose roots are α and −α , then the product of roots 43. (d) (α 2 + β 2 ) 2 = (α + β ) (α 3 + β 3 )
2
− α 2 = pq − pr − qr = pq − r( p + q ) . . . (ii)  b2 − 2ac   −b   −b 2 + 3abc 
  =   
p+q  a
2
  a  a3 
and sum 0 = p + q − 2r ⇒ r = . . . (iii)
2
⇒ 4 a 2 c 2 = acb 2 ⇒ ac (b − 4 ac) = 0
2
From (ii) and (iii), we get
As a ≠ 0 ⇒ c∆ = 0
− α 2 = pq −
p+q
2
1
{
( p + q ) = − ( p + q) 2 − 2 pq
2
}
44. (a) Given roots are 3 p − 2q and 3q − 2 p .
(P + q )2 2
5
=− .
2 Sum of roots = (3 p − 2q ) + (3q − 2 p ) = ( p + q) =
3
39. (c) α , β are the roots of the equation x 2 − 3 x + 1 = 0
Product of roots = (3 p − 2q ) (3q − 2 p )
∴ α + β = 3 and αβ = 1
= 9 pq − 6 q 2 − 6 p 2 + 4 pq = 13 pq − 2(3 p 2 + 3 q 2 )
1 1 α +β −4 3−4
S = + = = =1  −2 
α − 2 β − 2 αβ − 2(α + β ) + 4 1 − 2 .3 + 4 = 13   − 2(5 p + 2 + 5 q + 2)
 3 
1 1
and P = = = −1 −2  5 
(α − 2)(β − 2) αβ − 2(α + β ) + 4 = 13   − 2 5   + 4 
 3    3  
1 1
Hence the equation whose roots are and are
α−2 β −2 −26  25  −100
= −2 + 4 =
3  3  3
x − Sx + P = 0 ⇒ x − x − 1 = 0 .
2 2

Hence, equation is 3 x 2 − 5 x − 100 = 0.

40. (b) α , β are the roots of the equation 6 x − 6 x + 1 = 0 2

⇒ α + β = 1, αβ = 1/ 6 45. (a) Given equation is x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3 = 0

If roots are real, then D ≥ 0
1 1
∴ [a + bα + cα 2 + d α 3 ] + [ a + b β + c β 2 + d β 3 ] ⇒ 4a 2 − 4(a 2 + a − 3) ≥ 0
2 2
1 1 1 ⇒ −a + 3 ≥ 0
= a + b(α + β ) + c (α 2 + β 2 ) + d (α 3 + β 3 )
2 2 2 ⇒ a −3≤ 0
1 1 1 ⇒ a≤3
= a + b + c[ (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ ] + d [(α + β )3
2 2 2 As roots are less than 3, hence f (3) > 0

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 37
9 − 6a + a + a − 3 > 0
2 52. (b) If the given expression be y, then
⇒ a − 5a + 6 > 0
2 y = 2 x 2 y + (3 y − 1) x + (6 y − 2) = 0
⇒ (a − 2)(a − 3) > 0 If y ≠ 0 then ∆ ≥ 0 for real x i.e. B 2 − 4 AC ≥ 0
⇒ a < 2, a > 3 . or – 39 y 2 + 10 y + 1 ≥ 0 or (13 y + 1)(3 y − 1) ≤ 0
Hence a < 2 satisfy all the conditions. ⇒ −1/13 ≤ y ≤ 1/ 3
46. (b) Given equation can be written as If y = 0 then x = −2 which is real and this value of y is
(6 k + 2)x + rx + 3 k − 1 = 0
2
. . . (i) included in the above range.
and 2(6 k + 2)x + px + 2(3 k − 1) = 0
2
. . . (ii) 53. (a) x, y , z ∈ R and distinct.
Condition for common roots is
Now, u = x 2 + 4 y 2 + 9 z 2 − 6 yz − 3zx − 2 xy
12 k + 4 p 6k − 2
= = = 2 or 2r − p = 0 1
6k + 2 r 3k − 1 = (2 x 2 + 8 y 2 + 18 z 2 − 12 yz − 6 zx − 4 xy )
2
47. (c) Let roots of x 2 − cx + d = 0 be α , β then roots of
= {
1 2
x − 4 xy + 4 y 2 ) + (x 2 − 6 zx + 9 z 2 ) + (4 y 2 − 12 yz + 9 z 2 )}
x − ax + b = 0 be α , α
2 2

∴ α + β = c, αβ = d , α + α = a, α 2 = b =
1
2
{( x − 2 y)2 + ( x − 3z)2 + (2 y − 3z)2 }
Hence 2(b + d ) = 2(α 2 + αβ ) = 2α (α + β ) = ac
Since it is sum of squares. So u is always non- negative.
48. (a) Let the roots be α , β ; β , γ and γ , α respectively. ( x − a)( x − b)
54. (d) Let y = or y ( x − c) = x 2 − (a + b) x + ab
∴ α + β = − p, β + γ = − q, γ + α = − r ( x − c)
Adding all, we get Σα = −( p + q + r ) / 2 etc. or x 2 − ( a + b + y ) x + ab + cy = 0

49. (a) Let α is the common root, so α 2 + p α + q = 0 . . . (i) ∆ = (a + b + y ) 2 − 4(ab + cy )

and α 2 + q α + p = 0 . . . (ii) = y 2 + 2 y (a + b − 2c) + (a − b) 2
from (i) – (ii), Since x is real and y assumes all real values, we must have
⇒ ( p − q )α + (q − p ) = 0 ⇒ α = 1 ∆ ≥ 0 for all real values of y. The sign of a quadratic in y
Put the value of α in (i), p + q + 1 = 0. is same as of first term provided its discriminant
B 2 − 4 AC < 0
50. (b) Expressions are x 2 − 11x + a and x 2 − 14 x + 2a will have
This will be so if 4(a + b − 2c) 2 − 4(a − b) 2 < 0
a common factor, then
or 4(a + b − 2c + a − b)(a + b − 2c − a + b) < 0
x2 x 1
⇒ = = or 16(a − c)(b − c) < 0 or 16(c − a)(c − b) = − ve
−22a + 14a a − 2a −14 + 11
∴ c lies between a and b i.e., a < c < b . . . (i)
x2 x 1 8a a
⇒ = = ⇒ x2 = and x = Where a < b , but if b < a then the above condition will be
−8a − a −3 3 3
2 b < c < a or a > c > b . . . (ii)
 a  8a a 2 8a
⇒   = ⇒ = ⇒ a = 0, 24 . Hence from (i) and (ii) we observe that (d) is correct
3 3 9 3
answer.
Trick: We can check by putting the values of a from the
55. (a) Given equation is x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3 = 0
options.
If roots are real, then D ≥ 0
51. (d) x 2 − 3 x + 2 be factor of x 4 − px 2 + q = 0 ⇒ 4a 2 − 4( a 2 + a − 3) ≥ 0 ⇒ − a + 3 ≥ 0
Hence ( x 2 − 3x + 2) = 0 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ a −3 ≤ 0 ⇒ a ≤ 3
⇒ x = 2,1, putting these values in given equation As roots are less than 3, hence f (3) > 0
So, 4 p − q − 16 = 0 . . . (i) 9 − 6 a + a 2 + a − 3 > 0 ⇒ a 2 − 5a + 6 > 0
and p − q − 1 = 0 . . . (ii) ⇒ (a − 2)(a − 3) > 0 ⇒ either a < 2 or a > 3
Solving (i) and (ii), we get (p, q) = (5, 4) Hence a < 2 satisfy all.

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38 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
56. (a) Let f ′(x ) denotes the quadratic expression From eq. (i) and (ii), x ∈ [ −1,1) ∪ (2 4]
f ' ( x ) ≡ 3 ax + 2bx + c , whose antiderivative be denoted
2
⇒ −1 ≤ x < 1 or 2 < x ≤ 4
by f ( x ) = ax + bx + cx
3 2
61. (a)We have | x − 2 | 2 + | x − 2 | − 6 = 0
Now f (x ) being a polynomial in R, f ( x ) is continuous and
Let | x − 2 | = X ; X 2 + X − 6 = 0
differentiable on R. To apply Rolle's theorem.
We observe that f (0 ) = 0 and f (1) = a + b + c = 0, by − 1 ± 1 + 24
⇒ X= = 2, − 3
2
hypothesis. So there must exist at least one value of x, say
⇒ X = 2 and X = −3
x = α ∈ (0,1) such that f ′(α ) = 0 ⇔ 3 aα 2 + 2b α + c = 0
∴ | x − 2 | = 2 and | x − 2 | = −3 , which is not possible.
That is, f ′(x ) = 3 ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 has at least one root in
⇒ x −2 = 2
[0, 1].
or x − 2 = −2
57. (d) Let f ( x) = an x n + an −1 x n −1 + .... + a1 x ; ∴ x =4
or x =0
f (0) = 0; f (α ) = 0
⇒ f ′( x ) = 0 , has atleast one root between (0, α ) 62. (b) Case (i): If x + 2 ≥ 0
i.e. x ≥ −2 ,
i.e., equation na n x n −1 + (n − 1)a n −1 x n − 2 + .... + a1 = 0
We get x 2 − x − 2 + x > 0
has a positive root smaller than α .
+ +
–√2
58. (b) f ( x) = x − 6 x − 4 x + 5 = 0
5 2
√2
+ − − +
⇒ x2 − 2 > 0
2 changes of sign ⇒ maximum two positive roots.
⇒ ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) > 0
f ( x) = x 5 − 6 x 2 − 4 x + 5 = 0
− − + + ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞)
1 changes of sign ⇒ maximum one negative roots. But x ≥ −2
⇒ total maximum possible number of real roots = 2 + 1 = 3. ∴ x ∈ [−2, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 ∞) . . . (i)
2x 1 Case (ii): x + 2 < 0 i.e. x < −2 ,
59. (c) Given − >0
2x + 5 x + 2
2
x +1 then x 2 + x + 2 + x > 0
2x + 2x − 2x2 − 5x − 2
2
−3 x − 2 ⇒ x2 + 2x + 2 > 0
⇒ >0⇒ >0
(2 x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 1) (2 x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 1) ⇒ ( x + 1) 2 + 1 > 0 . Which is true for all x
−3( x + 2 / 3) ( x + 2 / 3) ∴ x ∈ (−∞, − 2) . . . (ii)
⇒ >0 ⇒ <0
( x + 1)( x + 2)(2 x + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2)(2 x + 1) From (i) and (ii),
Equating each factor equal to 0, we get, x ∈ (−∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞)

+ + + 63. (c) Expression is always +ve,

–2 – –1 –2/3 – –1/2 so t 2 x 2 + | x | + 9 ≠ 0 .
We get x = −2, − 1, − 2 / 3, − 1/ 2 Hence roots of given equation does not exist.
∴ x ∈ ] − 2, − 1[ ∪ ] − 2 / 3, − 1 / 2 64. (b) We have log 4 (x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3)
⇒ − 2 / 3 < x < − 1 / 2 or −2 < x < −1 (x − 1) = ( x − 3)2
60. (c) x 2 − 3 x + 2 > 0 or ( x − 1)( x − 2) > 0 ⇒ x – 1 = x2 + 9 – 6x
∴ x ∈ ( −∞ ,1) ∪ (2, ∞ ) . . .(i) ⇒ x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
⇒ (x – 5) (x – 2 ) = 0
Again x − 3 x − 4 ≤ 0 or ( x − 4)( x + 1) ≤ 0
2

x = 5 or x = 2
∴ x ∈ [−1, 4 ] . . .(ii)
But x – 3 < 0, when x = 2.
+
–
+ ∴ Only solution is x = 5.
–1 4 Hence number of solution is one.

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 39
NCERT Exemplar Problems 67. (a, b, c, d) Given equation is 3 x + x − 7 x + λ = 0
3 2

More than One Answer Let f ( x) = 3 x3 + x 2 − 7 x + λ

65. (b, d) Plan: Concepts of curve tracing are used in this ∴ f '( x ) = 9 x 2 + 2 x − 7
question.
= 9( x + 1)( x − 7 / 9)
Number of roots are taken out from the curve traced.
For max or min f '( x) = 0
Let y = x 5 − 5 x
7
(a) As x → ∞, y → ∞ and as x → −∞, y → −∞ ∴ x = −1, x = 7/9 ∈ [0,1]
9
(b) Also, at x = 0, y = 0, thus the curve passes through the
Hence Eq. (i) has two distinct real roots in [0, 1] for all
origin. values of λ
dy
(c) = 5 x 4 − 5 = 5( x 4 − 1) 68. (a, b, c, d) Given equation is ( x 2 + 1) 2 = x (3 x 2 + 4 x + 3)
dx
⇒ x 4 − 3 x3 − 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 = 0
 3 1 
⇒ x 2  x 2 − 3x − 2 − + 2  = 0
= 5( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1) = 5( x − 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)  x x 
dy ⇒ x≠0
Now, > 0 in (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞ ), thus f ( x ) is increasing in
dx 1  1
∴ x2 + x+ −2=0
dy x2 − 3  x
these interval. Also, < 0 in (–1, 1), thus decreasing in 2
dx  1  1
⇒  x +  − 3 x +  − 4 = 0
(–1, 1).  x   x
(d) Also, at x = −1, dy / dx its sign from +ve to –ve.  1  1 
⇒  x + − 4  x + + 1  = 0
∴ x = −1 is point of local minima.  x  x 
(–1,4)
Or ( x 2 − 4 x + 1)( x 2 + x + 1) = 0
 1 3
2
-1 Or {( x − 2) 2 − 3}  x +  +  = 0
 2  4 
(1,–4) 
Local maximum value, y = (−1)5 − 5( −1) = 4 −1 ± i 3
∴ x = 2 ± 3,
Local minimum value, y = (1) − 5(1) = −4 5 2

Now, let y = −a 69. (b, c) Given equation is

As, evident from the graph, if − a ∈ (−4, 4) Ax 2 − | G | x − H = 0 . . .(i)
i.e., a ∈ ( −4, +4) |G | H
Let α, β are the roots then α + β = and αβ = −
Then, f ( x ) has three real roots and if −a > 4 A A
|G | H
Or −a < −4, then f ( x ) has one real root. i.e., for a < −4 or Since, A >| G |> H or 1 > >
A A
a > 4, f ( x) has one real root. Hence, A is positive
∴ α + β and αβ has positive and negative fraction respectively.
66. (a, d) Let f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c > 0.∀x ∈ R
Also, | G |2 = AH . . .(ii)
⇒ b 2 − 4ac < 0
And a > 0 . . .(i) Discriminant of Equation (i) = (− | G |) − 4 ⋅ A ⋅ (− H )
2

Now, g ( x) = f ( x) − f '( x) + f ''( x) =| G |2 +4 AH = 5 | G |2 > 0 [From Equation (ii)]

= ax 2 + (b − 2a ) x + (2 a − b + c ) Hence roots of Eq. (i) are and distinct.

∵ α + β > 0 and αβ < 0
Discriminant = (b − 2a ) 2 − a (2 a − b + c )
One root is positive and other is negative and at least one
= (b 2 − 4 ac ) − 4 a 2 < 0 (from Eq. (i)] root is a fraction. So, the equation has a negative fraction
⇒ g ( x) > 0, ∀x ∈ R ⇒ g ( x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ R. root.

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40 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 77. (b) Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 be four positive roots of x 4 − 4 x3 + ax 2
70. (a, b, c) If roots is α ,
α −bx + 1 = 0, then x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 4 and x1 x2 x3 x4 = 1.
1 c
∴ α⋅ = ⇒ c=a 1
α a ⇒ ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ) = ( x1 x2 x3 x4 )1/ 4
4
Since, (| a | − | b |) 2 ≥ 0 or | a |≥| b |
That is A.M. = G.M. This is possible if and only if
But a = c, ∴ | c |≥| b | . x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 = 1. Thus the given equation becomes

71. (b, c) | x + 1|| x − 1|= a 2 − 2a − 3 ( x − 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ a = 6, b = 4.

⇒ | x 2 − 1|= a 2 − 2a − 3 Reason follows immediately from the Rolle’s theorem.

∴ a 2 − 2a − 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ (a + 1)(a − 3) ≥ 0 78. (c) By multiplying a,b,c by an appropriate natural number,

we may assume that a, b, c are integers. We may further
∴ a ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ [3, ∞ )
assume that a, b, c have no factor in common.
72. (a, b, c) Roots are real Now, a + b21/ 3 + c 22 / 3 = 0
∴ B − 4 AC > 0 ⇒ a > 4b , (a) is correct.
2 4 2
⇒ a 3 = −2(b + 21/ 3 c)3 = −2(b 3 + 2c3 − 3abc)
If f ( x ) = x 2 + a 2 x + b 2 (∵ c lie outside the roots) ⇒ 2 | a 2 ⇒ 2 | a ⇒ a = 2a1 for some a1 ∈ I.
∴ f (c) > 0, then c 2 + a 2c + b 2 > 0 Thus, 4a13 = −(b3 + 2c 3 − 6a1bc)
(b) is correct. Also (x- coordinate of vertex) > c ⇒ b 3 = −2(2a13 + c 3 − 3a1bc)
2
a
⇒ − >c ⇒ 2 | b3 ⇒ 2 | b ⇒ b = 2b1 for some b1 ∈ I.
2
∴ (c) is correct. Therefore 4b13 = −(2a13 + c3 − 6a1b1c)
⇒ c3 = −2(a13 + 2b13 − 3a1b1c)
73. (b, d) | α − β |= 3 and α 2 + β 2 = 29. | α − β |2 = 9
⇒ 2 | c 3 ⇒ 2 | c.
⇒ α 2 + β 2 − 2αβ = 9
1
∴ αβ = 10 (∵α 2 + β 2 = 29) This is a contradiction. Reason is false as 2 3 is irrational
Then (α + β ) 2 = α 2 + β 2 + 2αβ = 29 + 20 = 49 but is a root of x3 − 2 = 0.
∴ α + β = ±7  b
79. (b) We have f '( x) = 2ax + 2b = 2a  x + 
∴ Required equation is x ± 7 x + 10 = 0 2
 a

74. (a, b) Let A = a + 2b − 3c, B = b + 2c − 3a, Not that f ’(x)=0 for x = −b / a and f '( x) < 0 for

C = c + 2a − 3b x < −b / a. and f '( x) > 0 for x > −b / a

∴ A+ B +C = 0 This shows that f is strictly decreasing on (−∞, −b / a ) and

Hence, roots are 1 and

C
. strictly increasing on (−b / a, ∞).
A Also note that f has a local minimum at x = −b / a.
Assertion and Reason  −b  b − ac
2
We have min f ( x) = f   =
75. (b) If each of the three equation has real roots, then  a  a
b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0, c 2 − 4ab ≥ 0 and a 2 − 4ab ≥ 0 If b 2 − ac > 0 and a > 0, then f ( x) ≥ min f ( x) > 0
⇒ a 2b 2c 2 ≥ 64a 2b 2 c 2 . A contradiction. Thus, Assertion is true and Reason is true. However,
Reason alone is not the complete explanation for Reason.
76. (d) If α is a repeated root of f ( x) = 0, then f (α ) = 0 and
1 1
80. (b) Consider f: R→R defined by f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx 2 + cx
f '(α ) = 0. 3 2
α α2 α3 α4 α α2 α3 Then is f continuous and differentiable on R and
∴ 1+ + + + = 0 and 1 + + + =0 1 1 1
1 2! 3! 4! 1 2! 3! f (1) a + b + c = (2a + 3b + 6c ) = 0 and f (0) = 0. By the
2 2 2
α4
⇒ = 0 ⇒ α = 0. But α = 0 does not satisfy f ( x) = 0. Rolle’s theorem there exists α ∈ (0,1) such that f '(α ) = 0
4!

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 41
But f '( x) = ax + bx + c α + β  α
2
Again, now pa = −   a = − (α + β )
Thus, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)  2  2
Reason is true but its not the correct explanation of a 1
and b = −  α + 
Assertion. 2 β
81. (c) If a ≠ 0, we rewrite f ( x) as follows: Since, pa ≠ b

 b  4ac − b 2 
2 1
 b c
f ( x) = a  x 2 + x +  = a  x +  + ⇒ α+ ≠α +β
 β
 a a  2a  4a 2 
⇒ β 2 ≠ 1, β ≠ {−1, 0,1}, b which is correct. Similarly, if
 b   4ac − b 2   4a − b 2 
f  − + i  = a (i ) 2 +  = a 1 +  c ≠ qa
 2a   4a 2   4a 2 
α
Which is real? This contradicts our assumption that is non ⇒ a ≠ aαβ
β
real for non-real x. Therefore, a = 0. Reason is false since
–i is a root of x 2 + x + 1 + i = 0 but i is not a root of  1
⇒ α β − ≠0
x 2 + x + 1 + i = 0.  β 
1
82. (a) α , β are roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇔ α , β are roots of ⇒ α ≠ 0 and β − ≠0
β
b c
x2 + x + = 0. As coefficient of x 2 > 0, graph of the ⇒ β ≠ {−1, 0,1}
a a
Reason is true. Both Assertion and Reason are true. But
b c
parabola y = x 2 + x + for α < x < β lies below the x-axis. Reason does not explain Assertion.
a a
b c b c
As −1,,∈ (α , β ), (−1) 2 + ( −1) + < 0 and 12 + < 0 Comprehension Based
a a a a
84. (a) y
b c b c
⇒ 1 − + < 0 and 1 + + < 0
a a a a
1
⇒ ( a + | b | + c) < 0 x' x
a
Thus, a + | b | + c and a have the opposite signs.
y'
83. (b) Given, x 2 + 2 px + q = 0
Let y = x intersect the curve y = ke x at exactly one point
∴ α + β = −2 p . . .(i)
when k ≤ 0.
αβ = q . . .(ii)
85. (a) Let f ( x) = ke x − x
and ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0
f '( x ) = ke x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = − In k
2b 1
∴ α+ =− . . .(iii) f "( x ) = ke x
β a
α c ∴ [ f "( x)]x =− In k = 1 > 0
and = . . .(iv)
β a Hence, f (− In k ) = 1 + In k
Now, ( p − q )(b − ac )
2 2
For one root of given equation
 2
 1
1  1 + In k = 0 ⇒ k =
 α + β   
2 α+  α e
 β
=   − αβ    −  a2
 −2    2  β 86. (a) For two distinct roots,
  
   1 + In k < 0 (k > 0)

(α − β )2
 1
2
In k < −1 k < 1/ e
= α −  . a ≥ 0
2

16  β   1
Hence, k ∈  0, 
∴ Assertion is true.  e

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42 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
87. (c) Given, f ( x ) = 4 x + 3 x + 2 x + 1 3 2
(B) Since, 2 is positive for all values of y, then ( x − 8)( x − 10)
y

f '( x ) = 2(6 x 2 + 3 x + 1) should be positive, Therefore, x > 10 or x < 8

D = 9 − 24 < 0 Since, 2 y is a power of 2, x − 10 and x − 8 should be both
Hence, f ( x) = 0 has only one real root. powers of 2.
∴ x = 12 and x = 6 are only values of x that fit for this
 1 3 4
f  −  = 1 −1+ − > 0 condition.
 2 4 8
Hence, (12, 3) and (6, 3) are the only solutions.
 3 6 27 108 64 − 96 + 108 − 108 n=2
f  −  = 1− + − = <0 ie,
 4 4 16 64 64
(C) x + 2 y = 2xy ⇒ x = 2 y ( x − 1)
 3 1
f ( x) changes its sign in  − , −  , hence x 1
 4 2 or 2y = =1+
x −1 x −1
 3 1 ∴ x − 1 = 1, −1 or x = 2,0
f ( x) = 0 has a root in  − , − 
 4 2 Then 2 y = 2,0 ⇒ y = 1,0
88. (a) Hence, the only solutions are (2, 1) and (0, 0) ie, p = 2
n+ p 2+ 2
P→m= + = 2, Q → n = np = 4 = 2,
2 2
2 mn 8 22 + 22
R→ p= = = 2, S → n = = 2.
m+n 4 4

1 3 T → n p n p n...∞ = 2 2 2 2... = 21/ 2+1/ 4+1/8+

2 4
1
1/ 2 t 3/ 4 2

∫
0
f ( x)dx < ∫ f ( x)dx <
0
∫
0
f ( x)dx =2 1−1/ 2
=2=m

91. (a) (A)Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c

Now, ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ (1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x3 )dx
Then f (1) = a + b + c = −c (∵ a + b + 2c = 0) and f (0) = c
= x + x 2 + x3 + x 4
1/ 2
∴ f (0) f (1) = − c 2 < 0 (∵ c ≠ 0)
15 3
⇒ ∫
0
f ( x)dx = >
16 4
∴ Equation f ( x) = 0 has a root in (0, 1)
3/ 4 ∴ f ( x) = 0 has a root in (0, 2) (T) as well as in (–1, 1).
530
∫
0
f ( x)dx =
256
<3 (B) Let f '( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
ax 3 bx 2 (2 ax 3 + 3bx 2 + 6cx )
89. (b) ∴ f ( x) = + + cx + d = +d
1
3 2 6
∴ f (0) = d
(-1,4)
( −2 a + 3b − 6c ) (2 a − 3b + 6c )
and f ( −1) = +d =− +d
S 6 6
−3 −1 1 3 = 0 + d (∵ 2a − 3b + 6c = 0) = d
4 2 2 4
Hence, f (0) = f (−1)
Figure is self explanatory
Hence, f '( x) = 0 has at least one root in (–1, 0).
Match the Column ∴ f ( x) = 0 has a root in (–2, 0) (P) as well as in (–1 1).
90. (a) (A) Case (i): If x > 3, the x + 2 y = 6, x − 3 = y We
(C) Let f ( x ) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x )( ax 2 + bx + c ) dx
get x = 4, y = 1
Given f (1) − f (0) = f (2) − f (0) ⇒ f (1) = f (2)
x + 2 y = 6
Case (ii):If x < 3, then  y = 3, x = 0 ⇒ f '( x) = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)
3−4 = y 
Hence, the only solution are (0, 3) and (4, 1) i.e, m = 2 ⇒ (1 + cos8 x )( ax 2 + b + c ) = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 43
⇒ ax + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)
2 Integer
93. (254) The given equation can be written as
∴ ax2 + bx + c = 0 has a root in (0,2) (T) as well as in (–1, 1)
λ x 2 − (λ − 1) x + 5 = 0
92. (a) (A) a(b − c) + b(c − a) + c(a − b) = 0
λ −1 5 α β 4
∴ x = 1 is a root of a (b − c ) x 2 + b(c − a ) x + c ( a − b) = 0 ∴ α +β = , αβ = but given + =
λ λ β α 5
∵ Roots are equal then other root is also 1. or 5(α 2 + β 2 ) = 4αβ
c ( a − b)
∴ Product of roots = =1
 λ − 1  10  20
2
a (b − c ) 5{(α + β ) 2 − 2αβ } = 4αβ or 5 
or  − =
2ac  λ  λ  λ
∴ b= ⇒ a, b, c an in HP.
a+c or λ 2 − 16λ + 1 = 0
Also, ( d + a − b) 2 + ( d + b − c ) 2 = 0 which is possible only when It is a quadratic equation in λ , let roots be λ1 and λ2 ,
d + a − b = 0, d + b − c = 0 then λ1 + λ2 = 16, λ1λ2 = 1
∴ b−a = c−b = d λ1 λ2 λ12 + λ22 (λ1 + λ2 )2 − 2λ1λ2
∴ + = =
ie, 2b = a + c λ2 λ1 λ1λ2 λ1λ2
⇒ a, b, c are in AP
(16) 2 − 2.1
= = 256 − 2 = 254
∵ a, b, c are in AP and HP then a = b = c then a, b, c are also 1
in GP
94. (7) We have
∵ a=b=c
(α + β + γ ) 2 = α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + 2(αβ + βγ + γα )
∴ a + b + c ≠ 0 (P)
⇒ 16 = 6 + 2(αβ + βγ + γα )
(B) (b − c) + (c − a ) + (a − b) = 0
∴ αβ + βγ + γα = 5
∴ x = 1 is a root of (b − c ) x 2 + (c − a ) x + ( a − b) = 0
Also, α 3 + β 3 + γ 3 − 3αβγ = (α + β + γ )(α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 − αβ − βγ − γα )
∵ Roots are equal
∴ Other root is also 1. α 3 + β 3 + γ 3 − 3αβγ = (α + β + γ )(α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 − αβ − βγ − γα )
a −b ⇒ 8 − 3αβγ = 4(6 − 5)
Then product of roots = =1
b−c
or 3αβγ = 4 or αβγ = 4 / 3
a+c
b= ⇒ a, b, c are in AP. Now, (α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 ) 2 = Σα 4 + 2Σβ 2γ 2 = Σα 4 + 2{(Σβγ 2 ) − 2αβγ Σα }
2
and a + b + c ≠ 0 (P) (α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 )2 = Σα 4 + 2Σβ 2γ 2 = Σα 4 + 2{(Σβγ 2 ) − 2αβγ Σα}
(C) Let α be a common positive root, then  4 
(6) 2 = Σα 4 + 2  25 − 2 ⋅ ⋅ 4 
α 2 + pα + 12 = 0 . . .(i)  3 
α + qα + 15 = 0
2
. . .(ii) 64 64 22
Σα 4 = 36 − 50 + = − 14 =
and α + ( p + q )α + 36 = 0
2
. . .(iii) 3 3 3
 22 
Applying Eqs. (i) + (ii) – (iii) , we get ∴ [α 4 + β 4 + γ 4 ] =   = 7
3
α 2 + 27 − 36 = 0
or α 2 = 9 ⇒ α = 3 (∵α is positive) 95. (3) Rewrite the given equation
Let other root of Eq. (i) is a (given)
x + 2 x + 2 x +… + 2 x + 2 x + 2x = x . . .(i)
then a × 3 = 12
⇒ a=4 On replacing the last latter x on the LHS of equation (i) by
Let other root of Eq. (ii) is b (given) then b × 3 = 15 the value of x expressed by equation (i) we obtain
⇒ b=5
x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2x
and let other root of Eq. (iii) is c (given) then c × 3 = 36   
(2 n radical signs)
⇒ c = 12
Further, let us replace the last latter x by the same
∴ a + b + c = 21 ≠ 0
expression; again and again yields

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44 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
or α + β = −( − p )
n n n
. . .(iii)
∴ x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2x
   From equation (ii) and (iii), we get n = 1950
(3 n radical signs)

98. (k = 2) Given, x 2 − 8kx + 16(k 2 − k + 1) = 0

x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 ( x + 2 x)

(4 n radical signs)
Now, D = 64{k 2 − (k 2 − k + 1)} = 64(k − 01) > 0
b 8k
We can write x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … − >4⇒ > 4 ⇒ k >1
2a 2

= lim x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2 x (N radical signs) f (4) ≥ 0 16 − 32k + 16(k 2 − k + 1) ≥ 0

N →∞

If follows that, ⇒ k 2 − 3k + 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ (k − 2)(k − 1) ≥ 0

⇒ k ≤ 1 or k ≥ 2 Hence, k = 2.
x = x + 2 x + 2 x +… = x + 2 ( )
x + 2 x + … = x + 2x 99. (7) Given, 3 x − y − z = 0 . . .(i)
Hence, x = x + 2 x
2
⇒ x − 3x = 0
2 −3x + 2 y + z = 0 . . .(ii)
Therefore, x = 0, 3 ∴ Sum of roots = 0 + 3 = 3 and −3 x + z = 0 . . .(iii)
On adding Equation (i) and (ii), we get y = 0
96. (4177) Correct equation is x 2 − 11x + q = 0 . . .(i) So, 3 x = z
Incorrect equation is x 2 − 10 x + q = 0 . . .(ii) Now, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 100 ⇒ x 2 + (3 x)2 + 0 ≤ 100
Given roots of equation (ii) are 4 and 6 ⇒ 10 x2 ≤ 100 ⇒ x 2 ≤ 10 x = −3, − 2, − 1, 0,1, 2,3
∴ Product of roots of the incorrect equation is 4 × 6 So, Number of such 7 points are possible.
i.e., q = 4 × 6 = 24
1 ω ω2 
From equation (i), correct equation is x − 11x + 24 = 0 2
 
100. (1) Let A =  ω ω2 1 
∴ x = 3, 8 i.e., α = 3, β = 8 ω 2 1 ω 

∴ α 4 + β 4 = 34 + 84 = 81 + 4096 = 4177
0 0 0 
97. (1950) α , β are the roots of x + px + q = 0 2 Now, A2 = 0 0 0 and Tr ( A) = 0, | A |= 0
Then α + β = − p , αβ = q . . .(i) 0 0 0

Also α , β are roots of x 3900

+p 1950 1950
x +q 1950
=0 ∴ A3 = 0

∴ α 1950 + β 1950 = − p1950 and α 1950 β 1950 = q1950 . . .(ii) z +1 ω ω2

⇒ ω z + ω2 1 =| A + zI |= 0
Now, α / β is a root of x n + 1 + ( x + 1) n = 0
ω2 1 z +ω
n n
α  α 
Then   + 1 +  + 1 = 0 ⇒ α n + β n + (α + β ) n = 0 ⇒ z3 = 0
β  β 
⇒ z = 0, the number of z satisfying the given equation is 1.
⇒ α n + β n + ( − p ) n = 0 (∵ α + β = − p )

***

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Complex Numbers 45

3 Complex Number
QUICK LOOK Modulus, Amplitude (Argument), Conjugate of a Complex
Number: If z = x + iy then
Algebra of Complex Numbers: z = x + iy is a complex

modulus of z =| z |= + x 2 + y 2
number where x ∈ R, y ∈ R, i = −1, i.e., i = −1; real part of2
y
z = Re( x) = x, imaginary part of z = Im( z ) = y.
amplitude of z = amp z (or arg z ) = tan −1 . We know
x

If z1 = x1 + iy1 , z 2 = x2 + iy2 then, y
that tan −1 has many values. The smallest numerical value
z1 + z2 = ( x1 ± x2 ) + i ( y1 ± y2 ) and x
z1 .z2 = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i( x1 y2 + y1 x2 ) falling in the quadrant of the complex number is called the
fundamental amplitude (or simply amplitude).The general
1 1 x2 − iy2 x − iy
= = = 22 2 22 y y
z2 x2 + iy2 ( x2 + iy2 )( x2 − iy2 ) x2 − i y2 value is 2π r + tan −1 where tan −1 is the fundamental
x x
x2 − iy2 x2 y
= = −i 2 2 2 amplitude, and this value is called the general amplitude.
x22 + y22 x22 + y22 x2 + y2
The amp z lies between –p and p, i.e., 0 ≥ ampz ≤ π or

x1 + iy1 = x2 + iy2 ⇔ x1 + x2 , y1 = y2 . Thus, one complex
−π < ampz < 0. If z belongs to the first quadrant then its
equation is equivalent to two real equations.
π

i n = 1, i, −1, −i according as n = 4m, 4m + 1, 4m + 2, 4m + 3. amplitude is between 0 and ; if z belongs to the second
2
π
Note quadrant then the amplitude is between and π ; if z
The values of different integral powers of i are i or –1 or –i and 2
1. The digit in the units place of the value of a positive integral belongs to the third quadrant then the amplitude is between
power of a digit also follows a sequence of digits. The digits in −π
–p and and if z belongs to the fourth quadrant then the
unit places of 71 ,7 2 ,73 ,7 4 ,75 etc., are 7, 9, 3, 1, 7 etc. Using this 2
fact we can determine the digit in the unit place of a power of a −π
amplitude is between and 0.
natural number. 2

Method of calculating amp z is as follows.
For example: What is the digit in the unit place of (193)50 ?
y
Consider the value of 31 ,32 ,33 ,34 ,35 ,36 etc. The digit in the unit Calculate tan −1 ( = α ) in
x
place will be in the sequence 3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7, 1,..The 50th the first quadrant.
term in it is 9. So the digit in the unit place of (193) 50 is 9. π ,α α = tan−1 Y
If z is in the first quadrant, x
amp z = α
Representation of complex numbers in Argand plane
If z is in the second quadrant,

The complex number
↑ Y amp z = π − α
z = x + iy is represented in a z = ( x, y )
α −x −α
Imaginary axis

If z is in the third quadrant,

plane by the point (x, y). The
amp z = α − π
plane in which complex Figure: 3.2
−, + +, + If z is in the fourth quadrant,
numbers are represented by X
Real axis → amp z = −α .
point is called the Argand
plane. If x > 0, y > 0 then
−, − +, − Note
the complex number will be
Figure: 3.1 The complex number z = 0 has indeterminate amplitude.
represented by a point in the

Conjugate of z = z = x − iy.
first quadrant. Similarly for other possible signs of x and y
the location of the point is as shown in the figure.
The trigonometrical form (or polar form) of a complex

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46 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
number is z =| z | {(cos (amp z ) + i sin(amp z )}, i.e., z1 r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) r
and = = 1 {cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ 2 )}
z = r (cos+ i sin θ ) where r = |z| and q = amp z. z2 r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 ) r2

Unimodular complex number z is such that | z |= 1 and hence ∴ amp ( z1 z2 ) = amp z1 + amp z 2
unimodular complex number. z = cosθ + i sin θ where and amp
z1
= amp z1 − amp z2
θ = amp z. z2
While taking a complex number z in working out a problem Clearly, these results on amplitude hold when we take
or solving an equation we take z = x + iy (in algebraic form) fundemantal amplitudes only.

or z = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) (in trigonometrical form). If the z1 z

| z1 .z2 |=| z1 | . | z2 | = 1 | z n |=| z |n
modulus or amplitude of the complex number is known, it is z2 z2
always convenient to take z in the trigonometrical form.
| z1 + z2 |≤| z1 | + | z2 |
z equality holding if z = 0, z1 , z2 are collinear with z = 0 at
(i) is always a unimolecular complex number if z ≠ 0.
|z| one end.
π π | z1 − z2 |≥|| z1 | − | z 2 ||
(ii) If amp z = or − , z is purely imaginary; if amp
2 2 z
z = 0 or π , z is purely real.
z ·z =| z |2 =1
z

To Express Real Part and Imaginary Part in Terms of the Power of a Complex Number (De Moivre’s Theorem)
Complex Number
If z1 = cos θ1 + i sin θ1 , z2 = cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 , etc., then

Let z = x + iy ; then z = x − iy z1 .z2 = (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )(cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )
Adding these, z + z = 2 x; = cos(θ1 + θ 2 ) = i sin(θ1 + θ 2 )
1 z1 .z2 .z3 .... = cos(θ1 + θ 2 + θ 3 + ....) + i sin(θ1 + θ 2 + θ3 + ....)
∴ x = ( z + z ) Subtracting these, z − z = 2iy
2
(cos θ + i sin θ )n = cos nθ + i sin nθ , where n is a positive
1
∴ y = (z − z ) integer.
2i
(cosθ + i sin θ )− n = cos nθ − i sin nθ
Note (cosθ − i sin θ )n = cos nθ − i sin nθ
(i) z + z is always real and z − z is always imaginary.
(ii) z z is always real.
(cos θ + i sin θ ) p / q = {cos(2rπ + θ ) + i sin(2rπ + θ )}p / q
(2rπ + θ ) p (2rπ + θ ) p
= cos + i sin ,
Properties of Conjugate, Amplitude and Modulus q q
z  z where r = 0,1, 2,......, q − 1.

z1 ± z2 = z1 ± z2 z1 .z2 = z1 .z2  1  = 1
 z2  z2
nth roots of unity = 11/ n = (cos 0 + i sin 0)1/ n

amp ( z1 .z 2 ) = ampz1 + ampz 2 2rπ 2rπ

= (cos 2rπ + i sin 2rπ )1/ n = cos + i sin ,
n n
z 
amp  1  = amp z1 − amp z2 where r = 0,1, 2,....., n − 1.
 z2 
z
amp = 2amp z 2π 2π
z If cos + i sin = z0 then the nth roots of unity are
n n
amp z 2 = 2 amp z.
1, z0 , z02 , z03 ,....., z0n −1 which are in G.P.
Note
If z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ), z2 = r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 ) Cube Roots of Unity

Cube roots of unity
Then z1 .z2 = r1r2 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )(cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 ) = r1r2
= 11/ 3 = (cos 0 + i sin 0)1/ 3 = (cos 2rπ + i sin 2rπ )1/ 3
{cos(θ1 + θ 2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ 2 )}

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Complex Numbers 47
2rπ 2rπ
If z3 , z1 , z 2 are three points taken in the anticlockwise sense
= cos + i sin ,
3 3 z3 − z1
then amp =
where r = 0, 1, 2 z2 − z1
1 3 1 3 = ∠Z 3 Z1Z 2
= 1, −+i ,− −i .
2 2 2 2

The angle between two line segment joining the points z1 , z2

If one of the non-real complex roots be w then the other z1
non-real complex root will be w2. and z3 , z 4 is

3 1 = 1, w, w 2 where w 3 = 1 and 1 + w + w 2 = 0. z1 − z2
amp =
z3 − z 4

The value of 1 + w + w n 2n
= 3 if n = 3m, i.e., n is divisible
by 3 = 0 if n ≠ 3m, i.e., n is not divisible by 3 z1 − z2
or π − amp = z2 z3
z3 − z4 Figure: 3.5
Note
Complex numbers z satisfying | z − z0 |= ρ represents points
Any complex number for which on the circle whose centre is z0 and radius = ρ .
real part
= 1: 3 or 3 :1, Complex numbers z satisfying | z − z0 |< ρ represents points
imaginary part
inside the circle whose centre is z0 and radius = ρ .
can be expressed in terms of w and i.
Complex numbers z satisfying | z − z0 |> ρ represents points
Application of Complex Numbers in Geometrical Problems
outside the circle whose centre is z0 and radius = ρ .
The geometrical meaning of complex expression, equations and
inequations are as follows: | z − z0 | ρ
| z − z0 | > ρ

z = x + iy ⇒ z is a point whose coordinates are ( x, y )
z0
Y

P(z)

z – z1 Figure: 3.6
z

If z is on the circle | z |= ρ then iz is also on the circle, the
Q (z1)
Figure: 3.3 X radius vector being shifted by π / 2 in the anticlockwise sense.
iz
Note
The complex number z is also represented by a vector. If P



 π /2
represents z in the Argand plane we say OP represents the
z
complex number z, O being the origin. If P and Q represents O




complex numbers z and z1 respectively then QP = z − z1 .
Figure: 3.7

| z |= distance between the origin and the point
The line segment joining the complex numbers z1,z2 is
divided by the complex number z in the ratio m:n if
z | z − z1 |= distance between the points z and z1.
mz + nz1
z= 2

amp z = ∠ ZOX , where Z represents z m+n

General equation of a line is α z + α z + β = 0 where β is a
z
amp = = ∠ZOZ1 . real constant and α is a non-real complex constant.
z1
n z2
z ( x, y )
Y
| z − z1 | m z
|z| z1
ampz/z1 z1
Figure: 3.8
ampz1
ampz
General equation of a circle is zz + α z + α z + β = 0 where
O Figure: 3.4 X
â is a real constant and α is a non-real complex constant.

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48 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 10. −2 −3 = ?
Basic Concepts of Complex Number a. 6 b. − 6
200
1. If i 2 = −1, then the value of ∑i
n =1
n
is: c. i 6 d. None of these
4 n +1
a. 50 b. – 50 c. 0 d. 100  1+ i 
11. If n is a positive integer, then   =?
 1− i 
2. If i = −1 and n is a positive integer, than
a. 1 b. – 1 c. i d. −i
n +1 n+2 n+3
i +i
n
+i +i =?
a. 1 b. i 12. If (1 − i ) n = 2n , then n = ?
c. in d. 0 a. 1 b. 0
c. −1 d. None of these
3. If x = 3 + i, then x 3 − 3 x 2 − 8 x + 15 = ?
a. 6 b. 10 13. The smallest positive integer n for which (1 + i) 2 n = (1−i )2 n
c. –18 d. –15 is
a. 1 b. 2
2n (1 + i ) 2 n
4. The complex number + , (n∈Z)is equal to: c. 3 d. 4
(1 − i ) 2n
2n
a. 0 b. 2 z1
14. If z1 = (4,5) and z2 = (−3, 2) then equals?
z2
c. [1 + (−1) ].in n
d. None of these
 −23 −2   2 −23 
a.  ,  b.  , 
Algebraic Operations with Complex Numbers  12 13   13 13 

1 − 2i 4 − i  −2 −23   −2 23 
5. + =? c.  ,  d.  , 
2 + i 3 + 2i  13 13   13 13 

24 10 24 10 10 24 10 24 1 + 2i
a. + i b. − i c. + i d. − i 15. The complex number lies in which quadrant of the
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 1−i
complex plane:
 1 3   3 + 4i 
6.  +  ? a. First b. Second
 1 − 2i 1 + i   2 − 4i 
c. Third d. Fourth
1 9 1 9
a. + i b. − i 16. If z = x + iy, z 1 / 3 = a − ib and
x y
− = k (a 2 − b 2 ) then value
2 2 2 2 a b
1 9 1 9 of k equals:
c. − i d. + i
4 4 4 4 a. 2 b. 4
7. Which of the following is correct? c. 6 d. 1
a. 6 + i > 8 − i b. 6 + i > 4 − i
Conjugate of a Complex Number
c. 6 + i > 4 + 2i d. None of these
17. If the conjugate of (x + i y ) (1 − 2 i) be 1 + i, then:
6i − 3i 1
1 3
8. If 4 3 i − 1 = x + i y , then: a. x = b. y =
20 3 i
5 5
1− i 1− i
a. x = 3, y = 1 b. x = 1, y = 3 c. x + i y = d. x − i y =
c. x = 0, y = 3 d. x = 0, y = 0 1− 2 i 1+ 2 i
2 − 3i
9. The real values of x and y for which the equation ( x 4 + 2 xi ) 18. The conjugate of complex number is:
4−i
−(3 x 2 + yi ) = (3 − 5i ) + (1 + 2 yi ) is satisfied, are:
3i 11 + 10i
a. b.
1 4 17
a. x = 2, y = 3 b. x = −2, y =
3 11 − 10i 2 + 3i
c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these c. d.
17 4i

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Complex Numbers 49
−1
19. The real part of (1 − cos θ + 2i sin θ ) is 28. There exists no value of x common in (i) and (ii).
Therefore there is no value of x for which the given
1 1
a. b. complex numbers are conjugate.
3 + 5 cos θ 5 − 3 cos θ
If z is a complex number such that z 2 = ( z ) 2 , then
1 1
c. d. a. z is purely real
3 − 5 cos θ 5 + 3 cos θ
b. z is purely imaginary
20. The reciprocal of 3 + 7i is c. Either z is purely real or purely imaginary
3 7 d. None of these
a. − i b. 3 − 7i
4 4 29. The number of solutions of the equation z 2 + z = 0 is
3 7 a. 1 b. 2
c. − i d. 7 + 3i
16 16 c. 3 d. 4

Conjugate, Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers (2 + i ) 2

30. The conjugate of , in the form of a + ib, is
3+i
(2 + i )
21. (1 + i ) = 13  15  13  −15 
(3 + i ) a. + i  b. + i 
2  2  10  2 
a. – 1/2 b. 1/2 c. 1 d. – 1
13  −9  13  9 
c. + i  d. + i 
22. For x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ R, if 0 < x1 < x2 , y1 = y2 and z1 = x1 + iy1 , 10  10  10  10 

1 31. If z1 and z2 are any two complex numbers then | z1 +

z2 = x2 + iy2 and z3 = ( z1 + z2 ), then z1 , z2 and z 3 satisfy
2 z2|2 + | z1 − z 2 |2 is equal to
a. | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 | b. | z1 | < | z2 | < | z3 | a. 2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 b. 2 | z1 |2 + 2 | z2 |2
c. | z1 | > | z2 | > | z3 | d. | z1 | < | z3 | < | z2 |
c. | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 d. 2 | z1 | | z2 |
 1− i  32. The maximum value of | z | where z satisfies the condition
23. Amplitude of   is:
1+ i  2
z+ = 2 is
a. –π/2 b. π/2 z
c. π/4 d. π/6 a. 3 − 1 b. 3 + 1
π  π c. 3 d. 2 + 3
24. The amplitude of sin + i  1 − cos  ?
5  5
33. If z1 and z2 be complex numbers such that z1 ≠ z2 and
a. π / 5 b. 2π / 5
| z1 | = | z 2 | . If z1 has positive real part and z 2 has negative
c. π / 10 d. π / 15
( z1 + z2 )
5π imaginary part, then may be
25. If z = 4 and arg z = , then z = ( z1 − z2 )
6
a. Purely imaginary b. Real and positive
a. 2 3 − 2i b. 2 3 + 2i
c. Real and negative d. None of these
c. − 3 + i d. −2 3 + 2i
34. The product of two complex numbers each of unit
26. If z and ω are to non-zero complex numbers such that modulus is also a complex number, of:
π a. Unit modulus b. Less than unit modulus
| z ω | = 1 and arg (z) – arg (ω ) = , then z ω is equal to
2 c. Greater than unit modulus d. None of these
a. 1 b. –1 c. i d. –i
1
35. For any complex number z , z =   if and only if
27. The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2 x and cos x − i sin 2 x z
are conjugate to each other for: a. z is a pure real number
 1 b. | z | = 1
a. x = n π b. x =  n + π
 2 c. z is a pure imaginary number
c. x = 0 d. No value of x d. z =1

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50
i
Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
36. Let z be a complex number (not lying on X-axis of maximum 45. i is equal to:
1 a. eπ/2 b. e–π/2
modulus such that z + = 1 . Then:
z c. –π/2 d. None of these
a. Im(z) = 0 b. Re(z) = 0
c. amp(z) = π d. None of these Complex Numbers in Co-ordinate Geometry
46. If in the diagram, A and B represent complex number z1
 3 + 2i  and z2 respectively, then C represents:
37. Modulus of   is:
 3 − 2i  Y
C
a. 1 b. 1/2 c. 2 d. 2
B
z −1
38. If | z | = 1 and ω = (where z ≠ −1) , then Re(ω ) is:
z +1 A
X
1 O
a. 0 b. −
| z + 1|2 a. z1 + z2 b. z1 – z2
c. z1. z2 d. z1 / z2
z 1 2
c. . d.
z + 1 | z + 1|2 | z + 1|2 47. If the complex number z1,z2 and the origin form an
equilateral triangle then z 12 + z 22 =
39. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such that
| z1 + z 2 |=| z1 | + | z2 |, then arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z2 ) is equal to: a. z1 z 2 b. z1 z 2
π π c. z 2 z1 d. | z1 |2 = | z 2 |2
a. −π b. − c. d. 0
2 2
Rotation Theorem
Square Root of a Complex Number
48. In the arg and diagram, if O ,P and Q represents
40. The square root of 3 – 4i are
respectively the origin, the complex numbers z and z + iz,
a. ± (2 − i) b. ± (2 + i)
then the angle ∠OPQ is
c. ±( 3 − 2i) d. ± ( 3 + 2i) a. π/4 b. π/3
c. π/2 d. 2π/3
41. 2i equals?
49. If complex numbers z1,z2 and z3 represent the vertices A, B
a. 1 + i b. 1 – i
and C respectively of an isosceles triangle ABC of which
c. − 2 i d. None of these ∠C is right angle, then correct statement is
a. z12 + z22 + z32 = z1 z2 z3
Representation of Complex Number
b. ( z3 − z1 ) 2 = z3 − z2
iθ
42. If −1 + −3 = re , then θ is equal to
c. ( z1 − z 2 ) 2 = ( z1 − z 3 ) ( z3 − z 2 )
π π
a. b. − d. ( z1 − z 2 ) 2 = 2( z1 − z3 ) ( z3 − z 2 )
3 3
2π 2π
c. d. − Triangle Inequalities
3 3
50. The points 1+3i, 5+i and 3 + 2i in the complex plane are
e iθ
43. Real part of e is a. Vertices of a right angled triangle
a. ecos θ [cos(sin θ )] b. ecos θ [cos(cos θ )] b. Collinear
c. Vertices of an obtuse angled triangle
c. esin θ [sin(cos θ )] d. esin θ [sin(sin θ )]
d. Vertices of an equilateral triangle
1 1
44. If + x = 2 cos θ , then x n + n is equal to 51. If z = x + iy, then area of the triangle whose vertices are
x x points z, iz and z + iz is
a. 2 cos nθ b. 2 sin nθ 1 2 3 2
c. cos nθ d. sin nθ a. 2 | z |2 b. |z| c. | z |2 d. |z|
2 2

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Complex Numbers
4
51
Standard Loci in the Argand Plane 60. The roots of the equation x – 1 = 0, are:
52. The locus of the points z which satisfy the condition arg a. 1, 1, i, – i
 z −1 π b. 1, –1, i, – i
 = is:
z +1 3 c. 1, –1, ω, ω2
a. A straight line b. A circle d. None of these
c. A parabola d. None of these
53. The locus of z satisfying the inequality log1/3 |z + 1| > Logarithm of Complex Numbers
log1/3 |z – 1| is: 61. If (1 + i 3 )9 = a + ib, then b is equal to:
a. R( z ) < 0 b. R( z ) > 0 a. 1 b. 256
c. I ( z ) < 0 d. None of these c. 0 d. 93
− iθ
54. If α + i β = tan −1 ( z ), z = x + iy and α is constant, the locus 62. The amplitude of e e is equal to:
of 'z' is: a. sin θ b. − sin θ
a. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x cot 2α = 1 b. cot 2α ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 1 + x c. e cos θ d. e sin θ
c. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x sin 2α = 1 d. x 2 + y 2 + 2 y tan 2α = 1
1+i 3
63. If z = , then (z )100 lies in:
3 +i
De' Moivre's Theorem and it’s Applications a. I quadrant b. II quadrant
100
1 − i c. III quadrant d. IV quadrant
55. If   = a + ib , then:
1 + i
1
a. a = 2, b = –1 b. a = 1, b = 0 64. If x + = 3 , then x = ?
x
c. a = 0, b = 1 d. a = –1, b = 2 π π
a. cos + i sin
π  π  3 3
56. If xr = cos  r  + i sin  r  , then x1 . x2 .x3 ...∞ is:
2  2  π π
b. cos + i sin
a. –3 b. –2 2 2
c. –1 d. 0 π π
c. sin + i cos
6 6
Roots of a Complex Number π π
d. cos + i sin
6 6
57. If ω is the cube root of unity, then (3 + 5ω + 3ω2 )2
 5i 
+ (3 + 3ω + 5ω 2 ) 2 =? 65. The imaginary part of tan −1   is:
3
a. 4 b. 0
a. 0 b. ∞
c. – 4 d. 5
334 365
c. log 2 d. log 4
   1 i 3
58. If i = −1 ,then 4 + 5  − 1 + i 3  + 3  − +  is
 2 2  2   x −i
   2 66. i log  is equal to:
 x +i
equal to:
a. π + 2 tan −1 x
a. 1 − i 3 b. −1 + i 3
b. π − 2 tan −1 x
c. i 3 d. − i 3
c. − π + 2 tan −1 x
59. Let ω is an imaginary cube root of unity then the value of d. − π − 2 tan −1 x
2(ω + 1) (ω + 1) + 3(2ω + 1) (2ω + 1) + .....
2 2

67. If e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ , then in ∆ABC value of e iA .e iB .e iC is:

+ ( n + 1) ( nω + 1)( nω 2 + 1) is:
a. – i b. 1
2 2
 n(n + 1)   n(n + 1)  c. –1 d. None of these
a.   +n b.  
 2   2  7−i
68. If z = then z14 = ?
 n(n + 1) 
2
3 − 4i
c.   −n d. None of these a. 27 b. 27 i c. 214 i d. – 27 i
 2 

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52 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Shifting the Origin and Inverse Points 75. If z1,z2, z3, z4 are the four complex numbers represented by
69. Inverse of a point a with respect to the circle |z – c| = R (a the vertices of a quadrilateral taken in order such that
and c are complex numbers, centre C and radius R) is the  z −z  π
z1–z4=z2 –z3and amp  4 1  = , then the quadrilateral is:
 z2 − z1  2
2
R
point c +
a −c a. rhombus b. square
R2 R2 c. rectangle d. cyclic quadrilateral
a. c + b. c −
a −c a −c
R 76. Let z1,z2 be two complex numbers represented by points
c. c + d. None of these
c −a on the circle |z| = 1and |z| = 2 respectively, then :
a. max |2z1 + z2| = 4 b. min |z1 – z2 | =1
Dot and Cross Product 1
c. z2 + ≥3 d. none of these
70. If z1= 2 + 5i, z2 = 3 – i then projection of z2 on z2 is z1
a. 1/10 b. 1 / 10
77. If α is a complex constant such that α z 2 + z + α = 0 has a
c. −7 / 10 d. None of these
real root, then:
a. α + α = 1
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
b. α + α = 0
More than One Answer c. α + α = −1
71. If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + ib are complex numbers such that d. the absolute value of the real root is 1

| z1 |=| z2 |= 1 and Re( z1 z2 ) = 0, then the pair of complex 78. If z1,z2,z3,z4 are roots of the equation a0z4 + a1z3 + a2z2 +
a3z + a4 = 0 where a0, a1, a2, a3, and a4 are real, then:
numbers w1 = a + ic and w2 = b + id satisfies?
a. z1 , z 2 , z3 , z4 are also roots of the equation
a. |w1| = 1 b. |w2| = 1
b. z1 is equal to at least one of z1 , z 2 , z3 , z4
c. Re | w1w2 |= 0 d. None of these
c. − z1 , − z2 , − z3 , − z4 are also roots of the equation
72. Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers such that z1 ≠ z2 and
d. none of the above
|z1 |=|z2|, If z1 has positive real part and z2 has negative
z1 + z2 2−i
imaginary part, then may be: 79. The reflection of the complex number (where
z1 − z2 3+i

a. zero b. real and positive i = −1) in the straight line z (1 + i ) = z (i − 1) is:

c. 0 d. 0 −1 − i −1 + i i(i + 1) −1
a. b. c. d.
73. Let z1 and z2 be two distinct complex number and let 2 2 2 1+ i
z = (1–t) z1 = tz2 for some real number t with 0 < t < 1. If 80. The common roots of the equations z 3 + (1 + i ) z 2 + (1 + i )
arg (w) denotes the principle argument of a non-zero
z + i = 0 (where i = −1 ) and z1993 + z1994 + 1 = 0 are:
complex number w, then:
a. 1 b. ω c. ω2 d. ω981
a. |z – z1| + |z – z2| = |z1 – z2|
b. arg (z–z1) = arg (z –z2) Assertion and Reason
z − z1 z − z1 Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
c. =0
z2 − z1 z2 − z1 the correct option out of the options given below:
d. arg (z–z1) = arg (z2 – z1) a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
correct explanation of the assertion.
74. Let ω be a complex cube root of unity with ω ≠1 and P = [pij] b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
be a n×n matrix with pij = ω i + j . Then, P2 ≠ 0 when n is correct explanation of the assertion.
equal to: c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
a. 57 b. 55 d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
c. 58 d. 56 e. If assertion is false but reason is true.

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Complex Numbers 53
81. Assertion: If z1 , z2 z3 are such that | z1 | + | z2 |=| z3 |= 1, then 87. Let z be any point in A∩B∩C .The | z + 1 − i | + | z − 5 − i |2
2

maximum value of | z 2 − z3 |2 + | z3 − z1 |2 + | z1 − z2 |2 is 9. lies between:

a. 25 and 29 b. 30 and 34
Reason: If z1 , z2 , z3 are such that | z1 |=| z 2 |=| z3 |= 1,
c. 35 and 39 d. 40 and 44
hen Re( z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 ) ≥ 3 / 2
88. Let z be any point in A∩B∩C and let w be any point
82. Assertion: If z is a root of the equation z 7 + 2 x + 3 = 0, satisfying | w − 2 − i |< 3. Then, | z | − | w | +3 lies between:
then 1 ≤ | z | < 3 / 2. a. −6 and 3 b. −3 and 6
Reason: If z lies in the annular region 1 < | z | ≤ 3/ 2, then c. −6 and 6 d. −3 and 9
1 1 1
z satisfies the + + = 1 where ω ≠ 1 is a Paragraph –II
z −1 z − ω z − ω 2
cube root of unity. Read the following passage and answer the questions. Let
S = S1 ∩ S 2 ∩ S3 , where S1 = {z ∈ C :| z |< 4},
83. Assertion: If ω≠1 is a cube root of unity, then A 2 = O ,
  z − 1 + 3i  
 1 ω ω2  =  z ∈ C : Im   > 0  and S3 :{z ∈ C : Re z > 0}
    1 − 3i  
where A  ω ω 2 1 
89. Area of S is equal to:
ω2 1 ω 
  10π 20π 16π 32π
a. b. c. d.
Reason: If ω≠1 is a cube root of unity, then 3 3 3 3
x +1 ω ω2 90. min |1 − 3i − z | is equal to:
z∈s
∆= ω x + ω2 1 = x3
ω2 1 x +ω 2− 3 2+ 3
a. b.
2 2
84. Assertion: If z 2 − z + 1 = 0 and n is a natural number, 3− 3 3+ 3
c. d.
n
n 2 2
then ∑ (z
k =1
k
+ z − k ) 2 = n + 3   where [x] denotes the
3
greatest integer ≤ x. Match the Column
Reason: If ω ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, then 91. Match the statements/expression given is Column-I with
−1 if k is not a multiple of 3 the values given in Column-II:
ω k + (ω ) =  Column I Column II
2 if k is a multiple of 3.
(A) In R2, if the magnitude of 1. 1
2i 1 the projection vector of
85. Assertion: The maximum value of f (θ ) = is
3 − ieiθ 2 aiˆ + β ˆj no 3iˆ + ˆj is
2i 3 and if α = 2 +
Reason: The minimum value of f (θ ) = is 1.
3 − ieiθ
3β then possible value

Comprehension Based (s) of |α| is (are)

(B) Let a and b be real number 2. 2
Paragraph –I
such that the function
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Let A, B,
C be three sets of complex number as defined below {
f ( x) = −3ax −2 2 x < 1
2

bx + a , x ≥ 1
A = {z : Im z ≥ 1}, B ={z:| z −2 − i |= 3 |} is differentiable for all
C = {Z ;Re((l − i ) z ) + 2} x∈R Then possible value
(s) of a is are
86. The number of elements in the set A ∩ B ∩ C is:
(C) Let ω ≠ 1 be a complex 3. 3
a. 0 b. 1 cube root of unity. If
c. 2 d. ∞

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54 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
2 4 n+3
(3 − 3ω + 2ω )  2k π   2 kπ 
93. Let zk = cos   + i sin  10  ; k = 1,2, …. , 9?
+ (2 + 3ω − 2ω ) 2 4 n +3
 10   
+ ( − 3 + 2ω + 3ω 2 ) 4 n + 3 = 0 , Column I Column II
then possible value (s) of n (A) For each zk, there exists a 1. True
is (are) zj such that zk .z j = 1
(D) Let the harmonic mean of 4. 4 (B) There exists ak∈{1,2,...9} 2. False
two positive real such that z1.z = zk has no
numbers a and b be 4. If solution z in the set of
2, is a positive real complex numbers
number such that a, 5, q,
|1 − z1 ||1 − z2 | ... |1 − z9 | 3. 1
b is an arithmetic (C)
10
progression, then the
equals
value (s) of |q – a| is are|
 2kπ  4. 2
(D) 1 − ∑k =1 cos 
9
5. 5  equals
 10 
a. A→ 2; B→ 4; C→ 2; D→ 3
a. A→ 2; B→ 1, C→ 2; D→ 1
b. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 5; D→ 4
b. A→ 1; B→ 2; C→ 3; D→ 4
c. A→ 4; B→ 3; C→ 5; D→1
c. A→ 4; B→ 2; C→ 3; D→ 2
d. A→ 1; B→ 2; C→ 3; D→ 4
d. A→ 1; B→ 2; C→ 4; D→ 3
92 Match the statements of Column I with these in Column
II: [Note: Here z takes values in the complex plane and Integer
Im( z ) and Re( z ) denote respectively, the imaginary part 94. If z is any complex number satisfying | z − 3 − 2i |≤ 2, then
and the real part of z] the maximum value of |2z – 6 + 5i|is:
Column I Column II 95. Let ω = eiπ / 3 and a, b, c, x, y, z be non - zero complex numbers
(A) The set of points z 1. an ellipse with
such that a + b + c = x, +bω + cω2 = y, a + bω 2 + cω = z. Then,
satisfying |z – i| z || = |z eccentricity 4/5
+ i |z|| is contained in or | x |2 + | y |2 + | z |2
the value of is:
equal to | a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2
(B) The set of points z 2. the set of points z 96. If | z1 |= 2,| z2 |= 3,| z3 |= 4 and | 2 z1 + 3z2 + 4 z3 |= 9, then
satisfying |z + 4|+| z– 4| satisfy Im(z) = 0 absolute value 8z2z3 +27z3z1 + 64z1z2 must be equal to:
= 0 is contained in or
97. If a,b,c, are distinct integers and ω ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity
equal to
and if minimum value of | a + bω + cω 2 | + | a + bω 2 + 2ω |
(C) If |w|=2 then the set of 3. the set of points z
1 satisfying | Im z |≤ 1 = n1/ 4 then the value of n must be equal to:
point z = w− is
w 98. If the equation of all the circles which are orthogonal to |z|
contained in or equal to
= 1and | z + 1|= 4 is | z + 7 − ib | = (λ + b2 ) , i = −1 and
(D) If |w|=1, then the set of 4. the set of points
b ∈ R, then the value of λ must be equal to:
1 satisfying | Re z |≤ 2
point z = w+ is 4p
w 32
 10   2qπ   2qπ  
contained in or equal to
99. If ∑ (3 p + 2) ∑ sin   − i cos    = λ (where
p =1  q =1   11   11  
5. the set of points z
i = −1), then the value of λ must be equal to:
satisfying | z |≤ 3
100. If z1 and z2 are complex numbers, such that
a. A→ 2; B→ 1; C→ 5; D→ 3
|15 z1 − 13z2 | + |13z1 + 15 z2 | = λ (| z1 | + | z 2 | ), then the
2 2 2 2
b. A→ 1; B→ 2; C→ 3,5; D→1
c. A→ 4; B→ 2; C→ 3; D→ 2
value of λ λ λ λ … ∞ must be equal to:
d. A→ 1; B→ 2; C→ 3; D→ 4

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Complex Numbers 55
ANSWER 1 − 2i 4 − i
5. (d) +
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 2 + i 3 + 2i
c d d d d d d d c b (1 − 2i )(3 + 2i ) + (4 − i )(2 + i )
=
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. (2 + i )(3 + 2i )
c b b c b b c b c c
50 − 120i 10 24
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. = = − i.
65 13 13
c d a c c d d c d c
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.  1 3   3 + 4i 
6. (d)  +  
b b a a b b a a d a  1 − 2i 1 + i   2 − 4i 
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.  1 + 2i 3 − 3i   6 − 16 + 12i + 8i 
= 2 + 1 2 
1 + 2 1 + 1   22 + 42
2
a c a a b a a c d b 
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.  2 + 4i + 15 − 15i   −1 + 2i 
b c a a b c c c a b
=  
 10  2 
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
(17 − 11i )(−1 + 2i) 5 + 45i 1 9
c b c d c b c d a b = = = + i.
20 20 4 4
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
a,b,c a,d a,c,d c,d c,d a,b,c a,c,d a,b b,c,d b,c 7. (d) Because, inequality is not applicable for a complex
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. number.
a c b a d b c d b c
6i − 3i 1
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 8. (d) 4 3i − 1
20 3 i
a a b 5 3 216 144 48 1648 394
Applying C2 → C2 + 3 i C3
SOLUTION
6i 0 1
Multiple Choice Questions 4 0 − 1 = 0 = 0+ 0 i,
20 0 i
200
i (1 − i 200 )
1. (c) ∑i
n =1
n
= i + i 2 + i 3 + ... + i 200 =
1− i
Equating real and imaginary parts x = 0, y = 0

i (1 − 1) 9. (c) Given equation ( x 4 + 2 xi ) − (3 x 2 + yi )

(since G.P.) = = 0.
1− i = (3 − 5i ) + (1 + 2 yi )
2. (d) i + i
n n +1
+i n+2
+i n +3
= i (1 + i + i + i )
n 2 3 ⇒ ( x 4 − 3 x 2 ) + i (2 x − 3 y ) = 4 − 5i

= i n (1 + i − 1 − i ) = o. Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

Since the sum of four consecutive powers of i is always x 4 − 3x 2 = 4 . . . (i)

zero. and 2 x − 3 y = −5 . . . (ii)
⇒ i n + i n +1 + i n + 2 + i n+3 = 0, n ∈ I . Form (i) and (ii), we get x = ± 2 and y = 3, .
1
3
3. (d) Given that; x − 3 = i ⇒ ( x − 3) 2 = i 2 1
Put x = 2, y = 3 and then x = −2, y = ,
⇒ x − 6 x + 10 = 0
2 3
Now, x3 − 3 x 2 − 8 x + 15 = x( x 2 − 6 x + 10) + 3( x 2 − 6 x + 10) − 15 We see that they both satisfy the given equation.
= 0 + 0 − 15 = −15. 10. (b) −2 −3 = i 2 i 3
4. (d) (1 + i) = ((1 + i) ) = (1 + i + 2i) = (1 − 1 + 2i) = 2 i
2n 2 n 2 n n n n
=i 2
6 =− 6
(1 − i ) = ((1 − i ) ) = (1 + i − 2i) = (1 − 1 − 2i ) = (−2) i
2n 2 n 2 n n n n 1 + i (1 + i)(1 + i)
11. (c) Since = =i
1 − i (1 − i)(1 + i)
2n (1 + i )2 n 2n 2n i n 1
∴ + = + n = + in 1+ i 
4 n +1
(1 − i )2 n
2 n
(−2) i
n n
2 (−1) i
n n
Therefore   = i 4 n +1 = ii 4 n = i
 1− i 
1 + (−1) n i 2 n 1 + (−1) n (i 2 )n
= = (∵ i 4 n = 1)
(−1) n i n (−1) n i n

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56 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
12. (b) If (1 − i ) = 2 19. (c) { (1 − cos θ ) + i. 2 sin θ }
n n −1
. . . (i)
We know that if two complex numbers are equal, their −1
 θ θ θ
module must also be equal, therefore from (i), we have = 2 sin 2 + i . 4 sin cos 
 2 2 2
| (1 − i )n | = | 2n |
−1 −1
 θ  θ θ
⇒ |1 − i |n = | 2 |n , (∵ 2n > 0) =  2 sin  sin + i. 2 cos 
 2  2 2
⇒ [ 12 + (−1)2 ]n = 2n ⇒ ( 2) n = 2 n θ θ
−1 sin − i.2 cos
n  θ 1 2 2
⇒ 2n / 2 = 2 n ⇒ =n ⇒n=0 =  2 sin  . ×
2  2 θ
 sin + i.2 cos θ θ θ
sin − i.2 cos
2 2 2 2
By inspection, (1 − i)0 = 20 ⇒ 1 = 1
θ θ
sin − i.2 cos
13. (b) We have (1 + i ) 2n
= (1 − i ) 2n
= 2 2
θ θ θ
1+ i 
2n
2 sin sin + 4 cos 2  2

⇒   = 1 ⇒ (i) = 1 ⇒ (i)
2n 2n
= (−1) 2
2 2 2
 1− i 
Hence, real part
⇒ (i ) 2 n = (i 2 ) 2 ⇒ (i ) 2 n = (i ) 4 ⇒ 2n = 4 ⇒ n = 2 . θ
sin
2 1 1
z1 4 + 5i −3 − 2i −12 − 8i − 15i + 10 = = = .
14. (c) = × = θ θ  θ 5 + 3 cos θ
z2 −3 + 2i −3 − 2i 9 − (2i) 2 2 sin  1 + 3 cos 
2
2  1 + 3 cos 2 
2 2  2
z1 −2  23   −2 −23 
= −i  =  , 
z2 13  13   13 13  1 1 3 − 7 i 3 − 7i
20. (c) = . =
3 + 7i 3 + 7i 3 − 7 i 9+7
1 + 2i 1 + 2i 1 + i −1 3
15. (b) z = ⇒z = × = +i 3 − 7i 3 7
1− i 1− i 1+ i 2 2 = = − i.
This complex number will lie in the II quadrant. 16 16 16

16. (b) ( x + iy )1/ 3 = a − ib (1 + i) (2 + i) 1 + 3i 3 − i 3 + 4 i

21. (c) z = = × = ⇒ | z| = 1
(3 + i) 3 +i 3 −i 5
x + iy = (a − ib)3 = (a 3 − 3ab2 ) + i(b3 − 3a 2b)
| z1 | | z 2 | 2. 5
⇒ x = a3 − 3ab2 , y = b3 − 3a 2b Short Trick: | z | = = =1
| z3 | 10
x y
⇒ = a 2 − 3b 2 , = b 2 − 3a 2 22. (d) 0 < x 1 < x 2 , y 1 = y 2 (Given)
a b

∴
x y
− = a 2 − 3b 2 − b 2 + 3a 2 ⇒ | z1 | = x12 + y12 , | z2 | = x22 + y22
a b
| z1 + z2 |
x y ⇒ | z2 | > | z1 | ⇒ | z3 | =
− = 4(a 2 − b 2 ) = k (a 2 − b 2 ) 2
a b
2 2
∴ k =4.  x + x2   y1 + y2 
⇒ =  1  + 
 2   2 
17. (c) Given that ( x + i y) (1 − 2 i) = 1 + i
2
1+ i  x1 + x2 
1− i ⇒   + y1 < | z2 | > | z1 | .
2
⇒ x−i y = ⇒ x+i y =  2 
1+ 2 i 1− 2 i
Hence, | z1 | < | z3 | < | z2 |
2 − 3i (2 − 3i )(4 + i ) 8 + 3 − 12i + 2i
18. (b) = =
4−i (4 − i )(4 + i ) 16 + 1 1− i 1− i
23. (a) z = × =−i
1+ i 1− i
11 − 10i
=  −1  π
17 ⇒ θ = tan −1   = −
 
0 2
11 + 10i
⇒ Conjugate = . (Since z lies on negative imaginary axis)
17

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Complex Numbers 57
π π 28. (c) Let z = x + iy , then its conjugate z = x − iy
24. (c) sin + i (1 − cos )
5 5
Given that z 2 = ( z ) 2
π π π
= 2 sin .cos + i 2 sin 2 ⇒ x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy = x 2 − y 2 − 2ixy ⇒ 4 ixy = 0
10 10 10
If x ≠ 0 then y = 0 and if y ≠ 0 then x = 0
π  π π 
= 2 sin  cos + i sin 
10  10 10  29. (d) Let z = x + iy, so that z = x − iy, therefore
π z 2 + z = 0 ⇔ ( x 2 − y 2 + x ) + i (2 xy − y ) = 0
sin
For amplitude, tan θ = 10 = tan π ⇒ θ = π . Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
π 10 10
cos x2 − y2 + x = 0 . . . (i)
10
1
and 2 xy − y = 0 ⇒ y = 0 or x =
5π 2
25. (c) z = 4 and arg z = = 150º ,
6 If y = 0 , then (i) gives x 2 + x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = −1
Let z = x + iy , then z = r = x + y = 4
2 2
1
If x = ,
2
5π
and θ = = 150º 1 1 3 3
6 Then x 2 − y 2 + x = 0 ⇒ y 2 = + = ⇒y =±
4 2 4 2
∴ x = r cos θ = 4 cos150º = − 2 3 Hence, there are four solutions in all.
1
and y = r sin θ = 4 sin 150º = 4 ⋅ = 2. (2 + i)2 3 + 4 i 3 − i 13 9
2 30. (c) z = = × = +i
3+i 3 + i 3 − i 10 10
∴ z = x + i y = −2 3 + 2i. 13 9
Conjugate = −i .
5π 10 10
Since arg z = = 150º , here the complex number must
6
31. (b)| z 1 + z 2 | 2 + | z 1 − z 2 | 2
lie in second quadrant, So (a) and (b) rejected.
= (x 1 + x 2 )2 + (y1 + y 2 )2 + (x 1 − x 2 )2 + (y1 − y 2 )2
Also, z = 4 , which satisfies c. only.
= 2( x 12 ) + 2(y12 ) + 2(x 22 ) + 2(y 22 ) = 2 | z 1 | 2 +2 | z 2 | 2
26. (d) | z | ω | = 1 . . .(i)
2 2
 z π z z 32. (b) z + = 2 ⇒| z | − ≤ 2 ⇒| z | 2 −2 | z | −2 ≤ 0
and arg   = ⇒ =i ⇒ =1 . . .(ii) z | z|
ω
  2 ω ω
From equation (i) and (ii), | z | = | ω | = 1 2± 4+8
| z |≤ ≤ 1± 3 .
2
z z
and + = 0; zω + z ω = 0 Hence max. value of | z | is 1 + 3
ω ω
−z 33. (a) Let z 1 = a + ib = (a, b ) and z 2 = c − id = (c,−d )
⇒ z ω = − zω = ωω
ω Where a > 0 and d > 0 . . . (i)
⇒ z ω = −i | ω |2 = −i. Then | z 1 | =| z 2 | ⇒ a + b = c + d
2 2 2 2

27. (d) sin x + i cos 2 x and cos x − i sin 2 x are conjugate to each z 1 + z 2 (a + ib) + (c − id)
Now =
other if sin x = cos x and cos 2 x = sin 2 x z 1 − z 2 (a + ib) − (c − id)

or tan x = 1 [(a + c) + i(b − d )][(a − c) − i(b + d )]

=
π 5π 9π [(a − c) + i(b + d )][(a − c) − i(b + d )]
⇒ x= , , ,...... . . . (i)
4 4 4 (a 2 + b 2 ) − (c 2 + d 2 ) − 2(ad + bc )i
=
and tan 2 x = 1 a 2 + c 2 − 2 ac + b 2 + d 2 + 2bd
π 5π 9π −(ad + bc )i
⇒ 2x = , , ,........ [using (i)]
4 4 4 a + b 2 − ac + bd
2

π 5π 9π (z 1 + z 2 )
∴ is purely imaginary.
or x= , , ....... . . . (ii) (z 1 − z 2 )
8 8 8

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58 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
(z 1 + z 2 ) 39. (d) Let z 1 = r1 (cos θ 1 + i sin θ 1 ) , z 2 = r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )
However if ad + bc = 0 , then will be equal to
(z 1 − z 2 )
∴ | z1 + z 2 | = [(r1 cos θ 1 + r2 cos θ 2 )2
zero. According to the conditions of the equation, we can
+ (r2 sinθ 1 + r2 sin θ 2 )2 ]1 / 2
have ad + bc = 0
Assume any two complex numbers satisfying both = [r12 + r22 + 2r1 r2 cos(θ 1 − θ 2 )]1 / 2 = [(r1 + r2 )2 ]1 / 2
conditions i.e., z 1 ≠ z 2 and | z 1 | =| z 2 | (∵| z1 + z 2 | =| z 1 | + | z 2 |)
z1 + z 2 3 −i Therefore cos(θ 1 − θ 2 ) = 1 ⇒ θ 1 − θ 2 = 0 ⇒ θ 1 = θ 2
Let z 1 = 2 + i, z 2 = 1 − 2i, ∴ = = −i
z 1 − z 2 1 + 3i Thus arg (z 1 ) − arg(z 2 ) = 0 .
Hence the result. | z 1 + z 2 | =| z 1 | + | z 2 | ⇒ z 1 , z 2 lies on same straight line.
34. (a) If | z 1 | = 1 and | z 2 | = 1, then | z 1 z 2 | =| z 1 || z 2 | = 1 .1 = 1 ∴ arg z1 = arg z2 ⇒ arg z1 − arg z2 = 0

1
35. (b) Given that z = ⇒ z z = 1 ⇒ | z | 2 = 1 ⇒| z | = 1 40 (a) z = 5 ,∴ 3 − 4i
z
 5+3 5−3 
36. (b) Let z = r(cos θ + i sin θ ) . = ± −i  = ± (2 − i)
 2 2 
2 
1 1
Then z + =1 ⇒ z + =1
z z 41 (a) z = 2i = a + b i ⇒ a = 0, b = 2,| z |= 2
2
1  2+0 2−0 
⇒ r(cos θ + i sin θ ) + (cos θ − i sin θ ) = 1 . ∴ z = ± +i  = ±(1 + i )
r  2 2 

2 2
 1  1 It is always better to square the options rather than finding
⇒  r +  cos θ +  r −  sin θ = 1
2 2

 r   r the square root.

1
⇒ r2 + + 2 cos 2θ = 1
r2 42. (c) Here −1 + −3 = reiθ

Since | z | = r is maximum, therefore

dr
=0
⇒ −1 + i 3 = reiθ = r cos θ + ir sin θ
dθ Equating real and imaginary part,
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. θ , we get
We get r cos θ = −1 and r sin θ = 3
dr 2 dr
2r − − 4 sin 2θ = 0 Hence tan θ = − 3
dθ r 3 dθ
π 2π 2π
Putting
dr
= 0 ,we get sin 2θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 or ⇒ tan θ = tan ⇒θ= .
dθ 2 3 3
⇒ z is purely imaginary or purely real. iθ
43. (a) ee = e(cos θ + i sin θ ) = ecos θ . ei sin θ
( ∵θ = 0 is not given)
 3 + 2i   3 + 2i  3 + 2i  = e cos θ [cos(i sin θ ) + i sin(sin θ )]
37. (a)  =   iθ
 3 − 2i   3 − 2i  3 + 2i  ∴ Real part of e e is ecos θ [cos(sin θ )] .
9 − 4 + 12 i 5  12 
= = + i  44. (a) Let x = cos θ + i sin θ = eiθ
13 13  13 
1 1
 5 
2
 12 
2
then x n + = ei n θ + i n θ = ei n θ + e −inθ
Modulus =   +  =1 . xn e
 13   13 
= cos nθ + i sin n θ + cos n θ − i sin n θ = 2 cos n θ .
38. (a)| z | = 1 ⇒| x + i y | = 1 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 1
45. (b) Let A = i i then log A = log i i = i log i
z − 1 (x − 1) + i y ( x + 1) − i y
ω= = ×
z + 1 ( x + 1) + i y ( x + 1) − i y ⇒ log A = i log(0 + i)
( x 2 + y 2 − 1) 2i y 2i y ⇒ log A = i[log1 + iπ / 2] (∵ (i) = 1 and arg (i ) = π / 2)
= + =
(x + 1)2 + y 2 (x + 1)2 + y 2 (x + 1)2 + y 2 log A = i[0 + iπ / 2] = −π / 2
(∵ x 2 + y 2 = 1) ⇒ A = e −π / 2 .
∴ Re (ω ) = 0 . 46. (a) It is a fundamental concept.

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Complex Numbers 59
47. (a) Let OA, OB be the sides of an equilateral ∆ OAB and 51. (b) Let z = x + iy z + iz = ( x − y ) + i ( x + y ) , iz = − y + ix
OA,OB represent the complex numbers or vectors z1,z2 If A denotes the area of the triangle formed by z, z + iz and iz,
respectively.
1 x y 1
Y B(Z2) then A = x− y x+ y 1
2 −y x 1
Z2 Z2– Z1 (Applying transformation R2 → R2 − R1 − R3 )
π
Z1 A(Z1) 1 x y 1
3 We get A = 0 0 −1
O X 2 −y x 0




From the equilateral ∆ OAB, AB = Z 2 − Z1 1 2 1
= ( x + y 2 ) = | z |2 .
z −z  π 2 2
∴ arg  2 1  = arg ( z2 − z1 ) − argz2 =
z
 2  3 z − 1 x + iy − 1 ( x 2 + y 2 − 1) + 2iy
52. (c) We have = =
z  π z + 1 x + iy + 1 ( x + 1) 2 + y 2
and arg  2  = arg ( z2 ) − arg ( z1 ) =
 z1  3 z −1 2y
⇒ arg = tan −1 2
z +1 x + y2 −1
z2 − z1 z
Also, = 1 = 2 , since triangle is equilateral. 2y π
z2 z1 Hence tan −1 =
x2 + y2 − 1 3
z2 − z1 z2
Thus the vectors and have same modulus and 2y π
z2 z1 ⇒ = tan = 3
x2 + y 2 − 1 3
same argument, which implies that the vectors are equal,
z2 − z1 z2 2
that is = ⇒ z1 z2 − z12 = z22 ⇒ x2 + y 2 − 1 = y
z2 z1 3

⇒ z12 + z22 = z1 z2 . 2
⇒ x2 + y2 − y − 1 = 0 , which is obviously a circle.
3
48. (c) It is a fundamental concept.
53. (a) log1 / 3 | z + 1| > log1 / 3 | z − 1|
A(z1)
49. (d) ⇒ | z + 1| < | z − 1|
⇒ x2 + 1 + 2x + y 2 < x2 + 1 − 2x + y 2
⇒ x<0
90°
B(z2) C(z3) ⇒ Re( z ) < 0.
BC = AC and ∠C = π / 2
54. (a) tan(α + i β ) = x + iy
By rotation about C in anticlockwise sense CB = CAe iπ / 2
∴ tan(α − i β ) = x − iy (conjugate)
⇒ ( z2 − z3 ) = ( z1 − z3 )eiπ / 2 = i( z1 − z3 )
α is a constant and β is known to be eliminated
⇒ ( z2 − z3 ) 2 = −( z1 − z3 ) 2
tan 2α = tan(α + i β + α − i β )
⇒ z22 + z32 − 2 z2 z3 = − z12 − z32 + 2 z1 z3
x + iy + x − iy
⇒ z12 + z22 − 2 z1 z2 = 2 z1 z3 + 2 z2 z3 − 2 z32 − 2 z1 z2 ⇒ tan 2α =
1 − (x2 + y2 )
⇒ ( z1 − z2 ) 2 = 2[( z1 z3 − z32 ) − ( z1 z2 − z2 z3 )] ⇒ 1 − ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 2 x cot 2α
⇒ ( z1 − z2 ) = 2( z1 − z3 ) ( z3 − z2 ).
2
∴ x 2 + y 2 + 2 x cot 2α = 1.

50. (b) Let z1 = 1 + 3i, z2 = 5 + i and z3 = 3 + 2i . 1− i 1− i  π  π

55. (b) × = −i = cos  −  + i sin  − 
1 x1 y1 1 11 3 1 1+ i 1− i  2  2
Then area of triangle A = x2 y2 1 = 5 1 1 = 0,
2 x3 y3 1 23 2 1 ⇒ ( − i )100 = cos( − 50π ) + i sin( − 50π ) = 1 + i (0)

Hence z1 , z2 and z3 are collinear. ⇒ a = 1, b = 0

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60 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

 π π 62. (b) Let z = e e

− iθ
= e cos θ − i sin θ = e cos θ e −i sin θ
56. (c) x1 . x2 . x3 ..... upto ∞ =  cos + i sin 
 2 2 z = e cos θ [cos(sin θ ) − i sin(sin θ )]
 π π  π π  π π  z = e cos θ cos(sin θ ) − ie cos θ sin(sin θ )
 cos 2 + i sin 2  .... cos  + 2 + ... + i sin  + 2 + ....
 2 2  2 2  2 2   e cos θ sin(sin θ ) 
amp (z ) = tan −1 − cos θ 
 π   π   e cos(sin θ ) 
 2   2 
= cos   + i sin   = cos π + i sin π = −1 = tan −1 [tan( − sin θ )] = − sin θ .
 1 − 1   1 − 1 
 2  2 1+i 3 1+i 3 3 −i
63. (c) z = ⇒z= ×
57. (c) (3 + 5ω + 3ω ) + (3 + 3ω + 5ω )
2 2 2 2 3 +i 3 +i 3 −i

= (3 + 3ω + 3ω 2 + 2ω ) 2 + (3 + 3ω + 3ω 2 + 2ω 2 ) 2 3 + 3i − i + 3 2( 3 + i)
⇒ z= =
3 +1 4
= ( 2ω ) + (2ω 2 ) 2 = 4ω 2 + 4ω 4 = 4(−1) = − 4
2

3 +i  π π
⇒ z= = cos + i sin 
(∵1 + ω + ω 2 = 0, ω 3 = 1) 2  6 6
π π
58. (c) Given equation is Now z = cos − i sin
6 6
334 365
 1 3  1 3 100
4 + 5− +i  + 3− + i   π π
 2 2   2 2  ⇒ (z )100 = cos − i sin 
   6 6
= 4 + 5ω334 + 3ω365 = 4 + 5ω + 3ω 2 ⇒
50 π 50 π 2π 2π
(z )100 = cos − i sin = cos − i sin
3 3 3 3
 −1 + i 3 
= 1 + 2w = 1 + 2   = i 3 (z )100 lies in III quadrant.
 2 
3 ± 3−4
59. (a) 2(ω + 1) (ω 2 + 1) + 3(2ω + 1) (2ω 2 + 1) + ..... 64. (d) x 2 − 3 x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x =
2
n
+ ( n + 1) ( nω + 1)( nω 2 + 1) = ∑ (r + 1)(rω + 1)(rω
r =1
2
+ 1)
⇒ x=
3 ±i
=
3 i
±
2 2 2
n
π  π 
= ∑ (r + 1) (r 2 ω 3 + rω +rω 2 + 1) ⇒ x = cos   + i sin  [Taking +ve sign]
r =1 6 6
n
 5 
= ∑ (r + 1) (r 2 − r + 1)  +1
−1  5 i  −1  5 i
r =1 65. (c) tan   = i tan   = log 3 
3 3 2  5 
n  −1 
= ∑ (r 3 − r 2 + r + r 2 − r + 1)  3 
r =1
  5i   1 1
2 Im tan −1    = log 4 = . 2 log 2 = log 2 .
n n
 n(n + 1)    3  2 2
= ∑ (r 3 ) + ∑ (1) =   + n.
r =1 r =1  2   x −i z  x −i
66. (b) Let z = i log   ⇒ = log 
 x + i  i  x + i
60. (b) Given equation x 4 − 1 = 0
⇒
z x−i x−i  x 2 − 1 − 2 ix 
( x 2 − 1) ( x 2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ = log  ×  = log  
i x+i x−i  x + 1 
2

⇒ x 2 = 1 and x 2 = −1 ⇒ x = ±1,±i
z  x2 − 1 2x 
1 ⇒ = log  2 −i 2  . . . (i)
3   π π i x + 1 x + 1
61. (c) 1 + i 3 = 2 + i = 2 cos + i sin  = 2 e iπ / 3 
2 2   3 3
 
∵ log(a + ib) = log( reiθ ) = log r + iθ
iπ / 3 9 i(3 π )
∴ (1 + i 3 ) = (2e
9
) = 2 .e
9

= log a 2 + b 2 + i tan −1 (b / a)
= 2 (cos 3π + i sin 3π ) = −2 9
9

2 2
∴ a + ib = (1 + i 3 )9 = −2 9 z  x 2 − 1   −2 x  −1  −2 x 
Hence, = log  2  +  2  + i tan  2 
∴ b =0 .
i  x + 1   x + 1   x −1 

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Complex Numbers
n
61
[by eq . (i)] NCERT Exemplar Problems
z x + 1 − 2x + 4 x
4 2 2
 2x  More than One Answer
= log + i tan −1  
i (x + 1)
2 2
1− x2  71. (a, b, c) Since, z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id
−1
= log 1 + i (2 tan x) ⇒ | z1 |2 = a 2 + b 2 = 1 and | z2 |2 = c 2 + d 2 = 1 . . .(i)
−1
= 0 + i (2 tan x) (∵| z1 |=| z2 |= 1)
−1 −1
∴ z = i 2 tan x = −2 tan x = π − 2 tan −1 x .
2
Also, Re( z1 z2 ) = 0 ⇒ ac + bd = 0
67. (c) e iA .e iB .e iC = e iA +iB+iC = e i( A + B + C ) = e iπ a d
⇒ = − = λ (say) . . .(ii)
[∴ A + B + C = π ] b c
= cos π + i sin π = (−1) + i(0) = −1 . From Eqs. (i) and (ii), b 2 λ 2 + b 2 = c 2 + λ 2 c 2

7 − i 3 + 4i ⇒ b 2 = c 2 and a 2 = d 2
68. (d) z = ×
3 − 4i 3 + 4i Also, given w1 = a + ic and w2 = b + id
21 + 25 i + 4 25 (1 + i)
= = = (1 + i) Now, | w1 |= a 2 + c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 1
16 + 9 25
z 14 = (1 + i)14 = [(1 + i)2 ]7 = (2i)7 = 2 7 i7 = −2 7 i . | w2 |= b 2 + d 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 1
and Re( w1w2 ) = ab + cd = (bλ )b + c( −λ c) [From Eq. (i)]
69. (a)
= λ (b 2 − c 2 ) = 0
C a'
a
|z – c| = R 72. (a, d) Given, | z1 |=| z2 |,
z1 + z2 z1 − z2 z z −z z +z z −z z
Now, × = 1 1 1 2 2 21 2 2
Let a' be the inverse point of a with respect to the circle z1 − z 2 z1 − z2 | z1 − z2 |
| z − c |= R, then by definition the points c, a, a' are
| z1 |2 + ( z2 z1 − z1 z2 ) − | z2 |2 z z −zz
collinear. = = 2 1 1 22
| z1 − z2 | 2
| z1 − z 2 |
We have, arg (a '− c) = arg (a − c) = − arg (a − c )
(∵| z1 |2 =| z2 |2 )
(∵ argz = −argz )
As, we know z − z = 2i Im( z )
⇒ arg (a '− c) + arg (a − c ) = 0
∴ z2 z1 − z1 z2 = 2i Im( z2 z1 ) z 2 z1 - z1 z 2 = 2i Im (z 2 z1 )
⇒ arg{(a '− c)(a − c )} = 0
z1 + z2 2i Im( z2 z1 )
∴ (a '− c)(a − c ) is purely real and positive. ∴ =
z1 − z2 | z1 − z2 |2
By definition | a '− c || a − c | = R 2 (∵ CP. CQ = r 2 )
Which is purely imaginary or zero.
⇒ | a '− c || a − c | = R 2 (∵| z | =| z |)
(1 − t ) z1 + t z 2
⇒ | ( a '− c )( a − c ) | = R 2 73. (a, c, d) Given, z =
(l − t ) + t
⇒ ( a '− c )( a − c ) = R 2 A P B
{∵ (a '− c)(a − c ) is purely real and positive} z1 z z2
t : (1–t)
2
R Clearly, z divides z1 and z2 in the ration of
⇒ a '− c = . Therefore, the inverse point a' of a point
a −c t : (1 − t ), 0 < t < 1
R2
a, a ' = c + . ⇒ AP + BP = AB ie, z − z1 + z − z2 = z1 − z2
a −c
⇒ Option (a) is true.
z oz and arg( z − z1 ) = arg( z2 − z ) = arg( z2 − z1 )
70. (b) Projection of z1 on z2 = 1 2
| z2 |
⇒ (b) is false and (d) is true. Also, arg( z − z1 ) = arg( z2 − z1 )
a1 a2 + b1b2 1
= = .  z − z1 
a22 + b22 10 ⇒ arg  =0
 z2 − z1 

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62 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
z − z1  − ( z 2 − z3 )  π
∴ is purely real. and z3 − z4 = z2 − z1 amp  =
z2 − z1  z3 − z 4  2
z − z1 z − z1 z − z1 z − z1 z −z  π
⇒ = or =0 ⇒ amp  2 3  = .
z2 − z1 z2 − z1 z2 − z1 z2 − z1
 z4 − z3  2
74. (c, d) It is the simple representation of points on argand ∴ ABCD is rectangle and cyclic quadrilateral (∵ A+C=180°)
plane and to find the angle between the points.
76. (a, b, c) Since z1 and z2 lie on | z |= 1 and | z |= 2,
n
 π π nπ nπ then | z1 |= 1 and | z 2 |= 2
Here, P = W n =  cos + i sin  = cos + i sin
 6 6 6 6
(a) | 2 z1 + z2 |≤ 2 | z1 | + | z2 |= 2 ⋅1 + 2 ≤ 4
 1 max | 2 z1 + z2 |= 4
H1 =  Z ∈ C : Re( z ) > 
 2
(b) | z1 − z2 |≥|| z1 | − | z2 ||=|1 − 2 |= 1
nπ
∴ P ∩ H1 represents those points for which cos is +ve ∴ | z1 − z2 |≥ 1 min | z1 − z2 |= 1
6
∴ It belongs to I or IV quadrant 1 1 1
(c) z 2 + ≥| z 2 | + =| z2 | + = 2 +1 = 3
π π z1 z1 | z1 |
⇒ z1 = P ∩ H1 = cos + i sin
6 6 1
∴ z2 + ≤ 3.
11π 11π z1
Or cos + i sin
6 6
77. (a, c, d) α z 2 + z + α = 0
3 i 3 i
∴ z1 = + or − . . .(i) Let z = α be a real root,
2 2 2 2
− 3 1
Then α a 2 + a + α = 0 . . .(i)
 3 1
 2 2  2 Z1 
 2 2  and let α = p + iq
, Z ,
   
∴ ( p + iq )a 2 + α + p − iq = 0
( −1, 0) Z 2
O ⇒ pa 2 + a + p = 0 and a 2 q − q = 0
 − 3 −1   3 −1 
 ,  Z2 Z1 
 2 2 
, ∴ a = ±1 (∵ q ≠ 0)
 2 2   
∴ From (i) α ± 1 + α = 0 Also | a |= 1.
nπ
Similarly, z2 = P ∩ H 2 i.e., those points for which cos <0
6 78. (a, b) a0 z 4 + a1 z 3 + a2 z 2 + a3 z + a4 = 0
5π 5π cos 7π 7x Taking conjugate on both sides.
∴ z2 = cos π + i sin π , cos + i sin , + i sin
6 6 6 6 a0 ( z ) 4 + a1 ( z )3 + a2 ( z ) 2 + a3 ( z ) + a4 = 0
− 3 i − 3 i ∴ z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 are the roots of the equation if z1 is real, then
⇒ z2 = −1, + , −
2 2 2 2
z1 = z1 and is z1 if non real, then z1 is also root because
2π 5π
Thus, ∠z1Oz2 = , ,π imaginary roots occur in conjugate pair.
3 6
2 − i (2 − i )(3 − i ) 5 + 5i 1 i
z −z  π 79. (b, c, d) = = = −
75. (c, d) amp  4 1  = but z1 − z4 = z2 − z3 3+i 10 10 2 2
 z2 − z1  2 1 1
ie,  , −  and z (1 + i ) = z (i − 1)
D ( z4 ) C ( z3 ) 2 2
⇒ ( z + z ) + i( z − z ) = 0
z+z  z−z 
⇒   + i =0
 2   2 
π /2 ⇒ x + i (iy ) = 0 ( z = x + iy )
B ( z2 )
A( z1 )
⇒ x− y =0

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Complex Numbers 63

Reflection of  , −  w.r.t. y = x is  − ,   y y y
1 1 1 1
∴
   2 2  
2 2 83. (b) It is easy to show A =  y y y  = O
2

1 i −1 + i  y y y
ie. − + = [Alternate (b)]  
2 2 2
Where y = 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0.
i + i i (i + 1)
2
= = [Alternate (c)] ∴ Assertion is true. Using C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ,
2 2
i (1 + i ) 2 i (1 + i 2 + 2i ) 1 ω ω2 1 ω ω2
= =
2(1 + i ) 2(1 + i ) We get ∆ = x 1 x + ω 2 1 = x 0 x + ω2 − ω 1−ω2
−1 1 1 x +ω 0 1− ω x + ω −ω2
i2
= = [Alternate (d)]
1 + i 1+ i = x[( x + ω − ω )( x + ω − ω 2 ) − (1 − ω )(1 − ω 2 )]
2

80. (b, c) z 3 + (1 + i ) z 2 + (1 + i ) z + i = 0 = x[ x 2 − (ω − ω 2 ) 2 − {1 − ω − ω 2 + 1}] = x3

⇒ z 2 ( z + i) + ( z + i ) + ( z + i) = 0 ∴ Reason is also true but is not the correct reason for the
Assertion.
⇒ ( z + i )( z 2 + z + 1) = 0
84. (a) For Reason, note that ω k = ω k = 1 if k is a multiple of 3,
⇒ ( z + i )( z − ω )( z − ω 2 ) = 0
and if k is not a multiple of 3, then one of ω k , ω k equal ω
∴ z = −i, ω , ω 2
and other equals ω2. Next, note that roots of z 2 − z + 1 = 0
Now in z1993 + z1994 + 1 put z = −i, ω , ω 2
are –ω and −ω 2 = −ω = −1/ ω.
Then (−i )1993 + (−i )1994 + 1 = −i − 1 + 1 = −i ≠ 0
Now, use ( z k + z − k ) 2 = [(−ω ) k + (ω k )]2
and (ω )1993 + ω1994 + 1 = ω + ω 2 + 1 = 0
1 if k is not a multiple of 3
and (ω 2 )1993 + (ω 2 )1994 + 1 = ω 2 + ω + 1 = 0 =
4 if k is a multiple of 3
Hence ωand ω2 are common roots. 2
4 4
85. (d) f (θ ) 2 = = =
Assertion and Reason (3 + sin θ ) 2 + cos 2 θ 10 + 6sin θ 5 + 3sin θ
81. (a) 0 ≤| z1 + z2 + z3 |2 ∴ f(θ)2 is maximum when cos θ = −1,

⇒ 0 ≤| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + | z3 |2 +2 Re( z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 ) and minimum when cos θ = 1. Thus, 1/ 2 ≤ f (θ ) ≤ 1.

⇒ Re( z 2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z 2 ) ≥ 3 / 2 [∵| z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 | = 1] Comprehension Based

Next, | z 2 − z3 | + | z3 − z1 | + | z1 − z2 |
2 2 2
y
86. (b)
= 2(| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + | z3 |2 ) − 2 Re( z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 ) P
≤ 2(1 + 1 + 1) + 2(3/ 2) = 9 (0, 2 )
(2, 1)
Maximum value is obtained when z1 = 1, z2 = ω , z3 = ω , 2 y=1

where ω is a cube root of unity. x' x

( 2 , 0)
82. (c) Suppose | z | < 1 and z 7 + 2 x + 3 = 0,
y'
Then 3 = | −3 | = | z 7 + 2 z | ≤ | z 7 | +2 | z |
Let z = x + iy
⇒ 3 ≤ | z |7 +2 | z | < 1 + 2(1) = 3.
Set A corresponds to the region y ≥ 1 . . .(i)
A contradiction. Next, suppose that |z| ≥ 3/2 and z6 + 2z
Set B consists of points lying on the circle, centre at (2, 1)
+ 3 = 0 then ω 1/z satisfies the equation 1 + 2ω 6 + 3ω 7 = 0 and radius 3.
Now, 1 = |–1| =| 2ω6 + 3ω 7 |≥ 2 | ω |6 +3| ω7 . A contradiction. i.e., x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2 y = 4 . . .(ii)
7
Thus if z satisfies the equation z + 2z + 3 = 0 then
Set C consists of points lying on the x + y = 2 . . .(iii)
1 ≤ |z| < 3/2. eason is false, as the given relation implies z3
Clearly, there is only one point of intersection of the line
– 3z2 + 1 = 0 which is satisfied by just 3 values of z where
as 1 < |z|≤ 3/2 contains infinite number of points. x + y = 2 and circle x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2 y = 4

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64 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

87. (c) | z + 1 − i |2 + | z − 5 − i |2 92. (a) (A) z is equidistant from the points i | z | and

= ( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 1)2 + ( x − 5) 2 + ( y − 1)2 −i | z |, whose perpendicular bisector is Im( z ) = 0.

(B) Sum of distance of z from (4, 0) and (–4, 0) is a constant
= 2( x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2 y ) + 28
10, hence locus of z is ellipse with semi-major axis 5 and
= 2(4) + 28 (∵ x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2 y = 4) = 36 focus at (±4, 0), ae = 4.

88. (d) ∴ e = 4/5

y
1 5
(C) | z |≤| w | + = <3
w 2
150°
x 1
O
(4, 0)
(D) | z |≤| w | + =2
w
y = −3 x ∴ Re( z ) ≤| z |≤ 2

Since, | w − (2 + i ) |< 3 93. (b) (A) Plan eiθ ⋅ eiα = ei (θ +α )

⇒ | w | − | 2 + i |< 3 2 kπ  2π 
i i  (k + j )
Given Z k = e 10 ⇒ Z k ⋅ Z j = e  10 
⇒ −3 + 5 <| w |< 3 + 5
th
Z k is 10 root of unity.
⇒ −3 − 5 < − | w |< 3 − 5 Also, | z − (2 + i ) |= 3
⇒ Z k will also be 10th root of unity.
⇒ −3 + 5 ≤| z |≤ 3 + 5
Taking Z j as Z k , we have Z k ⋅ Z 2 = 1 (True)
∴ −3 <| z | − | w | +3 < 9
eiθ
89. (b) Since, S = S1 ∩ S 2 ∩ S3 (B) Plan = ei (θ −α )
eiα
Clearly, the shaded region represents the area of sector  2 kπ 2π  π
i − i ( k −1)
5π 20π 10 10 
∴
1 1
S = r 2θ = × 4 2 × = z = zk / z1 = e  =e 5

2 2 6 3 π
i
For k = 2; z = e 5 which is in the given set (False)
90. (c) min |1 − 3i − z | = perpendicular distance of point (1, –3)
Z ∈S (C) Plan
From the line 3x + y = 0 1 − cos 2θ = 2 sin 2 θ
| 3 −3| 3− 3 sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ and
⇒ =
3 +1 2 5 −1
cos 36° =
4
Match the Column
5 +1
91. (a) (A) |z – 1| = |z – i| cos108° =
4
Hence, it lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line
|1 − z1 ||1 − z2 | ... |1 − z9 |
joining (1,0) and (0,1) which is a straight line passing
10
through the origin.
2π k 2π k
(B) | z + z | + | z − z |= 2 Note: |1 − zk |= 1 − cos − i sin
10 10
⇒ | x | + | y |= 1
πk πk πk
Hence z lie on a square = 2sin sin − i cos
10 10 10
(C) Let z = x+ iy | z + z | + | z − z | ⇒ | 2 x | + | 2iy |
πk
⇒ | x | + | y |⇒ x = ±y = 2 sin
10
Hence, the locus of z is a pair of straight lines
Now, required product is
(D) Let z = 2/z
π 2π 3π 8π 9π
2 2 2 29 sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin ...sin ⋅ sin
Then | z |= = = =2 10 10 10 10 10
z |z| 1 10

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Complex Numbers 65
2
 π 2π 3π 4π  5π ≥ | z − 3 − 2i | −
9 9 5
≥ 2− ≥
29  sin sin sin sin  sin
2 2 2
= 
10 10 10 10  10
10 5 5
2
⇒ z −3+ i ≥
 π π 2π 2π  2 2
29  sin cos ⋅ sin cos ⋅1
 10 10 10 10  or | 2 z − 6 + 5i |≥ 5
=
10 i
2π

2 95. (3) Printing error, ω = e 3

1 π 1 2π 
29  sin ⋅ sin
5  | x |2 + | y |2 + | z |2
= 
2 5 2 Then, =3
10 | a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2

25 (sin 36° ⋅ sin 72°) 2 Note: Here, ω = ei 2π / 3 , then only integer solution exists.
=
10
96. (216) The absolute value of 8 z2 z3 + 27 z3 z1 + 64 z1 z2
25
= (2sin 36° sin 72°) 2 = 8 z 2 z3 + 27 z3 z1 + 64 z1 z2
22 ×10
22 8 27 64
= (cos 36° − cos108°) 2 = z1 z 2 z3 + +
5 z1 z2 z3
2 8 z1 27 z 2 64 z3
22  5 − 1   5 + 1   = z1 z 2 z3 + +
=   +    z1 z1 z 2 z2 z3 z3
5  4   4  
8 z1 27 z2 64 z3
22 5 = z1 z 2 z3 + +
=⋅ =1 z1
2
z2
2
z3
3
5 4
(D) Sum of nth roots of unity = 0 8 z1 27 z2 64 z3
= z1 z 2 z3 + +
1 + α + α 2 + α 3 + ... + α 9 = 0 4 9 16
9 = z1 z 2 z3 2 z1 + 3z2 + 4 z3
1+ ∑α
k =1
k
=0
= z1 z 2 z3 2 z1 + 3z2 + 4 z3
9
2kπ 2kπ = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 9 = 216
1+ ∑  cos 10 + i sin
10

=0

k =1 97. (144) Let z = (a + bω + cω 2 )
9
2kπ
1+ ∑ cos 10
k =1
=0 ∴ z = (a + bω + cω 2 ) = (a + bω + cω 2 ) = (a + bω 2 + cω )
and zz = (a + bω + cω 2 ) = (a + bω 2 + cω )
9
2kπ
So, 1 − ∑ cos 10
k =1
=2 = (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca)
1
= {(a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2 }
2
Integer
2 1
94. (5) Given, | z − 3 − 2i |≤ 2 . . .(i) or z = {(a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2 }
2
To find minimum of | 2 z − 6 + 5i |
∴ a + bω + cω 2 + a + bω 2 + cω = z + z = z + z = 2 z
5
or 2 z − 3 + i , using triangle inequality 1
2 = 2⋅ (a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2
2
i.e., || z1 | − | z2 ||≤| z1 + z2 |
= 2 (a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a 2 ) ≥ 2 (12 + 12 + 2 2 )
5 5
∴ z − 3 + i = z − 3 − 2i + 2i + i = 12 = (144)1/ 2
3 2
(∵ a, b, c are distinct integers, minimum value of
9
= ( z − 3 − 2i) + i (a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a ) 2 = 12 + 12 + 2 2 = 6)
2

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66 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

∴ a + bω + cω 2 + a + bω 2 + cω ≥ (144)1/ 4
10
 2qπ 2qπ 
99. (1648) ∑  sin
q =1 11
− i cos 
11 
∴ Minimum value of a + bω + cω 2 + a + bω 2 + cω = (144)1/ 4
  2qπ
10
  2qπ 
∴ n = 144 = −i ∑  cos   + i sin  
q =1   11   11 
98. (48) Let z − α = k . . .(i) 10  10 
= −i ∑ e 2 qπ /11 = −i  ∑ e 2 qπ i /11 − 1
(where α =a + ib and a,b,k∈R) be a circle which cuts the q =1  q =1 
circle z = 1 . . .(ii) = −i (sum of 11, 11th roots of unity –1) = −i(0 − 1) = i
and z −1 = 4 . . .(iii)  10 
4p
2qπ  2qπ   
( 3 p + 2 )  ∑  sin  
32

2
∴ ∑  − i cos  
orthogonally, then k 2 + 1 = α − 0 = αα p =1  q =1   11   11   
2 32 32
and k 2 + 16 = α − 1 = (α − 1)(α − 1) = αα − (α + α ) + 1 = ∑ ( 3 p + 2 ) (i ) 4 p = ∑ ( 3 p + 2 )
p =1 p =1
or 1 − (α + α ) − 15 = 0 or α + α = −14 or 2a = −14
32 32
3 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 23
⇒ a = −7 = 3∑ p + 2 ∑1 = + 2 ⋅ 32 = 1648
p =1 p =1 2
⇒ α = a + ib = −7 + ib
Also k 2 = α 2 − 1 = 49 + b 2 − 1 = 48 + b 2 2 2
100. (394) az1 − bz2 + bz1 + az 2 = (a 2 + b 2 ) + ( z1 + z2 )
2 2

⇒ k = (48 + b 2 ) Then λ = a 2 + b 2 = (15) 2 + (13) 2 = 394

1 1 1
Therefore, required family of circles is given by + + +…∞
∴ λ λ λ λ …∞ = λ 2 4 8

z + 7 − ib = (48 + b 2 ) 1/ 2

∴ λ = 48 = λ 1−(1/ 2) = λ = 394

***

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Matrices and Determinants 67

4 Matrices and Determinants

QUICK LOOK i = j , i.e. a11 , a22 , a33 , ....ann are called diagonal elements and
the line joining these elements is called the principal
Matrix and Types of Matrices
diagonal or leading diagonal of matrix A.
A rectangular arrangement of numbers (which may be real or

Trace of a Matrix: The sum of diagonal elements of a
complex numbers) in rows and columns, is called a matrix.
square matrix. A is called the trace of matrix A , which is
This arrangement is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets.
n
The numbers are called the elements of the matrix or entries in denoted by tr A. tr A = ∑ aii = a11 + a22 + ...ann
the matrix, A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a i =1

matrix of order m×n or simply m×n matrix (read as 'an m by n

Properties of trace of a matrix
matrix). A matrix A of order m×n is usually written in the
following manner Let A = [aii ]n×n and B = [b ij ]n×n and λ be a scalar

 a11 a12 a13 ...a1 j ...a1n 
tr (λ A) = λ tr ( A)

 a21 a22 a23 ...a2 j ...a2 n 
 ..... 
tr ( A − B) = tr ( A) − tr ( B)
A =  ..... .....
ai1 ai 2
..... .....
ai 3 ...aij ...ain  or A = [aij ]m×n ,
 ..... .....
tr ( AB) = tr ( BA)
..... ..... ..... 
 am1 am 2 am 3 ...amj ...amn 

tr ( A) = tr ( A ') or tr ( AT )
=
where j =1,1, 2,.....
i m
tr ( I n ) = n
2,.....n

tr (0)= 0
Here aij denotes the element of ith row and jth column.

tr ( AB) ≠ tr A . tr B
Example: order of matrix  36 −21 −57  is 2×3
 
Diagonal Matrix: If all elements except the principal diagonal

Row matrix: A matrix is said to be a row matrix or row in a square matrix are zero, it is called a diagonal matrix. Thus
vector if it has only one row and any number of columns.
a square matrix A = [aij ] is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0, when
Example: [5 0 3] is a row matrix of order 1× 3 and [2] is a
row matrix of order 1×1. i≠ j.

Column Matrix: A matrix is said to be a column matrix or 2 0 0
column vector if it has only one column and any number of Example:  0 3 0 is a diagonal matrix of order 3×3, which
 0 0 4
rows.
can be denoted by diag [2, 3, 4]

Singleton Matrix: If in a matrix there is only one element
then it is called singleton matrix.
Note
Thus, A = [aij ]m×n is a singleton matrix if m = n = 1

No element of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix is zero.
Example: [2], [3], [a], [–3] are singleton matrices.

Null or Zero Matrix: If in a matrix all the elements are
Number of zeros in a diagonal matrix is given by n 2 − n
zero then it is called a zero matrix and it is generally where n is the order of the matrix.
denoted by O. Thus A = [aij ]m×n is a zero matrix if
A diagonal matrix of order n × n having d 1 , d 2 ,....., d n as
diagonal elements is denoted by diag [d 1 , d 2 ,..., d n ] .
aij = 0 for all i and j.
Identity Matrix: A square matrix in which elements in the
Square Matrix: If number of rows and number of columns in a main diagonal are all '1' and rest are all zero is called an
matrix are equal, then it is called a square matrix. Thus identity matrix or unit matrix. Thus, the square matrix
A = [aij ]m×n is a square matrix if m = n.

If m ≠ n then matrix is called a rectangular matrix.
{
A = [aij ] is an identity matrix, if aij = 1,0, ifif ii ≠= jj

The elements of a square matrix A for which We denote the identity matrix of order n by In .

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68 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

 1 0 0 5 2  1 5 
Example: [1], 10 10  ,  0 1 0  are identity matrices of Example: If A = 1 3 and B =  2 2 ,
   0 0 1   4 1   3 3
order 1, 2 and 3 respectively.  5 + 1 2 + 5  6 7 
then A + B = 1 + 2 3 + 2  =  3 5 
Scalar Matrix: A square matrix whose all non diagonal  4 + 3 1 + 3   7 4
elements are zero and diagonal elements are equal is called a Similarly, their subtraction A − B is defined as A − B = [aij − bij ]m×n
scalar matrix. Thus, if A = [aij ] is a square matrix and

Scalar Multiplication of Matrices: Let A = [aij ]m×n be a
{
aij = α , if i = j
0, if i ≠ j , then A is a scalar matrix. matrix and k be a number, then the matrix which is obtained
by multiplying every element of A by k is called scalar
Example: [2], 1 0 , 50 05 00  are scalar matrices of order
  multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA.
 0 1  0 0 5 
Thus, if A = [aij ]m×n , then kA = Ak = [kaij ]m×n .
1, 2 and 3 respectively.

Multiplication of Matrices: Two matrices A and B are
conformable for the product AB if the number of columns in A
Note: Unit matrix and null square matrices are also scalar
(pre-multiplier) is same as the number of rows in B (post
matrices.
multiplier). Thus, if A = [aij ]m×n and B = [bij ]n× p are two
matrices of order m×n and n × p respectively, then their
Triangular Matrix: A square matrix [aij ] is said to be
product AB is of order m×p and is defined as
triangular matrix if each element above or below the principal n
diagonal is zero. It is of two types ( AB)ij = ∑ air brj
r =1
Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix [aij ] is called the
 b1 j 
upper triangular matrix, if aij = 0 when i > j . = [ai1 ai 2 ...ain ] b2 j  = (ith row of A)(jth column of B). . . (i)
⋮
3 1 2 bnj 
Example:  0 4 3  is an upper triangular matrix of order 3×3.
where i=1, 2, ..., m and j=1, 2, ...p
 0 0 6 
Now we define the product of a row matrix and a column
Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix [aij ] is called the matrix.
lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 when i< j. b 
Let A = [ a1 a2 ....an ] be a row matrix and B = b2  be a
1

1 0 0  ⋮
Example:  2 3 0 is a lower triangular matrix of order 3×3. bn 
 4 5 2
column matrix.
Then AB = [ a1b1 + a2 b2 + .... + an bn ] . . .(ii)
Note

Minimum number of zeros in a triangular matrix is given by Thus, from (i), ( AB)ij = Sum of the product of elements of ith
n(n − 1) row of A with the corresponding elements of jth column of B.
where n is order of matrix.
2
Note

Diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular.

If A and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA

A triangular matrix a = [aij ]n×n is called strictly triangular if may or may not exist.
aij = 0 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n
The multiplication of two triangular matrices is a triangular
matrix.
Matrix Algebra
The multiplication of two diagonal matrices is also a

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices: If A = [aij ]m× n and diagonal matrix and diag (a1 , a2 ,....an ) × diag (b1 , b2 ,....bn )
B = [bij ]m × n are two matrices of the same order then their = diag (a1b1 , a2b2 ,....anbn )
sum A+B is a matrix whose each element is the sum of
The multiplication of two scalar matrices is also a scalar
corresponding elements. i.e. A + B = [aij + bij ]m× n matrix.

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Matrices and Determinants 69
Conjugate of a Matrix: The matrix obtained from any given  C11 C21 C31 
matrix A containing complex number as its elements, on = C12 C22 C32  ;
replacing its elements by the corresponding conjugate complex C13 C23 C33 

numbers is called conjugate of A and is denoted by A . Where Cij denotes the cofactor of aij in A.

1 + 2i 2 − 3i 3 + 4i  Example: A =  rp qs  , C11 = s, C12 = −r , C21 = −q, C22 = p

Example: A =  4 − 5i 5 + 6i 6 − 7i  then  
 8 7 + 8i 7  T

1 − 2i 2 + 3i 3 − 4i  ∴ adj A =  −sq −pr  =  −sr −pq 

   
A =  4 + 5i 5 − 6i 6 + 7i 
 8 7 − 8i 7 
Properties of conjugates Minors and Cofactors of Elements of a Determinant

In determinants of order 3 or more, every element has a

( A) = A
minor and a cofactor.

( A + B) = A + B a b c

(α A) = α A, α being any number
In the determinant d e f of the third order, the minor

( AB) = A B, A and B being conformable for multiplication. g h i

e f
Transpose Conjugate of a Matrix: The transpose of the of a = which is a determinant of the second order
h i
conjugate of a matrix A is called transposed conjugate of A and is
and is obtained by removing all elements of the determinant
denoted by Aθ . The conjugate of the transpose of A is the same as
that fall on the horizontal and vertical lines drawn through
the transpose of the conjugate of A i.e. ( A′) = ( A)′ = Aθ If
a c
a. Similarly, the minor of e = .
A = [aij ]m×n then Aθ = [b ji ]n×m where b ji = aij i.e. the g i
th
( j, i)th element of Aθ = the conjugate of (i, j) element of A. a1 b1 c1 d1
1 + 2i 2 − 3i 3 + 4i  a2 b2 c2 d2
Example: If A =  4 − 5i 5 + 6i 6 − 7i  ,
In the determinant of the fourth order, the
a3 b3 c3 d3
 8 7 + 8i 7 
a4 b4 c4 d4
1 − 2i 4 + 5i 8 
then Aθ =  2 + 3i 5 − 6i 7 − 8i  b2 c2 d2
3 − 4i 6 + 7i 7 
minor of a1 = b3 c3 d 3 which is a determinant of the
Properties of transpose conjugate b4 c4 d4

( Aθ )θ = A
third order and it is expanded as in case of determinants of

( A + B )θ = Aθ + Bθ third order.

(kA)θ = KAθ , K being any number
The cofactor of an element = (−1)r + c × minor, where r and c

( AB)θ = Bθ Aθ denote the number of the row and the column respectively
to which the element belongs.
Ad-joint of a Matrix a b c
Let A = [aij ] be a square matrix of order n and let C ij be
In the determinant d e f , the cofactor of a = ( −1)1+1 .
g h i
cofactor of aij in A. Then the transpose of the matrix of
e f a b
cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is ; the cofactor of f (−1) 2 + 3 . .
denoted by adj A h i g h

Thus, adj A = [Cij ]T ⇒ (adj A)ij = C ji = cofactor of a ji in A.
The cofactor of an element is denoted by the corresponding
T capital letters. G = cofactor of g = ( −1)3+1 . |be cf | . Similarly, we
 a11 a12 a13   C11 C12 C13 
If A =  a21 a22 a23  , then adj A = C21 C22 C23  get the cofactor of an element in case of determinants of
 a31 a32 a33  C31 C32 C33 
fourth or higher order.

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70 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Inverse of a Matrix
Two consecutive rows (or columns) can be interchanged by
A non-singular square matrix of order n is invertible if there multiplying the changed determinant by (–1). Symbolically,
exists a square matrix B of the same order such that D = DRi ⇌ R j +1 (or – DC j ⇌ C j +1 )
AB = I n = BA . In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B
If a factor is common in all elements of a row (or column),
and we write A −1 = B the factor can be taken outside the determinant.
1 Symbolically, ∆ = m·∆ 1
The inverse of A is given by A−1 = .adj A , where | A | ≠ 0 Ri →
m
Ri
| A|

m times of the element of a row (or column) can be added to
Expansion of a Determinant the corresponding element of another row (or column).
a b Symbolically, ∆ = ∆ Ri → Ri + mR j (or ∆ Ci → Ci + mC j )

= ad − bc ( = value of the determinant).
c d
The value of a determinant reduces to zero in any one the
a b c following cases.

∆= d e f = aA + bB + cC
The value is zero if all the element in a row (or column) are
g h i zeros.
e f d f d e
The value is zero if any two rows (or column) are identical.
=a −b +c Symbolically, ∆ Ri ≡ R j = 0 or ∆ Ci ≡ C j = 0
h i g i g h
= a (ei − fh) − b(di − fg ) + c(dh − eg ) Properties of Cofactors of a Determinant
b c a c a b
The sum of the products of element of a row (or column)
Similarly, ∆ = dD + eE + fF = − d +e −f with their corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of
h i g i g h
the determinant.
d e a b a b
∆ = cC + fF + iI = c −f +i , etc.
The sum of the products of elements of a row (or column)
g h g h d e with the cofactors of the corresponding elements of another
row (or column) is equal to 0.
Note: A determinant having all element in a row (or column) equal
to 0, has the value zero. Sum of Determinants, a Determinant as sum of Determinants
a1 b1 c1 d1 a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 d2
Let ∆1 = a2 b2 c2 , ∆ 2 = d 2 b2 c2

∆= = a1 A1 + b1 B1 + c1C1 + d1 D1 a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3 d3
a4 b4 c4 d4 be two third order determinants which have 3–1 (one less
than the common order) columns identical. Then their
b2 c2 d2 a2 c2 d2 a2 b2 d2 a2 b2 c2
addition is also a determinant of the third order given by
∆ = a1 b3 c3 d 3 − b1 a3 c3 d 3 + c1 a3 b3 d 3 − d1 a3 b3 c 3
b4 c4 d4 a4 c4 d4 a4 b4 d4 a4 b4 c4 a1 + d1 b1 c1
∆ 1 + ∆ 2 = a2 + d 2 b2 c2
where each of the third order determinant is to be expanded.
a3 + d 3 b3 c3
Reduction and Increase of Order of a Determinant
a1 b1 c

If all the element in a row (or a column), except one
element, are zeros the determinant reduces to a determinant Similarly, if ∆3 = a2 e2 f 2 then
of an order less by one. a3 b3 c3

A determinant can be replaced by a determinant of a higher a1 b1 c1
order by one. ∆1 + ∆3 = a2 + d 2 b2 + e2 c2 + f 2
Properties of Determinants a3 b3 c3
A determinant can be transformed without changing value by But ∆2 + ∆3 cannot be found like this.
any one of the following properties (these properties hold for
A determinant having two or more terms in the element of a
determinants of all orders):
row (or column) can be written as the sum of two or more

Corresponding rows and columns can be interchanged.
determinants as follows :
Symbolically, ∆ = ∆ R =C .

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Matrices and Determinants 71
a1 + b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 d1 b1 c1 d1 u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x )
a2 + b2 c2 d 2 = a2 c2 d 2 + b2 c2 d2 ,
If ∆ ( x ) = p ( x ) q ( x ) r ( x ) then
a3 + b3 c3 d3 a3 c3 d3 b3 c3 d3 λ ( x ) µ( x ) ν ( x )
decomposing along the first column. u ′( x ) v ′( x ) w′( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w
a1 b1 c1 ∆ ′( x ) = p ( x ) q ( x ) r ( x ) + p ′( x ) q ′( x ) r ′( x ) + p ( x ) q ( x ) r (
a2 b2 c2 λ ( x ) µ( x ) ν ( x) λ ( x ) µ( x ) ν ( x ) λ ( x ) µ ( x ) ν
d1 + d 2 + d3 e1 + e2 + e3 f1 + fu2 (+x )f 3 v ( x ) w ( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x )
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1∆ ( x )a1= pb1( x ) c1 q ( x ) r ( x) + p ( x) q ( x) r ( x) + p( x) q( x) r ( x)
= a2 b2 c2 + a 2 b2 c2 + a2 λb2( x ) c2 µ, ( x ) ν ( x) λ ( x ) µ( x ) ν ( x ) λ ′( x ) µ′( x ) ν ′( x )
d1 e1 f1 d2 e2 f2 d3 e3 f3 This differentiation can also be done column wise.
decomposing along the third row.
Cremer’s Rule for Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations
Product of two Determinants
The solution of the linear equations

Two determinants of the same order can be multiplied and a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 

the product is also a determinant of the same order. a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0  ...(A) is given by
a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1 a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0 

If ∆1 = a2 b2 c2 and ∆ 2 = x2 y2 z2 x −y z −1
= = =
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3 b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 d1 a1 b1 d1 a1 b1 c1
b2 c2 d2 a2 c2 d2 a2 b2 d2 a2 b2 c2
then ∆1 .∆ 2 can be found if any one of the two ways given
b3 c3 d3 a3 c3 d3 a3 b3 d3 a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1

Denoting the determinants in the denominators by
below. ∆1·∆ 2 = a2 b2 c2 . x2 y2 z2
∆ x , ∆ y , ∆ z and ∆ respectively,
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3
x −y z −1 −∆ x ∆y −∆ z
a1 x1 + b1 x2 + c1 x3 a1 y1 + b1 y2 + c1 y3 a1 z1 + b1 z2 + c1 z3 = = = ; x= ,y= =z=
∆x ∆ y ∆z ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
= a2 x1 + b2 x2 + c2 x3 a2 y1 + b2 y2 + c2 y3 a2 z1 + b2 z2 + c2 z3
For the above system of linear equations (A),
a3 x1 + b3 x2 + c3 x3 a3 y1 + b3 y2 + c3 y3 a3 z1 + b3 z2 + c3 z3

∆ ≠ 0 ⇒ the system has unique solution (independent
is obtained by using sum of products of element in rows of system)
the first and the column of the second, pattern being as
∆ = 0 but at least one of ∆ x , ∆ y , ∆ z ≠ 0 ⇒ The system has
follows :
no solution (unsolvable or inconsistent system)
1 2 3

∆ = 0 = ∆ x = ∆ y = ∆ z ⇒ the system has infinite solution
1 x 1 x 1 x
(dependent system)
a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1
Condition for Consistency and Existence of Nontrivial
∆1·∆ 2 = a2 b2 c2 · x2 y2 z2 =
Solution
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3

The system of linear equation arx + bry + cr = 0; r = 1,2,3are
a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 z1 a1 x2 + b1 y2 + c1 z2 a1 x3 + b1 y3 + c1 z3 consistent if
a2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 z1 a2 x2 + b2 y2 + c2 z2 a3 x3 + b3 y3 + c3 z3 a1 b1 c1
a3 x1 + b3 y1 + c3 z1 a3 x2 + b3 y2 + c3 z2 a3 x3 + b3 y3 + c3 z3 a2 b2 c2 = 0 . . .(i)
This is also obtained by interchanging rows and columns of a3 b3 c3
the post-multiplier in (i) and then multiplying as in (i).
The system of homogeneous linear equations arx + bry + crz
Derivative of a Determinant = 0; r = 1,2,3 will have nontrivial (at least one non-zero)
A determinant can be differentiated in any one of the two ways solutions if the above condition is satisfied.
given below.
If arx + bry + crz = 0; r = 1,2,3 have a non-trivial solution

Expand the determinant and then differentiate the expression. then it will have infinite number of solutions.

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72 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Transpose and Determinant of a Matrix
Matrix and Types of Matrices 8. If A and B are square matrices of same order then:
1. A square matrix A = [aij ] in which aij = 0 for i ≠ j and a. ( AB )′ = A′B′
b. ( AB )′ = B′A′
aij = k (constant) for i = j is called a:
c. AB = 0, if | A |= 0 or | B |= 0
a. Unit matrix b. Scalar matrix
c. Null matrix d. Diagonal matrix d. AB = 0, if | A |= I or B = I

2. In an upper triangular matrix n × n, minimum number of

Special Types of Matrices
zeros is:
0 5 −7 
n(n − 1) n(n + 1) 9. The matrix  −5 0 11  is known as:
a. b.
2 2  7 −11 0 
2n(n − 1) a. Upper triangular matrix b. Skew-symmetric matrix
c. d. None of these
2 c. Symmetric matrix d. Diagonal matrix

3. If A = [aij ] is a scalar matrix then trace of A is: 10. If A and B are square matrices of order n×n, then
( A − B ) 2 is equal to :
a. ∑∑ aij b. ∑ aij
i j i a. A2 − B 2 b. A2 − 2 AB + B 2
c. ∑a
j
ij d. ∑a
i
ii
c. A2 + 2 AB + B 2 d. A2 − AB − BA + B 2

11. If A = cos θ − sin θ  , then which of the following

 sin θ cos θ 
Matrix Algebra
statement is not correct:
If A =  −cos α sin α  a. A is orthogonal matrix b. AT is orthogonal matrix
cos α  , then A = ?
2
4.
 sin α c. Determinant A = 1 d. A is not invertible
a. cos 2α sin 2α  b.  cos 2α − sin 2α 
 sin 2α cos 2α   sin 2α cos 2α  12. Matrix A is such that A2 = 2 A − I where I is the identity
2α sin 2α  2α sin 2α  matrix. Then for n ≥ 2, An = ?
c.  −cos d.  −− cos
 sin 2α cos 2α   sin 2α − cos 2α 
a. nA − ( n − 1) I b. nA − I
b  and A2 = α β c. 2n −1 A − (n − 1) I d. 2n−1 A − I
5. If A =  a α  then:
 b a   β
a. α = a 2 + b2 , β = ab b. α = a 2 + b2 , β = 2ab Ad-joint and Inverse of a Matrix
c. α = a 2 + b2 , β = a 2 − b2 d. α = 2ab, β = a 2 + b2 4 2
13. If A =   , then | adj A | is equal to:
3 4
cos α − sin α 0
Let F (α ) =  sin α 0  .Then F (α ).F (α ') is equal
a. 16 b. 10
6. cos α
c. 6 d. 11
 0 0 1 
to: 1 −1 1   4 2 2
14. Let A =  2 1 −3 and 10.B =  −5 0 α  . If B is the
a. F (αα ') b. F (α / α ') 1 1 1   1 −2 3 
c. F (α + α ') d. F (α − α ') inverse of matrix A, then α is:
a. 5 b. –1
1 1 0  c. 2 d. –2
7. For the matrix A =  1 2 1  , which of the following is
 2 1 0  1 0 −K 
correct: 15. Matrix A =  2 1 3  is invertible for:
 K 0 1 
a. A3 + 3 A2 − I = 0 b. A3 − 3 A2 − I = 0
a. K = 1 b. K = −1
c. A3 + 2 A2 − I = 0 d. A3 − A2 + I = 0 c. K = 0 d. All real K

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Matrices and Determinants
2 n
73
16. Let p be a non-singular matrix, 1 + p + p +. . .p = 0 (0 Geometrical Transformations and Matrices of Rotation of Axes
−1
denotes the null matrix), then p = ? 24. If one of the Eigen values of a square matrix A order 3×3
is zero, then prove that det A = 0?
a. p n b. − p n
a. A = 0 b. A ≠ 0 c. A < 2 d. K = 0
c. −(1 + p + ..... + p n ) d. None of these
Properties of Determinants
 cos α − sin α 0 25. If n ≠ 3k and 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity, then
17. Let f (α ) =  sin α cos α 0 , where α∈R, then [ f (α )]−1
 0 0 1  1 ωn ω 2n
is equal to: ∆ = ω 2n 1 ω n has the value:
ωn ω 2n 1
a. f (−α ) b. f (α −1 ) c. f (2α ) d. None
a. 0 b. ω
18. Inverse of diagonal matrix (if it exists) is a: c. ω2 d. 1
a. Skew-symmetric matrix b. Diagonal matrix 26. If x, y, z are integers in A.P. lying between 1 and 9 and
c. Non invertible matrix d. None of these x51, y41 and z31 are three digit numbers then the value of
5 4 3
Elementary Matrix
x 51 y 41 z 31 is:
19. Using elementary row transformation find the inverse of x y z
 3 −1 −2
the matrix A =  2 0 −1 ? a. x + y + z b. x − y + z
 3 −5 0  c. 0 d. None of these
 −5/ 8 5/ 4 1/ 8  1 5 −5 1
27. If a ≠ b ≠ c , the value of x which satisfies the equation
a.  −3/ 8 3/ 4 −1/ 8  b.  3 −3 1
 −5 / 4 3/ 2 1/ 4 8 0 3 1 0 x−a x −b
15 5 1 x+a 0 x − c = 0 is:
c.  3 6 −1  d. None of these
8 10 −12 2  x+b x+c 0
a. x = 0 b. x = a c. x = b d. x = c
Echelon Form of a Matrix a −b b−c c−a
2 3 1 4  28. x− y y−z z−x =?
20. The rank of the matrix A =  0 1 2 −1 is:
 0 −2 −4 2  p−q q−r r − p
a. 2 b. 3 c. 1 d. 4 a. a ( x + y + z ) + b( p + q + r ) + c b. 0
− 1 2 5  c. abc + xyz + pqr d. None of these
21. The rank of the matrix  2 −4

a − 4  is:
1 a a2
 1 −2 a + 1 
29. 1 b b2 = ?
a. 1 if a = 6 b. 2 if a =1
1 c c2
c. 3 if a = 2 d. 1 if a = – 6
a. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 b. (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Solution of a Non Homogeneous System of Linear Equations c. (a − b)(b − c)(c − a ) d. None of these

22. If  xx + y 2 x + z  =  4 7  then values of x, y, z , w are: 30. If a + b + c = 0 , then the solution of the equation
 − y 2 z + w  0 10 
a−x c b
a. 2, 2, 3, 4 b. 2, 3, 1, 2
c b−x a = 0 is:
c. 3, 3, 0, 1 d. None of these
b a c−x
23. The system of linear equation x+ y + z = 2 , 2 x + y − z = 3, 3
a. 0 b. ± (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
3 x + 2 y + kz = 4 has unique solution if: 2
a. K ≠ 0 b. –1 < K < 1 3 2
c. 0, ± (a + b 2 + c 2 ) d. 0, ± a 2 + b 2 + c 2
c. –2 < K < 2 d. K = 0 2

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74 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1+ x 1 1 38. The minors of – 4 and 9 and the co-factors of – 4 and 9 in
31. The roots of the equation 1 1+ x 1 = 0 are: −1 −2 3
1 1 1+ x determinant −4 −5 −6 are respectively:
−7 8 9
a. 0, – 3 b. 0, 0, – 3
c. 0, 0, 0, – 3 d. None of these a. 42, 3 ; – 42, 3 b. –42, –3 ; 42, –3
c. 42, 3 ; – 42, – 3 d. 42, 3; 42, 3
1 a b
32. −a 1 c =? Summation of Determinants
−b −c 1 N n 1 5
a. 1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 b. 1 − a 2 + b 2 + c 2 39. The value of ∑U n , if U n = n 2 2 N + 1 2 N + 1 is:
n =1 n3 3N 2 3N
c. 1 + a 2 + b 2 − c 2 d. 1 + a 2 − b 2 + c 2
a. 0 b. 1
c. –1 d. 2
Minors and Co-factors, Product of determinants
a1 b1 c1
33. If ∆ = a2 b2 c2 and A1,B1,C1 denote the cofactors of Differentiation and Integration of Determinants
a3 b3 c3 x b b
x b
a1, b1, c1 respectively, then the value of the determinant 40. If ∆1 = a x b and ∆ 2 = are the given
a x
A1 B1 C1 a a x
A2 B2 C2 is:
A3 B3 C3 determinants, then:
a. ∆ b. ∆2 d
a. ∆1 = 3(∆ 2 ) 2 b. (∆1 ) = 3∆ 2
dx
c. ∆3 d. 0
d
34. If the value of a third order determinant is 11, then the c. (∆1 ) = 2(∆ 2 ) 2 d. ∆1 = 3∆3/2 2
dx
value of the square of the determinant formed by the 1 cos x 1 − cos x
cofactors will be: π /2
41. If ∆(x) = 1 + sin x cos x 1 + sin x − cos x , then ∫ ∆ (x)dx
a. 11 b. 121 0
sin x sin x 1
c. 1331 d. 14641
is equal to:
35. For all values of A, B, C and P, Q, R the value of
a. 1/4 b. 1/2
cos( A − P) cos( A − Q ) cos( A − R ) c. 0 d. –1/2
cos( B − P) cos( B − Q ) cos( B − R ) is:
cos( C − P) cos( C − Q) cos( C − R ) Application of Determinants in Solving a System of Linear
a. 0 b. cos A cos B cos C Equations
c. sin A sin B sin C d. cos P cos Q cos R 42. If the system of linear equations x + 2ay + az = 0 x + 3by
+ bz = 0, x +3cy + cz = 0 has a non-zero solution, then
36. The cofactor of the element '4' in the determinant
a,b,c ?
1 3 5 1
a. Are in A.P. b. Are in G.P.
2 3 4 2 c. Are in H.P. d. Satisfy
is:
8 0 1 1
43. If the system of equations x + 2 y − 3 z = 1, (k + 3) z = 3,
0 2 1 1
(2k + 1) x + z = 0 is inconsistent, then the value of k is:
a. 4 b. 10
c. – 10 d. – 4 a. –3 b. 1/2
c. 0 d. 2
1 2ω
37. If ω is a cube root of unity and ∆ = , then ∆2 is 44. The equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2 y + 3z = 10, x + 2 y + mz = n
ω ω2
equal to: give infinite number of values of the triplet (x, y, z) if:
a. −ω b. ω a. m = 3, n ∈ R b. m = 3, n ≠ 10
c. 1 d. ω 2 c. m = 3, n = 10 d. None of these

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Matrices and Determinants 75
Application of Determinants in Co-ordinate Geometry 51. Let ω be a complex cube root of unity with ω ≠ 1 and
45. The three lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0, P = [ pij ] be a n × n matrix with pij = ω i + j . Then, p2 ≠ 0
cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent only when: when n is equal to:
a. a + b + c = 0 a. 57 b. 55
b. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = ab + bc + ca c. 58 d. 56
c. a + b + c = ab + bc + ca
3 3 3
52. Let M and N be two 3×3 matrices such that MN = NM.
d. None of these Further, if M ≠ N2 and M 2 = N4 , then:
Some Special Determinants a. determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
1 a a2 b. there is a 3×3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)
46. 1 b b2 = ? U is zero matrix
1 c c2
c. determinant of (M2 + MN2)≥1
a. a + b + c
2 2 2
b. ( a + b )(b + c )(c + a ) d. for a 3×3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2) U equals the zero
c. ( a − b )(b − c )(c − a ) d. None of these matrix, then U is the zero matrix.

53. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.

NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
Then, M is invertible, if:
More than One Answer
a. the first column of M is the transpose of the second row
a b aα + b of M
47. The determinant b c bα + c is equal to zero, b. the second row of M is the transpose of the first column
aα + b bα + c 0 of M
then: c. M is a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the main
a. a, b, c are in AP diagonal
b. a, b, c are in GP d. the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not
c. a, b, c are in HP the square of an integer
d. (x – α) is a factor of ax2 + 2bx + c
48. Let M and N be two 3×3 non-singular skew-symmetric Assertion and Reason
matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the transpose
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
of P, then M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) −1 ( MN −1 )T is equal to: the correct option out of the options given below:
a. M2 b. –N2 c. –M2 d. MN a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
1 4 4 correct explanation of the assertion.
49. If the ad-joint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is  2 1 7  , then the b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
 1 1 3  correct explanation of the assertion.
c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
possible value(s) of the determinant of P is/are:
a. –2 b. –1 d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
c. 1 d. 2 e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
50. For 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following
54. Let A be a 2×2matrix
statement(s) is (are) not correct ?
Assertion: adj(adjA) = A
a. N T M N is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as
Reason: |adjA| = |A|
M is symmetric or skew-symmetric
b. MN – NM is is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M 55. Let A be a 2×2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 =I
and N where I is 2×2 identity matrix. Define Tr (A) = sum of
c. M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A:
d. (adj M) (adj N) = adj (MN) for all invertible matrices M Assertion: Tr (A) =0
and N Reason: |A|=1.

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76 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
 cos θ + sin θ 2 sin θ  an an + 3 an + 6
56. Let A(θ ) =  
 − 2 sin θ cos θ − sin θ  64. Let ∆ n = an +1 aa + 4 an +7

an + 2 aa +5 aa +8
Assertion: A(π / 3)3 = − I
Assertion: If ak > 0∀k ≥ 1 and a1,a2,a3,... are in G.P. then
Reason: R A(θ ) A(ϕ ) = A(θ + ϕ )
∆ n = 0∀n ≥ 1.
a b
57. Suppose X =  2
 satisfies the equation X – 4X + 3I = O Reason: If a1,a2,a3, . . . . are in A.P. then ∆ n = 0∀n ≥ 1.
c d
Assertion: If a + d ≠ 4, then there are just two such matrices X. 65. Suppose x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 and
Reason: There is infinite number of matrices X, satisfying x log 2 3 15 + log(a x )
X2 – 4X + 3I = 0. ∆(a, b, c) = y log 3 5 25 + log(b y )
z log 5 7 35 + log(c z )
a a12   x1   y1 
58. Let A =  11 , X = x Y =  y 
a
 21 a 22   2  2 Assertion: ∆(8, 27, 125) = 0
Assertion: If X ′AX = O for each X, then A must be a 1 1 1
Reason: ∆  , ,  = 0
skew-symmetric matrix.  2 3 5
Reason: If A is symmetric and X ′AX = O for each X, a b c
then A = O 66. Let a ≠ 0, p ≠ 0 and ∆ = 0 p q
59. Assertion: If A and B are two 3×3 matrices such that AB p q 0
=O , then A = O or B = O. Assertion: If the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and px + q = 0
Reason: If A, B and X are three 3×3 matrices such that have a common root, then ∆ = 0.
AX = B,| A | ≠ 0, then X = A−1 B. Reason: If ∆ = 0 then the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
px + q = 0 have a common root.
1 π  1 100π 
60. Assertion: If A =   , then A100 =  .
0 1  0 1  sin π cos( x + π / 4) tan( x − π / 4)
Reason: If B is a 2 × 2 matrix such that B2 = O, then 67. Assertion: ∆ sin( x − π / 4) − cos(π / 2) log( z / y ) = 0
cot(π / 4 + x) log( y / x) tan x
( I + B ) n = I + nB for each n∈N.
Reason: A skew symmetric determinant of odd order equals 0.
2 1 1 68. Assertion: Let p < 0 and α1,α2,… α9 be the nine roots x9 = p,
61. Assertion: As A =  0 1 0  satisfies the equation
 1 1 2  α1 α 2 α 3
x3 − 5 x 2 + 7 x − 3 = 0, then A is invertible. of then ∆ = α 4 α 5 α 6 = 0
Reason: If a square matrix A satises the equation α 7 α8 α 9
n −1
a0 x + a1 x
n
+ . . . + an −1 x + an = 0, and an ≠ 0, then A is Reason: If two rows of a determinant are identical, then
invertible. determinant equals zero.

62. Assertion: If a, b, c are in A.P. the system of equations 6 2i 3 + 6i

3x + 4 y + 5 z = a . . .(i) 69. Assertion: w = 12 3 + 8i 3 2 + 6i is a purely
4x + 5 y + 6z = b . . .(ii) 18 2 + 12i 27 + 2i
5x + 6 y + 7 z = c . . .(iii) imaginary number.
is consistent. Reason: | z |=| z | for each complex number z.
Reason: If |A| ≠ 0, the system of equations AX =B is 70. Assertion: If ai , bi ∈ N , for i = 1,2,3 and
consistent
(1 + x) a1 b1 (1 + x) a1 b2 (1 + x )a1 b3
63. Assertion: If A∈Mn(R), A ≠ O with det ( A) = 0, then det ∆ ( x) = (1 + x) a2 b1 (1 + x) a2 b2 (1 + x) a2 b3 , then coefficient
(Adj A) = 0 (1 + x) a3 b1 (1 + x) a3 b2 (1 + x) a3 b3
Reason: For A ∈ M n (R), det (Adj A) = (det A) n −1 of x in expansion of ∆(x) is 0.

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Matrices and Determinants 77
Reason: If P( x) = (1 + x) , n ∈ N then coefficient of x in
n
1
77. If λ = 3, then (tr ( AB ) + tr ( BA)) is equal to:
the expansion of P(x) is P'(0). 7
a. 34 b. 42
71. Consider the system of equations x − 2 y + 3 z = −1, c. 84 d. 63
x − 3 y + 4 z = 1 and − x + y − 2 z = k
λ + 2 3 1 4 2 3
Assertion: The system of equation has no solution for k ≠ 0    
78. If A =  8 4 2  and B =  5 2 3  , if tr(A –2B) =
and  10 5 3  4 5 2
   
1 3 −1
0, then the value of λ is:
Reason: The determinant −1 −2 k ≠ 0, for k ≠ 0.
a. 3 b. 5
1 4 1 c. 7 d. 9

Comprehension Based 79. The correct statement is:

a. ( A + B )( A − B ) = A2 + B 2 − 2 AB
Paragraph-I
b. ( A + B ) 2 = A2 + B 2 + AB + BA
Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of
c. ( A + B ) 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB
 a b  
2 × 2 matrices Tp =  A =   ; a, b, c ∈ {0,1, 2,... p − 1} d. none of above
 c a 

72. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or Paragraph-III

skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) is divisible by p is: Let ∆ ≠ 0 and ∆e denotes the determinants of cofactors, then ∆e
a. (p – 1) 2
b. 2(p – 1) = ∆n–1, where n(>0) is the order of ∆.
c. (p – 1)2+1 d. 2p – 1
80. If a, b, c are the roots of the equations x3 − px 2 + r = 0,
73. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2
divisible by p but det(A) is divisible by p is: then the value of ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 is:
[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b 2
entries.] a. p2 b. p4
a. (p – 1) (p2 – p + 1) b. p3 – (p – 1)2 c. p6 d. p9
c. (p – 1)2 d. (p – 1) (p2 – 2)
81. If l1 , m1 , n1 ; l2 , m2 , n2 ; l3 , m3 , n3 are real quantities satisfying
74. The number of A in Tp such that det( A) is not divisible by p is:
the six relations l12 + m12 + n12 = l22 + m22 + n22 = l32 + m32 + n32 = 1
a. 2p2 b. p3 – 5p
l2l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 = l3l1 + m3 m1 + n3 n1
c. p3 – 3p d. p3 – p2
= l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, then the value of
Paragraph-II l1 m1 n1
l2 m2 n2 is:
Let A and B are two matrices of same order 3×3 where
l3 m3 n3
1 3 λ + 2 3 2 4
    a. 0 b. ±1
A = 2 4 8 , B =  3 2 5
 3 5 10  2 1 4 c. ±2 d. ±3
   
82. If a,b,c are the roots of the equation x3 − 3x 2 + 3 x + 7 = 0,
75. If A is singular matrix, then tr(A + B)is equal to:
a. 6 b. 12 2bc − a 2 c2 b2
c. 24 d. 17 then the value of c2 2ac − b2 a2 is:
b 2
a 2
2ab − c 2

76. If matrix 2A + 3B is singular, then the value of 2λ is:

a. 11 b. 13 a. 9 b. 27
c. 15 d. 17 c. 81 d. 0

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78 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
83. If a + b + c = λ , then the value of
2 2 2 2 86. Match the following
Column I Column II
a2 + λ 2 ab + cλ ca − bλ λ c −b
1 a a − bc 2 1. 0
ab − cλ b 2 + λ 2 bc + aλ × −c λ a is:
ac + bλ bc − aλ c 2 + λ 2 b −a λ (A) 1 b b 2 − ca
1 c c 2 − ab
a. 8λ6 b. 27λ9 c. 8λ9 d. 27λ6
2r −1 2(3r −1 ) 4(5r −1 ) 2. 1
84. Suppose a,b,c∈R ,a = b + c > 0, A = bc – a2 , B = ca – b2, and
(B)If x y z
A B C a b c
2n − 1 3n − 1 5n − 1
C = ab – c2 and B C A = 49, then b c a equals:
n
C A B c a b then ∑ Dr = ...
r =1
a. – 7 b. 7
c. – 2401 d. 2401 (C) In an H.P., 3. 2
Tp = a,Tq = b, Tr = c, then
Match the Column
bc ca ab
85. Match the entries of Column I and Column II ∆= p q r = ...
Column I Column II 1 1 1
2 0 7 1. Skew symmetric
  (D) In a,b,c be in A.P. 4. 3
(A) If  0 1 0  then
 1 −2 1 
x +1 x + 2 x + a
 −λ 14λ 7λ  ∆= x + 2 x +3 x +b =...
0 6  =I3
 1 x +3 x + 4 x + c
 λ −4λ −2λ  a. A→1; B→1; C→1; D→1
then λ =. . . b. A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2
(B) Classify the type of 1  d −b  c. A→3; B→1; C→2; D→4
matrix (ad − bc)  −c a  d. A→1; B→3; C→4; D→2
2. 87. Consider the following linear equations
0 5 −7 
 −5 0 11  Column I Column II
 
 7 −11 0  (A) A If x,y,z are all different 1. 1
x x2 1 + x3
a b  1
(C) If A =   such 3. and y y 1 + y 3 = 0 then xyz =
2

c d  5
z z 2 1 + z3
that
...
ad –bc≠0, then A–1 =. . .
(D) If A = diag [d1,d2,d3] 4. (i) F(α + β) cos( A − P) cos( A − Q) 2. –1
then An =. . . (ii) F(–α) (B ∆ = cos( B − P ) cos( B − Q)
(E) If 5. diag [d1n , d 2n , d3n ] cos(C − P )cos(C − Q)
cosα − sin α 0 cos( A − R)
F (α ) =  sin α cosα 0 , cos( B − R) = …
 0 0 1 cos(C − R )
then (i) F(α)F(β)=. . . x2 − 5x + 3 2x − 5 3 3. 0
(ii) [ F(–α) =. . .]
–1
(C)If ∆ = 3x2 + x + 4 6x +1 9 then
a. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2; D→ 5, E→ 4 7x2 − 6x + 9 14x − 6 21
b. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2; D→ 4, E→ 5
c. A→ 1; B→ 3; C→ 2; D→ 5, E→ 4 d
(∆) = …
d. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 5; D→ 2, E→ 4 dx

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Matrices and Determinants 79
(D) If system of equations x = a(y + z), 4. 0 90. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying
y = b(z + x), z = c(x + y) have a 0   −1  1  1 1  0 
non-trivial solution and (a,b,c ≠ – M 1  =  2  , M
 −1 =  1  , and
    M 1 =  0  .
a
1) then+
b
+
c
=… 0   3 
 0   −1 1 12 
1 + a 1 + b 1+ c Then, the sum of the diagonal entries of M is:
a. A→2; B→4; C→3; D→1 b. A→1; B→3; C→4; D→2
91. If M = 
1 2 λ
 and M –λM – I2 = O, then 6 must be:
2
c. A→2; B→3; C→4; D→1 d. A→2; B→3; C→1; D→4
 2 3
88. Consider the following linear equations ax + by + cz = 0,
2 4 5 
bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0: 92. If A =  4 8 10  the rank of A is:
Column I Column II  −6 −12 −15
 
(A) a+b+c ≠ 0 and 1. the equations
93. Let ar = r(7Cr), br = (7 – r)(7Cr) and Ar =  ar 0  If
.
a 2 + b2 + c 2 represents planes
0 br 
meeting only at a
= ab + bc + ca 7
 a 2  then the value of a + b must be:
single point A = ∑ Ar =  ,
r =0 0 b
(B) a + b + c = 0 and 2. the equations
 2a b c 
a +b +c represents the line 94. Suppose a, b, c ∈ R and abc = 1 If A =  b 2c a  is
2 2 2

x= y=z  c a 2b 
≠ ab + bc + ca 
such that AA' = 4I and |A|>0, then the value of (a3 + b3 + c3)4
(C) a+b+c ≠ 0 and 3. the equations
must be:
a 2 + b2 + c 2 represents identical
planes 95. Suppose a matrix A satisfied A2 – 5A + 7I = O. If A5 =aA + bI,
≠ ab + bc + ca
then the value of 2a – 3b must be:
(D) a+b+c =0 and 4. the equations
represents the whole x2 + x x +1 x − 2
a 2 + b2 + c 2
96. If 2 x + 3x − 1 3x
2
3x − 2 = Ax − 12, then the value of
of the three
= ab + bc + ca x2 + 2x + 3 2x −1 2x −1
dimensional space
A2 must be:
a. A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2
b. A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2 (b + c ) 2 a2 a2
c. A→3; B→2; C→1; D→4 97. If b2 (c + a ) 2 b2 = λ abc(a + b + c)3 then the
d. A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2 c2 c2 ( a + b) 2

10

Integer
value of ∑λ
r =1
r
must be:

89. Let k be a positive real number and let 98. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and

 2k − 1 2 k 2 k 1 + a 2 x (1 + b 2 ) x (1 + c 2 ) x
  f ( x ) = (1 + a 2 ) x 1 + b2 x (1 + c 2 ) x , then f(x) is a
A = 2 k 1 − 2k  and
  (1 + a 2 ) x (1 + b 2 ) x 1 + c 2 x
 −2 k 2k − 1 
polynomial of degree:
0 2k − 1 k 
  log 3 512 log 4 3 log 2 3 log 8 3
99. The value of × is:
B = 1 − 2k 0 2 k log 3 8 log 4 9 log 3 4 log 3 4
 
 − k −2 k 0 
1 3cosθ 1
If det(adjA) + det(adjB)=106 then [k] is equal to …… 100. If ∆ = sin θ 1 3cosθ , then the |Maximum value
1 sin θ 1
[Note: adjM denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and
[k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k]. of ∆– Minimum value of ∆|3 is equal to:

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80 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER cos α − sin α 0
6. (c) We have F (α ) =  sin α cos α 0 ,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
 0 0 1 
b a d c b c b b b d
 cos α ′ − sin α ′ 0 
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. F (α ′) =  sin α ′ cos α ′ 0 
d a b a d a a b a a  0 0 1 
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.  cos α − sin α 0   cos α ′ − sin α ′ 0 
b,d a a a a c a b c c F (α ).F (α ′) =  sin α cos α 0   sin α ′ cos α ′ 0 
 0 0 1   0 0 1 
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
b a b d a b b b a b cos(α + α ′) − sin(α + α ′) 0 
=  sin(α + α ′) cos(α + α ′) 0  = F (α + α ′)
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.  0 0 1 
d c a c a,b c a,d c a,d c,d
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
1 1 0 1 1 0  2 3 1 
b,c,d a,b c,d b b a b b d a 7. (b) A2 = A. A =  1 2 1  1 2 1  = 5 6 2 ,
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.  2 1 0   2 1 0   3 4 1 
a b a b b b a d a a
2 3 1 1 1 0   7 9 3
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. A3 = A.2 A =  5 6 2   1 2 1  = 15 19 6 
a d c d c d a c b c  3 4 1   2 1 0   9 12 4 
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.  7 9 3   6 9 3  1 0 0 
A3 − 3. A2 = 15 19 6  − 15 18 6  = 0 1 0  = I
b d c b a a c c 4 9  9 12 4   9 12 3  0 0 1 
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
⇒ A3 − 3 A2 − I = 0
1296 1 896 256 1453 576 2046 2 10 1000

SOLUTION 8. (b) A = [aij ]n×n , B = [b jk ]n×n ,

Multiple Choice Questions AB = [aij ]n×n [b jk ]n×n = [cik ]n×n , where cik = aij b jk

1. (b) When aij = 0 for i ≠ j and aij is constant for i = j then ( AB) ′ = [cik ]n′×n = [cki ]n×n = [bkj ]n×n [a ji ]n× n = B ′ A′
the matrix [aij ]n×n is called a scalar matrix Alternatively, Let A = 13 42  ,B = 10 43  AB = 13 11 
  2×2   2×2  25
2. (a) As we know a square matrix A = [aij ] is called an
( AB )' = 111 3 . . .(i)
upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i>j  25

 a11 a12 a13 a14 .... a1( n −2) 

a1( n −1) a1n and B ' A' = 13 04  12 43  = 11
1 3 . . .(ii)
0 a22 a23 a24 .... a2( n −2) 
a2( n −1) a2 n      25
0 0 a33 a34 .... a3( n −2) 
a3( n −1) a3 n From (i) and (ii), ( AB) = B′A′
 
A= 0 0 0 a44 .... a4( n −2) a4( n −1)

a4 n
− − − − − − − −
− − − − − −  − − 9. (b) In a skew-symmetric matrix, aij = − a ji ∀ i, j = 1, 2, 3
0 0 0 0 .... a( n −1) n 
0 a( n −1)( n −1)
0 0 0 0 .... 0 ann  0 and j = i, aii = − aii ⇒ each aii =0

(n − 1)n Hence the given matrix is skew-symmetric matrix [∵AT =− A]
Number of zeros = (n − 1) + (n − 2) + ... + 2 + 1 =
2 10. (d) Given A and B are square matrices of order n×n we
n
3. (d) The trace of A = ∑ aii = Sum of diagonal elements. know that ( A − B ) 2 = ( A − B )( A − B ) = A2 − AB − BA + B2
i =1

α sin α   cos α sin α  11. (d) | A | = 1 ≠ 0, therefore A is invertible. Thus (d) is not
4. (c) Since A2 = A. A =  −cos
 sin α cos α   − sin α cos α  correct
=  −cos 2α sin 2α 
 sin 2α cos 2α  12. (a) we have A2 = 2 A − I ⇒ A2 . A = (2 A − I ) A ;

α β   a b   a b   a 2 + b 2 2ab  A3 = 2 A2 − IA = 2[2 A − I ] − IA
5. (b) A2 =  =   = .
 β α   b a   b a   2ab a + b2 
2
⇒ A3 = 3 A − 2 I
On comparing, we get, α = a 2 + b 2 , β = 2ab Similarly A4 = 4 A − 3I and hence An = nA − (n − 1) I

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Matrices and Determinants 81

13. (b) adj A =  −43 −42  =

1
[d1 , d 2 , d 3 ....., d i −1 , d i , di +1 ....., d n ] =
| A|
  di di
| adj A |= −43 −42 = 16 − 6 = 10 1 1 1 1 
A−1 = (adj A) = diag  , .......,  ,
| A|  d1 d2 dn 
 1 −1 1 
14. (a) we have, A =  −2 1 −3 , which is a diagonal matrix
 1 1 1 
19. (a) We have A=IA
 4 2 2
∴ | A | = 1(4) + 1(5) + 1(1) = 10 and adj ( A) =  −5 0 5   3 −1 −2  1 0 0
 1 −2 3  ⇒  2 0 −1 = 0 1 0 A
 3 −5 0  0 0 1 
1  4 2 2 1 −1 −1 1 − 1 0
Then A−1 =  −5 0 5 
10  1 −2 3  Applying ( R1 → R1 − R2 )  2 0 −1 = 0 1 0 A
 3 −5 0  0 0 1 
According to question, B is the inverse of matrix A. Hence α = 5
Applying R2 → R2 – 2R1 and R3 → R3 – 3R1
1 0 −K 1 −1 −1  1 − 1 0
15. (d) For invertible, | A | ≠ 0 i.e., 2 1 3 ≠0 0 2 −1 =  −2 3 0 A
K 0 1 0 −2 3  −3 3 1 
⇒ 1(1) − K (− K ) ≠ 0 ⇒ | A | = K 2 + 1≠ 0 , 1 −1 −1   1 − 1 0
Applying R2 → R2 / 2,  0 1 1/ 2  =  −1 3/ 2 0 A
which is true for all real K.  0 −2 3   −3 3 1 
16. (a) We have, 1 + p + p 2 + − − − + p n = 0 Applying R1 → R1 + 2R2 and R3 → R3 + 2R2.
Multiplying both sides by p −1 , 1 0 −1 / 2   0 1/ 2 0
0 1 1 / 2  =  −1 3/ 2 0 A
p −1 + I + Ip + ... + p n −1 I = 0. p −1  0 0 4   −5 6 1 

p −1 + I (1 + p + .... + p n −1 ) = 0 Applying R3 → R3 / 4

⇒ p −1 = − I (1 + p + p 2 + .... + p n −1 ) = − (− p n ) = p n . 1 0 −1/ 2   0 1/ 2 0 
0 1 1/ 2  =  −1 3/ 2 0 A
0 0 1  5 / 4 6/ 4 1/ 4
cos α − sin α 0
17. (a) | f (α ) |= sin α cos α 0 = 1 , adj of 1 1
0 0 1 Applying R1 → R1 + R3 and R2 → R2 − R3 ,
2 2
cos α sin α 0 1 0 0   −5 / 8 5/ 4 1 / 8
f (α ) = − sin α cos α 0 0 1 0  =  −3 / 8 3/ 4 − 1 / 8 A
0 0 1 1  −5 / 4
 0 0 3/ 2 1 / 4 
cos α sin α 0  −5 / 8 5/4 1 / 8
[ f (α )]−1 = − sin α cos α 0 . . .(i) A−1 =  −3 / 8 3/ 4 − 1 / 8
 −5 / 4 3/ 2 1 / 4 
0 0 1
2 3 1 4 
cos α sin α 0 20. (a) We have A =  0 1 2 −1
and f (−α ) = − sin α cos α 0 . . .(ii)  0 −2 −4 2  3×4
0 0 1
2 3 1
From (i) and (ii), [ f (α )]−1 = f [−α ] Considering3×3minor  0 1 2  its determinant is 0.
 0 −2 −4  3×3
18. (b) Let A = diag( d1 , d 2 , d3 ......, d n )
2 3 4  2 1 4
As A is invertible, therefore det( A) ≠ 0 Similarly considering,  0 1 − 1  , 0 2 − 1 and
 0 −2 2   0 −4 2 
⇒ d1 , d 2 , d 3 ..., d n ≠ 0
 3 1 4
⇒ d i ≠ 0 for i = 1, 2, 3…..n  1 2 − 1 , their determinant is 0 each rank cannot be 3
 −2 −4 2 
Here, cofactor of each non diagonal entry is 0 and cofactor of aii
= (−1)i +1 det[diag (d1 , d 2 , d3 ....., di −1 , di +1....., d n )] Then again considering a 2×2 minor,  02 −32  , which is
 
= d1 , d 2 , d3 .....d i −1.di +1 ,......, d n non zero. Thus, rank =2

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82 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

 −1 2 5  26. (c) x 51 = 100 x + 50 + 1 , y 41 = 100 y + 40 + 1

21. (b, d) Let A =  2 −4 a − 4
−2 a + 1  z 31 = 100 z + 30 + 1
 1
0 0 a+6 0 0 0 5 4 3
= 0 0 − a − 6 = 0 0 −a − 6 ∴ ∆ = 100 x + 50 + 1 100 y + 40 + 1 100 z + 30 + 1
1 −2 a +1 1 −2 a +1 x y z

0 0 0 Applying R2 → R2 − 100 R3 − 10 R1
When a = −6 , A = 0 0 0 , ∴ r( A ) = 1
1 −2 −5 5 4 3
∆ = 1 1 1 = x − 2y + z
0 0 0 x y z
When a = 1 , A = 0 0 −7 , ∴r ( A) = 2 ∵ x, y, z are in A.P. , ∴ x − 2 y + z = 0 , ∴ ∆ = 0
1 −2 2
0 0 0 27. (a) Expanding determinant,
When a = 6 , A = 0 0 −12 , ∴ r( A ) = 2 we get, ∆ = −( x − a )[−( x + b)( x − c)]
1 −2 7
+( x + b)[( x + a)( x + c)] = 0
0 0 0
When a = 2 , A = 0 0 −8 , ∴ r( A ) = 2 ⇒ 2 x 3 − (2 Σab) x = 0
1 −2 3
⇒ Either x = 0 or x 2 = Σab .
22. (a) we have  xx + y 2x + z  = 4 7 
 − y 2 z + w  0 10  Since x = 0 satisfies the given equation.
On putting x = 0, we observe that the determinant
x + y = 4, 2 x + z = 7 ,
x− y =0 0 − a −b
becomes ∆ x = 0 = a 0 −c = 0
and 2 z + ω = 10 b c 0
⇒ x=2 ∴ x = 0 is a root of the given equation.
and y = 2, z = 3, w = 4
a −b b−c c−a 0 b−c c−a
23. (a) The given system of equation has a unique solution if 28. (b) x − y y−z z−x = 0 y−z z−x =0
1 1 1 p−q q−r r− p 0 q−r r− p
2 1 −1 ≠ 0 ⇒ K ≠ 0
3 2 k [by C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
 a1 b1 c1 
24. (a) Let A =  a2 b2 c2  1 a a2 0 a − b a2 − b2
 a3 b3 c3  R →R −R
29. (c) 1 b b = 0 b − c
2
b 2 − c 2 , by R1 → R1 − R2
2 2 3
 a1 − λ b1 c1  1 c c2 1 c c2
⇒ A − λ I =  a2 b2 − λ c2 
 a3 b3 c3 − λ  0 1 a+b
( A − λ I ) = (a1 − λ )[(b2 − λ )(c3 − λ ) − b3 c2 ] = (a − b) (b − c) 0 1 b + c
−b1[a2 (c3 − λ ) − c2 a3 ] + c1[a2b3 − a3 (b2 − λ )] 1 c c2

New if one of the eigen values is zero, one root of λ 0 0 a−c

should be zero. = (a − b) (b − c) 0 1 b + c , by R1 → R1 − R2
Therefore, constant term in the above polynomial is zero. 1 c c2
⇒ a1b2 c3 − a1b3c2 − b1a2 c3 + b1c2 a3 + a1a2 a3 − c1a3b2 = 0
0 0 1
But above is the value of determinant of A. = (a − b) (b − c)(a − c) 0 1 b + c
Hence, det A=0
1 c c2
25. (a) Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get
= (a − b) (b − c)(a − c).( −1) = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a) .
1 + ω n + ω 2n ωn ω 2n 0 ωn ω 2n
∆ = 1 + ω n + ω 2n 1 ωn = 0 1 ωn = 0 a−x c b
1 + ω n + ω 2n ω 2n 1 0 ω 2n 1 30. (c) c b−x a =0
b a c−x
(∵ 1 + ω n + ω 2 n = 0 if n is not multiple of 3)

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Matrices and Determinants 83
a+b+c− x c b Obviously the equation is of degree three, therefore it
⇒ a+b+c− x b− x a =0 must have three solutions. So check for option (b).
a+b+c− x a c−x 1 a b
1 c b 32. (a) − a 1 c = 1(1 + c 2 ) − a (− a + bc) + b(ac + b)
⇒ ( x − ∑ a) 1 b − x a =0 −b −c 1
1 a c−x = 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 .
⇒ x = ∑ a = 0 (by hypothesis) a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
33. (b) We know that ∆.∆ ' = a2 b2 c2 . A2 B2 C2
or 1 {(b − x ) (c − x ) − a } − c{c − x − a} + b{a − b + x} = 0 by
2
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3
expanding the determinant.
Σa1 A1 0 0 ∆ 0 0
or x 2 − (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + (ab + bc + ca ) = 0 = 0 Σa2 A2 0 = 0 ∆ 0 = ∆3
0 0 Σa3 A3 0 0 ∆
x2 − ( ∑ a2 ) − ( ∑ a2 ) = 0
1
or ⇒ ∆ ' = ∆2
2
{∵a + b + c = 0 ⇒ (a + b + c) 2 = 0 According to property of cofactors ∆ ' = ∆ n−1 = ∆ 2
(∵ Hence n = 3)
1 
⇒ ∑a 2
+ 2∑ ab = 0 ⇒ ∑ ab = −
2
∑ a 2 
34. (d) ∆ ' = ∆ n −1 = ∆3−1 = ∆ 2 = (11) 2 = 121 .
3 But we have to find the value of the square of the
or x=±
2
∑ a2
determinant, so required value is (121) 2 = 14641 .
3
∴ The solution is x = 0 or ±
2
∑ a2 . 35. (a) The determinant can be expanded as
cos A cos P + sin A sin P cos A cos Q + sin A sin Q cos A cos R + sin A
Put a = 1, b = −1 and c = 0 so that they satisfy the condition cos B cos P + sin B sin P cos B cos Q + sin B sin Q cos B cos R + sin B
cos C cos P + sin C sin P cos C cos Q + sin C sin Q cos C cos R + sin C
a + b + c = 0. Now the determinant becomes
1− x 0 A cos P +
−1cos B cos P + sin B sin P cos B cos Q
cos sin A sin P cos A cos + sin A sin Q cos A cos R + sin A sin R
Q + sin B sin Q cos B cos R + sin B sin R
0 −1 − x 1cos=C0cos P + sin C sin P cos C cos Q + sin C sin Q cos C cos R + sin C sin R
−1 1 −x cos A sin A 0 cos P sin P 0
= cos B sin B 0 × cos Q sin Q 0 = 0
⇒ (1 − x){x(1 + x) − 1} + 1(1 + x) = 0 cos C sin C 0 cos R sin R 0
⇒ (1 − x){x 2 + x − 1} + x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x( x 2 − 3) = 0
36. (b) The cofactor of element 4, in the 2nd row and 3rd
Now putting these in the options, we find that option c.
column is
gives the same values i.e., 0, ± 3 . 1 3 1
1+ x 1 1 = (−1) 2+3
8 0 1
31. (b) 1 1+ x 1 =0 0 2 1
1 1 1+ x
= – {1(– 2) – 3 (8 – 0)+ 1.16}= 10.
3+x 0 1
C → C1 + C2 + C3 
⇒ 3+x x 1 = 0 ,  1  37. (b) Since ∆ = ω 2 − 2ω 2 = −ω 2 .
 C2 → C2 − C3  Therefore ∆ 2 = ω 4 = ω .
3+x −x 1+ x

1 0 1 −2 3
38. (b) Minor of – 4 = = −42
⇒ ( x + 3) 1 x 1 =0 8 9
1 −x 1+ x −1 −2
9= = −3
1 0 1 −4 −5
⇒ ( x + 3) 0 x 0 = 0 ,  R2 → R2 − R1  and cofactor of – 4
R → R −R 
 3 3 1 
= (−1) 2 +1 (−42) = 42
0 −x x
⇒ ( x + 3) x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0,0, − 3 . cofactor of 9= (−1)3+ 3 (−3) = −3 .

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84 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
43. (a) For the equations to be inconsistent D = 0
N ( N + 1)
1 5
2 1 2 −3
N
N ( N + 1)(2 N + 1) ∴ D= 0 0 k +3 = 0
39. (a) ∑ U n = 2N + 1 2N + 1 2k + 1 0 1
n =1 6 2
 N ( N + 1)  ⇒ k = −3
  3N 2 3N
 2 
1 2 −3
6 1 5 and D1 = 3 0 0 ≠ 0
N ( N + 1) 0 0 1
= 4N + 2 2N + 1 2N + 1
12 3 N ( N + 1) 3 N 2 3N
Hence system is inconsistent for k = −3 .
Applying C3 → C3 + C2
44. (c) Each of the first three options contains m = 3 . When
N ( N + 1) 6 1 6
= 4N + 2 2N + 1 4N + 2 =0 m = 3 , the last two equations become x + 2 y + 3 z = 10
12 3 N ( N + 1) 3 N 2
3 N ( N + 1) and x + 2 y + 3 z = n.
[∵ C1 and C3 are identical] Obviously, when n = 10 these equations become the same.
x b b So we are left with only two independent equations to find
40. (b) ∆1 = a x b = x3 − 3abx the values of the three unknowns. Consequently, there will
a a x
be infinite solutions.
d
⇒ ( ∆1 ) = 3( x 2 − ab) and ∆ 2 = ax bx = x − ab
2

dx a b c
45. (a, b) Three lines are concurrent if b c a = 0
d c a b
∴ (∆1 ) = 3( x 2 − ab) = 3∆ 2
dx
or, 3abc − a 3 − b 3 − c 3 = 0
41. (d) Applying C 3 → C 3 + C 2 − C1 ⇒ a 3 + b3 + c 3 = 3abc

1 cos x 0 Also, a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = 0

∆(x ) = 1 + sin x cos x 0 ⇒ (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca) = 0
sin x sin x 1
⇒ (a + b + c) = 0
= cos x − cos x (1 + sin x ) = − sin x cos x
or a 2 + b2 + c 2 = ab + bc + ca .
π /2 1 π /2
∴ ∫0
∆( x)dx = − ∫ sin 2 xdx
2 0 1 a a2
π /2 46. (c) ∆ = 1 b b 2
1  cos 2 x  1 1 1 c c2
= − − = (cos π − cos 0) = −
2 2  0 4 2
Applying R1 → R1 − R2 & R2 → R2 − R3
42. (c) System of linear equations has a non-zero solution,
1 2a a 0 a − b a 2 − b2
= 0 b − c b2 − c2
then 1 3 b b = 0 1 c c2
1 4c c
0 1 a+b
1 0 a = (a − b)(b − c) 0 1 b + c ;
Applying C 2 → C 2 − 2C 3 ; 1 b b = 0 1 c c2
1 2c c
Applying R1 → R1 − R 2
Applying R3 → R3 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R1
0 0 ( a − c)
1 0 a = (a − b)(b − c) 0 1 b + c
0 b b−a = 0 1 c c2
0 2c − b c − b
0 0 1
⇒ b(c − b) − (b − a )(2c − b) = 0 . = (a − b)(b − c)( a − c) 0 1 b + c
1 c c2
2 1 1
On simplification = + ; = (a − b)(b − c)(a − c)( −1)
b a c
∴ a, b, c are in H.P. = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a )

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Matrices and Determinants
T T T T T T T
85
NCERT Exemplar Problems 50. (c, d) (a)(N MN) =N M (N) =N M N is symmetric is M
More than One Answer is symmetric and skew–symmetric is M is skew-
symmetric
a b aα + b
(b) ( MN − NM )T = ( MN )T − ( NM )T = NM − MN
47. (a, d) Given, b c bα + c = 0
aα + b bα + c 0 = −( MN − NM )
∴ Skew-symmetric, when M and N are symmetric.
Applying C3 → C3 − (α C1 + C2 )
(c) ( MN )T = N T M T = NM ≠ MN
a b 0
∴ not correct
b c 0 =0
(d) (adj MN ) = (adj N ) ⋅ (adj M )
aα + b bα + c −( aα 2 + 2bα + c)
∴ not correct.
⇒ −(aα 2 + 2bα + c) (ac − b 2 ) = 0
51. (b, c, d) Here, P = [ pij ]n × n with pij = wi + j
⇒ aα + 2bα + c = 0
2

∴ when n = 1 P = [ pij ]1×1 = [ w2 ] ⇒ P 2 = [ w4 ] ≠ 0

Or b = ac
2

∴ when n = 2
⇒ x − α is a factor of ax 2 + 2bx + c.
Or a, b, c are in GP. p p12   w2 w3   w2 1 
P = [ pij ]2 × 2 =  11 = = 
 p21 p22   w3 w4  1 w
48. (c) Given, M T = −M , N T = − N
 w2 1   w 2 1   w4 + 1 w2 + w 
and MN = NM . . .(i) P2 =  ⇒P = 2
2
≠0
 2 
1 w  1 w  w + w 1 + w 
∴ M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) −1 ( MN −1 )T
⇒ M 2 N 2 N −1 ( M T ) −1 ( N −1 )T ⋅ M T  w2 w3 w4   w2 1 w 
   
when n = 3 P = [ pij ]3× 3 =  w3 w4 w5  =  1 w w2 
⇒ M 2 N ( NN −1 )(− M ) −1 ( N T ) −1 (− M )
 w4 w5 w6   w w2 1 
⇒ M 2 NI (− M −1 )(− N ) −1 (− M )    
 w2 1 w   w2 1 w   0 0 0 
⇒ − M 2 NM −1 N −1 M   
P 2 =  1 w w2   1 w w2  = 0 0 0  = 0
⇒ − M ⋅ ( MN ) M −1 N −1 M
 w w2 1   w w 2 1   0 0 0 
⇒ − M ( NM ) M −1 N −1 M     
∴ P 2 = 0, when n is multiple of 3.
⇒ − MN ( NM −1 ) N −1 M
P 2 ≠ 0, when n is not a multiple of 3.
⇒ − M ( NN −1 ) M
⇒ n = 57 is not possible
⇒ −M 2 ∴ n = 55,58,56 is possible
Here, non-singular word should not be used, since there is 52. (a, b) Plan (i) If A and B are two non-zero matrices and
no non-singular 3 × 3 skew-symmetric matrix. AB = BA, then ( A − B )( A + B ) = A2 − B 2 .
49. (a, d) Concept Involved | An × n |= ∆, (ii) The determinant of the product of the matrices is equal
to product of their individual determinants i.e.,
then | adj A |= ∆ n −1
| AB |=| A || B | .
1 4 4
Given, M 2 = N 2
Here, adj P3× 3 =  2 1 7 
⇒ M 2 − N4 = 0
1 1 3 
⇒ ( M − N 2 )( M + N 2 ) = 0 (as MN = NM )
⇒ | adj P | = | P |2
Also, M ≠ N 2 ⇒ M + N 2 = 0 ⇒ Det ( M + N 2 ) = 0
1 4 4
∴ | adj P |= 2 1 7 = 1(3 − 7) − 4(6 − 7) + 4(2 − 1) Also, Det (M 2 + MN 2 ) = (Det M )(Det(M + N 2 ) = (DetM )(0) = 0
1 1 3 As, Det ( M 2 + MN 2 ) = 0
= −4 + 4 + 4 = 4 Thus, there exists non-zero matrix U such that
⇒ | P |= ± 2 ( M 2 + MN 2 ) U = 0

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86 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
53. (c, d) Plan A square matrix M is invertible if f det(M) or Thus, Reason is true implies Assertion is false However if
|M| ≠ 0. | A |= −1, then A = A −1
a b a b   d −b 
Let M = 
b c 
⇒   = − ⇒a+d =0
c d  −c a 
 a  b  ∴ | A |= −1
(a) Given that   =   ⇒ a = b = c = α
b c ⇒ Tr ( A) = 0.
α α 
⇒ M =  ⇒| M |= 0 ⇒ M
α α   a b
56. (a) A(θ ) A(ϕ ) =   where
(b) Given that [bc] = [ab]  −b c 
a(cosθ + sin θ )(cos ϕ + sin ϕ ) − 2sin θ sin ϕ
⇒ a = b = c = α (let )
= (cosθ cos ϕ − sin θ sin ϕ ) + (sin θ cos ϕ + cosθ sin ϕ )
Again | M |= 0 ⇒ M is non-invertible.
= cos(θ + ϕ ) + sin(θ + ϕ );
a 0
(c) As given M =   ⇒ | M |= ac ≠ 0
0 c  b = 2[sin ϕ (cosθ + sin θ ) + sin θ (sin ϕ − cos φ )]
( ∵ a and c are non-zero) = 2 sin(θ + ϕ )
⇒ M is invertible. and c = −2sin θ sin ϕ + (cosθ − sin θ )(cos ϕ − sin ϕ )
a b = cosθ cos ϕ − sin θ sin ϕ − (sin θ cos ϕ + cos ϕ sin θ )
(d) M =   ⇒| M |= ac − b ≠ 0
2

 b c 
= cos(θ + ϕ ) − sin(θ + ϕ )
∵ ac is not equal to square of an integer.
∴ M is invertible. Thus, A(θ ) A(ϕ ) = A(θ + ϕ ) ; A(θ ) 2 = A(2θ )
A(θ )3 = A(2θ ) A(θ ) = A(3θ ).
Assertion and Reason ∴ A(π / 3)3 = A(π ) = − I .
a b   d −b 
54. (b) Let A =   then adj A =   Assertion is
c d   −c d  57. (b) X 2 − 4 X + 3I = O
true. Also, Reason is true But Reason is not a correct ⇒ ( x − I )( X − 3I ) = O
explanation for Assertion.  (a − 1)(a − 3) + bc b(a + d − 4)   0 0 
⇒  = 
 c ( a + d − 4) ( d − 1)(d − 3) + bc   0 0 
a b 
55. (b) Let A =   If a + d ≠ 4, then b = 0, c = 0
c d 
Now, A2 = I (a − 1)(a − 3) = 0,( d − 1)(d − 3) = 0.

⇒ | A2 | = | I | ⇒ a = 1,3, d = 1,3
As a + d ≠ 4, a = 1, d = 1 or a = 3, d = 3.
⇒ | A |2 = 1
⇒ | A | = ±1. 1  0 
58. (b) Let E1 =   , E2 =   .
Suppose | A | = 1. 0 1 
In this case, A2 = I As X ′AX = O ∀ X ,
⇒ A = A−1 E1' AE1 = O ⇒ a1 = 0
a b  d −b  E2' AE2 = O ⇒ a22 = 0.
⇒  = 
c d   −c a 
Next, ( E1 + E2 )' A( E1 + E2 ) = O
⇒ a = d , b = 0, c = 0
 0 a12 
Thus, A =  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Tr ( A) = 0
 − a12 0 
⇒ a + d = 0 ⇒ 2a = 0 ⇒ a = 0 In case A is symmetric, a12 = a21
0 0
In this case, A =   ∴ 2a12 = 0 ⇒ a12 = 0.
0 0
Thus, A = O, in this case.

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Matrices and Determinants 87
−1
59. (d) Reason is true since | A | ≠ 0, implies A exists. 63. (a) As det (Adj A)
= (det A)n–1
∴ AX = B
= O if det A = O
⇒ A−1 ( AX ) = A−1 B
Thus, Assertion is true and Reason is correct reason for it.
⇒ ( A−1 A) X = A−1 B
⇒ IX = A−1 B 64. (b) Let ak = ar k −1 ∀ k ≥ 1, then
⇒ X = A−1 B 1 1 1
That Assertion is false can be seen by the following ∆ n = an an + 3 an + 6 r r r =0
example. r2 r2 r2
0 0 1 0 1 0 Next, if ak = b + (k − 1)d , then using C2 → C3 − C1 and
Let A =  0 0 0  and B =  0 0 0  then
C2 → C2 − C1 , we get
 0 0 0   0 0 0 
an 3d 3d
AB = O but neither A = O nor B = O
∆ n = an +1 3d 3d = 0
60. (a) Since B commutes with I, we can use binomial an + 2 3d 3d
theorem to obtain
[∵ C2 and C3 are identical]
n n n
( I + B) = I +   B +   B 2 + . . . +   B n
n

1  2 n 65. (b) Using log(bc ) = c log b and applying C3 → C3 − 5C2
Since B 2 = O, we get B r = O ∀ r ≥ 2. we get
Thus, ( I + B) n = I + nB x log 2 3 x log a
∆(a, b, c ) = y log 3 5 y log b
1 π 
Now, A = I + B where B =   z log 5 7 z log c
0 0 
∆(8, 27,125) = ∆(23 ,33 , 53 ) = 0 as in this C1 and C3 are
1 100π 
Since B = O, we get A
2 100
= I + 100 B = 
0 1  proportional.
Similarly, ∆(1/ 2,1/ 3,1/ 5) = ∆(2−1 ,3−1 ,5−1 ) = 0
n −1
61. (a) Since a0 A + a1 A
n
+ . . . + an −1 A + an I = O and
66. (b) If λ is a common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and px + q =
an ≠ 0, we get AB = I where
0 then aλ2 + bλ + c = 0, pλ + q = 0 and pλ2 + qλ = 0
a0 n −1 a1 n −2 a
B=− A − A − . . . − n −1 I Eliminating λ we obtained ∆ = 0 For Reason, expanding ∆
an an an
along C1 we obtain −aq 2 + p(bq − cp) = 0
−1
⇒ B= A . 2
 q  q
62. (b) If | A | ≠ 0, A is invertible and we can write AX = B as Or a −  + b −  + c = 0
 p  p
X = A−1B.
Thus, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and px + q = 0 have a common root.
∴ AX = B has a unique solution and hence is consistent.
Subtracting (ii) from (iii) (i) and (ii), we get the system of π π π  π π
equations as 67. (a) cos  x +  = cos  −  − x   = sin  − x  = − sin  x −  ;
 4   2  4   4   4
3x + 4 y + 5 z = a . . . (iv)
 π π  π  π   π
x+ y+ z =b−a cos  x +  =. .cos
. (v)2 −  4 − x   = sin  4 − x  = − sin  x − 4  ;
 4        
x + y + z = c −b . . . (vi)
π  π  π  π   π
As a, b, c are in A.P. b − a = c − b cot  + x  = cot  −  − x   = tan  − x  = − tan  x −  ,
4  2  4  4   4
∴ the last two equations are identical.
π  π  π  π   π
From (iv) and (v) we obtain x = 4b −cot 5a+ k + x  = cot  −  − x   = tan  − x  = − tan  x −  ,
4  2  4  4   4
y = 4b − 3b − 2k z = k
and log( x / y ) = − log( y − x)
where k is an arbitrary complex number. Thus, the system
we find ∆ is a skew symmetric determinant of odd order.
of equations in Assertion is consistent.

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88 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
68. (d) Reason is true, The roots of x = p are p ω 9 1/ 9 r 71. (a) The given system of equations can be expressed as
2π 2π  1 − 2 3   x   −1
where ω = cos + i sin .  1 − 3 4  y  =  1 
9 9     
value of determinant ∆ depends on α1 ,α 2 , . . .α 9 . If we put  −1 1 − 2   z   k 
α k = p1/ 9ω k , then Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 + R1

1 ω8 ω 7 1 − 2 3  x   − 1  1 − 2 3   x   − 1 
∆ = (p ) 1 ω
1/ 9 3
ω =0 2 ∼ 0 − 1 1   y  =  2  ∼ 0 − 1 1   y  =  2 
1 ω ω2 0 − 1 1   z   k − 1  0 0 0   z   k − 3

However, if R3 → R3 − R2
α1 = p ,α 2 = p ω , a3 = p ω ,α 4 = p ω ,α 5 = p ω
1/ 9 1/ 9 8 1/ 9 7 1/ 9 1/ 9 5
When k ≠ 3, the given system of equations has no
α 6 = p ω ,α 7 = p ω ,α8 = p ω ,α 9 = p ω ,
1/ 9 4 1/ 9 2 1/ 9 3 1/ 9 6 solution.
⇒ Statement I is true. Clearly, Statement II is also true as it
1 ω8 ω7
 1 − 2 3
Then ∆ = ( p1/ 9 )3 ω ω5 ω 4
is rearrangement of rows and columns of  1 − 3 4 
ω2 ω3 ω6  
 −1 1 − 2 
= p1/ 3 (2ω 2 − ω 7 − ω 6 ) ≠ 0.
Comprehension Based
69. (a) Reason is true. a b 
72. (d) Given, A =   , a , b, c ∈ {0,1, 2,...., p − 1}
Using R2 → R2 − 2 R1 c a
and R3 → R3 − 3R1 , we get If A is skew-symmetric matrix, then a = 0, b = − c

6 2i 3 + 6i ∴ | A |= −b 2 .

w= 0 3 ( 6 − 2 3)i Thus, P divides | A | only when b= 0 . . .(i)

0 2 (2 − 3 2)i Again, if A is symmetric matrix, then b = c and

| A |= a 2 − b 2 .
= 6  2 3 − 3 6 − 2 3 + 2 6  i = −6i
Thus, p divides | A | if either p divides (a – b)or p
70. (a) We first show Reason is true. divides (a + b).
n n n p divides (a − b), only when a = b
P( x) = 1 +   x +   x 2 + . . . +   x n
1
  2
  n i.e., a = b ∈ {0,1, 2,...., ( p − 1)}
n n n i.e., p choice . . .(ii)
⇒ P '( x ) =   + 2   x + . . . +   x n −1
1
  2
  n ⇒ p choices, including a = b = 0 included in (i)
n ∴ Total number of choices are ( p + p − 1) = 2 p − 1.
⇒ P '(0) =   = coefficient of x in the expansion of P ( x )
1 73. (c) Trace of A = 2a, will be divisible by p iff a = 0.
∴ Reason is true.
|A| = a2 – bc, to be divisible by p. There are exactly (p – 1)
Note that ∆( x) consists of 6 terms of the form (1 + x) . n
ordered pairs (b,c) for any value of a.
Thus, coefficients of x in ∆( x) = ∆ '(0) ∴ Required number is (p – 1)2.
a1b1 a1b2 a1b3 1 1 1 1 1 174. (d) The number of matrices for which p does not divide
But ∆ '(0) = 1 1 1 + a2b1 a2b2 a2b3 + 1 1 1 = 0Tr ( A) = ( p − 1) p 2 of these (p – 1)2 are such that p divides
1 1 1 1 1 1 | A | . The number of matrices for which p divides
1 1 1 1 1 1 Tr ( A) and p does not divides |A| are (p – 1)2
b a2b2 a2b3 + 1 1 1 =0
2 1
∴ Required number = ( p − 1) p 2 − ( p − 1) 2 + ( p − 1)2
1 1 1 a3b1 a3b2 a3b3
= p3 – p2

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Matrices and Determinants 89
75. (c) A is singular. a b c
∴ | A |= 0 If ∆= b c a
1 3 λ+2 c a b
⇒ 2 4 8 =0 bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2
3 5 10 ∴ ∆ = ca − b
c 2
ab − c 2
bc − a 2 = ∆3−1
⇒ 1(40 − 40) − 3(20 − 24) + (λ + 2)(10 − 12) = 0 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b 2
⇒ 12 − 2λ − 4 = 0 2
a b c a b c a b c
⇒ λ=4
=∆ = b c a = b c a×b c a
2

 4 5 10 
  c a b c a b c a b
∴ A + B =  5 6 13 
 5 6 14  a +b +c
2 2 2
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
 
= ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca
⇒ tr ( A + B) = 4 + 6 + 14 = 24
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2
 11 12 2λ + 16  p2 0 0
 
76. (d) 2 A + 3B =  13 14 31  = 0 p2 0 = p6
12 13 32 
 0 0 p2
∵ | 2 A + 3B |= 0
l1 m1 n1 l1 m1 n1
17
we get λ = 81. (b) l2 m2 n2 × l2 m2 n2
2
⇒ 2λ = 17 l3 m3 n3 l3 m3 n3

77. (a) For λ = 3 l12 + m12 + n12 l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 l1l3 + m1m3 + n1n3
= l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 l22 + m22 + n22 l2l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3
1 3 5   3 2 4
    l3l1 + m3 m1 + n3n1 l2l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 l32 + m32 + n32
A =  2 4 8  and B =  3 2 5 
 3 5 10   2 1 4 1 0 0
   
= 0 1 0 =1
∵ tr ( AB ) + tr ( BA) = 2tr ( AB )
0 0 1
∵ tr ( AB) = C11 + C22 + C33 = 119
2
1 1 l1 m1 n1
∴ (tr + ( AB) + tr ( BA)) = (238) = 34 ∴ l2 m2 n2 = 1
7 7
l3 m3 n3
 λ − 6 −1 −5 
  l1 m1 n1
78. (c) A − 2 B =  −2 0 −4 
 2 −5 −1  ∴ l2 m2 n2 = ±1

l3 m3 n3
∵ tr(A – 2B) = 0
∴ λ – 6 + 0 – 1= 0 82. (d) x3 − 3x 2 + 3x + 7 = 0
⇒ λ=7 ⇒ ( x − 1)3 + 8 = 0

79. (b) ( A + B ) 2 = ( A + B )( A + B ) ⇒ ( x − 1)3 = (−2)3

3
= A2 + AB + BA + B 2  x −1 
⇒   =1
= A2 + B 2 + AB + BA  −2 
x −1 1

80. (c) a + b + c = p, ab + bc + ca = 0 ⇒ = (1) 3 = 1, ω , ω 2

−2
∴ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = (a + b + c ) 2 − 2(ab + bc + ca ) ⇒ x − 1 = −2, −2ω , −2ω 2
= p2 − 0 = p2 or x = −1, 1 − 2ω ,1 − 2ω 2

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90 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
∴ a = −1, b = 1 − 2ω , c = 1 − 2ω 2 Match the Column
2 85. (a)
a b c a b c a b c
∵ b c a = b c a×b c a 86. (a)
c a b c a b c a b
87. (c)
a b c −a c b a b c
= b c a × −b a c 88. (c) ∆ = b c a = −( a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc)
c a b −c b a c a b
(row by row)
∆ = −(a + b + c)[ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ]
2
2bc − a 2
c 2
b 2
a b c
1
= c2 2ac − b 2 a2 = b c a = −(a + b + c). [(a − b) 2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a) 2 ]
2
b2 a2 c2 c a b
1
a ⇒ [(a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2 ] = 0
= (a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc) 2 2
⇒ a – b= 0, b – c
= {(a + b + c)( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )}2
= 0, c – a = 0
1
= (a + b + c)2{(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 }2 ⇒ a=b=c
4
Hence the equation represent identical planes
9
= {−12(1 + ω + ω 2 )} = 0 ∴ a→r
4
b ⇒ ∆= 0 as a + b + c = 0 and hence the equations have
λ c −b
infinitely many solutions.
83. (c) Let ∆ = −c λ a
∴ ax + by = −cz = ( a + b) z . . .(i)
b −a λ
bx + cy = −az = (b + c) z . . .(ii)
a2 + λ 2 ab + cλ ca − bλ
Multiply (i) by (b) and (ii) by (a) and subtract
∴ ∆ c = ab + cλ b 2 + λ 2 bc + aλ = ∆ 2
∴ (b 2 − c 2 ) y = (b 2 − c 2 ) z
ac + bλ bc − aλ c 2 + λ 2
∴ y = z Similarly x = z
a2 + λ 2 ab + cλ ca − bλ λ c −b
∴ x = y = z which represents the equation of a line.
⇒ ab − cλ b 2 + λ 2 bc + aλ × −c λ a = ∆ 2 × ∆ = ∆3
c→p
ac + bλ bc − aλ c 2 + λ 2 b −a λ
∵ ∆≠0d→s
2
= ∆ = λ (λ + a + b + c )
3 3 2 2 2 3
∴ Here a = 0
= λ (2λ ) = 8λ
3 2 3 9 b=0
c=0
A B C bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2 Hence the equations represent the whole of three
84. (b) B C A = ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 dimensional space.
C A B ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b2

a b c
2 Integer
= b c a = 49 89. (4) | A |= (2k + 1)3 ,| B |= 0
c a b But det det (adj A) = det (adj B) = 106
a b c ⇒ (2k + 1)6 = 106
∴ b c a =7
9
c a b ⇒ k=
2
(∵ a + b + c > 0) ⇒ [k]=4

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Matrices and Determinants 91

 a1 a2 a3  94. (256) A′ = A
 
90. (9) Let M = b1 b2 b3  A = 8abc + 2 ⋅ abc − (2a)a 2 − 2c (c 2 ) − 2b(b2 ) = 10abc − 2(a 3 + b3 + c 3 )
 c1 c2 c3 
A = 8abc + 2 ⋅ abc − (2a)a 2 − 2c(c 2 ) − 2b(b 2 ) = 10abc − 2(a3 + b3 + c3 ) . . .(i)
   
0 − 1    1
1
Also, AA′ = 4 I
∴ M 1  =  2  , M  −1 =  1  ,
⇒ A2 = 4 I
0   3   0   −1
2
1  0  ∴ A =4I =4
M ⋅ 1 =  0  ⇒ A =2
1 12 
From equation (i) 2 = 10 − 2(a 3 + b3 + c3 ) (∵ abc = 1)
 a2   −1  a1 − a2   1   a1 + a2 + c3   0  ⇒ a3 + b3 + c3 = 4
b  =  2  ,  b − b  =  1  ,  a + b + b  =  0 
⇒  2    1 2     1 2 3   ∴ (a3 + b3 + c3) = 256
 c2   3   c1 − c2   −1  c1 + c2 + c3  12 
95. (1453) A3 = A ⋅ A2 = A (5 A − 7 I ) (∵ A2 = 5 A − 7 I )
⇒ a2 = −1, b2 = 2, c2 = 3, a1 − a2 = 1,
b1 − b2 = 1, c1 − c2 = −1 = 5 A2 − 7 A = 5(5 A − 7 I ) − 7 A

a1 + a2 + a3 = 0, b1 + b2 + b3 = 0, = 25 A − 35I − 7 A
=18A – 35I
c1 + c2 + c3 = 12
Now, A4 = A ⋅ A3 = A (18 A − 35 I )
∴ a1 = 0, b2 = 2, c3 = 7
⇒ Sum of diagonal elements =0 + 2 + 7 = 9 = 18 A2 − 35 A

2
= 18(5 A − 7 I ) − 35 A
91. (1296) 
1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0
 − λ  2 3 − 0 1 = 0 0 = 55 A − 126 I
 2 3      
5 8   λ 2λ   1 0   0 0  Finally, A5 = A ⋅ A4 = A (55 A − 126 I )
⇒  8 13  −  2λ − =
3λ   0 1   0 0 
   = 55 A2 − 126 A
 4 − λ 8 − 2λ   0 0  = 55(5 A − 7 I ) − 126 A
⇒  8 − 2λ 12 − 3λ  =  0 0  on comparing, we get
   
= 149 A − 385 I = aA + bI (given)
4 − λ = 0,8 − 2λ = 0, 8 − 2λ = 0, 12 − 3λ = 0
∴ a = 149 and b = –385
∴ λ=4
⇒ 2a – 3b
∴ 6λ = 64 = 1296
= 2 × 149 – 3 × –385

2 4 5  R2 → R2 − 2 R1  2 4 5 = 298 + 1155 = 1453

92. (1) A =  4 8 10  ~ 0 0 0
 −6 −12 −15 R → R + 3R 0 0 0 96. (576) Put x = 1,
  3 3 1  
2 2 −1
∴ ρ ( A) = 1
then we get 4 3 0 = A − 12
6 1 1
7 7
 ar 0  a 0
93. (896) ∑ A = ∑  0
r =0
r
r =0
=
br   0 b  or, −1(4 − 18) − 0 + 1(6 − 8) = A − 12
7 7 ⇒ 14 − 2 = A − 12
∴ a = ∑ ar = ∑ r ⋅ (7 Cr )
r =0 r =0 ∴ A =24
7 7 ∴ A2 = (24) = 576
and b = ∑ br = ∑ (7 − r ) ⋅ (7 Cr )
r =0 r =0
97. (2046) Applying C2 → C2 – C2
7
⇒ a + b = 7∑ Cr = 7(2 ) = 7 × 128 = 896
7 7 and C3 → C3 – C1 and take out
r =0 a + b + c from C2 as well as form C3 to get

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92 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Let ∆ = (a + b + c) 2
(∵ a + b + c + 2 = 0 )
2 2 2

(b + c) 2 a −b−c a −b−c Now, applying R2 → R2 − R1

b2 c + a −b 0 And R3 → R3 − R1
c2 0 a+b−c
1 (1 + b 2 ) x (1 + c 2 ) x
Applying R1 → R1 − ( R2 + R3 ) f ( x) = 0 1− x 0 = (1 − x) 2
2bc −2c −2b 0 0 1+ x
∆ = (a + b + c) b 2
c+a−b
2
0 Hence, degree of f(x) = 2.
c2 0 a +b−c
log 3 512 log 4 3 log 2 3 log 8 3
1 1 99. (10) ∆ = ×
Now, applying C2 → C2 + C1 and C3 → C3 + C1 log 3 8 log 4 9 log 3 4 log 3 4
b c
log 3 29 log 22 3 log 2 3 log 23 3
2ab … 0… 0 = ×
⋮ log 3 23 log 22 32 log 3 2 2 log 3 22
⋮
Then, ∆ = (a + b + c) 2 b 2 c + a b2 / c
1
⋮ 9log 3 2 log 2 3 1
2 log 2 3 log 2 3
⋮ = × 3
2
c2 c2 / b a + b 3log 3 2 log 2 3 2log 3 2 2log 3 2
2
= 2bc(a + b + c)2{(c + a)(a + b) − bc}  3  2  15 4
=  9 × 1 −  ×  2 −  = × = 10
= 2abc(a + b + c) 3
 2   3 2 3
10 10
100. (1000)
∴ λ = 2, then ∑λ = ∑2
r =1
r

r =1
r
= 21 + 22 + 23 + … + 210 = = 2(1023) = 2046
∵ ∆ = 1(1 − 3sin θ cosθ ) − 3cosθ (sin θ − 3cosθ ) + 1(sin 2 θ − 1)
2(210 − 1) = 1 − 6sin θ cosθ + 9cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ − 1 = (sin θ − 3cos θ ) 2
22 + 23 + + 210 = = 2(1023) = 2046
2 −1
∵ − 10 ≤ sin θ − 3cos θ ≤ 10
98. (2) Applying C1 → C1 − C2 + C3 ,
∴ 0 ≤ (sin θ − 3cos θ ) 2 ≤ 10
1 (1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x
2 2
⇒ 0 ≤ ∆ ≤ 10
Then f ( x) = 1 1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 ) x
|Maximum value of ∆ − Minimum value of ∆ |3
1 (1 + b2 ) x 1 + c 2 x

***

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Progressions 93

5 Progressions
QUICK LOOK
General form of a GP is a , ar , ar 2 , ar 3 ,.....

If there are four numbers in GP are to be considered, they
Sequence, Series and Progression a a a

Sequence: A sequence is a function whose domain is the set can be taken conveniently are , a, ar or 3 , , ar , ar 3 . A
r r r
of natural numbers, N. If f : N → C is a sequence, we harmonic progression is known by the AP formed by the
usually denote it by < f ( n ) > = < f (1), f (2), f (3), .... > reciprocal of its terms.
It is not necessary that the terms of a sequence always 1 1 1 1

General form of an HP is , , , ,.....
follow a certain pattern or they are described by some a a + d a + 2d a + 3d
explicit formula for the nth term. Terms of a sequence are
If three or four numbers in HP are to be considered, they
connected by commas. 1 1 1
can be taken as , , or
Example: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …………. is a sequence. a−d a a+d

Series: By adding or subtracting the terms of a sequence, 1 1 1 1
, , , respectively.
we get a series. If t1 , t2 , t3 ,... tn ,... is a sequence, then the a − 3d a − d a + d a + 3d

expression t1 + t2 + t3 + ... + tn ... is a series. A series is finite or

Classification of a given Progression: When we are required
infinite as the number of terms in the corresponding to verify whether a given sequence is in AP, GP or HP we
sequence is finite or infinite. proceed as follows: (here tn = nth term)
1 1 1 1
Example: 1 + + + + + .... is a series.
If tn − tn −1 = constant, for all n ≥ 2 then the sequence is in
2 3 4 5 AP.

Progression: A progression is a sequence whose terms tn

If = constant, for all n ≥ 2, then the sequence is in GP.
follow a certain pattern i.e. the terms are arranged under tn −1
a definite rule. 1 1

If − = constant, for all n ≥ 2, then the sequence is in
Example: 1,3,5,7,9,…is a progression whose terms are tn t n − 1
obtained by the rule: Tn = 2n − 1 where Tn denotes the nth HP
term of the progression.
Relations between Variable and Facts about AP
General Forms of Progressions: An arithmetic progression is
nth term = t n = (n − 1)d .
known by its first term a and the common difference d. So
n n
while solving a problem on AP, we have to take the first term
Sum to n terms = Sn = {2a + (n − 1)d } = {a + tn }
2 2
and the common difference. It given then take them as they are

By knowing the sum of n terms of an AP we can know the
given, otherwise assume the first term = a and the common
nth term using tn = S n − S n −1 .
difference = d .

General form of an AP is a, a + d , a + 2d , a + 3d ,.....
The terms of an AP are either increasing (when d > 0 ) or

If three or four numbers in AP are to be considered, they decreasing (when d < 0 ), i.e., t n > tn −1 or t n < tn −1 for all n ≥ 2
can be taken conveniently as a − d , a, a + d or
In the AP a1,a2,a3,..., an we have the following a2−a1 = a3 −a2
a − 3d , a − d , a + d .a + 3d . A geometric progression is ... = an − an −1 = common difference a1 + an = a2 + an −1 = ..... =
known by its first term a and the common ratio r. So while constant a1 + k , a2 + k , a3 + k ,....., an + k are also in AP for
solving a problem on GP we have to take the first term and
k > 0or k < 0 a1 × k , a2 × k , a3 × k ,....., an × k are also in AP for
the common ratio. If given then take them as they are given,
otherwise assume the first term = a and the common ratio = any k a1 , a3 , a5 ,..... are also in AP a p , a p + q , a p + 2 q ,..... are also
r. in AP.

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94 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
a+b
The harmonic mean of n nonzero numbers a1 , a2 , a3 ,....., an is

The arithmetic mean A of two numbers a, b is A =
2 1
H= .

The arithmetic mean A of n numbers a1 , a2 , a3 ,....., an is 1 1 1
+ + ..... +
a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an a1 a2 an
A= n
n

If n numbers are inserted between a and b such that
If n numbers are set between a and b such that a,
b−a H 1 , H 2 ,......, H n , b are in HP then
a1 , A1 , A2 ,... An , b are in AP then Ar = a + (r − 1 − 1)
n +1 1 1
−
a+b 1
and A1 + A2 + A3 + .... + An = n × Hm = where d = b a .
2 1
+ md n +1
a
Relations between Variables and Facts about GP

nth term = tn = arn–1. Properties and Relations of AM, GM and HM
Let A, G and H be arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means
a (1 − r n )

Sum of n terms = S n = . of two numbers a and b.
1− r
a+b 2ab

Sum of infinite terms = S =
a
provided r < 1. Then, A = , G = ab and H =
1− r 2 a+b

By knowing the sum to n terms of a GP we can know the These three means possess the following properties:
nth term using tn = Sn – Sn–1.
A≥G≥H

In a GP of positive terms the terms are either increasing a+b 2ab
A= , G = ab and H =
(when r > 1 ) or decreasing (when r < 1 ). 2 a+b
a2 a3
= a+b ( a − b )2

In a GP, a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an we have the following: ∴ A−G = − ab = ≥0
a1 2 2 2
an ⇒ A≥G . . . (i)
= ... = = common ratio a1an = a2 an −1 = ..... = constant
an −1 2ab  a + b − 2 ab 
G − H = ab − = ab  
a1.k , a2 .k , a3 .k ,..., an .k are also in GP,(k ≠ 0) a1 , a3 , a5 ,..... are a+b  a+b 
also in GP a p , a p + q , a p + 2 q ,..... are also in GP. ab
= ( a − b )2 ≥ 0

The geometric mean G of two numbers a and b is G = ab a +b

The geometric mean of G of n numbers a1 , a2 , a3 ....., an is ⇒ G≥H . . .(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get A ≥ G ≥ H
G = n a1 . a2 . a3 .....an .
Note that the equality holds only when a = b

If n numbers are set between a and b such that a, G1,G2,...Gn , b

A, G, H from a G.P., i.e. G 2 = AH
1
b n +1 a + b 2ab
are in GP then Gm = ar m where r =   and AH = × = ab = ( ab ) 2 = G 2
a 2 a+b
G1 ⋅ G2 ⋅ G3 ⋅ ... ⋅ Gn = ( ab ) n . Hence, G 2 = AH
The equation having a and b as its roots is x 2 − 2 Ax + G 2 = 0
Relations between Variables and Facts about HP The equation having a and b its roots is
1

nth term = tn = . x − (a + b) x + ab = 0
2

nth term of corresponding AP

a+b

If a1 , a2 , a3 ,......, an are in HP then ⇒ x 2 − 2 Ax + G 2 = 0 ∵ A = 
and G = ab 
 2 
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = − = .... = − = constant.
a2 a1 a3 a2 an an −1 The roots a, b are given by A ± A2 − G 2
2ab
If A, G, H are arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means

The harmonic mean of two numbers a and b is H = . between three given numbers a, b and c, then the equation
a+b

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Progressions
th
95
3G 3 n Term and Sum of A.G.P.
having a, b, c as its roots is x 3 − 3 Ax 2 + x − G3 = 0
H The symmetry we obtain that the nth term of this sequence is
1 1 1 [a + (n − 1) d ] r n −1
+ +
a+b+c 1 a b c

A= , G = ( abc)1 / 3 and = Also, let a, (a + d ) r, (a + 2d ) r 2 , (a + 3d ) r 3 ,... be an arithmetic-
3 H 3
geometric sequence.
3G 3
⇒ a + b + c = 3 A, abc = G 3 and = ab + bc + ca Then, a + (a + d ) r + (a + 2d ) r 2 + (a + 3d ) r3 + ... is an arithmetic-
H
The equation having a, b, c as its roots is geometric series.

x 3 − (a + b + c) x 2 + (ab + bc + ca ) x − abc = 0
Sum of n Terms: The sum of n terms of an arithmetic-

geometric sequence a,( a + d ) r ,(a + 2d ) r 2 ,(a + 3d ) r 3 ,... is
3G 3
⇒ x − 3 Ax +
3 2
x − G3 = 0 given by
H

If A, G, H be A.M., G.M., H.M. between a and b, then  a (1 − r n −1 ) {a + (n − 1) d }r n
 + dr − , when r ≠ 1
 A when n = 0 1 − r (1 − r ) 2 1− r
a n +1 + b n +1  Sn = 
= G when n = −1/ 2  n [2a + (n − 1) d ], when r = 1
an + bn  H when n = −1  2


If A1 , A2 be two A.M.’s; G1 , G2 be two G.M.’s and H 1 , H 2
Sum of Infinite Sequence: Let |r|< 1. Then r n , r n −1 → 0 as
be two H.M.’s between two numbers a and b then n → ∞ and it can also be shown that n . r n → 0 as n → ∞.
G1G2 A + A2
= 1 a dr
H1 H 2 H 1 + H 2 So, we obtain that Sn → + , as n → ∞.
1 − r (1 − r ) 2
In other words, when |r|< 1 the sum to infinity of an
Recognization of A.P., G.P., H.P.: If a,b,c are three successive
terms of a sequence. a dr
arithmetic-geometric series is S∞ = +
a −b a 1 − r (1 − r ) 2
Then if, = , then a, b, c are in A.P.
b−c a
a −b a Summation of Series of Natural Numbers
If, = , then a, b, c are in G.P.
b−c b n n

If,
a −b a
= , then a, b, c are in H.P.

∑n
n =1
0
= 10 + 20 + 30 + .... + n0 = ∑1 = n
n =1
b−c c
n
n(n + 1)

If number of terms of any A.P./G.P./H.P. is odd, then
∑ n = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n =
n =1 2
A.M./G.M./H.M. of first and last terms is middle term of
series. n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

If number of terms of any A.P./G.P./H.P. is even, then

∑n
n =1
2
= 12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n 2 =
6
A.M./G.M./H.M. of middle two terms is A.M./G.M./H.M. 2 2
n
 n(n + 1)   n 
of first and last terms respectively.
∑n 3
= 13 + 23 + 33 + .... + n3 =   = ∑n
 2   n =1 

If pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P. are in G.P. Then p, q, r are n =1

n
in A.P.

If a, b, c are in A.P. as well as in G.P. then a = b = c .

∑n
n =1
4
can be found by using the identity

If a, b, c are in A.P., then xa, xb, xc will be in G.P. ( x ≠ ±1) k 5 − (k − 1)5 = 5k 4 − 10k 3 + 10k 2 − 5k + 1 which gives
Arithmetic-geometric Progression (A.G.P.) n n n n n n
n5 = ∑{k 5 − (k −1)5} = 5∑k 4 −10∑k 3 + 10∑k 2 − 5∑k + ∑1.
If a1, a2, a3,...an,...is an A.P. and b1 , b2 , ..., bn ,... is a G.P., then the k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1

sequence a1 b1 , a2 b2 , a3 b3 , ..., an bn ,... is said to be an arithmetic- n n

(a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an ) 2 = ∑ ai2 + 2 ∑ ai a j , i.e., (sum of
geometric sequence. i =1 i < j =1

Thus, the general form of an arithmetic geometric sequence is numbers) = sum of squares + 2 (sum of products of
2

a, (a + d ) r , (a + 2d ) r 2 , (a + 3d ) r 3 ,.... numbers taking two at a time)

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96 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Note Vn Method
This formula is useful to find the sum of products of numbers
To find the sum of the series
taking two at a time if the sum of the numbers and the sum of 1 1 1
+ + .... +
their squares can be obtained. a1 a2 a3 ....ar a2 a3 ....ar +1 an an +1 ....an + r −1
Let d be the common difference of A.P. Then
Summation of Related Series
an = a1 + (n −1) d .

If the nth term of a series is of the form
Let Sn and Tn denote the sum to n terms of the series and nth
t n = an + bn + cn + d + kp then, Sn = ∑ tn
3 2 n
term respectively.
S n = ∑ t n = a ∑ n 3 + b ∑ n 2 + c ∑ n + d ∑ 1 + k ∑ p n can be obtained Sn =
1
+
1
+ .... +
1
a1 a2 ....ar a2 a3 ....ar +1 an an +1 ....an + r −1
by using the formulae for ∑ n3 , etc., the series ∑ p n being
1
in GP. ∴ Tn =
an an +1 .....an + r −1

Series of following forms admit the summation by using the
1
above method (known by ∑ method Let Vn =
an +1 an + 2 .....an + r −1
a ⋅ b + (a + d )(b + c) + (a + 2d )(b + 2c) + .... which is obtained 1
Vn −1 =
by the sum of the products of corresponding terms of two an an +1 .....an + r − 2
(or more) APs. a, a + b, a + 2b + c, a + 3b + 3c, a + 4b + 6c,.... ⇒ Vn − Vn −1
in which the difference of consecutive terms are b, b + c, b 1 1 an − an + r −1
+ 2c, b + 3c,.... and these are in AP. = − =
an +1 an + 2 .....an + r −1 an an +1 .....an + r − 2 an an +1 .....an + r −1
a, a + b, a + b + br , a + b + br + br 2 ,.... in which the difference [a1 + (n − 1) d ] − [a1 + {(n + r − 1) − 1}d ]
= = d (1 − r ) Tn
of consecutive terms are b, br, br2,...and these are in GP. an an +1 .....an + r −1

The ∑ method is not applicable in a series whose nth term 1
∴ Tn = {Vn −1 − Vn } ,
tn cannot be written as sum of positive integral powers of n d (r − 1)
n
and powers of constant, i.e., an3 + bn2 +cn + d + kp n . If ∴ Sn = ∑ Tn =
1
(V0 − Vn )
n =1 d (r − 1)
t n contains a term of the form n ⋅ p n or n 2 p n , etc., then
1  1 1 
Σ method cannot be applied. In series like Sn =  − 
(r − 1)(a2 − a1 )  a1a2 ....ar −1 an +1an+ 2 ......an + r −1 
a ⋅ b + ( a + a )br + ( a + 2 d )br 2 + ....., which is obtained by the

If S n = a1a2 .....ar + a2 a3 .....ar +1.... + an an +1...an+ r −1
sum of the products of corresponding terms of an AP and a
Tn = an an +1 .....an + r −1
GP, we get a term as mentioned above. Such series are
Let Vn = an an +1....an + r −1an + r ,
known as arithmetic-geometric series. The method of
solving such series is as follows: ∴ Vn −1 = an−1an +1......an + r −1

S n = ab + ( a + d )br + ( a + 2d )br 2 + ... + ( a + n − 1 d )br n −1 ⇒ Vn − Vn −1 = an an +1an + 2 .....an + r −1 ( an + r − an −1 )

= Tn {[a1 + ( n + r − 1) d ] − [a1 + ( n − 2) d ]} = Tn (r + 1) d
r ·Sn = abr + (a + d )br 2 + .... + ( a + n − 2 d )br 1
+ (a + n − 1d )br
Vn − Vn−1
+ d )br 2 + .... + (a + n − 2 d )br n −1 + (a + n − 1 d )br n ∴ Tn =
(r + 1) d
Subtracting, (1− r)Sn = ab + dbr + dbr 2 + .... + dbr n−1 − (a + n −1d )br n n
1 n
1
S n = ∑ Tn = ∑ (Vn − Vn−1 ) = (Vn − V0 )
The series on the right, from the second term to the last but n =1 (r + 1)d n =1 (r + 1) d
one term, is a GP which can be added. 1
= {(an an +1 ....an + r ) − (a0 a1 ....ar )}

Some series have their terms in none of the above forms, (r + 1) d
but by rearranging the terms we get a sum of two or more 1
series which can be summed up. = {an an +1 ....an + r − a0 a1 .....ar }
(r + 1)(a2 − a1 )

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Progressions 97
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1 1 1
11. If a1 , a2 ,.., an+1 are in A.P., then + +... + is:
Arithmetic Progression a1 a2 a2 a3 an an +1
n −1 1 n +1 n
1. Let Tr be rth term of an A.P. whose first term is a and a. b. c. d.
a1 an +1 a1 an +1 a1an+1 a1an+1
common difference is d. If for some positive integers m, n,
1 1 12. The number of terms in the series 101 + 99 + 97 + ..... + 47 is:
m ≠ n, Tm = and Tn = , then a – d equals?
n m a. 25 b. 28
1 1 1 c. 30 d. 20
a. + b. 1 c. d. 0
m n mn
Geometric Progression (G.P.)
2. The 19th term from the end of the series 2 + 6 + 10 + …. + 86
is: 13. The numbers ( 2 + 1),1,( 2 − 1) will be in:
a. 6 b. 18 a. A.P. b. G.P.
c. 14 d. 10 c. H.P. d. None of these

3. In a certain A.P., 5 times the 5th term is equal to 8 times 14. If x,2 x + 2,3 x + 3 are in G.P., then the fourth term is:
the 8th term, then its 13th term is: a. 27 b. – 27 c. 13.5 d. – 13.5
a. 0 b. – 1 c. – 12 d. – 13
15. Let an be the nth term of the G.P. of positive numbers. Let
th
4. The n term of the series 3 + 10 + 17 + ….. and 63 + 65 + 100 100

67 + …… are equal, then the value of n is: ∑a

n =1
2n = α and ∑a
n =1
2 n−1 = β , such that α ≠ β, then the
a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 15
common ratio is:
5. The sum of the first and third term of an A.P. is 12 and the
α β α β
product of first and second term is 24, the first term is: a. b. c. d.
β α β α
a. 1 b. 8 c. 4 d. 6
16. The first term of an infinite geometric progression is x and
6. If S r denotes the sum of the first r terms of an A.P., then
its sum is 5. Then:
S3r − S r −1 a. 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 b. 0 < x < 10
is equal to:
S 2 r − S 2 r −1
c. −10 < x < 0 d. x > 10
a. 2r – 1 b. 2r + 1 c. 4r + 1 d. 2r + 3 n r

∑
1 n
7. If the sum of the first 2n terms of 2, 5, 8…. is equal to the 17. lim e is:
n →∞ n
sum of the first n terms of 57, 59, 61…., then n is equal to: r =1

a. 10 b. 12 a. e + 1 b. e – 1 c. 1 – e d. e
c. 11 d. 13 18. The G.M. of the numbers 3, 32 , 33 ......3n is:
8. The sum of all odd numbers of two digits is:
2 n+1 n n−1
a. 2475 b. 2530 c. 4905 d. 5049 a. 3 n b. 3 2
c. 3 2 d. 3 2

9. If sum of n terms of an A.P. is 3n 2 + 5n and Tm = 164 ,

19. The two geometric mean between the number 1 and 64 are:
then m =?
a. 1 and 64 b. 4 and 16
a. 26 b. 27
c. 2 and 16 d. 8 and 16
c. 28 d. 29
1 1 Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
10. The sum of n terms of the series +
1+ 3 3+ 5 3 1
20. The 4th term of a H.P. is and 8th term is then its 6th
1 5 3
+ + ....... is:
5+ 7 term is:
1 a. 1/6 b. 3/7 c. 1/7 d. 3/5
a. 2n + 1 b. 2n + 1
2 21. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation
1 (5 + 2) x 2 − (4 + 3) x + 8 + 2 3 = 0 is:
c. 2n − 1 d. ( 2n + 1 − 1)
2 a. 2 b. 4 c.6 d. 8

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98 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

1 1 1 31. If A1 , A2 ; G1 , G2 and H1 , H 2 be two A.M.’s, G.M.’s and

22. If a,b,c are in H.P., then the value of  + − 
b c a G1G2
H.M.’s between two quantities, then the value of is:
1 1 1 H1 H 2
 + −  is:
c a b A1 + A2 A1 − A2 A1 + A2 A1 − A2
a. b. c. d.
2 1 3 2 H1 + H 2 H1 + H 2 H1 − H 2 H1 − H 2
a. + b. +
bc b 2 c 2 ca
32. If the ratio of A.M. between two positive real numbers a
3 2
c. 2 − d. None of these and b to their H.M. is m : n, then a : b is:
b ab
m−n + n n + m−n
a. b.
Arithmetic geometric Progression (A.G.P.) m−n − n n − m−n
3 5 7 m + m−n
23. 1 + + + + ......∞ is equal to: c. d. None of these
2 22 23 m − m−n
a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 12
33. If the A.M. of two numbers is greater than G.M. of the
24. Sum of the series 1 + 2.2 + 3.22 + 4.23 + .... + 100.299 is: numbers by 2 and the ratio of the numbers is 4 : 1, then
a. 100.2100 + 1 b. 99.2100 + 1 the numbers are:
c. 99.2100 − 1 d. 100.2100 − 1 a. 4, 1 b. 12, 3
25. The sum to n terms of the series 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 +... c. 16, 4 d. None of these
is: 34. If the ratio of H.M. and G.M. of two quantities is 12 : 13,
n +1
a. 2 −n b. 2 n +1
−n−2 then the ratio of the numbers is:
c. 2 − n − 2
n
d. None of these a. 1: 2 b. 2: 3
c. 3: 4 d. None of these
Summation of Series 35. Let two numbers have arithmetic mean 9 and geometric
n mean 4. Then these numbers are the roots of the quadratic
26. A series whose nth term is   + y , the sum of r terms
 x equation:
will be: a. x 2 − 18 x − 16 = 0 b. x 2 − 18 x + 16 = 0
 r (r + 1)   r (r − 1)  c. x + 18 x − 16 = 0
2
d. x 2 + 18 x + 16 = 0
a.   + ry b.  
 2x   2x 
36. If a, b, c, d are four positive numbers then:
 r (r + 1)   r (r + 1) 
c.   + ry d.   − rx  a b  c d  a  a c  b d  a
 2x   2x  a.  +  +  ≥ 4 ⋅ b.  +  +  ≥ 4 ⋅
 b c  d e  e  b d  c e  e
27. The sum of 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ... + 153 is: a b c d e b c d e a 1
c. + + + + ≥5 d. + + + + ≥
a. 22000 b. 10000 c. 14400 d. 15000 b c d e a a b c d e 5
1 37. If the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means between
28. If (12 − t1 ) + (22 − t2 ) + ... + (n 2 − tn ) = n (n 2 − 1) , then tn is:
3 two positive real numbers be A, G and H , then:
a. n/2 b. n − 1 c. n + 1 d. n
a. A2 = GH b. H 2 = AG c. G = AH d. G 2 = AH

Relation between A.P., G.P. and H.P. 38. If log a x, log b x, log c x be in H.P., then a, b, c are in:

29. If the A.M., G.M. and H.M. between two positive a. A.P. b. H.P.
numbers a and b are equal, then: c. G.P. d. None of these
a. a = b b. ab = 1 39. If a, b, c are in A.P. as well as in G.P., then:
c. a > b d. a < b a. a = b ≠ c b. a ≠ b = c c. a ≠ b ≠ c d. a = b = c
40. If a, b, c are in G.P., a − b, c − a, b − c are in H.P., then
30. If x = log5 3 + log 7 5 + log 9 7 then:
a + 4b + c is equal to:
3 1 3 1
a. x ≥ b. x ≥ c. x ≥ d. a. 0 b. 1
2 3
2 3
2 3
c. −1 d. None of these

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Progressions
th
99
41. If A1 , A2 are the two A.M.'s between two numbers a and b n term of special series, Sum to n terms and Infinite
and G1 , G2 be two G.M.'s between same two numbers, number of terms
1 1 1
A1 + A2 51. The sum of (n + 1) terms of + + + ... is:
then =? 1 1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3
G1.G2
n 2n 2 2(n + 1)
a +b a+b 2ab ab a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d. n +1 n +1 n ( n + 1) n+2
ab 2ab a +b a+b
52. The sum to n terms of the series 2 2 + 4 2 + 6 2 + .......... . is:
42. If G.M. = 18 and A.M. = 27, then H.M. is: n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
a. b.
1 1 3 3
a. b. c.12 d. 9 6
18 12 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
c. d.
43. If 9 A.M.'s and H.M.'s are inserted between the 2 and 3 6 9

and if the harmonic mean H is corresponding to arithmetic 1 1 1 1

53. + + + ........ + ....... equals:
1 . 2 2 . 3 3 .4 n.(n + 1)
6
mean A , then A + =?
1 n 2n 2
H a. b. c. d.
a.1 b.3 c.5 d.6 n(n + 1) n +1 n +1 n(n + 1)

Arithmetic Geometric Progression, Method of Difference 54. Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers exceeds
their sum by 330, then n = ?
44. If | x | < 1, then the sum of the series 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 +
a.8 b.10 c.15 d.20
...∞ will be: n

a.
1
b.
1
c.
1
d.
1 55. ∑m 2
is equal to:
1− x 1+ x (1 + x )2 (1 − x )2 m =1

m (m + 1) m (m + 1)(2m + 1)
45. The sum of infinite terms of the following series a. b.
2 6
4 7 10 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
1 + + 2 + 3 + ......... will be: c. d.
5 5 5 6 2
3 35 35 35
a. b. c. d. 56. First term of the 11th group in the following groups (1),
16 8 4 16
(2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8, 9),……….is:
46. 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + .......... to n terms = ? a.89 b. 97
a. 2 n +1 − n b. 2 n +1 − n − 2 c.101 d.123
c. 2 n − n − 2 d. None of these 1+2 1+2+3
57. If the sum of 1 + + + ..... to n terms is S, then
2 3
47. Sum of n terms of series 12 + 16 + 24 + 40 + ..... will be: S is equal to:
a. 2 (2 n − 1) + 8 n b. 2(2 n − 1) + 6 n n(n + 3) n(n + 2) n(n + 1) (n + 2)
a. b. c. d. n 2
c. 3(2 − 1) + 8 n
n
d. 4 (2 − 1) + 8 n
n 4 4 6

1 .3 1 .3.5 NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

48. The sum of the series 1 + + + .... ∞ is:
6 6 .8
More than One Answer
a. 1 b. 0 c. ∞ d. 4
58. If the first and the (2n – 1) th term of an AP, GP and HP
49. The sum of the series 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 + ......... upto n
are equal and their nth terms are a,b and c respectively,
terms is: then:
1 − (n + 1)x n + nx n +1 1 − xn a. a = b = c b. a ≥ b ≥ c
a. b.
(1 − x )2 1− x
c. a + c = b d. ac − b 2 = 0
n +1
c. x d. None of these
1 1 1 1
59. For a positive integer n let an = 1 + + + + ... n ,
50. If the set of natural numbers is partitioned into subsets 2 3 4 (2 ) − 1
S 1 = {1}, S 2 = {2, 3}, S 3 = {4 , 5, 6} and so on. Then the sum then:
of the terms in S 50 is: a. a (100) ≤ 100 b. a (100) > 100
a. 62525 b. 25625 c. 62500 d.None of these c. a (200) ≤ 100 d. a (200) > 100

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100 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
60. Let bi > 1 for i = 1, 2,...,101. Suppos logeb1,logeb2,... a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
logeb101 are in Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) with the correct explanation of the assertion.
common difference loge 2. Suppose a1 , a2 , ... a101 are in b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
A.P. such that a1=b1 and a51=b51 .If t = b1 + b2 +...+ b51 and correct explanation of the assertion.
s = a1 + a2 + .... + a51 , then : c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
a. s > t and a101 > b101 b. s > t and a101 < b101
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
c. s < t and a101 > b101 d. s < t and a101 < b101 68. Let a, b, c, d, e be five non-zero numbers such that a, b, c
4n k ( k +1) are in A.P., b, c, d are in G.P., and c, d, e are in H.P.?
61. Let S n = ∑ (−1) 2
k 2 . Then, Sn can take value: (s) Assertion: If a = 2, e = 18, b > 0, then b = 4 and c = 6.
2
Reason: If a = 2, e = 18, c = −6, then b < 0.
a. 1056 b. 1088 c. 1120 d. 1332
69. Suppose a, b, c, d are four real number and
62. Let a =1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5. Then:
x+a x+b x+a −c
a. 55 ≥ a b. 33 ≥ 5!
∆( x) = x + b x+c x −1 ,
c. 55 ≥ 6a d. none of these x+c x+d x −b+ d
63. Let S1,S2…be squares such that for each n ≥ 1, the length of 2
Assertion: If a, b, c, d are in A.P. and ∫ ∆( x)dx = −4,
0
a side of Sn equals the length of a diagonal of Sn+1. If the
length of a side of S1is 10cm, then for which of the then common difference of the A.P. is ± 1.
following values of n is the area of Sn less 1sq cm2 than: Reason: If a,b,c,d are in A.P., then ∆(x) is independent of x.
a. 7 b. 8 c. 9 d. 10
70. Suppose a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in A.P.
64. The pth term Tp of HP is q(p+q) and qth term Tq is. p(p+q)
a b d
when p > 1, q > 1, then: Assertion: , , are in H.P.
b+c c+a a+b
a. Tp + q = pq b. Tpq = p + q Reason: b + c, c + a, a + b are in H.P.
c. Tp + q > Tpq d. Tpq > Tp + q
71. The natural numbers are divided into rows as follows:
th
65. If the first and (2n –1) the term of an AP, a GP and a HP 1
2 3 4
are equal and their nth terms are a, b and c respectively, 5 6 7 8 9
then: ...................
Assertion: Sum of the numbers in the 10th row is a
a. a = b = c b. a + c = b c. a ≥ b ≥ c d. ac = b 2
number which can be written as sum of two cubes in two
66. If a, b, c be three unequal positive quantities in HP, then:
different ways.
a. a100 + c100 > 2b100 b. a 2 + c3 > 2b3 Reason: Sum of the numbers in the rth row is
c. a 5 + c 5 > 2b5 d. a 2 + c 2 > 2b 2 72. Assertion: The sum of the series 1 + (1 + 2 + 4) + (4 + 6 + 9)
1 1 + (9 + 12 + 16) is 800
67. The sum of n terms of the series +
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 n

1
Reason: ∑ (k
k =1
3
− ( k − 1)3 ) = n 3 for each natural number n.
+ + .... is:
3⋅ 4 ⋅ 5⋅ 6 n
73. Assertion: If Sn = ∑ ak = 3n 2 + 2n − 7 for each n, then,
n(n 2 + 6n + 11) n3 = 6 k =1
a. b.
18(n + 1)( n + 2)(n + 3) 18(n + 1)( n + 2)(n + 3) a1 , a2 , a3 ... are in A.P.
1 1 1 1 Reason: Sum to n terms of an A.P. is always of the form
c. − d. − an2 + bn.
18 3(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 6 2(n + 1)( n + 2)(n + 3)
74. Assertion: The largest interval for which we can find the
Assertion and Reason sum of the series 1 +(2 x −1) + (2 x − 1) 2 + (2 x −1)3 + ... is (0, 1)
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark Reason: An infinite geometric series a + ar + ar 2 + ... can
the correct option out of the options given below: be summed up if | r | < 1.

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Progressions 101
75. Assertion: If a, b, c > 0 and the expression (a + c) x 2 Paragraph –II
Let A1, G1, H1 denote the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic
( (a + c) 2 + 4b 2 ) x + b > 0 ∀ x ∈ R, then a,b,c are in G.P.
means, respectively, of two distinct positive numbers. For n ≥ 2,
Reason: ax 2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x ∈ R if and only if a > 0 and let An – 1 and Hn – 1 has arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means
b − 4 ac < 0.
2 as An, Gn, Hn respectively.

76. Let α , β be roots of ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 and ∆ = b 2 − ac. 82. Which one of the following statements is correct ?
a. G1 > G2 > G3 > ...
Assertion: If α + β , α 2 + β 2 ,α 3 + β 3 are in G.P. then
b. G1 < G2 , < G3 > ...
c∆ = 0 c. G1 = G2 = G3 = ...
Reason: If α , αβ , β are in A.P. then b + c = 0. d. G1 < G3 < G5 < ... and G2 > G4 > G6 > ...

77. Suppose four distinct positive numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 are in 83. Which of the following statements is correct ?
G.P. a. A1 > A2 >...
Let b1 = a1 , b2 = b1 + a2 , b3 = b2 + a3 and b4 = b3 + a4 . b. A1 < A2 < A3 < ....
c. A1 > A3 > A5 > .... and A2 < A4 < A6 < ....
Assertion: The numbers b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 are neither in A.P.
d. A1 < A3 < A5 < ....and A2 > A4 > A6 > ....
nor in G.P.
84. Which of the following statements is correct ?
Reason: The numbers b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 are in H.P.
a. H1 > H2 > H3 > ....
78. Suppose four distinct positive numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 are in b. H1 < H2 < H3 < ....
GP. Let b1 = a1 , b2 = b1 + a2 , b3 = b2 + a3 and b4 = b3 + a4 c. H1 > H3 > H5 > ....and H2 < H4 < H6 < ....
d. H1 < H3 < H5 < ....and H2 > H4 > H6 > ....
Assertion: The numbers b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 are neither in AP
nor in GP. Paragraph –III
Reason: The numbers b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 are in HP
Let an denote the number of all n-digit positive integers formed
by the digits 0, 1 or both such that no consecutive digits in them
Comprehension Based are 0. Let bn = The number of such n-digit integers ending with
Paragraph –I digit 1 and cn = The number of such n-digit integers ending
Let Vr denotes the sum of the first r terms of an arithmetic with digit 0.

progression (AP) whose first term is r and the common 85. Which of the following is correct ?
difference is (2r - 1). Let Tr = Vr +1 − Vr − 2 and Qr = Tr +1 − Tr a. a17 = a16 + a15 b. a17 ≠ a16 + a15
for r = 1, 2, … c. b17 ≠ b16 + c16 d. a17 = c16 + b16

79. The sum V1 + V2 +...+Vn is: 86. The value of b6 is:

1 1 a. 7 b. 8
a. n(n + 1)(3n 2 − n + 1) b. n(n + 1)(3n 2 + n + 2)
12 12 c. 9 d. 11
1 1
c. n(2n 2 − n + 1) d. (2n3 − 2n + 3)
2 3 Match the Column
80. Tr is always: a n +1 + bn +1
87. If then:
a. an odd number b. an even number a n + bn
c. a prime number d. a composite number Column I Column II
81. Which one of the following is a correct statement? (A) A.M. of a and b 1. –1
a. Q1, Q2, Q3,...are in AP with common difference 5 (B) G.M. of a and b 2. 0
b. Q1, Q2, Q3,...are in AP with common difference 6 (C) H.M. of a and b then n = 3. –1–2
c. Q1, Q2, Q3,...are in AP with common difference 11 a. A→2, B→3, C→1 b. A→1, B→2, C→3
d. Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = ... c. A→3, B→2, C→1 d. A→3, B→1, C→2

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102 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
88. Match the statement of Column I with those in Column II: 1 1002 100 2
ratio is . Then the value of + ∑ | (k − 3k + 1) S k | is:
Column I Column II k 100! k =1
(A) Sum of n A.M.’s 1. ( ab ) n 91. Let a1,a2,a3,…a11 be real numbers satisfying a1=15,27–2a2 > 0
between a and b is a 2 + a22 + ... + a112
and ak = 2ak −1 − ak −2 for k = 3, 4...,11 If 1 = 90,
(B) Product of n G.M.’s 2. 2A pq 11
between a and b is a + a + ... + a11
then the value of 1 2 is equal to:
(C) If A, G, H are A.M., G1G2 11
3.
G.M., H.M., between H1 H 2 92. Let a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., a100 be an arithmetic progression with
the same two numbers, p
such that A–G = 15 and a1 = 3 and Sp = ∑ ai , 1 ≤ p ≤ 100, For any integer n with
t =1
A – H = 27, then the
numbers are Sm
1≤ n ≤ 20, let m = 5n. If does not depend on n, then an
(D) A1,A2;G1,G2 and H1,H2 are n(a + b) Sn
4. is:
respective two A.M.’s, 2
two G.M.’s and two 93. The minimum value of the sum of real numbers
H.M.’s between the a −5 , a −4 , 3a −3 ,1, a8 and a10 with a > 0 is:
same two numbers, then 94. A pack contains n card numbered from 1 to n. Two
A1 + A2 consecutive numbered card are removed from the pack
=
H2 + H2 and the sum of the numbers on the remaining cards is
(E) If one A.M. A and two 5. 120, 30 1224. If the smaller of the numbers on the removed cards
G.M.’s p and q be is k, then k – 20 is equal to:
inserted between any 95. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that b/a is an integer. If a,
two numbers then the
b, c are in geometric progression and the arithmetic mean of
value of p3 + q3 is
a 2 + a − 14
a. A→4, B→1, C→5, D→3, E→2 a, b, c is b + 2, then the value of is:
b. A→4, B→2, C→3, D→5, E→1 a +1
c. A→2, B→3, C→5, D→1, E→4 1 1 1 1
96. If Sn = 1 + + 2 + … + n−1 and 2 − Sn < , then the least
d. A→ 5, B→ 1, C→4, D→3, E→2 2 2 2 100
value of n must be:
89. a, b, c ∈ R and a, b, c are in A.P. math the entries of
column I with those of column II: 97. If (1) (2010) + (2) (2009) + (3) (2008) + . . .+ (2010) (1) =
Column I Column II (335) (2011) (λ), then the value of λ must be:
2 2 2
(A) a , b , c are in A.P. 1. a = b = c n
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
2 2 2
(B) a , b , c are in G.P. 1
98. If ∑T
r =1
r =
8
, then the value of
2. − a, b, c are in G.P.
2 n
4016
2 2 2
1 lim ∑ = must be :
(C) a , b , c are in H.P. 3. a, b, − c are in G.P.
n →∞
r =1 Tr
2
(D) a + b + c = 3/ 2 are in 4. b = 1/ 2  a +b   c+b 
99. If a, b, c are in HP and if  + >
A.P.  2a − b   2c − b 
a. A→1, B→1, C→1.2.3, D→4
λ λ λ ...∞, then the value of λ must be :
b. A→1, B→2, C→1.4.3, D→3
c. A→2, B→3, C→1.2.3, D→4 1 1
d. A→1, B→3, C→1.2.3, D→2 100. If log10 x + log10 x + log10 x + .... = y and
2 4
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2 y − 1) 20 p
Integer = ∀ Sp = ∑ ai x, y ∈ N
4 + 7 + 10 + ... + (3 y + 1) 7 log10 x t =1
90. Let Sk, k = 1,2…100 denote the sum of the infinite
k −1 then the value of (log y x)5 must be :
geometric series whose first term is nd the common
k!

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Progressions 103
ANSWER 4. (c)n term of 1 series = 3 + ( n − 1)7 = 7 n − 4
th st

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. nth term of 2nd series = 63 + ( n − 1) = 2n + 61

d c a c c b c a b d ∴ we have, 7 n − 4 = 2n + 61
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
⇒ n = 13
d b b d a b b b b b
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 5. (c) Let a − d , a, a + d ,........ be an A.P.
b c b b b a c d a c ∴ (a − d ) + (a + d ) = 12
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. ⇒ a=6
a c c d b a,b,c d c d a
Also, (a − d ) a = 24
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
24
a c c d d b d d a a ⇒ 6−d = =4 ⇒ d =2
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
6
d b b b c c a a,b,d a,d b ∴ First term = a − d = 6 − 2 = 4
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
S3r − S r −1
a,d a,b b,c,d a,b,c c,d All a,c b b d 6. (b)
S 2 r − S 2 r −1
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
3r (r − 1)
c a d a d b c c b d {2a + (3r − 1)d } − {2a + (r − 1 − 1) d }
= 2 2
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
T2 r
b c a b a b a b a 4
d
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. (2r + 1) a + {3r (3r − 1) − ( r − 1)( r − 2)}
0 3,9 8 5 4 8 2012 2008 4 3125 = 2
a + (2r − 1) d
SOLUTION
d
Multiple Choice Questions (2r + 1)a + {8r 2 − 2}
= 2
1 1 a + (2r − 1)d
1. (d) Tm = ⇒ a + (m − 1) d = . . .(i)
n n
(2r + 1)a + d (4r 2 − 1)
1 1 = = 2r + 1
and Tn = ⇒ a + (n − 1) d = . . . (ii) a + (2r − 1)d
m m
1 1 2n
Subtract (ii) from (i), We get (m − n) d = − 7. (c) We have, {2 × 2 + (2n − 1)3}
n m 2
( m − n) n
⇒ ( m − n) d = = {2 × 57 + (n − 1)2}
mn 2
1 ⇒ 6n + 1 = n + 56
⇒ d=, as m – n ≠ 0
mn ⇒ n = 11
1 1 n −1 1
a = − (n − 1) d = − = =d . 8. (a) Required sum, S = 11 + 13 + 15 + ....... + 99
m m mn mn
Therefore a – d = 0 Let the number of odd terms be n, then 99 = 11 + (n − 1)2
⇒ n = 45
2. (c) 86 = 2 + (n − 1) 4 ⇒ n = 22
45
19th term from end = tn −19+1 = t22−19+1 = t4 = 2 + (4 − 1) 4 = 14 ∴ S= (11 + 99)
2
3. (a) We have 5T5 = 8T8  n 
= 45 × 55 = 2475 ∵ S = (a + l ) 
Let a and d be the first term and common difference  2 
respectively 9. (b) Tm = S m − Sm −1
∴ 5{a + (5 − 1) d } = 8{a + (8 − 1) d } ⇒ 3a + 36d = 0 ⇒ 164 = (3m2 + 5m) − {3(m − 1) 2 + 5(m − 1)}
⇒ a + 12d = 0 , i.e. a + (13 − 1) d = 0 . ⇒ 164 = 3(2m − 1) + 5
th
Hence 13 term = 0 ⇒ m = 27

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104 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
3
10. (d) S n =
1
+
1
+
1
+ ......  2( x + 1)  8
then 4th term = ar 3 = x   = x 2 ( x + 1)
3
1+ 3 3+ 5 5+ 7  x 
1 Putting x = −4 ,
+
2n − 1 + 2n + 1 8 27
We get T4 = (−3)3 = − = −13.5
3 −1 5− 3 7− 5 16 2
= + + + .....
( 3 − 1)( 3 + 1) 2 2 15. (a) Let x be the first term and y, the common ratio of the
2n + 1 − 2n − 1 1 G.P.
+ = [ 3 − 1 + 5 − 3 + 7 − 5 + ... 100
2 2 Then, α = ∑ a2 n = a2 + a4 + a6 + .... + a200
n =1
1
+ ( 2n + 1 − 2n − 1)] = [ 2n + 1 − 1] 100
2 and β = ∑ a2 n −1 = a1 + a3 + a5 + ...... + a199
n =1
1 1 1
11. (d) S = + + .... + ⇒ α = xy + xy3 + xy5 + ..... + xy199
a1 a2 a2 a3 an an +1
1− ( y2 )100  1 − y200 
1 1   1 1   1 1  = xy =  2 
xy
 −   −   −  1 − y2  1− y 
 a1 a2   a2 a3   an an +1 
= + +...... +
( a2 − a1 ) ( a3 − a2 ) ( an +1 − an ) β = x + xy2 + xy4 + ..... + xy198
As a1 , a2 , a3 ,...., an , an+1 are in A.P., 1 − ( y 2 )100  1 − y 200 
= x⋅ = x ⋅  2 
i.e. a2 − a1 = a3 − a2 = ...... = an+1 − an = d (say) 1− y2  1− y 

 1 1   1 1  α
1  1 1  ∴ = y.
∴ S=  −  +  −  + ...... +  −  β
d  a1 a2   a2 a3   an an +1  
α
Thus, common ratio =
11 1  an +1 − a1 [a + (n + 1 − 1) d ] − a1 β
=  − = = 1
d  a1 an +1  d . a1 . an +1 d . a1 . an +1
x
nd n 16. (b) According to the given conditions, 5 = , r being
S= = 1− r
d a1 an +1 a1 an +1
the common ratio
12. (b) Given series 101 + 99 + 97 + ......... + 47 x
⇒ r = 1−
So, first term a = 101 , common difference d = −2 and 5
last term l = 47 Now, |r|< 1 i.e. −1 < r < 1
We know that last term of a series x
⇒ −1 < 1 − <1
Tl = a + (n − 1)d ⇒ 47 = 101 + (n − 1)(−2) 5
⇒ −54 = (n − 1)(−2) ⇒ n = 28 . x
⇒ −2 < − <0
5
13. (b) Clearly (1) 2 = ( 2 + 1).( 2 − 1)
x x
⇒ 2> > 0 i.e. 0 < < 2
∴ 2 + 1,1, 2 − 1 are in G.P. 5 5
14. (d) Given that x, 2 x + 2, 3x + 3 are in G.P. ∴ 0 < x < 10
n
1 r/n 1 n
Therefore, (2 x + 2)2 = x(3x + 3) 17. (b) lim ∑ e = lim ∑ e r / n
n →∞ n n →∞ n
r =1 r =1
⇒ x2 + 5x + 4 = 0
1
⇒ ( x + 4)( x + 1) = 0 = lim ⋅ (e1 / n + e2 / n + e3 / n + ..... + en / n )
n →∞ n

⇒ x = −1, − 4 1
= lim ⋅ [e1 / n + (e1 / n ) 2 + (e1 / n )3 + ..... + (e1 / n ) n ]
Now first term a = x, second term ar = 2( x + 1) n →∞ n

2( x + 1) 1 1 − (e1 / n )n 1 1− e
⇒ r= , = lim e1 / n = lim e1 / n
x n →∞ n 1− e 1/ n n →∞ n 1 − e1 / n

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Progressions 105
1 22. (c) a, b, c are in H.P.
(e − 1) ⋅
(1 − e)(e1/ n − 1 + 1) (e − 1)
= lim = lim + lim 1/ n n ⇒
1 1 1
, , are in A.P.
n →∞ n (1 − e1/ n ) n →∞ n n →∞ e −1 a b c
1 1 1 2
Put = h, we get h → 0 ∴ + =
n a c b
h 0   1 1 1  1 1 1   1  1 1  2   2 1 
= 0 + (e − 1) lim  form  Now,  + −  + −  =  +  +  −   − 
h →0 e −1  0
h
  b c a  c a b   b  a c  a   b b 
1  1 2 2  1  1  3 2  3 2
= (e − 1) lim = (e − 1).1 = e − 1 . =  + −   =  −  = 2 −
h→0 eh  b b a  b  b  b a  b ab
18. (b) G.M. of (3.32.33......3n ) = (3.32.33......3n )1/ n 3 5 7
1+ 2 + 3 +....+ n n ( n +1) n +1
23. (b) S = 1 + + + + .......∞
2 2 2 23
= (3) n
=3 2n
=3 2
1 1 3 5
S= + + + .......∞
19. (b) Let G1 and G2 are two G.M.’s between the number 2 2 2 2 23
a = 1 and b = 64 1 2 2 2
S = 1 + + 2 + 3 + ........ (on subtracting)
1 1 2 2 2 2
G1 = ( a 2 b) = (1.64) = 4
3 3
S 1 1 1 
⇒ = 1 + 2  + 2 + 3 + ....∞ 
1 1
2  2 2 2 
G2 = ( ab ) = (1.64 ) = 16
2 3 2 3

S  1/ 2 
⇒ = 1+ 2×  = 3.
1 1 1 2  1 − 1/ 2 
20. (b)Let , , ,....... be an H.P.
a a + d a + 2d Hence S = 6
1
∴ 4th term = 24. (b) Let S = 1 + 2.2 + 3.2 2 + 4.23 + .... + 100.299 . . .(i)
a + 3d
2 S = 1.2 + 2.2 + 3.2 + ..... + 99.2 + 100.2
2 3 99 100
. . .(ii)
3 1
⇒ = Equation (i) – Equation (ii) gives,
5 a + 3d
− S = 1 + (1.2 + 1.22 + 1.23 + ..... upto 99 terms) − 100.2100
5
⇒ = a + 3d . . .(i) 2(299 − 1)
3 = 1+ − 100.2100
Similarly, 3 = a + 7 d . . . (ii) 2 −1
⇒ S = −1 − 2100 + 2 + 100.2100 = 1 + 99.2100
1 2
From (i) and (ii), d = , a =
3 3
25. (b) S = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ...
1 1 3
∴ 6th term = = = S = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + ....
a + 5d 2 + 5 7
3 3 0 = (1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ... to n terms) − Tn (on subtracting)
∴ Tn = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ........... to n terms
21. (b) Let α and β be the roots of the given equation
2n − 1
4+ 3 8+2 3 = 1⋅ = 2n − 1
∴ a+β = αβ = 2 −1
5+ 2 5+ 2 n n
Hence, required harmonic mean Sn = ∑ Tn = ∑ (2n − 1)
n =1 n =1
8+ 2 3 
2   n n
 2n − 1 
2αβ  5+ 2  = ∑ 2n − ∑1 = 2 ⋅  n +1
−n = 2 −n−2
= = n =1 n =1  2 −1 
α +β 4+ 3
26. (a) S r = ∑ tn = ∑  +  1 r
r r r
n
5+ 2 y  = ∑ n + y ∑1
n =1 n =1  x  x n =1 n =1
2(8 + 2 3) 4(4 + 3)
= = =4 1 r (r + 1) r (r + 1)
4+ 3 4+ 3 = + yr = + ry
x 2 2x

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106 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
27. (c) S = 1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + 15 ;
3 3 3 3 31. (a) Let a and b be the two numbers
2
 n (n + 1)   15 × 16 
2  b − a  2a + b
For n = 15 , the value of  ∴ A1 = a +  =
 =  = 14400  3  3
 2   2 
 b − a  a + 2b
1 A2 = a + 2  =
28. (d) n (n 2 − 1) = (12 + 22 + .... + n2 ) − (t1 + t2 + ..... + tn )  3  3
3 1/ 3
b
1 G1 = a   = a 2 / 3 b1/ 3
⇒ t1 + t2 + ..... + tn = 12 + 22 + 32 + ....... + n 2 − n (n 2 − 1) a
3
2
n (n + 1)(2n + 1) 1   b 1/ 3 
= − n (n 2 − 1) G2 = a     = a1/ 3 b 2 / 3
6 3  a  
 
n (n + 1) 1 3 3ab
= [2n + 1 − (2n − 2)] H1 = = =
6 1  1 1  1 2 1 a + 2b
+ −  +
n ( n + 1) a b a3 a b
∴ t1 + t2 + t3 + ..... + tn =
2 3ab
n (n + 1) H2 =
⇒ Sn = 2a + b
2
G1 G2 (a 2 / 3 b1 / 3 )( a1 / 3 b 2 / 3 ) (a + 2b)(2a + b)
n (n + 1) (n − 1) n ∴ = =
tn = Sn − Sn −1 = − =n H1 H 2 3ab
⋅
3ab 9ab
2 2 a + 2b 2a + b
29. (a) A.M. = G.M. 2a + b a + 2b
A1 + A2 = + = a+b
a+b 3 3
⇒ = ab
2 3ab 3ab  2a + b + a + 2b 
H1 + H 2 = + = 3ab  
( a )2 − 2 a b + ( b )2 a + 2b 2a + b  (a + 2b)(2a + b) 
⇒ =0
2 9ab (a + b)
=
( a − b )2 (a + 2b)(2a + b)
⇒ =0
2 A1 + A2 (a + 2b)(2a + b) G1 G2
⇒ a=b ∴ = =
H1 + H 2 9ab H1 H 2
∵ G.M. = H.M.
m ( a + b) / 2
2ab 32. (c) We have, =
⇒ ab = n 2ab /(a + b)
a+b
2
⇒ a + b − 2 ab = 0 a 
+  + 1
2
m ( a b ) b 
⇒ ( a − b )2 = 0 ⇒ = =
n 4ab a
4
⇒ a= b b
∴ a=b ma a 
2

Thus A.M. =(G.M.) (H.M.) So a = b ⇒ 4   =  + 1

n b b 
30. (c) x = log5 3 + log 7 5 + log9 7
m a  a
log 5 3 + log 7 5 + log9 7 ⇒ 2 = 1 + 
≥ (log 5 3.log 7 5.log 9 7)1/ 3 n b  b
3
a
[A.M. ≥ G.M.] Let = r2
b
x
⇒ ≥ (log9 3)1/ 3 2 m
3 ∴ r = (1 + r 2 )
n
⇒ x ≥ 3(log 9 91/ 2 )1/ 3
1/ 3 ⇒ 2 m r = n + n r2
1 3
⇒ x ≥ 3  Hence x ≥ ⇒ n r2 − 2 m r + n = 0
2 3
2

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Progressions 107

2 m ± 4 m − 4n m ± m−n 35. (b) A = 9, G = 4 are respectively the A.M. and G.M.

∴ r= = between two numbers, then the quadratic equation having
2 n n
its roots as the two numbers, is given by
Considering +ve sign, r = m + m − n x 2 − 2 Ax + G 2 = 0 i.e. x 2 − 18 x + 16 = 0
n
( m + m − n )( m − m − n ) a b
= + 1/ 2
n( m − m − n)
36. (a,b,c) We have b c ≥  a ⋅ b  ;( ∵ A.M. ≥ G.M.)
 
=
m − ( m − n)
=
n 2 b c
n( m − m − n) m − m−n
a b a
m + m−n n ⇒ + ≥2 . . .(i)
∴ r = 2
⋅ . b c c
n m − m−n
c d c
a m + m−n Similarly, + ≥2 . . . (ii)
Hence, = . d e e
b m − m−n Multiplying (i) by (ii),
33. (c) Let x and y be the numbers
 a b  c d  a c
∴ A.M. = G.M. + 2  +  +  ≥ 4
 b c  d e  c e
x+ y
⇒ = xy + 2  a b  c d  a
2 ⇒  +  + ≥ 4 , ∴ (a) is true
 b c  d e  e
x
Also, = 4 :1 ⇒ x = 4 y 1/ 2 1/ 2
y  a c  b d   a c  b d 
Next,  +   +  ≥ 2  ⋅  ⋅2 ⋅ 
4y + y  b d  c e   b d  c e
∴ = 4 y. y + 2
2  a c  b d  a
⇒  +  + ≥ 4 , ∴ (b) is true
5y  b d  c e  e
⇒ = 2y + 2
2 a b c d e
+ + + + 1/ 5
⇒ y=4 b c d e a ≥ a ⋅b ⋅ c ⋅ d ⋅ e 
 
⇒
5 b c d e a
x = 4 × 4 = 16
∴ The numbers are 16, 4. a b c d e
⇒ + + + + ≥ 5 , ∴ (c) is true
34. (d) Let x and y be the numbers b c d e a
1/ 5
2xy b c d e a b c d e a
∴ H.M. = , G.M. = xy Now, + + + + ≥ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
x+ y a b c d e a b c d e
b c d e a
H.M. 2 xy 2 x / y ⇒ + + + + ≥ 5 , ∴ (d) is false
∴ = = a b c d e
G.M. x + y x
+1
y a+b 2 ab
37. (d) Let A = , G = ab and H = .
2 a+b
12 2r x
⇒ = 2 , (∵ r = ) Then G 2 = ab . . . (i)
13 r + 1 y
 a + b  2 ab
⇒ 12r 2 − 26r + 12 = 0 and AH =  . = ab . . . (ii)
 2  a+b
⇒ 6r 2 − 13r + 6 = 0 From (i) and (ii), we have G 2 = AH .
13 ± 132 − 4.6.6 13 ± 5 log x log x log x
∴ r= = 38. (c) Here , , are in H.P.
2×6 12 log a log b log c
18 8 3 2
= , = , log a log b log c
12 12 2 3 ⇒ , , are in A.P.
log x log x log x
x 9
∴ Ratio of numbers = = r 2 :1 = :1 ⇒ log x a, log x b, log x c are in A.P.
y 4
4 ⇒ a, b, c are in G.P.
or :1 = 9 : 4 or 4 : 9
9 Students should remember this question as a fact.

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108 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
a+c 1 1 1 1 1
39. (d) As given b = . . . (i) i.e . , , , ,...... , will be in A.P.
2 2 H1 H 2 H9 3
and b 2 = ac . . . (ii) Let D be the common difference of this A.P.
⇒ (a + c) = 4ac ⇒ (a − c) = 0 ⇒ a = c
2 2
1 1 1
Then = + 10 D ⇒ D = −
Putting a = c in (i), we get b = c 3 2 60
∴ a =b =c. If H be the J th harmonic mean, then
40. (a) As given b 2 = ac 1 1 1 j
= + jD = −
2 1 1 a−c H 2 2 60
= + =
c − a a − b b − c (a − b)(b − c) 6 j 1 j  j j
∴ A+ = 2 + + 6 −  = 5 + − = 5 .
H 10  2 60  10 10
⇒ 2(a − b)(b − c) = −(a − c) 2
m(3 − 2) m
⇒ −(a − c) 2 = 2( ab − 2b 2 + bc) = 2b{a − 2 ac + c} As we know Am = 2 + = 2+
9 +1 10
⇒ −{( a − c )( a + c )}2 = 2b( a − c ) 2 1 1 m(2 − 3) 1 m
and = + = −
⇒ 2b = −{a + 2 ac + c} = −a − 2b − c H m 2 2 × 3(9 + 1) 2 60

or a + 4b + c = 0 . 1 6 m m
∴ Am + 6 × i.e. A + = 2 + + 3 − = 5 .
Hm H 10 10
41. (a) Given that a, A1 , A2 , b are in A.P.
44. (d) This is an A.G.P.
a + A2 A +b
Therefore A1 = , A2 = 1 Let S = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + ...∞
2 2
1 ⇒ x.S = x + 2 x 2 + ........∞
⇒ A1 + A 2 = (a + b + A1 + A 2 )
2 1
Subtracting (1 − x) S = 1 + x + x 2 + .........∞ =
⇒
1 1
( A1 + A 2 ) = (a + b ) or A1 + A2 = a + b . . . (i) 1− x
2 2
1
and a, G1 , G 2 , b are in G.P. ∴ S= .
(1 − x) 2
Therefore G12 = aG 2 , G 22 = bG 1 . . . (ii)
 r  1
Use S = 1 + × diff. of A.P. .
⇒ G12 G22 = abG1G2 ⇒ G1G2 = ab  1− r  1− r
A1 + A 2 a + b
Hence = 45. (d) Let the sum to infinity of the arithmetic-geometric
G1 G 2 ab
1 1 1
Let a = 1, b = 2 , then A1 + A2 = 1 + 2 = 3 series be S = 1 + 4. + 7. 2 + 10. 3 + ........
5 5 5
and G1 . G2 = 2 ×1 = 2 1 1 1 1
⇒ S = + 4. 2 + 7. 3 + .........
A1 + A2 3 5 5 5 5
∴ = , which is given by (a)
G1G2 2  1 1 1 1
Subtracting  1 −  S = 1 + 3. + 3. 2 + 3. 3 + ...
 5 5 5 5
42. (c) G 2 = AH ⇒ (18 )2 = 27 H ⇒ H = 12 .
1 1 
= 1 + 3  + 2 + ... 
43. (c) Let A j , H j , where j = 1, 2, 3,.......9 denote the 9 5 5 
A.M.’s and H.M.’s between 2 and 3.  
Then 2, A1 , A 2 ........ A 9 ,3 are in A.P. Let d be the common 4 1 1  3 7 35
⇒ .S = 1 + 3.   = 1+ = . ⇒ S=
5 5 1  4 4 16
difference of this A.P. Then 3 = 2 + 10 d ⇒ d =
1  1− 
 5
10
ab dbr
If A denotes the J th arithmetic mean, then Use direct formula S ∞ = +
1 − r (1 − r ) 2
 j 
A = 2 + jd = 2 +   1
 10  Here a = 1, b = 1, d = 3, r = , therefore
5
Again 2, H 1 , H 2 ......., H 9 , 3 will be in H.P.

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Progressions 109
1 3
3 × 1× 1  1  1  1  1 
−1 − 1 − 2 
S∞ =
1
+ 5 5 5
= +
5 15 35
= + = . 1 S 1 2  2  2  2  2 
1  1 2 4 16 4 16 16 ⇒ − = 1− + −
1− 1 − 2 8 2 1.2 1.2.3
5  5  25
11  1  1 
 − 1  − 2   − 3 
  1
+ 
r 2 2  2  2  ....∞
Use S = 1 + × diff. of A.P.
 1− r  1− r 1.2.3.4

46. (b) Let Tn be the nth term and S the sum upto n terms. ⇒ 1 / 2 − S / 8 = (1 − 1)1 / 2 = 0

S = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ...... + Tn ⇒ S /8 =1/2 ⇒ S = 4 .

Again S = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + ........... + Tn −1 + Tn 49. (a) Let S n be the sum of the given series to n terms, then
Subtracting, we get 0 = 1 + {2 + 4 + 8 + ...(Tn − Tn −1 )} − Tn S n = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 + ........ + nx n −1 . . . (i)
∴ Tn = 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 23 + .....upto n terms xS n = x + 2 x 2 + 3 x 2 + .......... . + nx n . . . (ii)
1(2n − 1) Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
= = 2n − 1
2 −1 (1 − x) S n = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + ...to n terms − nx n
Now S = ΣTn = Σ2 n − Σ1 = (2 + 22 + 23 + ...... + 2 n ) − n  (1 − x n ) 
=   − nx n

 2n − 1  n +1
 (1 − x ) 
= 2  − n = 2 − 2 − n .1 + 3 + 7 + ...... + Tn
 2 − 1  (1 − x n ) − nx n (1 − x) 1 − (n + 1) x n + nx n +1
⇒ Sn = = .
= 2 − 1 + 2 2 − 1 + 23 − 1 + .......... + 2n − 1 (1 − x) 2 (1 − x) 2

= (2 + 22 + ...... + 2 n ) − n = 2n +1 − 2 − n . 50. (a) From symmetry, we observe that S 50 has 50 terms.

Check the options for n = 1, 2 . First terms of S1 , S 2 , S3 , S 4 ,... are 1, 2, 4, 7..... Let Tn be

47. (d) Let nth term of series is Tn then the first term of nth set. Then S = T1 + T2 + T3 + ...... + Tn
S n = 12 + 16 + 24 + 40 + ..... + Tn ⇒ S = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 11 + ........ + Tn −1 + Tn

Again S n = 12 + 16 + 24 + ...... + Tn or S = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + .......... ... + Tn −1 + Tn

On subtraction 0 = (12 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ... + upto n terms) – Tn Therefore on subtracting

0 = 1 + [1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ....... + (Tn − Tn −1 )] − Tn
or Tn = 12 + [4 + 8 + 16 + ... + upto (n − 1) terms]
n(n − 1) n(n − 1)
or 0 =1+ − Tn ⇒ Tn = 1 +
4(2n −1 − 1) 2 2
= 12 + = 2 n +1 + 8
2 −1 ⇒ T50 = First term in S 50 = 1226
On putting n = 1, 2,3...... Therefore sum of the terms in
T1 = 2 2 + 8 , T2 = 23 + 8 , T3 = 2 4 + 8......etc. 50
S50 = {2 × 1226 + (50 − 1) × 1}
S n = T1 + T2 + T3 + .... + Tn 2
= 25 (2452 + 49 ) = 25 (2501 ) = 62525 .
= (22 + 23 + 24 + ....upto n terms)
+ (8 + 8 + 8 + ...... upto n terms) 1 1 1 
51. (d) Tn = = 2 −
 n(n + 1)   n n + 1 
2 2 (2 n − 1)  2 
= + 8n = 4(2 n − 1) + 8n.  
2 −1
Put n = 1, 2, 3,...., (n + 1)
1.3 1.3.5 1 1  1 1  1 1 
48. (d) Let, S = 1 + + + ...∞ T1 = 2  −  , T2 = 2  −  ,..., Tn +1 = 2  −
6 6.8 
1 2   2 3 n + 1 n + 2 
S 1 1.3 1.3.5 n +1
⇒ = + + + ....∞
4 4 4.6 4.6.8 Hence sum of (n + 1) terms = ∑T
k =1
k

1 S 1 1 1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5
⇒ − = − . − . − − ....∞  1  2(n + 1)
2 8 2 2 4 2 4.6 2 4.6.8 ⇒ S n +1 = 2 1 −  ⇒ S n +1 = ( n + 2) .
 n + 2

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110 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
52. (b) 2 + 4 + 6 + ........ + (2n)
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
59. (a,d) Given, a (n ) = 1 + + + + ... + n
2 3 4 2 −1
= 2 2 (1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ....... + n 2 )
 1 1  1 1 1 1
4 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 2n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1+  +  +  + .... +  +  + .... + 
= = .  2 3  4 7 8 15 
6 3
 1 1 
+..... +  n −1 + .... + n 
1 1   1 1   1 1  1 1   2 2 −3
53. (b)  −  +  −  +  −  + ......... +  − 
1 2   2 3   3 4   n n +1 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 n < 1 +  +  +  + + .... +  +  + + .... +  +
=1− = . 2 2 4 4 4 8 8 8
n +1 n +1
 1 1 
..... +  n −1 + .... + n −1 
54. (b) Σn 2 = 330 + Σn 2 2 
n (n + 1)(2n + 1) n (n + 1)
⇒ = 330 + 2 4 8 2 n −1
6 2 = 1+ + + + ... + n −1
2 4 8 2
n (n + 1)  2n + 1 
⇒  3 − 1 = 330 = 1
+ 1 + 1 + 1
+ ... + 1 =n
2   ( n ) times
n (n + 1) 2(n − 1) a (100) < 100
⇒ . = 330 Thus,
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ n (n + 1)(n − 1) = 990 ⇒ n = 10 . Again, a ( n) = 1 + +  +  +  + .... +  +
2 3 4 5 8
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)  1 1  1
55. (c) It is nothing but Σn 2 = . .... +  n −1 + ... + n  − n
6  2 +1 2  2
56. (c) The required term is the 11 th term of the series 1 1 1 1 1 1
> 1+ +  +  +  + + .... +  + .....
1 + 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 26 + 37 + 50 + 65 + 82 + 101 + ...... 2 4 4 8 8 8
n th term of the series  1 1  1
+  n + .... + n − n
1 + 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + ....... is (n − 1) + 1 2
2 2  2
∴ T11 = 10 2 + 1 = 101 . 1 2 4 2n −1 1
= 1+ + + + ... + n − n
2 4 8 2 2
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n n(n + 1) 1
57. (a) Tn = = = (n + 1) 1 1 1 1 1  1  n
n 2n 2 = 1 + + + + ... + − n = 1 − n +
1
2 2 2
 2 2  2  2
Hence, S = (Σn + n) n times
2
60. (b) log e b1 , log e b2 , b3 , .... log e b101 are in A.P.
1  n(n + 1)  n(n + 3)
=  + n = . b1 , b2 , b3 , ...., b101 are in G.P. Given:
2 2  4
log e (b2 ) − log e (b1 ) = log e (2)
NCERT Exemplar Problems b2
⇒ = 2 = r (common ratio of G.P.)
More than One Answer b1
58. (a,b,d) Since, first and (2n − 1) th terms are equal.
a1 , a2 , a3 , .... a101 are in A.P. a1 = b1 = a
Let first term be x and (2n − 1) th term be y.
b1 + b2 + b3 + .... b51 = t , S = a1 + a2 + .... + b51
Whose middle term is tn t = sum of 51 terms of G.P. (t = 51) =
x+ y (r 51 − 1) a(251 − 1)
Thus in arithmetic progression; tn = =a b1 = = a (251 − 1)
2 r −1 2 −1
In geometric progression; t n = xy = b s = sum of 51 terms of A.P. (s = 51) =
2 xy 51 51
In harmonic progression; t n = =c [2a1 + (n − 1)d ] = (2a + 50d )
x+ y 2 2
Given a51 = b51 a + 50d = a (2)50
⇒ b 2 = ac and a > b > c (using AM > GM > HM)
Here, equality holds (i.e., a = b = c) only if all terms are same. 50d = a(250 − 1)

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Progressions 111
51 50 This shows that a1, a2, a3...... form a GP with common
Hence s = a [2 + 1]
2 ratio 1/ 2.
 51 
 1 
n −1
⇒ s = a  51.249 +  Therefore, an = a1 
 2 
 2
 51  n −1
s = 2  4.249 + 47.249 +   1 
 2 ⇒ an = 10   ( ∵a1 = 10 given)
 2
 53 
⇒ s = a  (251 − 1) + 47.249 +  2( n −1)
 2  1  100
⇒ an2 = 100   ⇒ ≤1 ( ∵an2 ≤ 1 given)
 2 2n −1
 53 
s − t = a  47.249 + 
 2 ⇒ 100 ≤ 2 n −1
Clearly: G > t a101 = a1 + 100d = a + 2a.250 − 2a This is possible for n ≥ 8.

= a (251 − 1) 64. (a, b, c) Tp of AP =

1
= A + ( p − 1) D . . .(i)
q( p + q)
b101 = b1 r100 = a.2100
1
Hence b101 > a101 Tp of AP = = A + (q − 1) D . . .(ii)
p( p + q)
61. (a, d) Concept Involved : It is to convert into differences 1
= A + ( p + q − 1) D
and using sum of n terms of AP. Tp + q
n
i.e., S n = [2a + (n − 1)d ] and
1
= A + ( pq − 1) D.
2 Tpq
4n k ( k +1)
S n = ∑ (−1) 2
⋅k2 Now, solving Eqs. (i) and (ii),
k =1
1
We get A = D =
= −(1) 2 − 22 + 32 + 42 − 52 − 62 + 7 2 + 82 + ... pq ( p + q )
= (32 − 12 ) + (42 − 2 2 ) + (7 2 − 52 ) + (82 − 6 2 ) + ... 1 1
∴ = A + ( p + q − 1) D = ( p + q ) D =
= 2{(4 + 6 + 12 + ...) + (6 + 14 + 22 + ...)} Tp + q pq
     
n terms n terms
1 1
and = A + f ( p + q − 1) D = pqD =
n n  Tpq p+q
= 2  {2 × 4 + (n − 1)8} + {2 × 6 + ( n − 1)8}
2 2  ⇒ Tp + q = pq and Tpq = p + q
= 2[ n(4 + 4n − 4) + n(6 + 4n − 4)] = 2[4n 2 + 4n 2 + 2n]
Also, p > 1, q > 1
= 4n(n + 1) ∴ pq > p + q
Here, 1056 = 32×33, 1088 i.e, Tp + q > Tpq
= 32 × 34, 1120
= 32 × 35, 1332 65. (c, d) Consider the AP since a is equidistant form the first
= 36 × 37 term αand last term β of the AP therefore, α,a,β are in AP
1056 and 1332 are possible answers. ⇒ a is the AM of α and β
62. (a,b) Since A.M. > G.M. α +β
∴ a=
1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 5 2
⇒ ≥ 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5
5 Similarly, b and c are the GM and HM of α and β
⇒ 3 ≥ 5 a ⇒ 35 ≥ a = 5! 2αβ
respectively, then b = αβ and c =
Also, 55 ≥ 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5⋅ = a. a+β
63. (b,c,d) Let an denotes the length of side of the square Sn. ∴ (GM) 2 = (AM)(HM)
We are given an = length of diagonal of S n +1 . ∴ b 2 = ac
an and AM ≥ GM ≥ HM
⇒ an = 2 an +1 ⇒ an +1 =
2 ∴ a ≥ b ≥ c.

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112 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
66. (a,b,c,d) (a n/2
−c ) >0
n/2 2
Again using C1 → C1 − C2 ,
⇒ a n + c n > 2a n / 2 c n / 2 . . .(i) −D x+b x+a−d
GM > HM ac > b We get ∆( x) = 0 D 2 D − 1 = −2 D 2
⇒ 2( ac) n / 2 > 2b n . . .(ii) 0 D 2D + 1
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii). a n + c n > 2b n Now ∫ 0
(−2 D 2 ) dx = −4 ⇒ 4 D 2 = 4
Putting n = 2,3,5,100 ⇒ D = ±1
1
67. (a, c) Tn =
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 70. (d) a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in A.P.
1 ⇒ a2 + bc + ca + ab, b2 + bc + ca + ab, c2 + ab + bc + ca are in A.P.
Let Vn =
( n + 1)( n + 2)( n + 3) ⇒ (a + b)(a + c),(b + a )(b + c),(c + a )(c + b) are in A.P.
1 Dividing by (b + c)(c + a )(a + b),
Vn −1 = Vn − Vn −1 = −3Tn
n( n + 1)( n + 2)
1 1 1
1 We get , , are in A.P.
Tn = − (Vn − Vn −1 ) b+c c+a a+b
3
⇒ b + c, c + a, a + b are in H.P.
S = T1 + T2 + ... + Tn
a +b+c a+b+c a+b+c
1 and , , are in A.P.
∴ S n = − (Vn − V0 ) b+c c+a a+b
3
a b c
1 1 1 ⇒ + 1, + 1, + 1 are in A.P.
=−  −  b+c c+a a+b
3  (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 6  a b c
⇒ , , are in A.P.
1 1 b+c c+a a+b
= −
18 3(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
71. (c) The rth row contains (2r − 1) numbers and its last term
n(n 2 + 6n + 11)
= is r 2 . When read from right to left the rth row forms an
18(n + 1)( n + 2)(n + 3)
A.P. with first term r 2 and common difference − 1.
∴ sum of the terms in the rth row
Assertion and Reason
2r − 1
2ce = [2(r 2 ) + (2r − 1 − 1)(−1)]
68. (b) a + c = 2b, c 2 = bd and d = . 2
c+e
Now, a = 2, e = 18 = (2r − 1)(r 2 − r + 1) = r 3 + (r − 1)3

2+c 36c Sum of the terms in the 10th row

⇒ b= ,d = .
2 c + 18 = 103 + 93 = 1729 = 123 + 13
1  36c  72. (a) Reason is true since
∴ c 2 = (2 + c)  
2  c + 18  n

⇒ c(c + 18) = 18(c + 2) ∑ (k

k =1
2
− (k − 1)3 ) = (13 − 03 ) + (23 −13 ) + ... + (n3 − (n −1)3 ) = n3

⇒ c = 36 ⇒ c = ± 6.
2 n
⇒ ∑ (k (k − 1))(k 2
+ k (k − 1) + ( k − 1) 2 ) = n 2
2+6 k =1
If c = 6, then b = =4 n
2
2−6
⇒ ∑ (k
k =1
2
+ k (k − 1) + (k − 1) 2 ) = n3
If c = − 6, then b = = −2 < 0.
2 Putting n = 20,
69. (b) Let D be the common difference of the A.P. 20

Using R3 → R3 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R1 ,
We get ∑ ((k − 1)
k =1
2
+ k (k − 1) = k 2 ) = 203

x+a x+b x+a −c ⇒ 1 + (1 + 2 + 4) + (4 + 6 + 9) + ... + (361 + 380 + 400) = 8000

We get ∆( x) = D D 2D −1 Thus, Assertion is also true and Reason is a correct reason
D D 2D + 1 for it.

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Progressions 113
73. (d) Sum to n terms of an A.P. is of the form an + bn and 2 Comprehension Based
not of the form c + bn +an where c ≠ 0.
2 r 1
79. (b) Here, Vr = [2r + (r − 1)(2r − 1)] = (2r 3 − r 2 + r )
2 2
74. (a) | 2 x − 1|< 1
1
∴ ΣVr = [2Σr 3 − Σr 2 + Σr ]
⇒ −1 < 2 x − 1 < 1 2
⇒ 9 < x <1 1   n(n + 1)  n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) 
2

= n   − + 
75. (d) As a + c > 0, we must have 2   2  6 2 
(a + c) 2 + 4b 2 − 4(a + c)b < 0 n(n + 1) 1
⇒ = [3n(n + 1) − (2n + 1) + 3] = n(n + 1)(3n 2 + n + 2)
⇒ (2b − a − c) < 0
2 12 12
1 1
80. (d) Vr +1 − Vr = (r + 1)3 − r 3 − [(r + 1) 2 − r 2 ] + (1)
76. (b) (α 2 + β 2 )2 = (α + β ) (α 3 + β 3 ) 2 2
⇒ α 4 + β 4 + 2α 2 β 2 = α 4 + αβ 3 + α 3 β + β 4 = 3r 2 + 2r − 1
⇒ αβ (α − β )2 = 0 ∴ Tr = 3r 2 + 2r − 1 = (r + 1)(3r − 1)

⇒ αβ [(α + β ) 2 − 4αβ ] = 0 Which is a composite number.

c  4b 2 4c  81. (b) Since, Tr = 3r 2 + 2r − 1

⇒  − =0
a  a2 a ∴ Tr +1 = 3(r + 1) 2 + 2(r + 1) − 1
⇒ c∆ = 0 ∴ Qr = Tr +1 − Tr = 3[2r + 1] + 2[1]
Next, α ,αβ , β are in A.P. ⇒ Qr = 6r + 5
⇒ α + β = 2αβ ⇒ Qr +1 = 6(r + 1) + 5
2b 2c
⇒ − = Common difference
a a
= Qr +1 − Qr = 6
⇒ b+c =0
82. (c) Let a and b are two numbers.
77. (c) Let a1 = a, a2 = ar , a3 = ar 2 and a4 = ar 3 .
a+b 2ab
As a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 are distinct, r ≠ 1 Then, A1 = ; G1 = ab ; H1 =
2 a+b
b1 = a, b2 = a + ar = a (1 + r ), b3 = a (1 + r + r 2 ) An −1 + H n −1
An = ,
and b4 = a (1 + r + r + r ).
2 3
2
As b2 − b1 = ar ≠ ar 2 = b3 − b2 . Gn = An −1 H n −1 ,
⇒ b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 are not in A.P. 2 An −1 H n −1
Hn =
An −1 + H n −1
b2 1 + r + r 2 b3
= 1+ r ≠ =
b1 1+ r b2 Clearly, G1 = G2 = G3 = ... = ab .
⇒ b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 are not in G.P.
83. (a) A2 is AM of A1 and H1 and A1 > H1
1 1 −r 1 1 −r 2
Next, − = − = ⇒ A1 > A2 > H1
b2 b1 a(1 + r ) b3 b2 a (1 + r )(1 + r + r 2 )
A3 is AM of A2 and H 2 and A2 > H 2
1 1 1 1
Since − ≠ − ⇒ A2 > A3 > H 2
b2 b1 b3 b2
We get b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 cannot be in H.P. ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
∴ A1 > A2 > A3 > ...
78. (c) Let a1 = 1, a2 = 2, a3 = 4, a4 = 8
∴ b1 = 1, b2 = 3, b3 = 7, b4 = 15 84. (b) As above A1 > H 2 > H1 , A2 > H 3 > H 2

Clearly, b1, b2, b3, b4 are not in HP. Reason is false. ∴ H1 < H 2 < H 3 < ...
Assertion is already true.

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114 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
85. (a) As an = bn + cn But a, b, c are in A.P. as well ∴a = b = c
i.e., an = 1.....(1 or 0) 2a 2 c 2
(C) b 2 = or b 2 [(a + c) 2 − 2ac] = 2a 2 c 2
⇒ an = an −1 + an − 2 a2 + c2
2
a+c
= 1________ 1 _ 2 = an −1   [(a + c) − 2ac] = 2a c
2 2 2
  2 
( n −1) places

or = 1________ 1 _ 0 = an − 2 or (a + c) 4 − 2ac(a + c) 2 − 8a 2 c 2 = 0

( n − 2) places or [(a + c) 2 − 4ac][(a + c) 2 + 2ac] = 0
∴ a17 = a16 + a15 or (a − c) 2 = 0 or (a + c) 2 = −2ac
86. (b) b6 = Six digit number ending with 1. or a = c or (2b) 2 = −2ac
1 1 or a=b=c
Now, the four places are to be filled. a
∴ 2b = a + c and b 2 = − c
2
Case (i):_______ 1
a
Case (ii): ______ 0 ∴ a,b,c are in A.P. or − , b, c
2
Case (i): 1 ___ 1 __ 1 c
or a, b, − are in G.P.
for 3 places, all 1’s are used = 1 way 2
one zero is used = 3C1 = 3 3
(D) a + b + c =
2
two zeros are used = 1 way 0 1 0 1 ………
3 1
Total = 5 ways ⇒ 2b + b = ⇒ b =
2 2
Case (ii): 1 ___ 0 __ 1
for 3 places, all 1’s are used = 1 way Integer
one zero is used = 2 C1 = 2 ways = 3 ways k −1
1
Thus, b6 = 5 + 3 = 8 90. (4) We have, S k = k ! =
1 ( k − 1)!
1−
k
Match the Column 1
87. (a) Now, (k 2 − 3k + 1) S k = {(k − 2)(k − 1) − 1} ×
(k − 1)!
88. (b) 1 1
= −
( k − 3)! (k − 1)!
89. (a) (A) Given 2b = a + c, 2b 2 = a 2 + c 2
100
 1 1  1002
2b 2 = (a + c) 2 − 2ac = 4b 2 − 2ac ⇒ ∑ | (k
k =1
2
− 3k + 1) S k |= 1 + 1 + 2 −  + 
 99! 98! 
= 4 −
100!
∴ 2ac = 4b 2 − 2b 2 = 2b 2 ∴ b 2 = ac
1002 100 2
2b = a + c
2 2 2 ⇒ + ∑ | ( k − 3k + 1) Sk |= 4
100! k =1
or 2ac = a 2 + c 2 or (a − c) 2 = 0 91. (0) ak = 2ak −1 − ak − 2 ⇒ a1 , a2 ,..., a11 are in AP
∴ a=c
a12 + a22 + ... + a112 11a 2 + 35 ×11d 2 + 10ad
∴ 2b = a + c = 2a ∴ = = 90
11 11
∴ b=a ⇒ 225 + 35d 2 + 150 d = 90 35d 2 + 150 d + 135 = 0
Hence a = b = c 9 27 9
⇒ d = −3, − Given, a2 < ∴ d = −3 and d ≠ −
(B) a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in G.P. 7 2 7
⇒ (b 2 ) 2 = a 2 c 2 a1 + a2 + ... + a11
⇒
∴ b = ac, b = − ac b = ac
2 2 2 11
11
⇒ a, b, c are in G.P. = [30 − 10 × 3] = 0
2

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Progressions 115
92. (3, 9) Given, a1 = 3, m = 5n and a1 , a2 ,..., AP. a + a − 14 36 + 6 − 14
2
and = =4
S m S5 n a +1 7
∴ = is independent of n.
Sn Sn
  1 n 
11 −   
5n
[2 × 3 + (5n − 1)d ]  2 
2 96. (8) S n =  =− 1
⇒  1 2 n −1
n
[2 × 3 + (n − 1)d ] 1 − 
2  2
5{(6 − d ) + 5n} 1 1 1
⇒ , independent of n, or 2 − Sn = < (∵ 2 − Sn < )
(6 − d ) + n 2n−1 100 100
or 2 n−1 > 100 > 26
if 6− d = 0 ⇒d = 6
⇒ 2 n−1 > 26
∴ a2 = a1 + d = 3 + 6 = 9
⇒ n −1 > 6
Sm
or If d = 0, then is independent of n. ∴ n>7
Sn
Hence, least value of n is 8.
∴ a2 = 3

93. (8) Using AM ≥ GM 97. (2012) 1 (2010) + (2) (2009) + (3) (2008) + . . .
+ (2010) (1) = (335) (2011) λ . . .(i)
a −5 + a −4 + a −3 + a −3 + a −3 + 1 + a 8 + a10
(2010)(2011)(4021)
8 and 12 + 2 2 + 33 + … + (2010) 2 = . . .(ii)
1
6
≥ ( a −5 ⋅ a −4 ⋅ a −3 ⋅ a −3 ⋅ a −3 ⋅ 1⋅ a8 ⋅ a10 ) 8 Adding equation (i) and (ii),
Then 1 (2010 +1) + 2 (2009 + 2) + 3 (2008 + 3) + . . .
⇒ a −5 + a −4 + 3a −3 + 1 + a8 + a10 ≥ 8 ⋅1
+ (2010) (1 + 2010) = (335) (2011)( λ + 4021)
∴ Minimum value is 8.
⇒ (2011)(1 + 2 + 3 + … + 2010) = (335)(2011)(λ + 4021)
94. (5) Let number of removed cards are k and (k + 1)
(2011)(2010)(2011)
n(n + 1) ⇒ = (335)(2011)(λ + 4021)
∴ − k − (k + 1) = 1224 2
2
⇒ (2011)(1005)(2011) = (335)(2011)(λ + 4021)
⇒ n 2 + n − 4k = 2450 ⇒ n 2 + n − 2450 = 4 k
⇒ 3(2011) = λ + 4021 ⇒ 6033 = λ + 4021
⇒ (n + 50)(n − 49) = 4k
∴ λ = 2021
∴ n > 49 let n = 50
∴ 100 = 4k , k = 25 ⇒ k − 20 = 5 98. (2008) We have, from n ≥ 1
n n−1
n(n +1)(n + 2)(n + 3) (n −1)(n)(n + 1)(n + 2)
95. (4) Plan (i) If a, b, c are in GP, then they can be taken as Tn = ∑Tr − ∑Tr = −
r =1 r =1 8 8
a, ar, ar² where r, (r ≠ 0) is the common ratio. n n
1 1 2
x + x + ... + xn =
2
n( n + 1)( n + 2) Thus, ∑T = ∑ r (r + 1)(r + 2)
(ii) Arithmetic mean of x1 , x2 ,..., xn = 1 2 r =1 r r =1
n n
( r + 2) − r n
 1 1 
Let a, b, c are a, ar , ar 2 where r ∈ N =∑ =∑  − 
r =1 r ( r + 1)( r + 2) r =1  r ( r + 1) (r + 1)(r + 2) 
a +b+c
Also, =b+2 n
 1 1 
3 = −∑  − 
r =1  ( r + 1)( r + 2) r (r + 1) 
⇒ a + ar + ar 2 = 3(ar ) + 6
 1 1 1 2 
⇒ ar 2 − 2 ar + a = 6 = − −  = 1 − 
 (n + 1)(n + 2) 2  2  (n + 1)(n + 2) 
6
⇒ (r − 1) 2 = n
1 1 1
a ∴ lim ∑ = (1 − 0) =
n→∞
r =1 Tr 2 2
∵ 6/a must be perfect square and a ∈ N .
n
4016 4016
∴ a can be 6 only. ⇒ r − 1 = ±1 ⇒ r = 2 Hence lim ∑ = = 2008
n→∞
r =1 Tr 2

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116 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
a +b c+b From the second equation
99. (4) Let P = +
2 a − b 2c − b 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2 y − 1) 20
=
2ac 2ac 4 + 7 + 10 + … + (3 y + 1) 7 log10 x
a+ c+
= a + c + a + c (∵ b = 2ac ) y
{1 + 2 y − 1}
2ac 2ac a+c 2 20
2a − 2c − ⇒ = [From equation (i)]
a+c a+c
{4 + 3 y + 1} 7  

y y
a + 3c 3a + c 3 c a  2 2
= + = 1+  +  > 4
2a 2c 2 a c  2y 40
⇒ = ⇒ 7 y 2 = 60 y + 100
a c 3 a c  3y + 5 7 y
(∵ + > 2; ∴  +  > 3 )
c a 2 c a  ⇒ 7 y 2 = 60 y + 100 = 0
1 1 1 1/ 2
+ + +…∞ ⇒ ( y − 10)(7 y + 10) = 0
Also, λ λ λ … ∞ = λ 2 4 8
= λ 1−1/ 2 = λ
∴ λ=4 10
∴ y = 10, y ≠ − (∵ y ∈ N )
y
100. (3125) From the first equation Now, from equation (i) 2log10 x = 10
 1 1 
log10 x 1 + + + … ∞  = y ⇒ log10 x = 5 or x = 105
 2 4 
∴ log y x = log10 105 = 5
 1 
⇒ log10 x   = y or 2log10 x = y . . .(i)
 1 − (1/ 2)  ∴ (log y x)5 = 55 = 3125

***

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem
Mathematical Induction and 117

6 Binomial Theorem
QUICK LOOK
Similarly use φ (n) = P (− n) for all negative integral values
1 1
Statement and Predicate φ (n) = P   for all fractional values of the form , r ∈ N
n r

A sentence which is either definitely true or definitely false
φ (n) = P(3m) for all positive multiples of 3, etc.
is called a statement. “Snow is white” is a statement but
“Ram is a good boy” is not a statement.
Alternative Forms of PMI

Some sentences depend on a variable for its truth value (i.e,

P(n) is true for all n∈N if
true or false). "1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = 2n − 1" is a mathematical
P(1) and P(2) are true
sentence which is true for n = 1, 2 but false for n = 3, 4 etc.
P(m) and P(m+1) are true
As the sentence is definitely true or definitely false for a
⇒ P(m + 2)is true
particular positive integral value of n, the sentence is a

P(n) is true for all n∈N if
statement and it depends on n ∈ N for truth value. Such
P (1), P (2), and P (3) are true
statements are called predicates and smybolized as P(n).
P ( m), P ( m + 1) and P(m + 2) are true
Peano’s Axiom (Principle of Mathematical Induction) ⇒ P( m + 3) is true

A statement P(n) is true for all n ∈ N if
P (n) is true for all n ≥ k , n ∈ N and k is a fixed positive
P(1) is true P(m) is true ⇒ P(m + 1) is true integer, if P (k ) is true
P (m) is true ⇒ P(m + 1) is true
Verification of Truth of P(n): PMI is a principle which can be

P (n) is true for all n∈N if
used to verify whether a mathematical statement P(n) is true
for all n ∈ N in any branch of mathematics. For this take the P (1), P(2),...., P (k ) are true
following steps: P(1), P(2),...., P (m) are true ⇒ P (m + 1) is true

Put n = 1 on one side of the statement and then simplify it to
Use of PMI in Statements P(m, n): Some mathematical
take the shape of the other side where n = 1 .
statements are predicates of two arguments (i.e., truth value

Then assume P (m) to be true. Use the mathematical result
depending on two variables m ∈ N , n ∈ N ). The method of
obtained by putting n = m in the statement to establish
establishing the truth of P (m, n) for all m ∈ N , n ∈ N is as
P( m + 1) is true.
follows:

Keep m fixed and treat the statement P(m, n) as φ (n).
Use of Substitution in PMI: PMI may be used to prove
whether a statement P(n) is true for a particular infinite Establish the truth of φ (n) for all n ∈ N by using PMI. Next
sequence of value of n. keep n fixed and treat the statement P (m, n) as ψ (m).

If the true of P(n) is to be established for all positive even Establish the truth of ψ ( n) for all n ∈ N by using PMI.
integral values of n then take φ (n) = P(2n) and use PMI to
prove that φ (n) is true for all n ∈ N . Some Formulae Based on Principle of Induction

If the truth of P(n) is to be established for all positive odd For any natural number n
integral values of n then take φ (n) = P (2n − 1) and use PMI n(n + 1)
∑ n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + n = 2
to prove that φ (n) is true for all n ∈ N .
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

If the truth of P(n) is to be established for all ∑ n2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ....... + n2 = 6
n > k , n ∈ N , k ∈ N then take φ (n) = P ( n + k ) and use PMI
n 2 (n + 1)2
∑ n3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + ...... + n3 = = (∑ n)
2
to prove that φ (n) is true for all n ∈ N .
4

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118 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Divisibility Problems Summation of Series Involving Binomial Coefficients: For
To show that an expression is divisible by an integer. (1 + x ) n = n C 0 + n C1 x + n C 2 x 2 + ... + n Cn x n , the binomial
(i) If a, p, n, r are positive integers, then first of all we write n n n
coefficients are C0 , C1 , C2 ,...., Cn . n

pn + r
a = a . a = (a ) . a .
pn r p n r
A number of series may be formed with these coefficients
(ii) If we have to show that the given expression is divisible by c.S figuring in the terms of a series. Standard series of the binomial
Then express, a p = [1 + (a p − 1] , if some power of (a p − 1) has coefficients are as follows:

c as a factor.
n
C0 + n C1 + n C 2 + .... + n C n = 2 n . . .(i)

a p = [2 + (a p − 2)], if some power of (a p − 2) has c as a factor. It is obtained by putting x = 1 in the binomial expansion for
(1 + x ) n .
a p = [K + (a p − K)], if some power of (a p − K ) has c as a factor.

n
C0 − n C1 + n C 2 − .... + ( −1) n . n Cn = 0 . . .(ii)
Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index It is obtained by putting x = − 1 in the binomial expansion

( a + x ) = C0 a + C1 a
n n n n n −1
x + C2 a n n−2
x + .... + Cn x
2 n n
where for (1 + x ) n .

n!
n
C0 + n C 2 + n C 4 + .... = 2 n −1
n
Cr =
r !(n − r )! It is obtained by adding (i) and (ii).

(1 + x ) = C0 + C1 x + C2 x + ... + Cn x
n n n n 2 n n
n
C1 + n C3 + n C5 + .... = 2 n −1

(1 + x ) n = ( x + 1) n = n C0 x n + n C1 x n − 2 + ... + n Cn It is obtained by subtracting (ii) from (i).

1
when expanded in descending powers of x.
2n
C0 + 2 n C1 + 2 n C2 + .... + 2 n Cn −1 + . 2 n Cn = 22 n −1
2

( a − x ) n = n C0 a n − n C1 a n −1 x + n C2 a n − 2 x 2 − ... + ( −1) n .n C n x n
We have 2n
C 0 + 2 n C1 + 2 n C 2 + .... + 2 n C 2 n −1 + 2 n C 2 n = 2 2 n

Terms in Expansion: In the expansion of ( a + x ) n , n ∈ N ∵ 2n

C0 = 2 n C 2 n , 2 n C1 = 2 n C 2 n −1 , etc. combining the terms

The number of terms = n + 1 equidistant from the beginning and end we get

(r + 1) th term = tr +1 = n Cr a n − r . x r

2( 2 n C0 + 2 n C1 + 2 n C2 + .... + 2 n C n −1 ) + 2 n Cn = 2 2 n
2 n +1

kth term from the end {(n + 1) − (k − 1)}th term = t( n +1)− ( k −1)
C0 + 2 n +1 C1 + 2 n +1 C2 + .... + 2 n +1 Cn = 2 2 n (as above)

Sum of the first half of n C0 + n C1 + n C2 + .... + n Cn

middle term = t ( n +1) +1 , i.e. t n when n is even middle term
+1
2 2 = sum of the last half of n C0 + n C1 + n C2 + .... + n Cn = 2n−1
= t n +1 , t n + 3 when n odd.
2 2
Bino-geometric series
Properties of nCr for Simplification
n
C0 + n C1 x + n C2 x 2 + .... + n Cn x n = (1 + x) n .

n
C 0 = 1, n C n = 1
Bino-arithmetic series

n
C r = n Cn − r
a n C0 + ( a + d ) n C1 + ( a + 2d ) n C 2 + .... + ( a + nd ) n Cn

n
C r + n C r −1 = n + 1 C r
It is made by the sum of the products of corresponding

n
C r = n C k ⇒ r = k or r + k = n terms of the sequences

r.n Cr = n. n −1Cr −1 a, a + d , a + 2d ,...., a + nd ( AP) and n
C 0 , n C1 , n C 2 ,...., n C n

1 n 1 n +1 (sequence of binomial coefficients)

· Cr = · Cr +1 Such series can be added in two ways:
r +1 n +1

The greatest among binomial coefficients (i) by elimination of r in the multiplier of binomial
coefficient from the (r + 1)th term of the series (using
n
C 0 , n C1 , n C 2 ,...., n C n = n C n when n is even
2
r. n C r = n n −1C r −1 )
n n
Cn −1 or Cn +1 when n is odd. (ii) by differentiating the expansion of x a (1 + x d ) n
2 2

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 119

Bino-harmonic series −
p
p  x  p( p + q)  x 
2 3
p ( p + q )( p + 2 q )  x 
(1 + x ) q
= 1−   +   −   + ....to ∝
n
C0 n
C1 n
C2 n
Cn 1!  q  2!  q  3! q
+ + + .... +
a a + d a + 2d a + nd

p
p  x  p( p − q)  x 
2
p ( p − q )( p − 2q )  x 
3

(1 + x) q = 1 +  +   +   + .... to ∝
It is made by the sum of the products of corresponding 1!  q  2!  q  3! q
terms of the sequences p
p  x  p ( p − q)  x 
2 3
p ( p − q )( p − 2q )  x 
(1 − x ) q = 1 −  +   −   + .... to ∝
1 1 1 1 1!  q  2!  q  3! q
, , ,...., (HP)
a a + d a + 2d a + nd
and n C0 ,n C1 , n C2 ,...., n Cn (sequence of binomial coefficients). Number of Terms in the Expansion of (a + b + c)n and (a +
Such series are added in two ways : b + c + d)n .
(i) by elimination of r in the multiplier of binomial (a + b + c) n can be expanded as: (a + b + c) n = {(a + b) + c}n
coefficients from the (r + 1)th term of the series
= (a + b) n + n C1 (a + b) n −1 (c)1 + n C2 (a + b)n − 2 (c) 2 + ..... + n Cn c n
 1 n 1 n +1  = (n + 1) term + n term + (n − 1)term + ... + 1term
 using Cr = Cr +1 
 r +1 n +1 
∴ Total number of terms
(ii) by integrating suitable expansion.
= (n + 1) + ( n) + (n − 1) + .... + 1

Bino-binomial series
n
C0 .n C r + n C1 .n C r +1 + n C 2 .n C r + 2 + .... + n C n − r .n C n (n + 1)(n + 2)
= .
or C0 . Cr + C1 . Cr −1 + C2 . C r − 2 + .... + Cr . C0
m n m n m n m n 2
Similarly, Number of terms in the expansion of
Such series are added by multiplying two expansions, one
involving the first factors as coefficients and the other (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
(a + b + c + d ) n = .
involving the second factors as coefficients and finally 6
equating coefficients of a suitable power of x on both sides.
To Determine a Particular Term in the Expansion
n
Binomial Theorem for any Index  1 
In the expansion of  xα ± β  , if xm occurs in Tr+1, then r is
n( n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)( n − 2) 3  x 

(1 + x ) n = 1 + nx + x + x + .... to ∝, pro
2! 3! given by nα − r (α + β ) = m
vided | x |< 1.
nα − m
General term { ( r + 1)th term} in the expansion of (1 + x ) n is ⇒ r=
α +β
n( n − 1)( n − 2)....(n − r + 1) r Thus in above expansion if constant term which is independent
tr +1 = x
r!
of x, occurs in Tr+1 then r is determined by
Some useful Binomial Expansions for Summation of Series nα − r (α + β ) = 0

(1 − x ) − n = 1 + n C1 x + n +1C 2 x 2 + n + 2 C3 x 3 + .... + n + r −1C r x r + .... t
nα
o ∝, where n is a positive integer. ⇒ r=
α +β
(1 + x) − n = 1 − n C1 x + n +1C2 x 2 − n + 2 C3 x 3 + ....
to ∝ where n ∈ N Recoginising the type of the Infinite Series

(1 − x) −1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + .... to ∝
Each of the binomial, exponential and logarithmic series has
(1 − x) −1 = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 − .... to ∝ infinite terms.

(1 − x ) −2 = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 + .... to ∝
Series involving n ! s in the decominators of terms are
generally binomial or exponential series. But in a binomial
(1 + x ) −2 = 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x 3 + .... to ∝
series the number of factors in the numerators (other than
p 2 3


− p  x  p( p + q)  x  p ( p + q )( p + 2q )  x  the power of a fixed number) of terms goes on increasing.
(1 − x ) q
= 1+   +   +   + .... to ∝
1!  q  2!  q  3!  q 
Logarithmic series do not contain n ! s in the denominators
2 3
p( p + q)  x  p ( p + q )( p + 2 q )  x  1
  +   + .... to ∝ of terms. The terms contain
n
s.
2!  q  3! q

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120 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 8. The term independent of x in the expansion of
n
Second Principle of Mathematical Induction  1
(1 + x )n 1 +  is:
n  x
 n +1
1. The smallest positive integer n, for which n ! <   a. C02 + 2C12 + .... + (n + 1) Cn2
 2 
hold is: b. (C0 + C1 + .... + Cn ) 2
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 c. C02 + C12 + .... + Cn2

2. Let S ( k ) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k − 1) = 3 + k 2 . Then which of d. None of these

the following is true: 9. The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x) (1 – x)n is:

a. Principle of mathematical induction can be used to a. (−1) n −1 n b. (−1) n (1 − n)
prove the formula
c. (−1)n −1 (n − 1)2 d. ( n − 1)
b. S (k ) ⇒ S (k + 1)
10
c. S (k ) ⇒
/ S (k + 1)  1 
10. 6th term in expansion of  2 x 2 − 2  is:
d. S(1) is correct  3 x 
4580 896
3. (1 + x) n − nx − 1 is divisible by: (where n ∈ N ) a. b. −
17 27
a. 2 x b. x 2
5580
c. 2x3 d. All of these c. d. None of these
17
4. Sum of odd terms is A and sum of even terms is B in the
11. If the coefficients of r th term and (r + 4)th term are equal
expansion of ( x + a)n , then:
in the expansion of (1 + x) 20 , then the value of r will be:
1
a. AB = ( x − a) 2 n − ( x + a) 2 n a. 7 b. 8 c. 9 d. 10
4
b. 2 AB = ( x + a ) 2 n − ( x − a ) 2 n 12. If coefficient of (2r + 3)th and (r − 1)th terms in the
c. 4 AB = ( x + a ) 2 n − ( x − a ) 2 n expansion of (1 + x )15 are equal, then value of r is:
d. None of these a. 5 b. 6
c. 4 d. 3
5. If the 4th term in the expansion of ( px + x −1 ) m is 2.5 for all
21
x ∈ R then:  a b 
13. If the (r + 1) term in the expansion of  3
th
+ 3 
 b a
1  
a. p = 5 / 2, m = 3 b. p = ,m = 6
2 has the same power of a and b, then the value of r is:
1 a. 9 b. 10
c. p = − , m = 6 d. None of these
2 c. 8 d. 6

T2 T 14. The first 3 terms in the expansion of (1 + ax)n (n ≠ 0) are

6. If in the expansion of (a + b) n and 3 in the expansion
T3 T4 1, 6x and 16x2. Then the value of a and n are respectively:
of (a + b ) n + 3 are equal, then n = ? a. 2 and 9 b. 3 and 2
c. 2/3 and 9 d. 3/2 and 6
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6
5
 a
15. Coefficient of x in the expansion of  x 2 +  is:
Independent Term and Middle Term  x
7. The term independent of x in the expansion of a. 9a 2 b. 10a 3 c. 10a 2 d. 10a
10
 x 3   c
5

 + 2  will be : 16. If the expansion of  y 2 +  , the coefficient of y will be:

 3 2 x   y
3 5 5 2 a. 20c b. 10c
a. b. c. d.
2 4 2 3 c. 10c 3 d. 20c 2

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 121

x 3 
10
26. The middle term in the expansion of (1 + x) 2 n is:
17. In the expansion of  − 2  , the coefficient of x 4 is:
2 x  1.3.5......(2n − 1) 2 n +1 2.4.6......2n 2 n +1
a. x b. x
405 504 n! n!
a. b.
256 259 1.3.5......(2n − 1) n 1.3.5......(2n − 1) n n
c. x d. x .2
450 n! n!
c. d. None of these
263
27. The term independent of x in the expansion of
8
 x2 2  9
18. The coefficient of x 7 in the expansion of  −  is:  3x 2 1 
 2 x  −  is:
 2 3x 
a. – 56 b.56
a. 7/12 b. 7/18
c. – 14 d.14
c. – 7/12 d. – 7/16
15
 1 
19. The coefficient of x 32 in the expansion of  x 4 −  is
 x3  Greatest Term and Greatest Coefficient
15 15
a. C5 b. C6
28. The largest term in the expansion of (3 + 2 x )50 , where
15 15
c. C4 d. C7
1
x= is:
20. If in the expansion of (1 + x ) (1 − x ) , the coefficient of x
m n 5
a. 5th b. 8th c. 7th d. 6th
and x 2 are 3 and – 6 respectively, then m is:
a. 6 b. 9
Properties of Binomial Coefficients
c. 12 d. 24
n n
1 r t
21. If coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the binomial 29. If S n = ∑ n
and tn = ∑ n . Then n is equal to:
r =0 Cr r =0 C S
expansion of (1 + x)n are in A.P., then n 2 − 9n is equal to: r n

a. – 7 b. 7 2n − 1 1
a. b. n −1
c. 14 d. – 14 2 2
n
15 c. n − 1 d.
 1  2
22. The coefficient of x 39
in the expansion of  x 4 − 3  is:
 x 
30. In the expansion of (1 + x)5 , the sum of the coefficient of
a. – 455 b. – 105
c. 105 d. 455 the terms is:
a. 80 b. 16
23. If the coefficients of second, third and fourth term in the
c. 32 d. 64
expansion of (1 + x ) 2 n are in A.P., then 2n 2 − 9 n + 7 is
31. If the sum of coefficient in the expansion of
equal to:
a. – 1 b. 0 (α x − 2α x + 1) vanishes, then the value of α is:
2 2 51

c. 1 d. 3/2 a. 2 b. –1
c. 1 d. –2
24. If the coefficients of x 2 and x3 in the expansion of
(3 + ax)9 are the same, then the value of a is: 32. 10
C1 +10 C3 +10 C5 +10 C7 +10 C9 = ?

7 9 7 9 a. 29 b. 210
a. − b. − c. d.
9 7 9 7 c. 210 − 1 d. None of these
33. If (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn x 2 , then
n
Number of Terms in the Expansion of (a + b + c) and
C02 + C12 + C22 + C32 + ... + Cn2 =?
(a + b + c + d)n .
n! (2n)!
a. b.
25. If the number of terms in the expansion of ( x − 2 y + 3z ) n n! n! n! n!
is 45, then n = ? (2n)!
c. d. None of these
a. 7 b. 8 c. 9 d. 5 n!

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122 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
34. If (1 + x) = C0 + C1 x + C2 x + ... + Cn x , then
n 2 n
C0 C1 C2 C
42. + + + ..... + n = ?
C1 2C2 3C3 nC 1 2 3 n +1
+ + + .... + n = ?
C0 C1 C2 Cn −1 2n 2n − 1
a. b.
n(n − 1) n(n + 2) n +1 n +1
a. b.
2 2 2 n +1 − 1
c. d. None of these
n(n + 1) (n − 1)(n − 2) n +1
c. d.
2 2
Binomial theorem for any index
22 23 2 11
35. 2C 0 + C1 + C 2 + .... + C 10
2 3 11 43. Let R = (5 5 + 11) 2 n +1 and f = R − [ R ] where [.] denotes
3 11 − 1 2 11 − 1 the greatest integer function. The value of R.f is:
a. b.
11 11 a. 4 2 n + 1 b. 4 2 n
11 3 − 1 11 2 − 1 c. 4 2 n −1
d. 4 −2 n
c. d.
11 11
44. The coefficient of x5 in the expansion of (x2 – x –2)5 is:
36. The sum to (n + 1) terms of the following series a. – 83 b. – 82 c. – 81 d. 0
C0 C1 C2 C3
− + − + ..... is: 45. Find the coefficient of a 3b 4 c 5 in the expansion of
2 3 4 5
1 1 (bc + ca + ab)6 ?
a. b.
n +1 n+2 a. 0 b. 60 c. –60 d. 25
1
c. d. None of these 46. If (1 + ax)n = 1 + 8 x + 24 x 2 + ... then the value of aand n is:
n(n + 1)
a. 2,4 b. 2,3
C C C
37. The value of 1 + 3 + 5 + ..... is equal to: c. 1,2 d. 1,2
2 4 6
2n − 1 47. Coefficient of xr in the expansion of (1− 2x)−1/ 2 ?
a. b. n. 2 n
n +1 (2r )! (2r )!
a. b.
2 n
2 +1
n
(r !)2 2r.(r !) 2
c. d.
n n +1 (2r )! (2r )!
c. d.
38. The sum of all the coefficients in the binomial expansion (r !) 2 .2 2 r 2 .(r + 1)!(r − 1)!
r

of (x 2 + x − 3)319 is: 48. If x is so small that its two and higher power can be
a. 1 b. 2 neglected and (1 − 2 x) −1 / 2 (1 − 4 x) −5 / 2 =1 + kx then k = ?
c. – 1 d. 0
a. 1 b. –2
39. If n is an integer greater than 1, then c. 10 d. 11
a − n C1 (a − 1) + n C2 (a − 2) +.... + (−1) n ( a − n) = ?
49. If a1, a2, a3, a4 are the coefficients of any four consecutive
a. a b.0
a1 a3
c. a 2 d. 2 n terms in the expansion of (1+ x)n ,then + =?
a1 + a2 a3 + a4
40. If the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of a2 1 a2
a. b.
(α 2 x 2 − 2α x + 1)51 vanishes, then the value of α is: a2 + a3 2 a2 + a3
a. 2 b. –1 2a2 2a3
c. 1 d. – 2 c. d.
a2 + a3 a2 + a3

Use of Differentiation and Integration 50. The number of integral terms in the expansion of
( 3 + 8 5) 256 is:
41. C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + .....n Cn = ?
a. 32 b. 33
a. 2n b. n. 2n
c. 34 d. 35
c. n. 2n – 1 d. n. 2n + 1

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 123
51. The fourth term in the expansion of (1–2x)3/2 will be: 1 1 .4 2 1 .4 .7 3
59. 1+ x + x + x + .... is equal to:
3 x3 3 3 .6 3 . 6 .9
a. − x 4 b.
4 2 a. x b. (1 + x )1 / 3
x3 3 4 c. (1 − x )1 / 3 d. (1 − x )−1 / 3
c. − d. x
2 4
60. If (r + 1)th term is the first negative term in the expansion
1
52. The expansion of binomial theorem will be
(4 − 3 x)1/ 2 of (1 + x)7 / 2 , then the value of r is:
valid, if: a. 5 b. 6
a. x < 1 b. | x | < 1 c. 4 d. 7

2 2 61. The coefficient of x n in the expansion of (1 + x + x 2 + ...) − n

c. − <x< d. None of these
3 3 is:
1 a. 1 b. (−1) n
53. =?
3
6 − 3x c. n d. n + 1

 x 2x2   x 2x2 
a. 61/ 3 1 + + 2 + ... b. 6−1/ 3 1 + + 2 + ... NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
 6 6   6 6 
More than One Answer
 x 2 x2   x 2x2 
c. 61/ 3 1 − + 2 − ... d. 6−1/ 3 1 − + 2 − ... 62. The value of C02 + 3C12 + 5C22 + ... to (n + 1) terms, (given
 6 6   6 6 
that C r ≡ n C r ) is:
1 1
 a   a  2 2 a. 2n–1Cn–1 b. (2n + 1).2n–1Cn
54.   +  =? c. 2(n +1).2n–1Cn d. 2n–1Cn + (2n +1).2n–1Cn–1
a+x a−x
3x 2 3x 2 63. The number of distinct terms in the expansion of
a. 2 + 2
+ .... b. 1 + + ....
4a 8a 2 ( x + 2 y − 3 z + 5w − 7u ) n is:
2 2
x 3x x 3x a. n + 1
c. 2 + + + .... d. 2 − + +......
a 4a2 a 4a2 n+4
b. C4
55. (r +1)th term in the expansion of (1–x)–4 will be: n+4
c. Cn
xr (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3) r
a. b. x (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)
r! 6 d.
24
(r + 2)(r + 3) r
c. x d. None of these
2 20
 1 
1 64. In the expansion of  3 4 + 4  ?
56. =?  6
(2 + x)4
a. the number of rational terms = 4
1 5 2  1 5 2  b. the number of irrational terms =19
a. 1 − 2 x + x − ....  b. 1 − 2 x + x − .... 
2 2  16  2  c. the middle term is irrational
1 5 2  1 5 2  d. the number of irrational terms = 17
c. 1 + 2 x + x + ....  d. 1 + 2 x + x + .... 
16  2  2 2 
(1000)n
57. If | x | > 1 , then (1 + x )−2 =? 65. Let an = for n∈N. Then an is greatest, when:
n!
a. 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − .... b. 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + .... a. n = 998 b. n = 999
2 3 1 2 3 c. n = 1000 d. n = 1001
c. 1 − + − .... d. − + − ...
x x2 x2 x3 x4
66. The expression {x + ( x3 − 1)}5 + {x − ( x3 − 1)}5 is a
58. The approximate value of (7.995)1/3correct to four decimal
places is: polynomial of degree:
a.1.9995 b.1.9996 a. 9C2 b. 7C6
c.1.9990 d.1.9991 c. 7 d. 8C1

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124 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
67. In the expansion of ( x + y + z ) ? 25
74. Let (1 + t ) = C0 + C1t + C2t 2 + ... + Cn t n
n

a. every term is of form 25 Cr .r Ck .x 25−r . y r −k .z k C0 C1 C2 Cn 1  2n+2 

Assertion: + + + ... + =  −1
b. the coefficient of x8y9z9 is 0 1.2 2.3 3.4 (n +1)(n + 2) n +1  n + 2 
c. the number of terms is 351 C0 C1 C2 C
d. none of the above Reason: − + − ... + (−1)n n = 0
2 3 4 n+2
68. The coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of
(1 + x) 2 n is: 75. Let (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn x n .

2n 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5...(2n − 1) n Assertion: S = C0 + (C0 + C1 ) + (C0 + C1 + C2 ) + ...

a. Cn b. 2
n! + (C0 + C1 + ... + C n −1 ) = n(2 n −1 )
c. 2 ⋅ 6...(4n − 2) d. none of the above n

4n
Reason: ∑∑ (C + C ) = (n + 1)2 .
i j
n

69. The last digit of 33 + 1, n ∈ N , is: j =1 i < j

4 8
a. C3 b. C7
76. Let (1 + x)3n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + C3n x 3 n , and ω ≠ 1 be a
c. 8 d. 4
cube root of unity
70. In the expansion of (2 – 2x + x2)9 ?
Assertion: C0 + C1ω + C2ω 2 + C3 + C4ω + C5ω 2 + ... = (−1)n
a. number of distinct terms is 10
b. coefficient of x4 is 97 Reason: Cube roots unity form a triangle of area 3
c. sum of coefficient is 1 square units.
d. number of distinct terms is 55
77. Let (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn x n
71. If the term independent of x in the expansion of
n
( x − λ / λ 2 )10 is 405, then value of λ is: Assertion: ∑Cr =0
r sin(rx)cos(n − r ) x = 2n sin(nx)
a. –3 b. 9
n
c. –9 d. 3 Reason: ∑C
r =0
r = 2n

Assertion and Reason

78. Assertion: The coefficient of the term of independent of x
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark n
the correct option out of the options given below:  9  3n (2n)!
in the expansion of  x + + 6  is .
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the  x  n!n!
correct explanation of the assertion. Reason: The coefficient of xr in the expansion of (1 + x ) n
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
n
correct explanation of the assertion. is   .
c. If assertion is true but reason is false. r 
d. If the assertion and reason both are false. 79. Assertion: For any positive integers m, n (with n ≥ m),
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
 n   n − 1  n − 2   m   n + 1
 + +  + .... +   = 
10 10
72. Let S1 = ∑ j ( j − 1)( C j ), S 2 = ∑ j ( C j ) and
10 10 
m  m   m   n  m 
j =1 j =1

10 Reason: Coefficient of xr in the expansion of (1 + x ) n is

S3 = ∑ ( j )( C j ) 2 10

j =1 n
 .
Assertion: S3 = 55 × 29 r 
Reason: S1 = 90 × 28 and S2 = 10 × 28
80. Assertion: If n is an odd prime, then greatest integer
73. Let (1 + x) = C0 + C1 x + C 2x +…+ C nx .
n 2 n
( )
n
contained in 2 + 5 −2 n+1 is divisible by 20 n.
(2n)!
Assertion: 5C + 7C + 9C + ... + (5 + 2n)C = (5 + n)
2
0 1
2 2
2
2
n
n!n!  p
Reason: If p is a prime and 1≤r ≤p–1,then   is divisible by p.
Reason: C + C + ... + C = Cn
2 2 2 2n
r

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 125
81. Assertion: Greatest term in the expansion of ( 3 + 2) 50 Paragraph –II
If m, n, r are positive integers and if r <m, r < n then
 50 
is   314 211 m
Cr + mCr −1 ⋅ mCr −2 ⋅ n C2 + ... + nCr = Coefficient of xr in
 22  r
(1 + x)m (1 + x) n = Coefficient of x in (1 + x)m+ n = m + n C r
Reason: Greatest term in the expansion (1 + x ) n , x > 0 of is
(n + 1) x  (n +1)x  87. The value of n C0 ⋅ nCn + nC1 ⋅ n Cn −1 + ... + n Cn ⋅ n C0 is:
the rth term if is not an integer and r =  ,
x +1  x +1  a. 2nCn–1 b. 2nCn
where [y] denotes the greatest integer ≤y. c. 2nCn+1 d. 2nC2

88. The value of r for which 30 Cr ⋅ 20C0 + 30Cr −1⋅20C1+...+30C0 ⋅20Cr

Comprehension Based
Paragraph –I is maximum, is:
4n a. 10 b. 15
Consider (1 + x + x 2 )2 n = ∑ ar x r , where a0 , a1 , a2 ..., a4 n are real c. 20 d. 25
r =0

number and n is a positive integer. 89. The value of r(0 ≤ r ≤ 30)for which 20 Cr ⋅ 10C0 + 20Cr −1 ⋅10 C1 +
n−1
82. The value of ∑a
r =0
2r is: ... + 20 C 0 ⋅ 10 C r is minimum, is:
a. 0 b. 1
9 n − 2a 2 n − 1 c. 5 d. 15
a.
4
9n + 2a2 n + 1 S n +1 15
b. 90. If S n = n C 0 ⋅ n C1 + n C1 ⋅ n C 2 + ... + n C n −1 ⋅ n C n and if = ,
4 Sn 4

9 n − 2a2 n + 1 then n equals:

c. a. 2, 4 b. 4, 6
4
9 + 2a2 n − 1
n c. 6, 8 d. 8, 10
d.
4 91. If (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn x n and n is odd, then
n
83. The value of ∑ a2 r −1 is: the value of C02 − C12 = C22 −C32 + ... + (−1) n Cn2 is:
r =1
a. 0 b. 2nCn
 9n − 1   32 n − 1 
a.   b.   c. (–1)n 2nCn–1 d. 3 2nCn–2
 2   4 
 32 n + 1   9n + 1  Match the Column
c.   d.  
 4   2  92. Observe the following columns:
84. The value of a2 is: Column I Column II
a. 4n+1C2 (A) If λ be the number of 1. O + T = 3
b. 3n+1C2 terms in the expansion
c. 2n+1C2 of (1+5x +10x2 + 10x3+
d. n+1C2 5x4 + x5)20 and if unit’s
85. The value of a4n–1 is: place and ten’s place
a. 2n digits in 3λ are O and T,
b. 2n2 + 4n then
c. 2n + 3 (B) If λ be the number of 2. O + T = 7
d. 2n2 + 3n terms in the expansion
86. The correct statement is:  1
of  x2 +1+ 2  and if
a. ar = an–r, 0 ≤ r ≤ n  x 
b. ar – r = an–r, 0 ≤ r ≤ n unit’s place and ten’s
c. ar = a2n, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2n place digits in 7λ are O
d. ar = a4n–r, 0 ≤ r ≤ 4n and T, then

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126 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
(C) If λ be then number of 3. O + T = 9 (C) The sum of the binomial 3. 8
terms in the expansion coefficients in the expansion of
of (1 + x)101 (1 + x 2 − x)100 ( x −3/ 4 + nx5/ 4 )m , where m is
and if unit’s place and positive integer lies between 200
ten’s place digits in 9λ and 400 and the term
are O and T, then independent of x equals 448.
4. T – O = 7 Then n5 divisible by.
5. O − T = 7 4. 16
a. A→1, B→2→5, C→3-4 b. A→1, B→3-5, C→2-4 5. 32
c. A→2, B→4-5, C→3-1 d. A→2, B→1-4, C→3-5 a. A→1,2,3; B→1,2,3,4; C→1,2,3,4,5
b. A→3,2,1; B→4,2,3,1; C→1,2,3,4,5
93. Observe the following columns:
c. A→1,2,3; B→3,2,1,4; C→5,2,3,4,1
Column I Column II d. A→1,2,3; B→1,2,3,4; C→1,3,2,5,4
(A) If last digit of the 1. λ + µ = 9
number 9 9 is λ and
9
Integer
last digit of 2λ is µ
100
95. The coefficient of x50 in the polynomials after
then parenthesis have been removed and like terms have
(B) If last digit of the 2. λ + µ = 11 been collected in the expansion
number 2 9999
is λ and λ!
(1 + x )1000 + x (1 + x ) 999 + x 2 (1 + x ) 998 +... + x
1000
is , then
last digit of 3λλλ is µ µ !v !
then the value of λ + 2µ +3v must be (v > µ ) ?
72! 3. λ − µ = 7
(C) Let a = − 1 is
(36!) 2 51
Cr2
divisible by 10λ + µ
96. If (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn x n and ∑
r = 0 ( r + 1)

then λ!
= 2
then the number of zeros in λ ! must be:
 λ + 1  
4. λ − µ = 4  !
 2  
5. λ µ + µ λ = 9
n
a. A→2-3, B→1-3-5, C→4 97. If (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn x n and ∑ (r + 1) C
r =0
2
r
b. A→1-3, B→2-3-4, C→5
c. A→1-3, B→2-3-4, C→5 = 2 n − 2 f ( n ), if roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are α andβ,
d. A→4-3, B→1-3-5, C→2
then α 4 + β 4 must be:
94. Observe the following columns:
n
Column I
(A) If n be the degree of the
Column II
1. 2
98. If ∑
r =0
n
Cr sin(rx)cos {(n − r ) x} = f (n)sin(nx), then the value

polynomial of f(13) must be:

(3x + 1){( x + 3x + 1))
2 2 7
100
Cr
99. Let ar = r 2 ⋅ 100 and λ be the coefficient of x99 in
−( x − (3x + 1)},
2
Cr −1
then n divisible by 100
λ
(B) In the expansion of (x + a)n there 2. 4 ∏(x − a ), then the value of − 50 must be:
i =1
i

is only one middle term for x

= 3, a = 2 and seventh term is 100. The coefficients of three consecutive terms of
numerically greatest term, then n n+5
(1 + x ) are in the ratio 5 : 10 : 14. Then, n is equal to:
divisible by

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 127
ANSWER k +1 k +1
(k + 1) k +2
and <  . . . (ii)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 2k  2 
b c b c b c b c b b k +1 k +1
k +2  1 
⇒   > 2 ⇒ 1 + >2
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
 k +1   k + 1 
c a a c b c a c c c
2
1 k +1  1 
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. ⇒ 1 + (k + 1) + C2   + ..... > 2
d a b d b d b c,d d c k +1  k +1 
2
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.  1 
⇒ 1 + 1 + k +1 C2   + .... > 2
c a b c a d a c b c  k +1
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Which is true, hence (ii) is true.
c c a c b a b d c b k +1
(k + 1) k +1  k + 2 
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. From (i) and (ii), (k + 1)! < < 
2k  2 
b d b a b b d a d a
k +1
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. k +2
⇒ (k + 1)! <  
b c d c c b d a d b  2 
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. Hence P ( k + 1) is true. Hence by the principle of
b c a b c c d a d a mathematical induction P(n) is true for all n ∈ N
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. By check option
d c b c a d b d a a 1
 1+1 
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. (a) For n = 1, 1! <   ⇒ 1 < 1 which is wrong
 2 
a a a a 3954 0024 257 4096 3333 6
2
3 9
SOLUTION (b) For n = 2, 2! <   ⇒ 2 < which is correct
 
2 4
Multiple Choice Questions 3
 3 +1
 n +1
n
(c) For n = 3, 3! <   ⇒ 6 < 8 which is correct
1. (b) Let P(n) : n ! <    2 
 2  4 4
Step (i): For n = 2  4 +1 5
(d) For n = 4, 4! <   ⇒ 24 <  
2  2  2
 2 +1
⇒ 2! <   ⇒ 24 < 39.0625 which is correct. But smallest positive
 2 
integer n is 2.
9
⇒ 2<
4 2. (c) We have S ( k ) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ...... + (2k − 1) = 3 + k 2
⇒ 2 < 2.25 S (1) ⇒ 1 = 4 , Which is not true and S (2) ⇒ 3 = 7 .
which is true. Therefore, P(2) is true. Which is not true?
Step (ii): Assume that P(k) is true, then p(k) :
Hence induction cannot be applied and S (k ) ⇒
/ S (k + 1)
k
 k +1
k!<   n (n −1) 2 n(n −1) (n − 2) 3
 2  3. (b) (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ...
2! 3!
Step (iii): For n = k + 1,
k +1  n(n − 1) n(n − 1)(n − 3) 
k +2 ⇒ (1 + x) n − nx − 1 = x 2  + x + .....
P (k + 1) : (k + 1)! <    2! 3! 
 2 
k From above it is clear that (1 + x )n − nx − 1 is divisible by x 2 .
 k +1
⇒ k !<  
 2  Short Trick: (1 + x) n − nx − 1 .

(k + 1) k +1 Put n = 2 and x = 3
⇒ (k + 1)k ! <
2k Then 42 − 2.3 − 1 = 9
(k + 1) k +1 Is not divisible by 6, 54 but divisible by 9.
⇒ (k + 1)! < . . . (i)
2k Which is given by option (c) = x 2 = 9 .

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128 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
n −1 1 n−2 n− n
4. (c) ( x + a ) = C0 x + C1 x a + C2 x
n n n n n
a +...+ Cn x
2 n
.a = n n
C0 . C0 + C C1 + ..... + n Cn .n Cn = C02 + C12 + ..... + Cn2
n n
1
n

n−2 2 n −1 1
n
( x + C2 x
n
a + ..) + ( C1 x
n
a + nC3 x n −3 a 3 + ...)  1
1

Put n = 1 in the expansion of (1 + x)1 1 + 

= A+ B . . .(i)  x
Similarly, ( x − a ) = A − B n
. . . (ii) 1 1
= 1+ x + +1 = 2 + x + . . . (i)
From (i) and (ii), we get 4 AB = ( x + a ) − ( x − a ) 2n 2n x x
We want coefficient of x 0 . Comparing to equation (i).
Short Trick: Put n = 1 in ( x + a)n .
Then, we get 2 i.e., independent of x.
Then, x + a = A + B . Comparing both sides A = x, B = a .
Option (c): C 02 + C12 + ..... C n2 ;
Option (c) L.H.S. 4 AB = 4 xa , R.H.S.
Put n = 1 ; Then 1 C 02 + 1 C12 = 1 + 1 = 2 .
( x + a) 2 − ( x − a )2 = 4ax. i.e., L.H.S. = R.H.S

5
9. (b) Coefficient of xn in (1 + x )(1 − x )n = Coefficient of x n
5. (b)We have T4 =
2 in (1 − x) n + coefficient of x n −1 in (1 − x) n = Coefficient of xn
5 in [n Cn (− x) n + x.n Cn −1 (− x) n −1 ] = (−1) n n Cn + (−1)n −1 .n C1 =
⇒ T3 +1 =
2
3
(−1) n + (−1) n .(−n) = (−1) n [1 − n] .
1 5
⇒ m
C3 ( px) m −3   =
 
x 2 10. (b) Applying Tr +1 = n Cr x n −r ar for (x + a)n
5
5  1 
⇒ m
C3 p m − 3 x m − 6 = . . .(i) Hence T6 = 10 C 5 (2 x 2 )5  − 
2  3x 2 
Clearly, R.H.S. of the above equality is independent of x 10 ! 1 896
=− 32 × =−
∴ m−6 = 0, m = 6 5 !5 ! 243 27
Putting m = 6 in (i)
11. (c) 20
C r −1 = 20 C r + 3
5 1
We get C3 p = ⇒ p = .
6 3
⇒ 20 − r + 1 = r + 3 ⇒ r =9.
2 2
Hence p = 1/ 2, m = 6 . 12. (a) 15
C 2 r + 2 =15 C r − 2

T2 2 b 2 b But 15
C 2 r + 2 = 15 C15 −(2 r + 2) = 15 C13 − 2 r
6. (c) = . =  
T3 n − 2 + 1 a n − 1  a  ⇒ 15
C13−2 r = 15Cr −2
T3 3 b 3 b ⇒ r =5.
and = .  =  
T4 n + 3 − 3 + 1  a  n + 1  a 
21 − r r
 a   b 
T2
=
T3 13. (a) We have Tr +1 = 21 Cr  3 
∵ (given)  b   3
a 
T3 T4  

2 b 3 b = 21Cr a 7 −( r / 2)b (2 / 3) r −(7 / 2)

∴  =  
n −1  a  n +1  a  Since the powers of a and b are the same, therefore
⇒ 2n + 2 = 3n − 3 ⇒ n = 5 7−
r 2 7
= r− ⇒r=9
2 3 2
1
7. (b) (10 − r )   + r ( −2) = 0 ⇒ r = 2 14. (c) T1 = nC0 = 1 . . . (i)
2
8/2 2 T2 = C1ax = 6 x
n
. . . (ii)
1 3 5
∴ T3 =10 C2     =
 3 2 4 T3 = C2 (ax) = 16 x
n 2 2
. . . (iii)
n!
8. (c) We know that, (1 + x) n = nC0 + n C1 x1 + n C2 x 2 + ... + n Cn x n From (ii), a = 6 ⇒ na=6 . . . (iv)
n
( n − 1)!
 1 n 1 n 1 1
n(n − 1) 2
 1 +  = C0 + C1 1 + C2 2 + ..... + Cn n
n n
From (iii), a = 16 . . . (v)
 x x x x 2
Obviously, the term independent of x will be Only (c) is satisfying equation (iv) and (v).

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 129
5
 a n2 − n m2 −m
15. (b) In the expansion of  x 2 +  the general term is Hence − mn + = −6
 x 2 2
r (m − 3)(m − 4 ) m2 −m
a ⇒ − m (m − 3) + = −6
Tr +1 = 5Cr ( x 2 )5−r   = 5Cr a r x10−3r 2 2
 x
⇒ m 2 − 7 m + 12 − 2m 2 + 6 m + m 2 − m + 12 = 0
Here, exponent of x is 10 − 3 r = 1 ⇒ r = 3
⇒ −2m + 24 = 0 ⇒ m = 12
∴ T2+1 = 5C3 a 3 x = 10a 3 .x
Hence coefficient of x is 10a 3 . 21. (d) Coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms are respectively
n
C1 , n C 2 and n C 3 are in A.P.
16. (c) 2(5 – r) + (–1) r = 1
⇒ 10 – 2r – r = 1 ⇒ r = 3 ⇒ 2 .n C 2 = n C1 + n C 3

5×4 3 2n! n! n!
Thus coefficient of y is 5 C 3 c 3 = c = 10 c 3 . ⇒ = +
2 ×1 2 ! (n − 2 )! (n − 1)! 3! (n − 3 )!

10 On solving, n 2 − 9n + 14 = 0
x 3 
17. (a) In the expansion of  − 2  , the general term is ⇒ n 2 − 9n = −14 .
2 x 

x
10 − r
 3 
r
22. (a) Tr +1 = 15
C r ( x 4 )15 − r (−1 / x 3 )r = (−1)r 15
Cr ( x )60 −7 r
Tr + 1 = 10 C r   . − 2 
2  x  For coefficient of x 39 , 60 − 7 r = 39 ⇒ r = 3
3r ∴ T4 =15 C3 (x 4 )12 (−1 / x 3 )3
=10 C r (−1)r . 10 −r
x 10 −r −2 r
2
= − 455 x 39
Here, the exponent of x is 10 − 3 r = 4 ⇒ r = 2
8 2
Hence the required coefficient is – 455.
x  3 
∴ T2+1 = C2    − 2 
10

2  x  23. (b) T2 = 2 n C1 x , T3 = 2 n C 2 x 2

10.9 1 2 4 405 4 T4 = 2 n C 3 x 3
= . .3 .x = x
1.2 28 256 Coefficient of T2, T3, T4 are in A.P.
405 ⇒ 2 .2 n C 2 = 2 n C1 + 2 n C 3
∴ The required coefficient = .
256
2n! 2n! 2n!
⇒ 2 = +
18. (c) (8 − r )(2) + r (−1) = 7 ⇒ 16 − 2r − r = 7 2 !(2n − 2) ! (2n − 1) ! 3 !(2n − 3) !
⇒ r =3 2 . 2n(2n − 1) 2n(2n − 1)(2n − 2)
⇒ = 2n +
Thus coefficient of x7 is 2 6

1
5
8 ×7 ×6 1 (n)(2n − 1)(2n − 2)
= 8 C 3   (−2)3 = − × = −14 . ⇒ n(2n − 1) = n +
3 × 2 ×1 4 6
2
⇒ 6(2n 2 − n) = 6 n + 4 n 3 − 6 n 2 + 2n
19. (c) Let Tr +1 term containing x32.
⇒ 6 n(2n − 1) = 2n(2n 2 − 3 n + 4 )
15 − r
 −1
Therefore 15 Cr x 4 r  3  ⇒ 6 n − 3 = 2n 2 − 3 n + 4
x 
⇒ 0 = 2n 2 − 9 n + 7
⇒ x 4 r x −45 + 3 r = x 32 ⇒ 7 r = 77 ⇒ r = 11 .
⇒ 2n 2 − 9n + 7 = 0 .
Hence coefficient of x32 is 15
C11 or 15
C4
24. (d) Tr +1 = 9Cr (3)9−r ( ax) r = 9Cr (3)9−r a r x r
20. (c) (1 + x )m (1 − x )n ∴ Coefficient of x r = 9Cr 39−r a r
 m(m − 1) x 2  n(n − 1) 2  Hence, coefficient of x 2 = 9C2 39− 2 a 2 and coefficient of
= 1 + mx + + ...   1 − nx + x − ... 
 2!  2!  9 9 −3 3
x 3 = C3 3 a
n − n ( m − m)  2
2 2
= 1 + ( m − n) x +  − mn +  x +... So, we must have 9C2 37 a 2 = 9C3 36 a 3
 2 2 
9.8 9.8.7 9
Given, m – n = 3 or n = m – 3 ⇒ .3 = .a ⇒ a = .
1.2 1.2.3 7

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130 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
25. (b) Given, total number of terms  1 1 1  m
= 2m  2 m + 2 m + ... + +
(n + 1) (n + 2) C C1 2m
Cm−1  2 m Cm
= = 45  0
2
 1  m
⇒ ( n + 1)( n + 2) = 90 ⇒ n = 8 . = m  Sn − 2m  + 2m = mSn
 Cm  Cm
26. (d) Since 2n is even, so middle term T 2 n = Tn +1
+1 tn n
2 t n = mS n ⇒ =m=
Sn 2
(2n)! n
⇒ Tn +1 = 2 n Cn x n = x
n !. n ! 30. (c) Putting x = 1 in (1 + x)5 , the required sum of coefficient
1.3.5........(2n − 1) n n
= .2 x . = (1 + 1)5 = 25 = 32
n!
27. (b) n =9, α = 2 , β = 1 . 31. (c) The sum of coefficient of polynomial (α 2 x 2 − 2α x + 1)51

9(2) is obtained by putting x = 1in (α 2 x 2 − 2α x + 1)51 .

Then r = =6.
1+ 2 Therefore by hypothesis (α 2 − 2α + 1)51 = 0
3 6
 3  1 ⇒ α =1
Hence, T7 =9C6    − 
 2  3
9×8× 7 1 7 32. (a) We know that
= . =
3 × 2 ×1 23.33 18 2n−1 = n C0 + n C2 + nC4 + ... = nC1 + n C3 + nC5 + ...
50 So, 10
C1 + 10C3 + 10C5 + ..... + 10C9 = 210−1 = 29
 2x 
28. (c,d) (3 + 2 x) = 3 1 +  ,
50 50

 3
33. (b) (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ..... + Cn x n . . . (i)
50
 2x 
Now greatest term in  1 +   1
n
1 1 1
2 n

 3  and  1 +  = C0 + C1 + C2   + ... + Cn   . . . (ii)

 x x x  x
1
2.
2x 5 (51) If we multiply (i) and (ii), we get C02 + C12 + C22 + ..... + Cn2
(50 + 1)
x(n + 1) 3 3
r= = = = 6 (an integer) is the term independent of x and hence it is equal to the
1+ x 2x
+1
2
+1 n
3 15  1
term independent of x in the product (1 + x) n  1 +  or in
∴ Tr and T[r]+1= T6 and T[6]+1= T6 and T7 are numerically  x
greatest terms 1
(1 + x) 2 n or term containing x n in (1 + x )2 n . Clearly the
29. (d) Take n = 2m , xn

1 1 1 coefficient of x n in (1 + x) 2 n is Tn +1 and equal to

Then, Sn = 2m
+ 2m
+ ...... + 2m
C0 C1 C2 m (2n)!
2n
Cn =
 1 n! n!
1 1  1
= 2  2 m + 2 m + ... + +
 C0 C1 2m
Cm−1  2m
Cm Solving conversely.
n
r 2m
r 1 2 2m Put n = 1, n = 2,..... then we get S1 = 1C02 + 1C12 = 2 ,
tn = ∑ n = ∑ 2 m = 2 m + 2m
+ ... + 2 m
r =0 C r r =0 C r C1 C2 C2 m S 2 = 2C02 + 2C12 + 2C22 = 12 + 2 2 + 12 = 6
 1 2m − 1   2 2m − 2  Now check the options
tn =  2 m + 2 m  +  2m + 2m +
 C1 C2 m −1   C2 C2 m − 2  (a) Does not hold given condition,

 m −1 m +1  2!
+ 2m
m 2m (b) (i) Put n = 1 , then =2
...  2 m  + 2m + 2m 1!1!
 C m −1 C m +1  C m C2 m
4! 4 × 3 × 2 × 1
 1 1  m (ii) Put n = 2 , then = =6
= 2m  2 m + 2m
+ ..... + 2m
+ 2m 2!2! 2 × 1× 2 × 1
 C1 C2  Cm
Students should remember this question as an identity.

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 131
C C C C 1
34. (c) 1 + 2 . 2 + 3 . 3 + ..... + n. n 1  (1 + x ) n +1 n +1
(1 − x )  C1 C 3 C 5
C0 C1 C2 C n −1 ⇒  +  = + + + ....
2  n + 1 n +1  0 2 4 6
n n(n − 1) / 1 .2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) / 3 .2 .1 1
= +2 +3 + .... + n. C1 C3 C5 1  2n +1 − 1 0 − 1 
1 n n(n − 1) / 1 .2 n + + + .... =  +
or 
n(n + 1)
2 4 6 2  n + 1 n + 1
= n + (n − 1) + (n − 2).... + 1 = ∑ n =
2 1  2 n +1 − 2  2 n − 1
= =
1
C1 2  n + 1  n + 1
Put n = 1,2,3 ....., then S 1 = 1
=1 ,
C0
2 2
38. (c) Putting x = 1 in (x 2 + x − 3)319
C1 2 C2
1
S2 = 2 +2 2 = + 2. = 2 + 1 = 3 We get the sum of coefficient = (1 + 1 − 3)319 = –1
C0 C1 1 2
By option, (put n=1,2......) (a) and (b) does not 39. (b) L.H.S. = a[C 0 − C1 + C 2 − C 3 + ...( −1)n .C n ]
n(n + 1)
hold condition, but (c) , put n =1, 2...... + [C1 − 2 C 2 + 3 C 3 − .... + (−1)n −1 n.Cn ]
2
S 1 = 1, S 2 = 3 which is correct. = a.0 + 0 = 0

40. (c) The sum of the coefficients of the polynomial

35. (a) We have (1 + x)10 = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + C10 x10
(α 2 x 2 − 2α x + 1)51 is obtained by putting x =1 in
Integrating both sides from 0 to 2, we get
(α 2 x 2 − 2α x + 1)51 .
311 − 1 22 23 211
= 2C0 + C1 + C2 + .... + C10 .
11 2 3 11 Therefore by hypothesis (α 2 − 2α + 1)51 = 0 ⇒ α = 1

41. (c) We know that,

36. (d) (1 − x )n = C 0 − C 1 x + C 2 x 2 − C 3 x 3 + ..... (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ..... + Cn x n . . . (i)
⇒ x (1 − x ) = C 0 x − C1 x + C 2 x − C 3 x + .....
n 2 3 4
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
1 1
We get n(1 + x) n−1 = 0 + C1 + 2.C2 x + 3C3 x 2 + ... + nCn x n−1
⇒ ∫ x (1 − x ) dx = ∫ (C 0 x − C1 x + C 2 x ....) dx
n 2 3
. . . (i)
0 0 Putting x = 1,
The integral on the LHS We get, n . 2n −1 = C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ...... + n Cn .
0
= ∫ (1 − t )t n (− dt ), by putting 1 − x = t 42. (c) Consider the expansion
1
1 (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + .... + Cn x n . . .(i)
1 1
= ∫ (t n − t n +1 ) dt = − Integrating both sides of (i) within limits 0 to 1.
0
n +1 n + 2
1 1 1 1 1
Whereas the integral on the RHS of (i) We get ∫ (1 + x ) n dx = ∫ C0 + ∫ C1 x + ∫ C 2 x 2 +... +∫ C n x n dx
0 0 0 0 0

 C x 2 C x3 C x 4  C C C  (1 + x) n+1 
1
 x2 
1
 x n+1 
1
=  0 − 1 + 2 − .... = 0 − 1 + 2 − ....
 = C0 [ x]0 + C1   + ...Cn 
1

 2 3 4  2 3 4  
 n + 1 0  2 0  n + 1 0
C0 C1 C2 2n +1
∴ − + − .... to (n + 1) terms −
1 1 1
= C0 [1] + C1 + C2 + ...Cn .
1
2 3 4 n +1 n +1 2 3 n +1
1 1 1
= − = . C1 C2 C 2n +1 − 1
n + 1 n + 2 (n + 1)(n + 2) C0 + + + ... n = .
2 3 n +1 n +1
(1 + x) n − (1 − x) n 43. (a) Since f = R − [ R] , R = f + [ R]
37. (a) We know that = C1 x + C3 x 3 + C5 x5 + ...
2
[5 5 + 11]2 n +1 = f + [ R] , where [R] is integer
Integrating from x = 0 to x = 1 , we get
2n +1
1
1 Now let f ' = [5 5 −11] , 0 < f ' < 1
2 ∫0
{(1 + x) n − (1 − x) n } dx
f + [ R ] − f ' = [5 5 + 11]2 n +1 − [5 5 − 11]2 n +1
1
= ∫ (C1 x + C3 x3 + C5 x5 + ....)dx = 2[ 2 n +1 C1 (5 5) 2 n (11)1 + 2 n +1C3 (5 5) 2 n −2 (11)3 + ...]
0 = 2.(Integer) = 2 K ( K ∈ N ) = Even integer

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132 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Hence f − f ' = even integer – [R], but −1 < f − f ' < 1 . 48. (d) (1 − 2 x) −1 / 2
(1 − 4 x)−5 / 2 = 1 + kx
Therefore, f − f ' = 0  (−1/ 2) ( −2 x ) ( −1/ 2 )( −3/ 2 ) (−2 x) 2 
1 + + + ...
∴ f = f'  1! 2! 
Hence R.f = R. f 1 = (5 5 + 1) 2 n +1 (5 5 − 11) 2 n +1 = 42 n+1 .  ( −5/ 2 )( −4 x ) ( −5/ 2 )( −7 / 2 ) ( −4 x) 2 
1 + + + ... = 1 + kx
 1! 2! 
44. (c) Coefficient of x5 in the expansion of (x2 – x –2)5 is
5! Higher power can be neglected.
∑ n !. n !n ! (1)n1 (−1)n2 (−2)n3 .  x   10 x 
1 2 3 Then 1 +  1 + = 1 + kx ; 1 + 10 x + x = 1 + kx
Where n1 + n2 + n3 = 5 and n2 + 2n3 = 5 . The possible value  1!  1! 
k = 11
of n1 , n2 and n3 are shown in margin
n1 n2 n3 49. (c) Let a1, a2, a3, a4 be respectively the coefficients of
1 3 1 (r + 1)th , (r + 2)th , (r + 3)th , (r + 4)th terms in the expansion
2 1 2
0 5 0 of (1 + x )n .
∴ The coefficient of x 5
Then a1 =n Cr , a2 = n Cr +1 , a3 = n Cr + 2 , a4 = n Cr +3 .
5! 5!
= (1)1 (−1)3 (−2)1 + (1) 2 (−1)1 (−2) 2 a1 a3 n
Cr n
Cr + 2
1!3!1! 2!1!2! Now, + =n +n
a1 + a2 a3 + a4 Cr + Cr +1
n
Cr + 2 + n Cr + 3
5!
+ (1)0 (−1)5 (−2)0 n
Cr n
C n
Cr n
Cr + 2
0!5!0! = + n +1 r + 2 = +
= 40 − 120 − 1 = −81
n +1
Cr +1 Cr + 3 n + 1 n n +1 n
Cr Cr + 2
r +1 r +3
45. (b) In this case, a 3b 4 c 5 = (ab) x (bc) y (ca ) z = a x + z .b x + y .c y + z
r + 1 r + 3 2(r + 2)
z + x = 3, x + y = 4, y + z = 5 ; 2( x + y + z ) = 12 ; = + =
n +1 n +1 n +1
x+ y+ z =6 . n n
C Cr +1 2 a2
Then x = 1, y = 3, z = 2 = 2. n +1 r +1 = 2. n =
Cr + 2 Cr +1 + n Cr + 2 a2 + a3
Therefore the coefficient of a 3b 4 c 5 in the expansion of 256 −r r
6! 50. (b) Tr +1 = 256 C r . 3 2 .5 8
(bc + ca + ab)6 = = 60 .
1!3!2!
First term = 256
C0 312850 = integer and after eight terms,
nx n(n − 1) x 2 i.e., 9th term = 256
C8 3124.51 = integer
46. (a) We know that (1 + x) n = 1 + + + ...
1! 2!
Continuing like this, we get an A.P., 1st ,9th.......257th ;
n(ax) n( n − 1)(ax) 2
(1 + ax) n = 1 + + + .... Tn = a + (n − 1) d
1! 2!
n (ax) n( n − 1)(ax) 2 ⇒ 257 = 1 + (n − 1)8
⇒ 1 + 8 x + 24 x 2 + ...... = 1 + + + ....
1! 2! ⇒ n = 33
Comparing coefficients of both sides we get, na = 8,
51. (b) Expansion of (1 − 2 x )3 / 2
n(n − 1) a 2
and = 24 on solving, a = 2 , b = 4. 3 3 1 1 3 1 11
2! = 1 + ( −2 x) + . . (−2 x) 2 + .  −  (−2 x)3 + .....
2 2 2 2 2 2 26
47. (b) Coefficient of
x3
 1  1  1   1  Hence 4th term is
 −  − − 1 − − 2  .... − − r + 1  2
xr =       (−2) r
2 2 2 2
r! 52. (d) The given expression can be written as
−1/ 2
1.3.5...(2r − 1).(−1) r .(−1) r .2 r  3 
= 4−1/ 2  1 − x  and it is valid only when
2r r !  4 
1.3.5...(2r − 1) (2r )! 3 4 4
x <1⇒ − < x < .
= =
r! r !r !2r 4 3 3

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 133
1/ 3
1  0.005 
53. (b) = (6 − 3x) −1/ 3 58. (a) (7.995)1/ 3 = (8 − 0.005)1/ 3 = (8)1/ 3 1 −
(6 − 3x)1/ 3  8 
−1/ 3
 x  11  
= 6 −1/ 3 1 −   1 0.005 3  3 − 1  0.005  2 
 2  
= 2 1 − × +   + .....
  1  4    3 8 2 +1  8  
  1  x   −  −  x 2   
 
= 6−1/ 3 1 +  −  −  x +    −
3 3
  + ....
  3  2  2.1  2   1 1 
   0.005 3 × 3 (0.005) 2 
= 2 1 − − × + .....
 x 2 x2   24 1 8 
= 6−1/ 3 1 + + 2 + ....  
 6 6 
−1/ 2 −1/ 2
= 2(1 − 0.000208) = 2 × 0.999792 = 1.9995
a+x a−x
54. (a)   + 
 a   a  1 1.4 2 1.4.7 3
59. (d) Let (1 + y ) n = 1 + x + x + x + ....
−1/ 2 −1/ 2 3 3.6 3.6.9
 x  x
= 1 +  + 1 −  n( n − 1) 2
 a   a = 1 + ny + y + .....
2!
  1  3   Comparing the terms, we get
  1  x   − 2  − 2   x  2 
= 1 +  −   +    1 n( n − 1) 2 1.4 2
  + .... ny = x, y = x
  2  a  2.1 a  3 2! 3.6
 
1
Solving, n = − , y = − x .
  1  3   3
  1  x   − 2  − 2   x  2 
+ 1 +  −  −  +    − + .... Hence given series = (1 − x) −1/ 3
 
  2  a  2.1  a 
  77  7  7  r
 − 1  − 2  ... − r + 1 x
2 2   2   2 
3x 2 60. (a) We have, Tr +1 =
= 2+ + ... r!
4a 2
7
Here odd terms cancel each other. This will be the first negative term when − r + 1 < 0 i.e.
2
1.2.3 0 2.3.4 3.4.5 2 4.5.6 3
55. (b) (1 − x) −4 =  x + x+ x + x + ... r>
9
Hence r = 5.
 6 6 6 6 2
(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3) r  61. (b) We have, (1 + x + x 2 + ...) −n = [(1 − x )−1 ]−n = (1 − x )n
+ x + ...
6  = n C0 − n C1 x + n C 2 x 2 + ... + (−1)n n
Cn . x n
(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3) r
Therefore Tr +1 = x . Coefficient of x n is (−1)n n C n = (−1)n .
6
−4
 x
56. (b) ( x + 2) −4 = 2−4 1 +  NCERT Exemplar Problems
 2
More than One Answer
1  5 
= 1 − 2 x + x 2 − .... 62. (c) C02 + 3C12 + 5C22 + ... + (2n + 1)Cn2
16  2 
57. (d) Given that |x|>1. ⇒ (C02 + C12 + C22 + ... + Cn2 ) + 2(C12 + 2C22 + ... + nCn2 )
So given expression can be written as
= 2 n Cn + 2(C12 + 2C22 + ... + nCn2 ) . . .(i)
−2
 1
x −2  1 +  ∵ (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + C3 x3 + ... + Cn x n
 x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x,
 2 3 4 
= x −2 1 − + 2 − 3 + .... We get n(1 + x) n −1 = C1 + 2C2 x + 3C3 x 2 + ... + nCn x n −1 . . .(ii)
 x x x 
and ( x + 1) n = C0 x n + C1 x n −1 + C2 x n −2 + ... + Cn . . .(iii)
1 2 3 4 
=  2 − 3 + 4 − 5 + ....
x x x x  Multiplying Equation (ii) and (iii), we get

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134 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
2 n −1 n −1
n(1 + x) = (C1 + 2C2 x + 3C3 x + ... + nCn x 2
) 67. (d) ( x + y + z ) = [ x + y + z ]25
25

×(C0 x n + C1 x n −1 + C2 x n −2 + ... + Cn ) = 25 C0 x 25 + 25 C1 x 24 ( y + z )1 + ... + 25

Cr x 25−r ( y + z ) r + ...
Comparing the coefficients of xn−1 in both sides, then = ... + 25 Cr x 25−r (... + r Ck y r −k z k + ...) + ...
C12 + 2C22 + 3C32 + ... + nCn2 = n 2 n −1Cn −1 . . .(iv) Hence, every term is of the form 25
Cr x 25−r r Ck y r −k z k
From Equation (i) and (iv), ∴ 25 − r + r − k + k = 25 ≠ 8 + 9 + 9
We get C02 + 3C12 = 5C22 + ... + (2n + 1)Cn2 Hence, coefficient of x8y9z9 is 0 and number of terms
= 2 n Cn = 2n.2 n −1 Cn −1 27 × 26
= 25+ r C2 = = 27 × 13 = 351
2
2n 2 n −1
= . Cn −1 + 2n.2 n −1 Cn −1
n 68. (a) Total term = (2n + 1)
2 n −1 2 n −1
= 2(n + 1). Cn −1 = 2(n + 1) Cn (2n + 1) + 1
2 n −1 2 n −1 2 n −1
Middle term = = ( n + 1)th Tn+1 = 2nCn xn
= Cn −1 + (2n + 1) Cn −1 = Cn + (2n + 1).2 n −1 Cn−1 2
2n !
63. (d) Number of distinct terms Coefficient of x n =2 n Cn =
( n + 4)(n + 3)( n + 2)(n + 1) n !n !
= n + 4 C4 = 2n n !{1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2n − 1)}
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 =
( n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4) n !n !
=
24 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2n − 1)  n
= 2
∵ n+4
C4 = n+4
Cn + 4 − 4 = n+ 4
Cn  n! 

 1 
20
69 (d) 34 n = 81n = (1 + 80)n = 1 + 80λ , λ ∈ N
64. (c)  3 4 + 4  = ( 41/ 3 + 6 −1/ 4 )
20

 6 ∴ 33 = 31+80 λ = 3 ⋅ 380 λ = 3 ⋅ (9)40 λ = 3(10 − 1)40 λ

4n

= ( 2 2/ 3 + 6 −1/ 4 )
20
= 3(1 + 10 µ ) = 3 + 30 µ
Tr +1 = Cr (2 )
20 2 / 3 20 − r
(6 −1/ 4 r
) ∴ Last digit of 334n + 1 is 4.

= 20 Cr 2(160−11r ) /12.3− r / 4 70. (b) Number of distinct terms =9+3−1 C3−1 =11 C2 = 55
∴ For r = 8, 20; Tr +1 is rational. Sum of coefficients = (2 – 2 + 1)9 = 19 = 1
∴ Only two terms are rational. and (2 − 2 x + x 2 )9 = ∑
9!
(2)α (−2 x) β ( x 2 )γ
So, 21 − 2 = 19 terms are irrational. α !β !γ !
Here, β + 2γ = 4, α + β + γ = 9
a (1000) n +1 n! 1000
65 (c) n +1 + . = ≥1 α β γ
an (n + 1)! (1000) n
(n + 1) 5 4 0
For n = 1, 2,3,...,999 ∴ 6 2 1
(1000) (1000) 1000 999 7 0 2
⇒ an+1 ≥ an a1000 = = = a999
1000! 999! ∴ Coefficient of x4 is
Hence, a999 and a1000 are equal and are the greatest. 9! 9! 9!
= ⋅ 25 ⋅ (−2) 4 + (2)6 (−2) 2 + (2) 7 (−2)0
5!4!0! 6!2!1! 7!0!2!
66 (b) Let P = {x + ( x3 − 1)}5 + {x − ( x 3 − 1)}5 . . .(i) ⇒ 29 (126 + 126 + 9) = 133632
Let ( x3 − 1) = λ r
 λ 
r
5− − 2 r

∴ λ = x −1
2 3
. . .(ii) 71. (b) Tr +1 =10 Cr ( x )10−r .  − 2  =10 Cr ⋅ x 2 ⋅ (−λ ) r
 x 
From Eq. (i) P = ( x + λ ) + ( x − λ ) 5 5
r
∴ Put 5 − − 2r = 0
= 2{x 5 + 5 C2 x 3λ 2 + 5 C4 xλ 4 } 2
= 2( x5 + 10 x 3 ( x 3 − 1) + 5 x( x3 − 1) 2 } ⇒ r=2
Then, T2+1 =10 C2 ⋅ (−λ ) 2 = 45λ 2 = 405 (given)
= 2{5 x 7 + 10 x 6 + x5 − 10 x 4 − 10 x3 + 5 x}
Hence, P is a polynomial of degree 7. ∴ λ 2 = 9 ⇒ λ = ±3

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 135
Assertion and Reason Putting x = −1 in (iii), we obtain that the Reason is true.
10
Putting x = 1 in (ii) and (iii) and subtracting, we obtain
72. (c) We have (1 + x)10 = ∑ ( 10C j ) x j
j =0 that Assertion is also true.
Differentiating both are sides with respect to x, we get 75. (c) We can write
10 S = nC0 + ( n − 1) C1 + (n − 2)C2 + ... + 1Cn −1 + 0Cn . . .(i)
10(1 + x)9 = ∑ j ( 10C j ) x j −1 . . .(i)
j =1 Using Cr = Cn − r , we can rewrite (i) as
Again differentiating both the sides with respect to x, S = 0C0 + 1C1 + 2C2 + ... + ( n − 1)Cn −1 + nCn . . .(ii)
10
We get (10)(9)(1 + x)8 = ∑ j ( j − 1)( 10C j ) x j −2 Adding (i) and (ii)
j =1 We obtain 2 S = n[C0 + C1 + C2 + ... + Cn ] = n(2 n )
Putting x = 1 in (i) and (ii), n
10 ⇒ S = n(2n −1 ) In the expression ∑∑ (Ci + C j )
We get S 2 = ∑ j ( 10C j ) = 10(29 ) j =1 i< j
j =1
Each Ci (0 ≤ i ≤ n) occurs exactly n times.
10
and S1 = ∑ j ( j − 1)(10 C j ) = (10)(9)(28 ) = (90)(28 ) n n

j =1
Thus ∑ ∑ (Ci + C j ) = n∑ Ck = n(2n )
j =1 i< j k =0
Adding the above two equation, we get
10 76. (c) C0 + C1ω + C2ω + C3 + C4ω + C5ω 2 + ... 2

S3 = ∑ [ j + j ( j − 1)]( C j ) = (10)(2 )(2 + 9)

10 8
3n
j =1
= ∑ Ck ω k = (1 + ω )3 n = (−ω 2 )3n = ( −1)3n ω 6 n
⇒ S3 = (55) (29 ) k =0

Thus, Assertion is true but Reason is false. = (−1) n (1) = (−1) n .

Reason is false as area of triangle formed by cube roots of
73. (a) C02 + C12 + ... + Cn2 = C0Cn + C1Cn−1 + Cn C0
unity is 3 / 4 square units.
= number of ways of choosing n persons out of m men n

and n women = 2n Cn 77. (d) Let S = ∑ Cr sin (rx)cos (n − r ) x] . . .(i)

r =0
∴ Reason is true
Using Cr = Cn− r , we can write
Let S = 5C02 + 7C12 + 9C22 + ... + (5 + 2n)Cn2 . . .(i) n

Using Cr = Cn − r , we can rewrite (i) as S = ∑ Cn − r sin( rx ) cos[( n − r ) x ]

r =0

S = (5 + 2n)C02 + (3 + 2n)C12 + ... + 5Cn2 . . .(ii) n

Adding (i) and (ii), ∑C

r =0
r sin[(n − r ) x]cos(rx) . . .(ii)

We get 2 S = (10 + 2n)(C02 + C12 + ... + Cn2 ) n

Adding (i) and (ii), We get 2S = ∑ Cr {sin(rx) cos
(2n)! r =0
⇒ S = (5 + n)( 2 n Cn ) = (5 + n)
n!n! [(n − r ) x] + sin[(n − r )]x cos(rx)}
n n
74. (b) From (1 + t ) n = C0 + C1 t + C2 t 2 + ... + C n t n . . .(i) = ∑ Cr sin( nx) = sin(nx)∑ Cr = 2n sin( nx)
x x r =0 r =0

∫ 0
(1 + t )n = ∫ [C0 + C1t + C2t 2 + ... + Cn t n ] dt
0 ⇒ S = 2n −1 sin(nx)
1 C C C n 2n
⇒
n
[(1 + x) n +1 − 1] = 0 x + 2 x 2 + ... + n x n +1 . . .(ii)  9   x + 6 x + 9  (3 + x)
2 2n
32 n  x 
n +1 1 2 n +1 78. (a)  x + + 6  =   = n
= n 1 + 
 x   x  x x  3
Multiplying (i) by t and integrating, we get n
x x  9 
∴ Coefficient of the term independent of x  x + + 6  in
∫ t (1 + t ) dt = ∫ [C0t + C1t2 + ... + Cn t
n n +1
]dt
0 0  x 
x(1 + x) n +1 (1 + x) n + 2   x 
2n
⇒ − = 32 n Coefficient of x n in the expansion of 1 +  
n +1 ( n + 1)(n + 2)   3  
C0 2 C1 3 C2 4 C  2n   1  3n (2n)!
n
= x + x + x + ... + n x n + 2 . . .(iii) = 32 n    = [using Reason]
2 3 4 n+2
 n  3  n !n !

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136 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

 n   n − 1  n − 2   m   n + 1 81. (d) That Reason is false can be seen from theory.

79. (d) LHS of   +  +  +...+ =  . . .(i) 50
m  m   m  n   m   3
We can write ( 3 + 2)50 = 225 1 +  .
= coefficient of x m in {(1 + x) m + (1 + x) m+1 + ... + (1 + x) n }  2 

(50 +1) 3/ 2 51 3( 3 − 2)
[using Reason]
Let l = = (
= 51 3 − 6 )
{(1 + x) n − m +1
− 1} 1+ 3/ 2 ( 3+ 2 )( 3− 2 )
= coefficient of x m in (1 + x)
1 + x −1 = 51 (0.5505) ≃ 28.07 ⇒ [k ] = 28.
 n +1 
( )
50
= coefficient of x m +1 in  (1 + x) n +1 − (1 + x) m  =   Thus, the greatest term in the expansion of 3+ 2 is
 m + 1
28
 50   3   50  14 11
 p the 29th term and it equals 2 25     =  3 2
80. (a) We have   =
p!  
 28   2   22 
r
  r !( p − r )!

 p Comprehension Based
⇒ r !( p − r )!  = p !
r For 82 to 86
Comprehension Based Multiple Choice Questions
 p
As p | p !, we get p | p !( p − r )   4n
r ∵ (1 + x + x 2 )2 n = ∑ ar x r . . .(i)
r =0
But for 1 ≤ r ≤ p – 1, neither r! nor (p – r)! is divisible by p.
1
Replacing x by in Eq. (i),
 p x
∴ p 
r
2n r
 1 1  4n
1
Then  1 + + 2  = ∑ ar  
1  x x  r =0  x
We have 5 −2 =
5+2 4n
or (1 + x + x 2 ) 2n = ∑ ar x 4 n−r . . .(ii)
r =0
⇒ 0 < 5 − 2 <1
4n 4n
⇒ 0 < f = ( 5 − 2) < 1. From Equation (i) and (ii), We get ∑a x = ∑a x
r =0
r
r

r =0
r
4 r −r

Let (2 + 5)n = N + F Where 0 < F < 1. Comparing coefficient of on both sides, then
We get ar = a4 n −r . . .(iii)
( ) ( )
n n
Now, N + F − f − 2n +1 = 5+2 − 5−2
82. (c) Put x = 1
 n   n  n  n−1 
= 2   5( n−1) (2) +   5( n−3)/ 2 (23 ) + ... +   (5)2  . . .(i) and x = −1 in Eq. (i), then
1
  3
   n − 2  
9 n = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + ... + a2 n + ... + a4 n and
[∵ n is odd]
1 = a0 − a1 + a2 − a3 + a4 − ... + a2 n + ... + a4 n
n n  n  Adding and subtracting, then
Since n is an odd prime, each of   ,   ,...   is
1  3  n − 2 9n + 1
We get = a0 + a2 + a4 + ... + a2 n +... + a4 n − 2 + a4 n ... . . .(iv)
divisible by n. 2
Thus RHS of (i) is divisible by 20 n 9n − 1
and = a1 + a3 + as + ... + a2 n −1 + ...a4 n −1 . . .(v)
Also, F–f is an integer. Since 0 < F < 1 2
and 0 < f < 1, Now, ar = a4 n −r
W get –1 < F –f < 1. Put r = 0, 2, 4,6,..., a2 n − 2, a2 n
As F − f is an integer, ∴ a0 = a4 n
We get F − f = 0 or F = f . a2 = a4 n − 2
∴ integral part of (2 + 5) − 2 n n +1
is N − 2 n +1
which is a4 = a4 n− 4
divisible by 20 n. ………..

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 137
a2 n − 2 = a2 n + 2 89. (a) 20
Cr ⋅ 10C0 + 20Cr −1 ⋅ 10C1 + ... + 20C0 ⋅ 10Cr
∴ a0 + a2 + a4 + ... + a2 n− 2 = coefficient of xr in (1 + x ) 20 (1 + x)10
= a2 n + 2 + ... + a4 n −4 + a4 n −2 + a4 n = coefficient of x r in (1 + x)30 = 30Cr
Now, from equation. (iv) 30
∵ Cr is maximum
9 +1 n
We get = 2(a0 + a2 + a4 + ... + a2 n− 2 ) + a2 n ∴ r=0
2
9 n + 1 − 2 a2 n 90. (a) S n = nC0 ⋅ n C1 + nC1 ⋅ n C2 + ... + n Cn −1 ⋅ nCn
⇒ = a0 + a2 + a4 + ... + a2 n − 2
4 = n C0 ⋅ n Cn −1 + n C1 ⋅ n Cn − 2 + ... + nCn −1 ⋅ n C0 (∵ n Cr = nCn − r )
n −1
 9 n + 1 − 2a2 n  = coefficient of x n−1 in (1 + x) n (1 + x) n
∴ ∑ a2r = 
4

r =0   = coefficient of x n−1 in (1 + x) 2 n = 2 nCn−1
83. (b) ar = a4 n − r Put r = 1,3,5,7,..., 2n − 3, 2n − 1 Sn +1 15
∵ =
a1 = a4 n −1 Sn 4
2 n+ 2
a3 = a4 n −3 ⇒
Cn 15
=
2n
Cn −1 4
a5 = a4 n −5
2 n +1
………………  2n + 2  Cn −1 15
⇒  . 2n
=
a2 n − 3 = a2 n + 3  n  Cn −1 4

a2 n−1 = a2 n+1 (2n + 1)!

 2n + 2  (n − 1)!(n + 2)! 15
∴ a1 + a3 + a5 + ... + a2 n−1 = a2 n +1 + a2 n +3 + ... + a4 n −3 + a4 n −1 ⇒  . =
 n  2n ! 4
Now, from equation (v) (n − 1)!(n + 1)!
9n + 1
We get = 2(a1 + a3 + a5 + ... + a2 n −1 )  2n + 2  (2n + 1) 15
2 ⇒  . =
 n  ( n + 2) 4
n
 9n − 1 
∴ ∑a 2 r −1 =  ⇒ 4(4n 2 + 6n + 2) = 15n 2 + 30n
r =1  4 
⇒ n 2 − 6n + 8 = 0
2 2 2n 2
84. (c) a2= coefficient of x in(1 + x + x ) = coefficient of x in
⇒ (n − 2)(n − 4) = 0
{1 + 2nC1 ( x + x 2 ) + 2 nC2 ( x + x 2 )2 + ...}
∴ n = 2, 4
= 2 n C1 + 2 n C2 = 2 n+1C2
91. (a) C02 − C12 + C22 + C32 + ... + (−1) n Cn2
85. (a) a4 n −1 = a1 (∵ ar = a4 n −r )
= C0C0 − C1C1 + C2C2 − C3C3 + ... + (−1)n Cn Cn
=coefficient of x in (1 + x + x ) 2 2n
= C0Cn − C1Cn −1 + C2Cn − 2 − C3Cn −3 + ... + (−1) n Cn C0
=coefficient of x in = C1 = 2n 2n
(∵ Cr = Cn − r )
86. (d) From Eq. (iii), ar = a4 n − r ,0 ≤ r ≤ 4n = coefficient of x n in (1 + x)n (1 − x)n
= coefficient of x n in (1 − x 2 ) n = (−1) n / 2 ⋅ nCn / 2 = 0
87. (b) Required sum = coefficient of xn in (1 + x) n (1 + x) n
(∵n is odd)
= coefficient of xn in (1 + x) 2 n = 2 nCn

88. (d) 30
Cr ⋅ 20C0 + 30Cr −1 ⋅ 20C1 ⋅ +... + 30C0 ⋅ 20Cr Match the Column
92. (a) (A) (1 + 5 x + 10 x 2 + 10 x 3 + 5 x 4 + x 5 )20 = {(1 + x)5 }20
= coefficient of xr in (1 + x)30 (1 + x) 20
= (1 + x)100
= coefficient of xr in (1 + x)50 = 50Cr
50
∴ λ = 100 + 1 = 101
∵ Cr is maximum
Then 3λ = 3101 = 3 ⋅ 3100 = 3(9)50 = 3(10 − 1)50
50
∴ r= = 25 = 3{(10)50 − 50C1 (10) 49 + − 50C2 (10) 48 − ... − 50C49 (10) + 1}
2

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138 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
= 3{100 µ + 1} = 300 µ + 3( µ is + ve integer) ∴
100
29 = 24 n +1 = 2 ⋅ (2 4 ) n = 2 ⋅ (16) n
∴ Last two digits 03
The digit at units place in (16) n = 6
∴ O = 3, T = 0 ⇒ O + T = 3( P )
∴ The digit at units place in (16) n ⋅ 2 = 2
100
 1  ∴ µ =2
(B)  x 2 + 1 + 2 
 x 
⇒ λ + µ = 11, λ − µ = 7(Q, R )
∴ λ = 2 × 100 + 1 = 201
(B) 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8, 24 = 16
Then 7 λ = 7 201 = 7 ⋅ 7 200 = 7 ⋅ (7 2 )100 = 7 ⋅ (49)100
We say that units digit in 212 2 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ,28 ,... are
= 7(50 − 1)100
2, 4, 8, 6, 2, 4, 8, 6,
= 7{(50)100 − 100C1 (50)90 + 100C2 (50)98 − ... − 100C99 (50) + 1} (1) (2) (3) (0) (1) (2) (3) (0) …(period4)
= 7{100 µ + 1} = 700 µ + 7(∵ µ is + ve integer) 249
4)999(
∴ Last two digits 07 996
∴ O = 7, T = 0 3
⇒ O +T = 7 ∴ Last digit of the number 2999 is 8
and O − T = 7(Q, T ) ∴ λ =8
(C) (1 + x)101 (1 + x 2 − x)100 Also, 3λλλ = 3888 = (32 ) 444 = (10 − 1) 444 = 10n + 1
∴ µ =1
= (1 + x){(1 + x)(1 + x 2 − x)}100
⇒ λ + µ = 9, λ − µ = 7, λ µ + µ λ = 81 + 18 = 9 (P, R, T)
= (1 + x)(1 + x3 )100
72!
= (1 + x){1 + 100C1 x 3 + 100C2 x 6 + 100C3 x 9 + ... + 100C100 x 303 (C) a = −1
(36!) 2
= 1 + 100C1 x3 + 100C2 x 6 + 100C3 x9 + ... + (72 ⋅ 71 ⋅ 70 ⋅ ... ⋅ 37)36!
= −1
100
C100 x 303
+x+ 100
C1 x +4 100
C2 x +
7 100
C3 x + ... +
10 100
C100 x 304
(36!) 2
∴ λ = 1 + 100 + 101 = 202 72 ⋅ 71 ⋅ 70 ⋅ ... ⋅ 37
= −1
λ
⇒ 9 =9 202
= (10 − 1) 202 36!
(1 − 73)(2 − 73)(3 − 73)...(36 − 73)
= (10) 202
− 202C1 (10)201 + 202C2 (10)200 − ... − 202C201 (10) + 202C202 = −1
36!
= 100 µ − 2020 + 1( µ is + veinteger) (1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ 36) − 73(m)
= − 1 (m is an integer)
= 100( µ − 21) + 81 36!
= 100v + 81 i (v is + ve integer) 73m 73m
=1− −1 = −
∴ Last tow digit 81 36! 36!
∴ O = 1 and T = 8 Which is divisible by 73 = 70 + 3
⇒ O + T = 9 and T − O = 7( R, S )  72! 
∵ a = (36!) 2 − 1
 
93. (a) (A) Every even power of 9 can be represented in the ∴ λ = 7, µ = 3  = 72C36 − 1 
form 9 2 r = 81r = 81 ⋅ 81 ⋅
81 ⋅ ... ⋅
81  
  = even − 1 
r times
 = odd 
 
It’s last digit is 1, every odd power of 9 can be written as
Then λ − µ = 4( S ) 00
9 2 r +1 = 9 ⋅ 81r , therefore its last digit is 9. In particular
9
9(9 ) is an odd power of 9 and consequently the last digit 94. (a) (A) Given expression = (3 x 2 + 1) ⋅ 2{ 7C1 x 6 ( 3 x 2 + 1)
9
of 99 is 9 + 7 C3 x 4 ( 3 x 2 + 1)3 + 7 C5 x 2 ( 3 x 2 + 1))5
∴ λ =9
λ100 9100 + 7C7 ( (3 x 2 + 1))7 }
Now, 2 =2 the
= (3x2 +1) ⋅ 2{7x6 + 35x4 (3x2 +1) + 21x2 (3x2 +1)2 + (3x2 +1)3}
∵ 9100 = (2 ⋅ 4 + 1)100 = 4n + 1(say)

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Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 139
∴ n = 8( P, Q, R) 96. (0024) (1 + x ) 51 = C 0 + C1 x + C 2 x 2 + ... + C51 x 51
T7 n
C x n −6 a 6 51
(B) ≥ 1 ⇒ n 6 n −5 5 ≥ 1 = ∑ Cr x r
T6 C5 x a r =0

 n − 6 +1  2  x 51 x
⇒  ⋅  ≥1 Then, ∫ (1 + x)51 dx = ∑ ∫ Cr x r dx
 6  3
0 r =0 0

⇒ 2n − 10 ≥ 18
(1 + x)52 − 1 51  Cr x r +1 
⇒ n ≥ 14 ⇒ = ∑  . . .(i)
52 r =0  r + 1 
T7
Similarly, ≥1 51
T8 and ( x + 1)51 = ∑ Cr x51+ r . . .(ii)
r =0
33
⇒ n≥ ⇒ n = 16
2 Multiply equation (i) and equation (ii), then
∵ There is only one middle term, n must be even. n = 16 (1 + x)103 − (1 + x)51  51 Cr x r +1   51 51− r 
gives the greatest term. = ∑   ∑ Cr x 
52  r =0 r + 1   r =0 
(C) 200 < 2 m < 400
Now, comparing the coefficient of x52 , then
⇒ m = 8(m ∈ I )
1 103 51
C2
∴ Tr +1 = 8Cr ( x −3/ 4 )8− r ⋅ (nx5/ 4 ) r = 448 x 0 We get ( C52 − 0) = ∑ r
52 r = 0 ( r + 1)
3r 5r
−6 + +
∴ x 4 4
= x0 103! 103!
⇒ or
⇒ −6 + 2r = 0 52 ⋅ 51!52! (52!) 2
⇒ r =3
n
⇒ 8
C3 ⋅ n3 = 448 97. (257) (1 + x) n = ∑ Cr x r
r =0
⇒ n3 = 8 ⇒ n = 2 n

∴ n5 = 32 ∴ x(1 + x) n = ∑ Cr x r +1
r =0

Differentiating both sides w.r.t.

Integer
n
95. (3954) Using the formula for the sum of a geometric Then (1 + x) n −1 (1 + x + nx) = ∑ ( r + 1)Cr x r
progression, we find r =0

(1 + x) 1000
+ x(1 + x) 999
+ x (1 + x)
2 998
+… + x
1000
Again, multiplying both sides by x,
n
  x 1001  Then (1 + x) n −1 ( x + x 2 + nx 2 ) = ∑ ( r + 1) ⋅ Cr ⋅ x r +1
(1 + x) 1000
1 −   
  1 + x  
r =0
=
  x  Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t x,
1 −  1 + x   Then (1 + x ) n − 2 {(1 + x )(1 + 2 x + 2nx ) + (n − 1)( x + x 2 + nx 2 )}
  
x1001 n
(1 + x)1000 − = ∑ (r + 1) 2 Cr x r
=
(1 + x ) r =0
x +1− x Putting x = 1 on both sides, then
(1 + x)
n
= (1 + x)1001 − x1001 We get = ∑ ( r + 1) 2 Cr = 2 n− 2 ( n 2 + 5n + 4)
r =0
Hence, the coefficient of
1001!
∴ f (n) = n + 5n + 4
2

x 50 = 1001C50 =
50!951! Then, f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 4 = ( x + 1)( x + 4)
∴ λ = 1001, µ = 50
∴ α = −1 β = −4
and v = 951
Then, α 4 + β 4 = (−1) 4 + (−4) 2 = 1 + 256 = 257
∴ λ + 2 µ + 3v = 1001 + 100 + 2853 = 3954

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140 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
n 100 100
98. (4096) P = ∑ n C r sin( rx ) cos{( n − r ) x} . . .(i) = −100∑ r +∑ r 2 = −505000 + 338350
r =0 r =1 r =1

Replacing r by n − r , λ 166650
= −166650 − = = 3333
n 50 50
Then P = ∑ n Cn−r sin{( n − r ) x}cos[{n − (n − r )}x]
r =0 100. (6) Let the three consecutive terms in (1 + x)n+5 be tr , tr +1 , tr +2 .
n+5
Cr −1 , n + 5 Cr , n + 5 Cr +1
n
Having coefficients
= ∑ n Cr sin{(n − r ) x}cos rx . . .(ii)
n+5
r =0
Given, Cr −1 : n + 5 Cr : n + 5 Cr +1 = 5 :10 :14
Adding equation (i) and (ii), n +5 n+5
Cr 10 Cr +1 14
n
∴ = and =
Then 2 P = ∑ Cr sin(nx) = sin( nx) ⋅ 2 or P = 2
n n n −1
⋅ sin(nx) n+5
Cr −1 5 n+5
Cr 10
r =0
n −1 n + 5 − (r − 1)
∴ f ( n) = 2 ⇒ =2
r
Then, f (13) = 212 = 4096
n−r +5 7
and =
(100 − r + 1) r +1 5
99. (3333) ar = r 2 ⋅ = r ⋅ (101 − r )
r ⇒ n − r + 6 = 2r
100 and 5n − 5r + 25 = 7r + 7
∵ ∏ ( x − a ) = ( x − a )( x − a
i =1
i 1 2 )( x − a3 )...( x − a100 ) = x100
⇒ n + 6 = 3r and 5n + 18 = 12r
−(a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + a100 ) x + ... 99
n + 6 5n + 18
∴ =
100 100 3 12
λ = −(a1 + a2 + a3 + … + a100 ) = −∑ ar = − ∑ r ⋅ (100 − r ) ⇒ 4n + 24 = 5n + 18 ⇒ n = 6
r =1 r =1

***

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Exponential and Logarithm Series 141

7 Exponential and Logarithm Series

QUICK LOOK Rationalisation Factors
If two surds be such that their product is rational, then each one
Indices and Surds of them is called rationalising factor of the other.
Thus each of 2 3 and 3 is a rationalising factor of each
Indices and Laws: If a is any non zero real or imaginary
other. Similarly 3 + 2 and 3 − 2 are rationalising factors
number and m is the positive integer, then a m = a. a. a. a..........a
of each other, as ( 3 + 2)( 3 − 2) = 1, which is rational.
(m times). Here a is called the base and m the index, power or
exponent. To find the factor which will rationalize any given binomial surd:

a° = 1 , (a ≠ 0)
a− b
P q
Case (i): Suppose the given surd is
1 suppose a1/ P = x, b1/ q = y and let n be the L.C.M. of p and q.

a−m = , (a ≠ 0)
am
Then xn and yn are both rational.

a m + n = a m .a n , where m and n are rational numbers
Now x n − y n is divisible by x − y for all values of n, and
am

a m −n = n , where m and n are rational numbers, a ≠ 0 x n − y n = ( x − y )( x n−1 + x n −2 y + x n−3 y 2 + ..... + y n −1 ).
a

( a m ) n = a mn Thus the rationalizing factor is x n −1 + x n −2 y + x n −3 y 2 + ..... + y n−1
q and the rational product is x n − y n .

a p/q = a p

If x = y , then a x = a y , but the converse may not be true. p q
Case (ii): Let the given surd be a + b .
Let x, y , n have the same meaning as in Case (i).
For example: (1) 6 = (1)8 , but 6 ≠ 8
If n is even, then x n − y n is divisible by x+y and

If a ≠ ±1, or 0,then x = y

If a = 1, then x , y may be any real number x n − y n = ( x + y )( x n −1 − x n − 2 y + x n − 3 y 3 − ..... − y n −1 )

If a = −1, then x, y may be both even or both odd (iv) If Thus the rationalizing factor is x n −1 − x n − 2 y + x n − 3 y 2 − ..... − y n −1
a = 0, then x, y may be any non-zero real number and the rational product is x n − y n .

If n is odd, xn + yn is divisible by x + y, and xn + yn

But if we have to solve the equations like [ f ( x)]φ ( x )
= ( x + y )( x n −1 − x n − 2 y + .... + y n −1 )
= [ f ( x)] Ψ (x)
then we have to solve:
Thus the rationalizing factor is x n −1 − x n − 2 y + ..... − xy n − 2 + y n −1
f ( x) = 1 f ( x) = −1
and the rational product is xn + yn.
f ( x) = 0 φ ( x) = Ψ ( x)
Verification should be done in (ii) and (iii) cases √b and a + √b + √c + √d Where √b, √c ,
Square Roots of a +√
√d are Surds .

a m .b m = ( ab ) m is not always true In real domain, Let (a + b ) = x + y , where x, y > 0 are rational numbers.
a b = ( ab ) , only when a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 In complex domain, Then squaring both sides we have, a + b = x + y + 2 x y
a . b = ( ab), if at least one of a and b is positive.
⇒ a = x + y, b = 2 xy ⇒b = 4xy

If a x = b x then consider the following cases So, (x – y) = (x + y)2 – 4xy = a2 – b
2

If a ≠ ±b, then x = 0 After solving we can find x and y.

If a = b ≠ 0, then x may have any real value Similarly square root of a − b can be found by taking
If a = −b, then x is even.
(a − b ) = x − y , x > y

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142 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Logarithm and its Properties Difference between the exponential and logarithmic series

log a b = x ⇔ a = b (a is known as the base of the
x
x x 2 x3

In the exponential series e x = 1 + + + + ...∞ all the terms
logarithm) 1! 2! 3!

log a b is real if b > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1 carry positive signs whereas in the logarithmic series log e (1 + x)

log a 1 = 0 x 2 x3 x 4
= x− + − + ...∞ the terms are alternatively positive

log a a = 1 2 3 4
and negative.

log a ( m × n) = log a m + log a n

In the exponential series the denominator of the terms
m involve factorial of natural numbers. But in the logarithmic

log a = log a m − log a n
n series the terms do not contain factorials.

log a m n = n log a m
The exponential series is valid for all the values of x. The
1 logarithmic series is valid, when | x | < 1.

log an m = log a m
n
Exponential Series “e”
log x b

log a b =  1
n
log x a The limiting value of 1 +  when n tends to infinity is
 n

log a b × log b c = log a c
denoted by e.
1

log a b =  1
n
1 1 1 1
log b a i.e., e = lim 1+  = 1+ + + + +…∞ =2.71 (Nearly)
n→∞
 n 1! 2! 3! 4!

a log a x = x
e lies between 2.7 and 2.8.
1 1
Equality and Inequality in Logarithm i.e., 2.7 < e < 2.8 (since ≤ n −1 for n ≥ 2).
n! 2

log a x = log a y ⇔ x = y

The value of e correct to 10 places of decimals is

log a x > log b y ⇔ x > y when a > 1 2.7182818284.
a < y when 0 < a < 1
e is an irrational (incommensurable) number.

e is the base of natural logarithm (Napier logarithm) i.e.,
Characteristic and Mantissa ln x = log e x and log10 e is known as Napier an constant.

If log10 x = a ⋅ bcd … where 0 ⋅ bcd … is positive, a being an
log10 e = 0.43429448, ln x = 2.303log10 x.
integer and b c, d, etc.,
 1 
being digits then a is the characteristic and 0 ⋅ bcd … is the
 sin ce ln x = log10 x.log e 10andlog e 10 = = 2.30258509 
 log10 e 
mantissa of log10 x.
If log10 x = 3.15642 then 3 is the characteristic and 0.15642 Expansion of Exponential Series
is the mantissa. x x 2 x3 xr
If log10 x = −4.2354 then For x ∈ R, e x = 1 + + + + … + + …∞
1! 2! 3! r!
log10 x = 4 − 0.2354 = − 5 + (1 − 0.2354) = −5 + 0.7646. ∞
xn
or e x = ∑ .
We write log10 x = 5.7646 in which –5 is the characteristic n =0 n!
and 0.7646 is the mantissa. (ax) n

If the characteristic a of log x is positive then x is a number ∴ Tn +1 = General term in the expansion of e ax = and
n!
whose integral part of a + 1 digits.
1
If the characteristic a of log10 x is negative, say –b, then x is coefficient of xn in e x = .
n!
a proper fraction, in the decimal form of which there will be
b–1 zeros immediately after the decimal point before a The above series known as exponential series and e x is called
significant digit appears. exponential function. Exponential function is also denoted by

For each of x, 10x, 100x, etc., mantissa of logarithm is the exp.
same. But their characteristics go on increasing by 1. i.e., exp A = e A ; ∴ exp x = e x .

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Exponential and Logarithm Series 143
Replacing x by –x, we obtain ∞
1 1 1 1 e+e −1 ∞
1

∑ (2n)! = 1 + 2! + 4! + 6! + … ∞ = =∑ .
2 n=1 (2n − 2)!
2 3 n
x x x x n =0
e− x = 1 − + − + … + (−1)n + …∞ ∞ ∞
2! 3! n! 1 1 1 1 1 e − e −1
1!
∑ (2n − 1)! = 1! + 3! + 5! + ...∞ =∑
n = 0 (2n + 1)!
=
2
xn n =1
∴ Tn +1 = General term in the expansion of e− x = (−1) n and ∞ ∞
n! n n

∑ n! = e = ∑ n !
n =0 n =1
(−1) n
coefficient of x n in e− x = . ∞
n2 ∞
n2
n!
∑ n! = 2e = ∑ n !
n =0 n =1

x ∞ 3 ∞
Exponential Function a , where a > 0 n n3
x

∑ n! = 5e = ∑ n!
n =0 n =1
∵ a x = eloge a = e x loge a
∞ 4 ∞
n n4
∴ a x = eα x . . .(i)
∑ n! = 15e = ∑ n !
n =0 n =1

where α = log e a
x x 2 x3 xr Logarithmic Series: An expansion for log e (1 + x ) as a series of
We have, e x = 1 + + + … + +…∞
1! 2! 3! r! powers of x which is valid only, when | x | < 1.
Replacing x by α x in this series, Expansion of log e (1 + x ); if | x |< 1, then
αx α x α 2 x2 α 3 x3 α r xr
e = 1+ + + +… + + …∞ x 2 x3 x 4
1! 2! 3! r! log e (1 + x) = x −
+ − + …∞
2 3 4
Hence from (i),
Replacing x by − x in the logarithmic series, we get
log e a (log e a) 2 2 (log e a )r x r
ax = 1+ x+ x +…+ + …∞ x 2 x3 x 4
1! 2! r! log e (1 − x) = − x − − − − ........∞
2 3 4
Some Standard Results from Exponential Series x 2 x3 x 4
∞
1 ∞
1 ∞
1 Or − log e (1 − x) = x + + + + ........∞

∑ n! =∑ (n − 1)! = ∑ (n − k)! = e
n =0 n =0 n =0
2 3 4

∞ Some Important Results from Logarithmic Series

1 1 1 1

∑ n! = 1! + 2! + 3! +..........∞ = e − 1
n =1
log e (1 + x) + log e (1 − x) = log e (1 − x 2 ) = −2 + + ........∞ ,(−1 < x <
∞
e − 2(1 + x) + log (1 − x ) = log (1 − x ) = −2  x 
1 1 1 1 2
x4

∑ n! = 2! + 3! + 4! + .........∞ = log 2
+ + ........∞  ,(−1 < x < 1)
n=2
2 4 
∞
1 1 1 1

∑ (n + 1)! = 1! + 2! + 3! + .........∞ = e − 1
n=0
 x3 x5 
log e (1 + x) − log e (1 − x) = 2  x + + + ........∞ 
 3 5 
∞
1 1 1 1

∑ (n + 2)! = 2! + 3! + 4! + .........∞ = e − 2 1+ x   x3 x5 
 = 2  x + + + ........∞ 
n =0 Or log e 
∞
1 1 1 1 1− x   3 5 

∑ (n + 1)! = 2! + 3! + 4! + .........∞ = e − 2
n =1
The series expansion of log e (1 + x) may fail to be valid, if
−x
e +e
x
x x2
x 4
x 6 ∞ 2n
| x | is not less than 1. It can be proved that the logarithmic

= 1+ + + + .......∞ = ∑
2 2! 4! 6! n= 0 (2 n)! series is valid for x = 1. Putting x = 1 in the logarithmic
−x 2 n +1
e −e
x
x x3 5
x ∞ series.

= x+ + + .......∞ = ∑
2 3! 5! n =0 (2n + 1)! 1 1 1 1 1
We get, log e 2 = 1 − + − + − + … ∞
( ax ) ( ax ) ( ax ) 2
( ax ) 3 n 2 3 4 5 6

e ax = 1 + + + + ...... + + ......∞
1! 2! 3! n! 1 1 1
+ = + +…∞
(ax) n 1.2 3.4 5.6
∴ Tn +1 = General term in the expansion of e ax = and
n!
When x = −1, the logarithmic series does not have a sum.
an This is in conformity with the fact that log (1 − 1) is not a
coefficient of xn in eax =
n! finite quantity.

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144 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Logarithm and its Properties
Indices and Surds 11. For y = log a x to be defined 'a' must be:
( l 2 +lm + m2 ) ( m2 + nm + n2 ) ( n2 + nl +l 2 )
 xl   xm   xn  a. Any positive real number
1. For x ≠ 0,  m   n  l =? b. Any number
x  x  x 
c. ≥ e
a. 1 b. x
c. Does not exist d. None of these d. Any positive real number ≠ 1

x+2 2− 2 x 12. If log 7 2 = m, then log 49 28 is equal to:

2 3
2. If   =  , then x =? 1 + 2m 2
3 2 a. 2(1 + 2m) b. c. d. 1 + m
2 1 + 2m
a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 0
 a+b 1
 = (log e a + log e b), then relation between a
2 2
+ 2) + 2)
3. The equation 4( x − 9.2( x + 8 = 0 has the solution: 13. If log e 
 2  2
a. x = 1 b. x = − 1
and b will be:
c. x = 2 d. x = − 2 b b
a. a = b b. a = c. 2a = b d. a =
Properties of Quadratic Surds 2 3

4. The greatest number among 3

9, 4 11, 6 17 is: 14. If log10 3 = 0.477 , the number of digits in 340 is:
a. 3
9 b. 4
11 a. 18 b. 19 c. 20 d. 21

c. 6
17 d. Cannot be determined 15. If x = log 3 5, y = log17 25, which one of the following is
correct:
5. If x = 3 ( 2 + 1) − 3 ( 2 − 1); then x3 + 3x = ? a. x < y b. x = y
a. 2 b. 6 c. x > y d. None of these
c. 6 x d. None of these
16. If log 0.3 ( x − 1) < log 0.09 ( x − 1), then x lies in the interval:
Rationalisation Factors
a. (2, ∞) b. (– 2, –1)
6. The rationalising factor of a1/ 3 + a −1/ 3 is:
c. (1, 2) d. None of these
a. a1/ 3 − a −1/ 3 b. a 2/ 3 + a −2 / 3
c. a 2 / 3 − a −2 / 3 d. a 2/ 3 + a −2/ 3 − 1 Exponential Series

(3 + 5) is equal to: 2 4 6 8
7. 17. + + + + .........∞ = ?
1! 3! 5! 7!
a. 5 +1 b. 3+ 2 a. 1/ e b. e
1 c. 2e d. 3e
c. ( 5 + 1) / 2 d. ( 5 + 1)
2
2 4 6
18. + + + .........∞ = ?
8. 4
(17 + 12 2) = ? 3! 5! 7!
a. e b. 2 e c. e2 d. 1/e
a. 2 +1 b. 21/ 4 ( 2 + 1)
c. 2 2 + 1 d. None of these 23 33 43
19. 1 + + + + .........∞ =?
2! 3! 4!
9. 3
(61 − 46 5) = ? a. 2e b. 3 e
c. 4 e d. 5 e
a. 1 − 2 5 b. 1 − 5
x x2 x3
c. 2 − 5 d. None of these 20. If y = 1+ + + + ......∞ , then x = ?
1! 2! 3!
10. The equation ( x + 1) − ( x − 1) = (4 x − 1), x ∈ R has: 1
a. log e y b. log e
a. One solution b. Two solution y
c. Four solution d. No solution c. e y d. e− y !

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Exponential and Logarithm Series 145
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
+ + + + .....∞ = ? e +1 2
21. 30. =?
1! 2! 3! 4! 2e
a. 2e b. e 2 2 2 23 1 1 1
a. 1 + + + + .....∞ b. 1 + + + + .....∞
c. 3 e − 1 d. e 2! 3! 4! 2! 4! 6!

x 2 x3 x 4 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
22. If y = x − + − + ......, then x = ? c.  1 + + + ....∞  d.  1 + + + + ....∞ 
2! 3! 4! 2  2! 4!  2  1! 2! 3! 
1 12.2 22.3 32.4
a. log e (1 − y ) b. 31. + + + .....∞ = ?
log e (1 − y ) 1! 2! 3!
1 a. 6e b. 7 e
c. log e d. log e (1 + y )
1− y
c. 8e d. 9e
−x
23. In the expansion of (1 + x + x )e , the coefficient of x is
2 2
1 1 1 1
a. 1 b. −1 3 4 25
32. The value of 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ......∞ is:
c. 1/2 d. –1/2 1! 2! 3! 4!
2 2+4 2+4+6 1+e
24. + + + ....∞ = ? a. 1 + e b.
1! 2! 3! e

a. e b. 2e e −1
c. d. None of these
e
c. 3e d. None of these
3n 1
1 1 1 33. If Tn = − , then S∞ = ?
25. 1 + + + + .....∞ = ? 2(n!) 2(n!)
3! 5! 7!
e3 − 1 e3 − e
a. e −1 b. e a. b.
2 2
e + e −1 e − e −1 e−3
c. d. c. d. None of these
2 2 2
23 33 43 (log e n) 2 (log e n) 4
26. 1 + + + + ....∞ =? 34. 1 + + + .... = ?
2! 3! 4! 2! 4!
a. 2e b. 3e a. n b. 1 / n
c. 4e d. 5e 1 1 n
c. (n + n −1 ) d. (e + e −n )
2 2
x2 − y2 x4 − y 4 x6 − y6
27. + + + ......∞ = ? (log 2) 2 (log 2)3
1! 2! 3! 35. The value of 1 − log 2 + − + .... is:
2! 3!
2 2
a. e x − e y b. e x − e y 1
a. 2 b.
2 2 e −e
x y
2
c. 2 + e x − e y d.
2 c. log 3 d. None of these
5 7 9
28. 3+ + + + .....∞ = ? 1 1 1 1
1! 2! 3! 36. If S = − + − + .... + ∞, then e S = ?
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
a. 3e b. 5e
4 4 e  e
a. log e   b. c. log e   d.
c. 5 e − 1 d. None of these e  e 4 4

a − bx (a − bx) 2 ( a − bx)3 1 2
+ +
3 4
+ + ...... is:
29. 1 + + + + ....∞ = ? 37. The sum of the infinite series
1! 2! 3! 2! 3! 4 ! 5!
2
a. e a−bx b. e a −bx − 1 a. e − 2 b. e −1
3
c. 1 + a log e (a − bx ) d. e −bx c. 1 d. 3/2

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146 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

38. The sum of

2
+
6 12 20
+ + + .......is: 12 12 + 2 2 12 + 2 2 + 32
1! 2! 3! 4 ! 47. The sum of the series + + + .. +
1 ⋅ 2! 2 ⋅ 3! 3 ⋅ 4!
3e
a. b. e 12 + 2 2 + ... + n 2
2 + ...∞ equals?
n ⋅ (n + 1)!
c. 2 e d. 3 e
1
1 1.3 1.3.5 a. e 2 b. (e + e −1 ) 2
39. The sum of the series + + + ...∞ is: 2
1.2 1.2.3.4 1.2.3.4.5.6 3e − 1 4e +1
c. d.
a. 15 e b. e 1 / 2 + e 6 6
c. e 1 / 2 − 1 d. e 1 / 2 − e log e x (log e x )2 (log e x )3
48. 1+ + + + ..... ∞ = ?
1! 2! 3!
22 24 26
1+ + + + ..... ∞
2! 3! 4! a. log e x b. x
40. =?
1 2 22 c. x −1 d. − log e (1 + x )
1+ + + + .... ∞
2! 3! 4!
49. The coefficients of x 3 in the expansion of 3 x is:
a. e 2 b. e 2 − 1
33 (log 3 )3 log(3 3 ) (log 3 )3
c. e 3 / 2 d. None of these a. b. c. d.
6 3 6 6
41. In the expansion of (e x − 1) (e − x + 1) , the coefficient of x 3 is: Logarithmic series
a. 0 b. 1/3 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1
50. . + . + . + . + ...... ∞ = ?
c. 2/3 d. 1/6 1 3 2 9 3 27 4 81
3 5 7 1 2 2
42. 1+ + + + .... ∞ = ? a. − log e b. − log e
1! 2 ! 3 ! 2 3 3
a. e b. 2 e 1 2
c. + log e   d. None of these
c. 3 e d. 4 e 2 3
x −1 1 x 2 −1 1 x3 −1
1 + x 1 + x + x2 1 + x + x2 + x3 51. + . + . + ...... ∞ = ?
43. 1+ + + + ..... ∞ = ? (x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)2 3 (x + 1)3
2! 3! 4!
a. log e x b. log e (1 + x )
ex +1 ex +1
a. b. x
x +1 x −1 c. log e (1 − x ) d. log e
1+ x
ex −e ex −e 1 3 1 5 1 7 1
c. d. 52. + . + . + . + ..... ∞ = ?
x +1 x −1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16
42 44 a. 2 − log e 2 b. 2 + log e 2
44. 1+ + + ...... ∞ = ?
3! 5!
c. log e 4 d. None of these
e 4 + e −4 e 4 − e −4 1 1 1
a. b. 53. + + + .... ∞ = ?
4 4 x + 1 2 ( x + 1)2
3 ( x + 1)3
e 4 + e −4 e 4 − e −4
c. d.  1  1
8 8 a. log e 1 +  b. log e  1 − 
 x  x
1 − 2x + 3 x 2
45. In the expansion of , the coefficient of x 5  x 
ex c. log e   d. None of these
 x +1 
will be:
2 3
71 71 31 31 a−b  1 a−b  1 a−b 
a. b. − c. d. − 54.  +   +   + ..... = ?
120 120 40 40  a  2  a  3 a 
a
1 1+2 1+2+3 a. log e (a − b) b. log e  
46. + + + ...... ∞ = ? b
2! 3! 4!
 a −b 
a. e b. 2 e b  
c. log e   d. e a 

c. e/2 d. None of these a

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Exponential and Logarithm Series 147
1 1 1 1 1 63. The sum to infinity of the given series
55. + . + . + .....∞ = ?
5 2 52 3 53 1 1 1 1
− + − + ... is:
4 5 n 2n 2 3n 3 4n 4
a. log e b. log e
5 2  n +1   n 
a. log e   b. log e  
5  n   n +1 
c. 2 log e d. None of these
2  n −1   n 
c. log e   d. log e  
 n   n −1 
56. In the expansion of 2 log e x − log e ( x + 1) − log e ( x − 1) , the
64. The value of log3 e − log 9 e + log 27 e.... is equal to
coefficient of x −4 is:
a. 1/2 b. −1 a. log3 2 b. log 2 3
c. 1 d. None of these c. 2log3 2 d. None of these

1 1 1 1 65. The coefficient of xn in the expansion of log a (1 + x) is

57. − + − + .....∞ = ?
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
(−1)n −1 (−1) n −1
4 e a. b. log a e
a. log e b. log e n n
e 4
(−1) n −1 (−1) n
c. log e 4 d. log e 2 c. log e a d. log a e
n n
1 1 1 1 1 66. The coefficient of xn in the expansion of log e (1+3x+ 2x 2)
58. + . + . + ......∞ = ?
1.3 2 3.5 3 5.7
is:
a. 2 log e 2 − 1 b. log e 2 − 1
 2n + 1  (−1) n +1 n
c. log e 2 d. None of these a. (−1) n   b. [2 + 1]
 n  n
59. log e x − log e ( x − 1) = ? 2n + 1
c. d. None of these
1 1 1 1 1 1 n
a. − 2 + 3 − .....∞ b. + 2 + 3 + .....∞
x 2 x 3x x 2 x 3x  1 2 1 3 1 4 
 x − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) + ....... 
67. e 2 3 4 
is equal to:
1 1 1  1 1 1 
c. 2  + 3 + 5 + ...∞  d. 2  − 3 + 5 − ...∞  a. log x b. log( x − 1)
 x 3x 5 x   x 3x 5 x 
c. x d. None of these
1 1 1
60. + + + ......∞ = ?
n 2 2n 4 3n6 Difference between the Exponential and Logarithmic Series
 n  2
 n +1
2 (0.5) 2 (0.5)3 (0.5)4
a. log e  2  b. log e  2  68. 0.5 − + − + ........ ?
 n +1  n 
2 3 4
3 1
 n2  a. log e   b. log10  
c. log e  2  d. None of these 2 2
 n −1 
1
c. log e (n !) d. log e  
1 1 1 1 1 2
61. The sum of + . 3 + . 5 + .....∞ is:
2 3 2 5 2 NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
3 More than One Answer
a. log e b. log e 3
2
69. The value of {logb a ⋅ log c b ⋅ log d c ⋅ log a d } is:
1 a. 0 b. log abcd c. log 1 d. 1
c. log e d. log e 3
2
log 2 x log 2 y log 2 z
70. If = = and x3 y 2 z = 1, then k is equal to:
62. log a x is defined for (a > 0) 4 6 3k
a. All real x b. All negative real x ≠ 1  1 
a. −8 b. −4 c. 0 d. log 2  
c. All positive real x ≠ 0 d. a ≥ e  256 

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148 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
log a log b log c a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
71. = = , then a b+ c ⋅ b c +a ⋅ c a+b is equal to:
(b − c) (c − a) (a − b) correct explanation of the assertion.
a. 0 b. 1 b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
c. a + b + c d. log b a ⋅ log c b ⋅ log a c correct explanation of the assertion.
c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
 4  d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
72. The expression 5 log1/ 5(1/ 2 ) + log   + log1/ 2
2
 7+ 3 e. If assertion is false but reason is true.

 1  79. Assertion: logπ 2 + log 2 π is smaller than 2.

  simplifies to:
 10 + 2 21  Reason: AM > GM
a. 6 b. 4
80. Assertion: The least value of log 2 x − log x (0.125) is
1
log1/ 3 
c. 6 6 6 6… ∞ d. 3  6
2 3 for x > 1
Reason: AM ≥ GM
73. If log a x = α ,log b x = β ,log c x = γ and log s x = δ , x ≠ 1 and
a, b, c, d ≠ 0, > 1, then log abcd x equals: 81. Assertion: If log e log 5 ( (2 x − 2) + 3) = 0, then the value

α + β +γ +δ α + β +γ +δ of x is 3.
a. ≤ b. ≥
16 16 Reason: If log b a = c, then a = cb but a ≠ 0, b > 0, b ≠ 1
1 1 2
c. −1
α + β −1 + γ −1 + δ −1
d.
αβγδ 82. Assertion: If x log x (1− x ) = 9, then x = −2
Reason: a log a b = b, if a > 0 and a ≠ 0
... p p, p > 0 and p ≠ 1, equal to:
p p p
74. log p log p
 83. Assertion: If log (log5 x ) 5 = 2, then x = 5 5

n times

1 Reason: log x a = b, a > 0, then x = a1/ b

n
a. n b. –n c. d. log1/ p ( p )
n
Comprehension Based
75. If ax = b, by = c, cz = a, x = logb ak1, y = logc bk2, z = loga ck3,
then k1k2k3 is equal to: Paragraph –I
a. 1 b. abc c. (xyz) d. 0 An equation of the form 2m log a f ( x) = log a g ( x), a > 0,

ln a ln b ln c  f ( x) > 0
76. If = = , a, b, c > 0, then: a ≠ 1, m ∈ N  2 m is equivalent to the system.
b−c c−a a−b  f ( x) = g ( x)
a. a b+ c ⋅ b c + a ⋅ c a +b = 1 b. a b+ c + b c+ a + c a +b ≥ 3
c. a b+c ⋅ b c + a ⋅ c a+b = 3 d. a b+c + bc + a + c a +b ≥ 3(3)1/ 3 84. The number of solution of 2log e 2 x = log e (7 x − 2 − 2 x 2 ) is:
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. infinite
ln a ln b ln c
77. If = = , then: 85. The number of solutions of ln 2 x = 2ln(4 x − 15) is:
y−z z−x x− y
a. a x ⋅ b y ⋅ c z = 1 a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. infinite

b. a y
2
+ yz + z 2
⋅ bz
2
+ zx + x 2
⋅ cx
2
+ xy + y 2
=1 86. The number of solutions log (3x + x –2) = 3log (3x – 2) is:
2

a. 1 b. 2
c. a y + z ⋅ b z + x ⋅ c x + y = 1
c. 3 d. 0
d. abc = 1
87. Solution set of the equation log(x3+6) (x2 – 1) = log(2x2+5x)(x2–1)
78. The solution of the equation 3logax + 3xloga3 = 2 is given by:
is:
a. alog3a b. (2/a)log32 c. a–log32 d. 2–log3a
a. {–2} b. {1} c. {3} d. {–2, 1, 3}

Assertion and Reason 88. Solution set of the equation log( x − 9) + 2 log (2 x − 1) = 2
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark is:
the correct option out of the options given below: a. { φ } b. {1} c. {2} d. {13}

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Exponential and Logarithm Series 149
Paragraph –II b), then integer function
Equations of the form (i) f (log a x) = 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and (ii) 4. [10a + 10b] = 3 where [.]
g (log x A) = 0, A > 0, then Eq. (i) is equivalent to f (t ) = 0, denotes the greatest
integer function
where t = log a x. If t1 , t2 , t3 ,…, tk are the roots of f (t ) = 0, then
5. [6b – 3a] = 1 where (.)
log a x = t1 ,log a x = t2 ,…,log a x = tk and Eq, (ii) is equivalent to denotes the least integer
f ( y ) = 0, where y = log x A. If y1 , y2 , y3 ,…, yk are the roots of function
f ( y ) = 0, then log x A = y1 ,log x A = y2 ,… , log x A = yk . a. A→1,3; B→2,5; C→4,5 b. A→2,3; B→1,5; C→4,5
c. A→4,3; B→2,2; C→4,5 d. A→1,3; B→5,2; C→5,4
1 − 2(log x 2 )
89. The number of solutions of the equation 95. Observe the following columns:
log x − 2(log x) 2
Column I Column II
= 1 is:
(A) The solution set of 1. { 2,2}
a. 0 b. 1
1
c. 2 d. infinite log100 | x + y |= , log10
2
90. The number of solutions of the equation log 3x 10 − 6 log 2x y − log10 | x |= log100 4 is
10 + 11log x 10 − 6 = 0 is: (B) The solution set 2. {1,1}
a. 0 b. 1 of 4 log x + 1 = 2 log 2 y
2
2

c. 2 d. 3 and
7 log 2 x 2 ≥ + log 2 y
91. The solution set of (log 5 x) 2 + log 5 x + 1 =
log 5 x − 1 (C) The solution set of 3. {–10,20}
contains: log4 x – log2 y = 0 and
a. (1,3) b. {1} x2 – 5y2 + 4 = 0
c. {25} d. {1, 25} 4. {4,2}
2
+ (log3 x )2 −10 10 20 
92. The set of all x satisfying the equation x log3 x 5.  , 
3 3
1
= is: a. A→3,5; B→1; C→2,4 b. A→3,5; B→2; C→2,4
x2
c. A→5,3; B→5; C→2,4 d. A→3,5; B→1; C→4,2
1 1 1
a. {1,9} b. {9 } c. {1, 4, } d. {1,9, }
81 81 81
Integer
(ln x) 2 − 3ln x + 3
93. If < 1, then x belongs to:
ln x − 1 96. If value of log p log
p p p p
....... P is − λ , then the value of
p

a. (0, e) b. (1, e) 

2008 times
c. (1, 2e) d. (0, 3e)
λ is:

Match the Column 97. If the value of log8 128 − log9 {cot (π / 3)} is a, then the

94. Observe the following columns: value of 1212a is :

Column I Column II 98. If the value of log 0.75 log 2 − 2 0.125 is a and the value of
(A) If log345 lies in 1. [10a + 10b] = 8, where [.] log 0.01 1000 + log 0.1 0.0001 is b, then the value of
the interval (a, denotes the greatest
(125) a + 620b must be:
b), then integer function.
(B) If log3004 lies in 2. [10a + 10b] =5 where (.) log 2 24 log 2 192
99. If λ = − and if the last two digits of λ100
the interval (a, denotes the least integer log 96 2 log12 2
b), then function be xy, then the value of 32xy must be:
(C) If log4003 lies in 3. [6b – 3a] = 2 where [.]  
100. If λ = log x2  x x x  , then the value of 3216λ must be:
the interval (a, denotes the greatest  

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150 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER ⇒ x =12

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ⇒ x = 1, −1
a c a,b a a d c a a d When y = 1
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2
+2
⇒ 2x =1
d b a c c a b d d a
x2 + 2
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. ⇒ 2 = 2°
b c c c d d b b a b ⇒ x +2=0
2

31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. ⇒ x 2 = −2 , which is not possible.
b d b c b b c d c b
3
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
4. (a) 9, 4 11, 6 17
b c d d b c c b d a ∵ L.C.M. of 3, 4, 6 is 12
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. ∵ 3
9 = 91/3 = (94 )1/12 = (6561)1/12
a a a b c a a a b c 4
11 = (11)1/ 4 (113 )1/12 = (1331)1/12
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
b c a a b b d a a,c a,d
6
17 = (17)1/ 6 = (172 )1/ 2 = (289)1/12
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. Hence 3
9 is the greatest number.
b,d a,c,d a,c b,d a,c a,b All c,d d a
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 5. (a) x = ( 2 + 1)1/ 3 − ( 2 − 1)1/ 3
c d a b b d c d c d
x3 = ( 2 + 1) − ( 2 − 1) − 3( 2 + 1)1/ 3 ( 2 − 1)1/ 3
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
c d a a a 2008 3131 1675 1 1407
 3 ( 2 + 1) − 3 2 − 1
 
SOLUTION x 3 = 2 − 3 (2 − 1)1 / 3 x
Multiple Choice Questions ⇒ x3 + 3x = 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
l +lm + m m + nm + n n + nl + l
 xl   xm   xn  6. (d) Let x = a1/ 3 , y = a −1 / 3 then a = x 3 , a −1 = y 3
1. (a)  m   n  l
x  x  x  x 3 + y 3 = ( x + y )( x 2 − xy + y 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
= ( xl − m ) ( l +lm+ m )
( xm−n )m +nm+n ( x n −l )n + nl + l
So, rationlising factor is ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ). Put the value of x and y
Thus the required rationlising factor is a 2 / 3 + a −2 / 3 − 1. .
3
− m3 3 3 3 3
= xl .x m − n .x n − l
3
− m3 + m3 − n 3 + n 3 − l 3
= xl = x 0 =1
7. (c) Let 3+ 5 = x + y
x+2 2−2x
2 3 3 + 5 = x + y + 2 xy .
2. (c)   = 
3 2 Obviously x + y = 3
x+2 2−2x
2 2 and 4 xy = 5 .
⇒   = 
3 2 So ( x − y)2 = 9 − 5 = 4
Clearly x + 2 = 2 x − 2
or ( x − y) = 2
⇒ x=4
5 1
3. (a, b) 4( x
2
+ 2)
− 9.2( x
2
+ 2)
+8 = 0 After solving x = ,y= .
2 2
2 2
+ 2) 2
(2( x ) − 9.2( x +2) + 8 = 0 5 1 5 +1
Hence 3+ 5 = + =
Put 2 ( x 2 + 2)2
= y. Then y 2 − 9 y + 8 = 0, 2 2 2

Which gives y = 8, y = 1 8. (a) (17 + 12 2)

2
x +2
When y = 8 ⇒ 2 =8
= [32 + (2 2) 2 + 2.3.2 2] = 3 + 2 2
2
+2
⇒ 2x = 23 4 (17 + 12 2) = (3 + 2 2) = 2 + 1 .
∴
⇒ x +2=3
2

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Exponential and Logarithm Series 151

9. (a) 3
61 − 46 5 = a − b 15. (c) y = log17 25 = 2log17 5

⇒ 61 − 46 5 = ( a − b )3 1 1
∴ = log 5 17
y 2
= a 3 + 3ab − (3a 2 + b ) b
1 1
⇒ 61 = a 3 + 3ab, 46 5 = log 5 3 = log 5 9
x 2
= (3a 2 + b ) b 1 1
Clearly > , ∴x >y
⇒ 61 = ( a + 3b ) a , 23 20 = (3a + b) b
2 2 y x
So a = 1, b = 20. 1
16. (a) log 0.3 ( x − 1) < log (0.3)2 ( x − 1) = log 0.3 ( x − 1)
Therefore 3
61 − 46 5 = 1 − 20 = 1 − 2 5. 2
1
∴ log 0.3 ( x − 1) < 0
10. (d) Given ( x + 1) − ( x − 1) 2
= (4 x − 1) . . . (i) or log 0.3 ( x − 1) < 0 = log1
or ( x − 1) > 1 or x > 2
Squaring both sides, we get, −2 ( x 2 − 1) = 2 x − 1
As base is less than 1, therefore the inequality is reversed,
5
Squaring again, we get, x = , which does not satisfy equation (i) now x > 2 ⇒ x lies in (2, ∞).
4
Hence, there is no solution of the given equation. 2 4 6 8
17. (b) + + + + .........∞
11. (d) It is obvious (Definition). 1! 3! 5! 7!
(1 + 1) (1 + 3) (1 + 5) (1 + 7)
log 28 log 7 + log 4 = + + + + ........∞
12. (b) log 49 28 = = 1! 3! 5! 7!
log 49 2log 7
1 1 1 1   1 1 1 
log 7 log 4 1 1 =  + + + + ........∞  + 1 + + + + ........∞ 
= + = + log7 4  1! 3! 5! 7!   2! 4! 6! 
2log 7 2log 7 2 2
e − e −1 e + e −1
= + =e
1 1 2 2
= + .2 log 7 2
2 2
(2n + 1) − 1 1 1
1 1 1 + 2m 18. (d) Here Tn = = −
= + log 7 2 = + m = (2n + 1)! (2n)! (2n + 1)!
2 2 2
∞
1 1 1  1 1 1 
a+b 1 ⇒ S = ∑ Tn =  + + + ...∞  −  + + + ...∞ 
13. (a) log e   = (log e a + log e b ) n =1  2! 4! 6!   3! 5! 7! 
 2  2
1  e + e −1   e − e −1 
= log e (ab) = log e ab ⇒ S = − 1 −  − 1
2  2   2 
a+b 1
⇒ = ab ⇒ e −1 =
2 e
⇒ a + b = 2 ab 13 23 33 n3
19. (d) S = + + + ........ + + ........
⇒ ( a − b) = 0 2
1! 2! 3! n!
⇒ a− b =0 n3
Here Tn =
⇒ a=b n!
∞
14. (c) Let y = 340 is Taking log both the sides, n3
⇒ Sn = ∑ = 5e
n =1 n !
log y = log 3 40
⇒ log y = 40 log 3 x x 2 x3
20. (a) y = 1 + + + + ......
⇒ log y = 19.08 1! 2 ! 3!
∴ Number of digits in y = 19 + 1 = 20 = e x ⇒ x = log e y .

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152 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5 7 9
21. (b) + + + + .........∞ , 28. (b) 3 + + + + ......∞
1! 2 ! 3! 4 ! 1! 2 ! 3!
n(n + 1) n +1 (n − 1) + 2 2n + 1 2(n − 1) 3
Here Tn = = = Tn = = +
n! (n − 1) ! (n − 1) ! (n − 1) ! (n − 1) ! (n − 1) !
1 2 2 3
= + = +
( n − 2) ! (n − 1) ! ( n − 2) ! (n − 1) !
⇒ S = ΣTn = e + 2e = 3e . ∞
1 ∞
1
Now, sum S n = 2∑ + 3∑
n =1 ( n − 2) ! n =1 ( n − 1) !
x 2 x3 x 4
22. (c) y = x − + − + ....... = 1 − e − x = 2e + 3e = 5e .
2! 3! 4!
1 (a − bx) ( a − bx) 2 (a − bx)3
⇒ e− x = 1 − y ⇒ − x = log e (1 − y ) ⇒ x = log e . 29. (a) 1 + + + + ...... = e a −bx .
1− y 1! 2! 3!

23. (c) (1 + x + x 2 )e − x = (1 + x + x 2 ) e 2 + 1 e + e −1 1 1 1
30. (b) = = 1+ + + + ......∞
 x x 2 x3  2e 2 2! 4! 6!
1 − + − + .......
 1! 2 ! 3!  12.2 22.3 32.4
31. (b) S = + + + ....
1  1 1 1 1! 2! 3!
Coefficient of x 2 = 1. + 1. −  + 1.1 = = .
2!  1!  2 ! 2 n2 .( n + 1) n(n + 1)
Here Tn = =
n n! (n − 1)!
(2 + 2n)
2 2+4 2+4+6 2 ( n − 1)(n − 2) + 4n − 2 1 4( n − 1) + 2
24. (c) S = + + + ...... + + .....∞ = = +
1! 2 ! 3! n! (n − 1)! (n − 3)! (n − 1)!
n(n + 1) n − 1 + 2 1 2 1
+
4
+
2
Here Tn = = = +
n! (n − 1) ! (n − 2) ! (n − 1) ! (n − 3)! (n − 2)! (n − 1)!
∞ ∞
1 ∞
1 ⇒ S = ∑ Tn .
⇒ S = ∑ Tn = ∑ + 2∑
n =1 n =1 ( n − 2) ! n =1 ( n − 1) ! = e + 4e + 2e = 7 e
= e + 2e = 3 e .  1  1
2 +  3+ 
32. (d) The series is 
e − e −1 2  2
25. (d) 1 +
1 1 1 + + ......∞
+ + + ......∞ = . 1! 2!
3! 5 ! 7 ! 2
2 3 n +1  1 1 1 1 
13 23 33 n3 =  + + .... + + ....∞  +  + + .... + ...∞ 
26. (d) S = + + + ........ + + ...... 1! 2! n!  2 1! 2! n! 
1! 2 ! 3! n!
1 5e 3
= e + (e − 1) + (e − 1) = − .
n3 n2 n2 − 1 1 2 2 2
Here Tn = = = +
n ! (n − 1) ! (n − 1) ! (n − 1) !
1  3n 1 
n +1 33. (b) Given that Tn = −
2  n ! n !
1 n 1 1
= + = + +
( n − 2) ! (n − 1) ! (n − 2) ! (n − 2) ! (n − 1) !
∞
1  ∞ 3n ∞ 1 
=
n−2
+
2
+
1
+
1 Therefore sum of the series ∑T
n =1
n = ∑ −∑
2  n =1 n ! n =1 n !
(n − 2) ! (n − 2) ! (n − 2) ! (n − 1) !
1  3 3   1 1
2
 1 3
=
1
+
3
+
1 =  1 + + + .... − 1 + + + ....  = (e − e) .
(n − 3) ! (n − 2) ! (n − 1) ! 2   1! 2!   1! 2!  2
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1 eloge n + e− loge n
Hence, sum = ∑ (n − 3)! + 3∑ (n − 2)! + ∑ (n − 1)!
n =1 n =1 n =1
34. (c) 1 +
(log e n) 2 (log e n) 4
+ + .... =
2! 4! 2
= e + 3e + e = 5e .
n + n −1
x2 y2 x2 y2 = .
27. (b) S = (e − 1) − (e − 1) = e − e . 2

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Exponential and Logarithm Series
th
153
2
(log 2) (log 3) 3 39. (c) The n term of given series is
35. (b) Given series = 1 − log 2 + − + ....
2! 3! 1.3.5.7.....(2n − 1)
Tn =
1 1.2.3.4.........(2n)
log   1
= e − log 2 = e 2
= .
2 1.2.3.4.....(2n − 2)(2n − 1)(2n) 1
Tn = ×
1.2.3.4...(2n − 1)(2n) 2.4.6...(2n − 2)(2n)
1 1 1 1
36. (b) S = − + − + ..... ∞ 1
1 .2 2 .3 3 . 4 4 .5 Tn = ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (2n n!)
=1− − + + − − + + ..... ∞ n
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 1
∞   1
S = ∑   = e 2 − 1.
 1 1 1 1  2
= 1 + 2 − + − + + ..... ∞  ∴
 2 3 4 5  n =1 n!
= 1 + 2[log e 2 − 1] = 1 + 2 log e 2 − 2
2 2 2 4 26
4 1+
+ + + ....∞
= log e 4 − 1 = log e 4 − log e e = log e   ; 2 ! 3! 4 !
e 40. (b)
1 2 22
1 + + + + .....∞
4 2 ! 3! 4 !
∴ eS = .
e
1  22 (22 ) 2 (2 2 )3 
 + + + ......
n +1 −1
2

37. (c) Tn =
n
=
2 2  1! 2! 3!  e(2 ) − 1 2
= = = e −1 .
(n + 1)! (n + 1)! 1  2 2 23  1 + e2
 2 + 2 + + + ......
n +1 1 1 1 22  2 ! 3! 
= − = −
(n + 1)! (n + 1)! (n)! ( n + 1)!
 1+ ex 
∴ T1 + T2 + T3 + ..... 41. (b) (e x − 1)(e− x + 1) = (e x − 1)  x 
 e 
1 1   1 1 1 1 
=  −  +  −  +  −  + ...... e2 x − 1 x − x  x3 
 1! 2!   2! 3!   3! 4!  = x
= e − e = 2  x + + ....
e  3! 
1 1 1  1 1 1 
=  + + + ......  −  + + + ......  1 1
 1! 2! 3!   2! 3! 4!  ∴ The coefficient of x 3 = 2. = .
3! 3
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
=  1 + + + + .... − 1 − 1 + + + + .... − 1 − 1 3 5 7
 1! 2! 3!   1! 2! 3!  42. (c) 1 + + + + ....∞
1! 2! 3!
= (e − 1) − (e − 2) = 1.
2n − 1 2(n − 1) 1
Tn = = +
2 6 12 20 (n − 1)! (n − 1)! (n − 1)!
38. (d) Let S = + + + + ..... and let
1! 2! 3! 4! 2 1
= +
S1 = 2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + ..... + Tn (n − 2)! (n − 1)!
S1 = 2 + 6 + 12 + .................Tn −1 + Tn = 2e + e = 3e .
0 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + .......upto n terms − Tn 1 + x + x 2 + .... + x n −1 1 − x n 1
43. (d) Tn = = .
Tn = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + .......upto n terms n! 1 − x n!
n 1 1 n 1 
⇒ Tn = [2 × 2 + (n − 1) 2] = n(2 + n − 1) = n(n + 1) =  x − 
2 x − 1  n! n! 
∴ th
n term of given series ∞
1  ∞ xn ∞ 1  1
n(n + 1) n( n + 1) ∑T n = ∑ −∑ −  =
x − 1  n =1 n ! n =1 n !  x − 1
(e x − e) .
Tn = or Tn = n =1
n! n(n − 1)!
42 44
or Tn =
1
+
2 44. (d) S = 1 + + + ........∞
(n − 2)! (n − 1)! 3! 5 !
∞
1 ∞
1 1 43 45  1  e 4 − e −4 
=  4 + + + ...... = 
Now, sum = ∑
n =1 ( n − 2)!
+ 2∑
n =1 ( n − 1)!
= e + 2e = 3e . 4 3! 5!  4 2 
.

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154 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
−x
45. (b) (1 − 2 x + 3 x )e 2
 2
 x   x 
3

     
 x + +  + .........∞ 
 
+  +
x x2 x3 x 1 x 1
= (1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 )1 − + − + .......  51. (a) S =  
 1 ! 2 ! 3 !   x +1 2 3 
 
∴ The coefficient of x 5
 1   1   1   2
 1   1 
3

= 1 −  + (−2)   + 3  −       
 1 x +1  x +1 
 5 !  4 !  3 ! − + + + ........∞ 
1 1 1 71  x + 1 2 3 
=− − − =− .  
120 12 2 120

1 1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3  x    1 
46. (c) S = + + + ....∞ = − log e 1 −  − − log e 1 − 
2! 3! 4!  x +1    x + 1 
n 1 x
(n + 1) = − log e + log e = log e x .
1 + 2 + ...... + n 2 1 x +1 x +1
Here Tn = = =
(n + 1) ! (n + 1) ! 2(n − 1) ! Put x = 2 and check..
∞
1 ∞ 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1
⇒ S = ∑ Tn = ∑ = e. 52. (a) . + . + . + . + .........
n =1 2 n =1 (n − 1) ! 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 23 4 2 4
 1 1  1 1  1 1  1 1
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) =  2 −  +  2 −  2 +  2 −  3 +  2 −  4 + ..
47. (c) Tn =  1  2  2  2  3  2  42
6 n(n + 1)!
1  2n + 1  1  1 1  1 1 1 
∴ S= ∑ =
6  (n)!  6
∑ 2. (n − 1)! + (n)! 1 1 1   2 2 2 23
= 2  + 2 + 3 + ........ −  + +

+ .......
2 2 2  1 2 3 
=
1 1
[2.e + e − 1] = [3e − 1] .  
6 6
1   1 
= − − log e 1 −  
2
log e x (log e x) (log e x) 3
(log e x)n 1   2 
48. (b) 1 + + + + ...... + + .... 1−
1! 2! 3! n! 2
= 2 − log e 2
= e(loge x ) = x .
1 1 1
x
49. (d) 3x = elog 3 = e x log3 53. (a) Given series is + + + .......∞
x + 1 2( x + 1) 2 3( x + 1)3
x log 3 x 2 (log 3) 2 x 3 (log 3)3
= 1+ + + + ....  1   x 
1! 2! 3! = − log e  1 −  = − log e  
 x +1   x +1 
(log 3)3 (log 3)3
Coefficient of x 3 = = .  x +1  1
3! 6 = log e   = log e 1 +  .
 x   x
2 1 3 1 4 1 n +1 1
50. (a) S = . + . + . + ........ + . + ........ ∞ , 2 3
1 3 2 9 3 27 n 3n  a −b  1 a −b  1 a −b 
54. (b)  +   +   + ......
n +1 1  1 1 1 1  a  2 a  3 a 
where Tn = . n = 1 +  n = n +
n 3  n 3 3 n. 3 n  a −b  b a
= − log e  1 −  = − log e   = log e   .
1 1  a   
a b
⇒ S = ΣTn = Σ +Σ n
3n n.3 1 1 1 1 1
55. (c) + . + . + .....
1 5 2 52 3 53
3   1  1 2
= + − log e  1 −   = − log e   .  1 5
1−
1   3   2 3 = − log e  1 −  = log e  
3  5 4
2
As the sum of the series upto 3 or 4 terms is  5  5
approximately 0.9, Obviously (a) gives the value nearer to = log e   = 2log e   .
 2   2 
0.9.

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Exponential and Logarithm Series 155
 1    1   Putting n = 2, the sum of the series upto 4 terms is
56. (a) 2log e x − log e 1 +  x  − log e 1 −  x 
 x    x   1 1
+ +
1
+
1
= 0 .2874 ... and option (a)
4 32 192 1024
  1 
= 2log e x − log e 1 +  + log e x  = – 0.223...., (b) = 0.223....., (c) = 0.2876.....
  x 
Hence answer is (c).
  1 
− log e 1 −  + log e x  1 1 1 1 1
  x  61. (b) Sum of + . + . + ....∞
2 3 2.3 5 25
  1  1   1 1 
= − log e 1 +  + log e  1 −   = 2  2 + 4 + .......  1
  x  x   2x 4x  1 1 1 1 1  1 1+ 2 
= 1 + . 2 + . 4 + ....∞  = .log e  
1 1 2 3 2 5 2  2  1− 1 
The coefficient of x −4 = 2 . = .
4 2  2
1  3/ 2  1
57. (a) We know that, log e 2 =
1
+
1
+
1
+ . . . (i) = .log e   = .log e (3) = log e 3 .
1.2 3.4 5.6 2  1/ 2  2
(when x = 1 in log e (1 + x ) ) 62. (c) log a x is defined for all positive real x ≠ 0 .
 1   1   1 
Also, log e 2 = 1 −   − − − . . . (ii) 1 1 1 1
 2.3   4.5   6.7  63. (a) − 2 + 3 − 4 + ....
n 2n 3n 4n
(when x = −1 in log e (1 − x ) )
1 (1 / n) 2 (1 / n) 3 (1 / n) 4
By adding (i) and (ii), we get = − + − + ....
n 2 3 4
 1 1   1 1   1 n +1
2log e 2 = 1 +  − + − + = log e  1 +  = log e  .
 1.2 2.3   3.4 4.5   n  n 
1 1 1 1
⇒ 2log 2 2 − 1 = − + − + 64. (a) log 3 e − log 9 e + log 27 e − ....
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
1 1 1 1 1  1 1 
⇒ − + − + .. = 1 − + − .... ∞ 
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 log e 3  2 3 
4 log e 2
= log e 4 − log e e = log e   . = = log 3 2 .
e log e 3

1 1 1  1  1 1  65. (b) We have log a (1 + x ) = log e (1 + x ). log a e

58. (a) S =  −  + 2  −  + ....
2 1 3  2  3 5   ∞ x n 
= log a e  ∑ (−1)n −1
 1 1   1 1   n =1 n 
= − + −  + ....
 1.2 2.3   3.4 4.5  (−1) n −1
Therefore coefficient of xn in log a (1 + x) is log a e .
= 2log e 2 − 1 n

59. (b) log e x − log e ( x − 1) 66. (b) We have log(1 + 3 x + 2 x 2 ) = log(1 + x ) + log(1 + 2 x )
∞
  xn ∞ (2 x) n
 x   1   1
= ∑ (−1)
n =1
n −1
+ ∑ (−1) n−1
n n =1 n
= log e   = log e  1  = − log e 1 − 
 x −1   1−   x ∞
 1 2n  n
 x = ∑ (−1) n −1
 + x
n =1 n n 
1 1 1
= + 2 + 3 + ....∞ ∞
 1 + 2n  n
x 2 x 3x = ∑ (−1) n −1
 x
n =1  n 
2 3
1  1   1   2n + 1 
 2  2 So, coefficient of x n = (−1) n −1  
60. (c) S = n +   +   + ....
2 n n
 n 
1 2 3
(−1) n +1 (2 n + 1)
 1  n2 ⇒ , [∵ (−1)n = (−1)n + 2 = ...] .
= − log e 1 − 2  = log e 2 . n
 n  n −1

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156 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
 1 2 1 3 
 x − ( x −1) + ( x −1) −.........  = 2 + log 2 {(10 − 2 21)(10 + 2 21)}
67. (d) e 2 3 

 1 2 1 3 
= 2 + log 2 (16) = 2 + 4 = 6
 ( x −1) − ( x −1) + ( x −1) −......  +1
= e 2 3  1
1 1 1 2
log(1 + x −1) + + +…
= e e =e log x
.e = xe . Also, 6 6 6 6… = 6 2 4 8 1−1/ 2
6 =6
68. (a) We know that, log1/ 3(1/ 6 )
And 3 = 3log3 (6) = 6
2 3 4
x x x
x− + − ........∞ = log e (1 + x) 1
2 3 4 73. (a, c) log abcd x =
log x abcd
(0.5) 2 (0.5)3 (0.5) 4
Putting x= 0.5, we get, 0.5 − + − + ...∞ 1
2 3 4 =
log x a + log x b + log x c + log x d
3
= log e (1 + 0.5) = log e   1
2 =
α + β + γ −1 + δ −1
−1 −1

NCERT Exemplar Problems Also, AM ≥ GM

α + β +γ +δ 4
More than One Answer ⇒ ≥
4 1 1 1 1
69. (a, c) log b a ⋅ log c b ⋅ log d c ⋅ log d d + + +
α β γ δ
= log c a ⋅ log d c ⋅ log a d = log d a ⋅ log d d = 1
1 α + β +γ +δ
or ≤
log 2 x log 2 y log 2 z α −1 + β −1 + γ −1 + δ −1 16
70. (a, d) = =
4 6 3k
−n
3log 2 x + 2log 2 y + log 2 z
n
… p p = p1/ p = p p
p p p
74. (b, d)
12 + 12 + 3k 
n times
3 2
log 2 ( x y z ) 0
= = ∴ log p log p
p
p p −n
… p p = log p log p p p = log p ( p − n ) = −n
24 + 3k 24 + 3k

∴ 24 + 3k = 0, then k = −8 n times

n
(b + c)log a + (c + a ) log b + (a + b)log c Also, log1/ p ( p n ) = log p −1 ( p n ) = = −n
71. (b, d) −1
(b + c )(b − c) + (c + a )(c − a) + (a + b)(a − b)
75. (a, c) a x = b ⇒ x = log 4 b
log a b +c + log b c +a + log c a +b
=
0 b y = c ⇒ y = logb c
log(a b +c ⋅ b c + a ⋅ c a +b ) and c z = a ⇒ z = log c a
=
0 ∴ xyz = 1 and x = k1 log b a, y = k2 log c b, z = k3 log a c
∴ log( a b +c ⋅ b c + a ⋅ c a +b ) = 0
∴ xyz = k1k2 k3 or k1k2 k3 = xyz = 1
Then, a b+c ⋅ b c + a ⋅ c a+b = 1
76. (a, b) Since, a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
72. (a, c, d) 5log1/ 5 (1/ 2) = 5log5 (2) = 2 (b + c) ln a (c + a ) ln b (a + b) ln c
⇒ = =
 4   4( 7 − 3)  (b + c)(b − c ) (c + a )(c − a ) (a + b)(a − b)
log 2   = log 2  
 7+ 3  4  (b + c)ln a + (c + a )ln b + (a + b)ln c
=
= 2 log 2 ( 7 − 3) 0
(using ratio and proportion)
= log 2 ( 7 − 3) 2 = log 2 (10 − 2 21)
ln a b+ c + ln b c + a + ln c a +b
=
 1  0
and log1/ 2   = log 2 (10 + 2 21)
 10 + 2 21  ∴ ln a b+c + ln b c + a + ln c a+b = 0
∴ Given expression can be written as ⇒ ln(a b+ c ⋅ b c+ a ⋅ c a +b ) = 0
= 2 + log 2 (10 − 2 21) + log 2 (10 + 2 21)
⇒ a b+c ⋅ bc + a ⋅ c a+b = e0 = 1

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Exponential and Logarithm Series 157
Again, AM ≥ GM Assertion and Reason
a b+c
+b c+a
+c a+b 79. (d) AM > GM
⇒ ≥ (a b +c ⋅ b c + a ⋅ c a +b )1/ 3 = (1)1/ 3 = 1
3 logπ 2 + log 2 π
∴ > (logπ 2)(log 2 π )
b+ c c+a a+b 2
∴ a +b +c ≥ 3.
logπ 2 + log 2 π
ln a ln b ln c ⇒ >1
77. (All) = = 2
y−z z−x x− y
logπ 2 + log 2 π > 2
ln a + ln b + ln c ln(abc)
= =
0 0 80. (a) Let p = log 2 x − log x (0.125)
or ln(abc) = 0 ⇒ abc = e = 1 0
1
= log 2 x − log x  
ln a ln b ln c 8
= =
y−z z−x x− y = log 2 x + log x ( 8 )
x ln a + y ln b + z ln c = log 2 x + 3log x 2 ≥ 2 (log 2 x)(3log x 2) = 2 3
=
0
∴ p≥2 3
ln(a xb y c z )
= ∴ The least value of p is 2 3.
0
or ln(a x ⋅ b y ⋅ c z ) = 0 81. (c) log e log 5 ( (2 x − 2) + 3) = 0
⇒ a b c = e =1
x y z 0
⇒ log 5 ( (2 x − 2) + 3) = e0 = 1
ln a ln b ln c ⇒ log 5 ( (2 x − 2) + 3) = 1
= =
y−z z−x x− y
⇒ (2 x − 2) + 3 = 51
( y + z )ln a + ( z + x)ln b + ( x + y )ln c
=
0 ⇒ (2 x − 2) = 2
ln{a y + z ⋅ b z + x ⋅ c x + y } or 2x − 2 = 4
0 ⇒ x=3
or ln{a y + z ⋅ b z + x ⋅ c x+ y } = 0 2
82. (d) x log x (1− x ) = 9
ln a ln b ln c ⇒ (1 − x) 2 = 9, x > 0, x ≠ 1
⇒ a y + z ⋅ b z + x ⋅ c x + y = e0 = 1 and = =
y−z z−x x− y ⇒ x = 4, −2
( y + yz + z )ln a + ( z + zx + x )ln b + ( x + xy + y )ln c
2 2 2 2 2 2
∴ x=4
=
0 83. (a) log 5 x > 0 and
y 2 + yz + z 2 z 2 + zx + x 2 x 2 + xy + y 2
ln{a ⋅b ⋅c } log 5 x ≠ 1
=
0 ⇒ x > 1 and x ≠ 5
y 2 + yz + z 2 z 2 + zx + x 2 x 2 + xy + y 2
or ln{a ⋅b ⋅c }= 0 ∴ log 5 x = (5)1/ 2 = 5
2
+ yz + z 2 2
+ zx + x 2 2
+ xy + y 2
or ay ⋅bz ⋅ cx =1 ∴ x=5 5

78. (c, d) 3loga x + 3 ⋅ x log a 3 = 2 Comprehension Based

84. (b) This equation is equivalent to the system
⇒ 3log a x + 3 ⋅ 3log a x = 2
2 x > 0 x > 0
⇒ 4 ⋅ 3loga x =2  ⇒  2
(2 x) = 7 x − 2 − 2 x 6 x − 7 x + 2 = 0
2 2
1
log a x =
⇒ 3 2
 1
x > 0  x = 2
⇒ log a x = − log 3 2 ⇒ ⇒
 
−1 ( x − 1/ 2)( x − 2 / 3) = 0 x = 2
⇒ x = a − log3 2 = a log3 (2 )
 3
= (2 −1 ) log3 a = 2 − log3 a ∴ Number of solutions = 2

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158 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
85. (b) This equation is equivalent to the system  1  1
 15 t = − 2 log x = − 2  x = (10) −1/ 2
 4 x − 15 > 0 x > ⇒  ⇒  ⇒ 
 ⇒  4 t = 1 log x = 1  x = (10)
1/ 3

 2 x = (4 x − 15)
2
2 x = 16 x 2 − 120 x + 225  3  3
 15 ∴ Number of solution is 2.
x >
⇒  4 90. (d) Put log x 10 = t in the given equation, we get
16 x 2 − 122 x + 225 = 0
t 3 − 6t 2 + 11t − 6 = 0
9
∴ x= ⇒ (t − 1)(t − 2)(t − 3) = 0
2
∴ Number of solutions = 1. t = 1 log x 10 = 1
 
Then, t = 2, if follows that log x 10 = 2
86. (d) This equation is equivalent to the system t = 3 log 10 = 3
  x
3 x 2 + x − 2 > 0
 2  x = 10  x = 10
3 x + x − 2 = (3 x − 2)
3
 2 
⇒  x = 10 ⇒  x = 10 ( ∴ x > 0 and x ≠ 1 )
( x − 2 / 3)( x + 1) > 0  x 3 = 10 
⇒    x = 10
3

( x − 2 / 3)(9 x − 13 x + 3) = 0
2

∴ Number of solutions is 3.
 x < 2 / 3and x < −1
 91. (c) Put log5 x = t in the given equation, we get
⇒  13 ± 61
 x = 2 / 3, x =
 18 7
t2 + t +1 =
∴ No root. t −1
7
87. (c) This equation is equivalent to the system ⇒ t2 + t +1− =0
t −1
 x < −1and x > 1
 (t 3 − 1) − 7
 x2 − 1 > 0  x < − 5 1and x > 0 ⇒ = 0 t 3 = 8, t ≠ 1
t −1
 2  2
2 x + 5 x > 0, ≠ 1 ⇒  ∴ t = 2 ⇒ log 5 x = 2 ⇒ x = 52 = 25
 x3 + 6 = 2 x 2 + 5x  x ≠ −5 ± 33
  4 92. (d) Taking log of both sides with base 3, we have

 x = −2,1,3
{log 3 x 2 + (log 3 x) 2 − 10}log 3 x = −2log 3 x
5
For final solution x < − and x > 1 ie, Only x = 3. Put log 3 x = t , then (2t + t 2 − 10 + 2)t = 0
2
⇒ (t 2 + 2t − 8)t = 0
88. (d) x − 9 > 0, 2 x − 1 > 0 and ( x − 9)(2 x − 1) = 10 = 100
2
⇒ (t + 4)(t − 2)t = 0
or x > 9 and 2 x 2 − 19 x − 91 = 0
t = −4
or x > 9 and 2 x 2 − 26 x + 7 x − 91 = 0 or x = 13. 
⇒ t = 2
89. (c) The given equation can rewrite in the form t = 0

1 − 2(2log x) 2 log 3 x = −4
=1
log x − 2(log x) 2 
⇒ log 3 x = 2
1 − 8(log x) 2 log x = 0
⇒ =1  3
log x − 2(log x) 2
 −4 1
(1 − 8t 2 )  x = 3 = 81
Let log x = t Then, −1 = 0 
t − 2t 2 ⇒ x = 3 = 9
2

1 − t − 6t
2  x = 30 = 1
⇒ =0 
t − 2t 2 
(1 + 2t )(1 − 3t )  1
⇒ =0 ∴ Solution set is 1,9,  .
t (1 − 2t )  81 

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Exponential and Logarithm Series 159

t − 3t + 3
2
95. (a) (A) Since, log100 | x + y |=
1
93. (a) Put ln x = t , then <1
t −1 2
t 2 − 3t + 3 ⇒ | x + y |= (100)1/ 2 = 10
⇒ −1 < 0
t −1 ∴ | x + y |= 10 . . .(i)
t − 4t + 4
2
and log10 y − log10 | x |= log100 4 (∵ y > 0)
⇒ <0
t −1
 y  2
(t − 2) 2 ⇒ log10   = log102 2 = log10 2
2

⇒ <0 | x| 2
(t − 1)
 y 
⇒ t −1 < 0 ⇒ log10   = log10 2
| x|
⇒ t < 1 ⇒ ln x < 1 or x < e, but x > 0
y
∴ 0 < x < e ⇒ x ∈ (0, e) ⇒ = 2⇒ y = 2| x| . . .(ii)
| x|
Match the Column From Eqs. (i) and (ii), | x + 2 | x ||= 10 |
94. (a) (A) 52 < 34 < 53 Case (i) x > 0,| 3x |= 10 ⇒ 3 | x |= 10 ⇒ 3x = 10
⇒ 2log 34 5 < 1 < 3log 34 5 10
∴ x=
1 1 3
∴ log34 5 < and log 34 5 >
2 3 20
From Eqs. (ii), y =
1 1 3
∴ log 34 5 ∈  , 
3 2 10 20 
∴  ,  (T )
1 1 3 3
∴ a = ,b =
3 2 Case (ii) x < 0,| x − 2 x |= 10
⇒ [10a + 10b] = [3.33 + 5] = [8.33] = 8( P) ⇒ | x |= 10 ⇒ − x = 10 ∴ x = −10
and [6b − 3a ] = [3 − 1] = 2( R ) From Eq. (ii), y = 2 | −10 |= 20 {−10, 20}
(B) 4 < 300 < 4
4 5
(B) Let log 2 x = A and log 2 y = B . . .(i)
⇒ 4log 300 4 < 1 < 5log 300 4 ∴ 4 A + 1 = 2 B and 2A ≥ B or 4 A ≥ 2 B
2

1 1 ⇒ 4 A ≥ 4 A2 + 1 [from Eq. (i)] ⇒ (2 A − 1)2 ≤ 0

∴ log300 4 < and log300 4 <
4 5 1
⇒ 2 A − 1 = 0 or A =
1 1 2
∴ log300 4 ∈  , 
5 4 2
1
1 1 From Eq. (i), 4   + 1 = 2 B ∴ B = 1
∴ a = , b = (10a + 10b) = (2 + 2.5) = 5(Q ) and 2
5 4
1
(6b − 3a ) = (1.5 − 0.6) = (0.9) = 1(T ) ⇒ log 2 x = and log 2 y = 1
2
(C) 35 < 400 < 36 ⇒ x = 21/ 2 and y = 21 or x = 2, y = 2
⇒ 5log 400 3 < 1 < 6log 400 3
∴ { 2, 2}
1 1
∴ log 400 3 < and log 400 3 > (C) log 4 x = log 2 y ⇒ log 22 x = log 2 y
5 6
1 1 1
∴ log 400 3 ∈  ,  ⇒ log 2 x = log 2 y
6 5 2
1 1 6 3 ⇒ log 2 x = 2log 2 y = log 2 y 2
∴ a = , b = (6b − 3a ) =  − 
6 5 5 6 ⇒ x = y 2 and x 2 − 5 y 2 + 4 = 0
10 10  ⇒ x 2 − 5 x + 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 4) = 0
= (1.2 − 0.5) = (0.7) = 1(T ) and [10a + 10b] =  + 
6 5 ∴ x = 1, y = 4 Then, y = 1, y = ±2 (but y > 0 )
= [1.67 + 2] = [3.67] = 3( S ) ∴ Solution set are {1,1},{4, 2}(Q, S )

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160 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Integer 99. (1) λ = log 2 24 × log 2 96 − log 2 192 × log 2 12
1

96. (2008)
p p p
…… P = ( p)
p p 2008
= pp
−2008
= [log 2 (2 × 12)][log 2 (23 × 12)] − [log 2 (2 4 × 12)] × log 2 12

2008 times = (1 + log 2 12)(3 + log 2 12) − (4 + log 2 12)log 2 12
p p p −2008 Let log 2 12 = a,
∴
p
log p log p …… P = log p log p ( p p )

2008 times
then λ = (1 + a)(3 + a) − (4 + a)a
= logp (p –2008
) = – 2008 = λ = 2008 = 3 + a + 3a + a 2 − 4a − a 2 = 3
 π ∴ λ 100 = 3100 = (32 )50 = (10 − 1)50
97. (3131) a = log 8 128 − log 9  cot 
 3
= (10)50 − 50C1 (10)49 + 50C2 (10)48 …+ 50C48 (10)2 − 50C49 (10) +1
 1 
= log 23 (2)7 − log 32   = log 23 (2) − log32 (3 )
7 1/ 3
= 100µ − 50 ×10 + 1 ( µ is integer)
 3
= 100( µ − 5) + 1 = 1000 + 1
7 2 7 1 31
= log 2 2 + log 3 3 = + = ⇒ Last two digits are 0.1
3 2 3 4 12
31
∴ 1212a = 1212 × = 101× 31 = 3131  
21 100. (1407) λ = log x2  x x x 
 
−2
98. (1675) a = log 0.75 log 2 0.125
= log x2 ( x1/ 2+1/ 4+1/ 8 )
−1/ 4
= log (3/ 4) log 2 (0.125)
7 /8 7
= log (3/ 4) log 2 (2)3/ 4 = log3/ 4 (3/ 4) = 1 = log x2 ( x 7 / 8 ) =
=
2 16
and b = log 0.01 1000 + log 0.1 0.0001 7
∴ 3216λ = 3216 ×
3 5 −4
16
= log10−2 (10) + log10−1 (10) = − + 4 =
3

2 2 = 201 × 7
5 = 1407
⇒ (125) a + 620b = 125 + 620 × = 125 + 1550 = 1675
2

***

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Permutations and Combinations 161

8 Permutations and Combinations

QUICK LOOK
The number of arrangements of n different things round a
closed curve = (n – 1)! if clockwise and anticlockwise
Fundamental Principles
1

Factorial Notation: Let n be a positive integer. Then, the arrangements are considered different, ( n − 1)! if clockwise
2
continued product of first n natural numbers is called
and anticlockwise arrangements are considered identical.
factorial n, to be denoted by n! or n. Also, we define 0! = 1.
(Circular permutation)
when n is negative or a fraction, n ! is not defined.
Thus, n ! = n (n – 1) (n – 2) ......3.2.1.
Counting Formulae for Combination
Deduction: n ! = n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ......3.2.1

The number of combinations (selections) of n different
= n[(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)......3.2.1] = n [(n − 1)!]
n!
Thus, 5! = 5 × (4!),3! = 3 × (2!) and 2! = 2 × (1!) things taking r at a time = n Cr = .
r !(n − r )!
Also, 1! = 1× (0!) ⇒ 0! = 1 .
The total number of selections of one ore more objects from

Exponent of Prime p in n!: Let p be a prime number and n n different objects = 2n − 1( = n C1 + n C2 + n C3 + ... + n Cn ).
be a positive integer. Then the last integer amongst 1, 2, 3,
Total number of selections of any number of things from n
n identical things = n + 1 (when selection of 0 things is
.......(n – 1), n which is divisible by p is   p, where
 p allowed) n(when at least one thing is to be selected).
n n
The total number of selections from p like things, q like
 p  denote the greatest integer less than or equal to p . things of another type and r distinct things
 
= ( p + 1) (q + 1)2 r − 1 (if at least one thing is to be selected)
Counting of Number of Ways to do Some Work: If a work ( p + 1) (q + 1)2r − 2 (if none or all cannot be selected)
W consists of two parts W1, W2 of which one part can be done
The total number of selections of r things from n different
in m ways and the other part in n ways then things when each thing can be repeated unlimited number of

The work W can be done in m +n ways, if by doing any of times = n + r −1 Cr .
the parts the work W is done. (Addition law of counting)

The work W can be done in mn ways, if both the parts are to Number of Distributions
be done one after the other to do the work W.
The number of ways to distribute n different things between
(Multiplication law of counting). Similar is the law for two persons, one receiving p things and the other q things,
works that have 3 or more parts. If a work is to be done where p + q = n , n = n C p × n − p C p
under some restriction then
n! ( n − p )! n!

The number of ways to do the work under the restriction = (the = × = {∵n = p + q}
p !(n − p )! q !( n − p − q)! p ! q !
number of ways to do the work without restriction) – (the
number of ways to do the work under opposite restriction). Similarly for 3 persons, the number of ways
n!
= , where p + q + r = n.
Counting Formulae for Permutation p !q !r !

The number of permutations (arrangements) of n different
The number of ways to distribute m × n different things
n! (mn)!
things taking r at a time = n Pr = where n ! = 1.2.3...n among n persons equally .
(n − r )! (m !) n

The number of permutations of n things taking at a time of
The number of ways to divide n different things into three
which p things are identical, q things are identical of n! 1
n! bundles of p, q and r things = . .
another type and the rest are different = . p !q !r ! 3!
p! q!

The number of ways to divide m × n different things into n

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162 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
(mn)! 1 arrangement are not distinct e.g., arrangement of beads in a
equal bundles . .
(m !) n n ! necklace, arrangement of flowers in garland etc. then the

The total number of ways to divide n identical things among number of circular permutations of n distinct items is

r persons = n + r −1 Cr −1 . (n − 1)!
2

The total number of ways to divide n identical things among

Theorem on Circular Permutations
r persons so that each gets at least one = n −1 Cr −1 . Theorem 1: The number of circular permutations of n
different objects is (n – 1)!
Note Theorem 2: The number of ways in which n persons can be
Gap Method: Suppose 5 males A, B, C, D, E are arranged in a
seated round a table is (n – 1)!
row as × A × B × C × D × E ×. There will be six gaps between
Theorem 3: The number of ways in which n different beads
these five. Four in between and two at either end. Now if three
1
females P, Q,R are to be arranged so that no two are together can be arranged to form a necklace, is (n − 1)!.
2
we shall use gap method i.e., arrange them in between these 6
gaps. Hence the answer will be 6P3. Note
Together: Suppose we have to arrange 5 persons in a row
When the positions are numbered, circular arrangement is
which can be done in 5! = 120 ways. But if two particular treated as a linear arrangement.
persons are to be together always, then we tie these two
In a linear arrangement, it does not make difference whether
particular persons with a string. Thus we have 5 – 2 + 1 (1 the positions are numbered or not.
corresponding to these two together) = 3 +1 = 4 units, which Combination and its Operations
can be arranged in 4! ways. Now we loosen the string and these The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is

()
two particular can be arranged in 2! ways. Thus total
arrangements = 24 × 2 = 48. denoted by C (n, r ) or n Cr or nr .
Never together = Total –Together = 120 – 48 = 72.
Difference between a Permutation and Combination: In
a combination only selection is made whereas in a
Circular Permutations
permutation not only a selection is made but also an
In circular permutations, what really matters is the position of
arrangement in a definite order is considered.
an object relative to the others. Thus, in circular permutations,
In a combination, the ordering of the selected objects is
we fix the position of the one of the objects and then arrange
immaterial whereas in a permutation, the ordering is
the other objects in all possible ways. There are two types of
essential. For example A,B and B,A are same as combination
circular permutations:
but different as permutations.

The circular permutations in which clockwise and the
Practically to find the permutation of n different items,
anticlockwise arrangements give rise to different permutations,
taken r at a time, we first select r items from n items and
e.g. Seating arrangements of persons round a table.
then arrange them. So usually the number of permutations

The circular permutations in which clockwise and the
exceeds the number of combinations.
anticlockwise arrangements give rise to same permutations,

Number of Combinations without Repetition: The
e.g. arranging some beads to form a necklace.
number of combinations (selections or groups) that can be
Look at the circular permutations, given below:
formed from n different objects taken r (0 ≤ r ≤ n ) at a time
A A n!
is nCr =
B B D r !( n − r )!
D
C C Let the total number of selections (or groups) = x. Each
group contains r objects, which can be arranged in r ! ways.
Suppose A, B, C, D are the four beads forming a necklace. Hence the number of arrangements of r objects =
They have been arranged in clockwise and anticlockwise x × ( r !). But the number of arrangements = nPr.
directions in the first and second arrangements respectively. ⇒ x × (r!) = nPr.

Difference between Clockwise and Anticlockwise n
Pr
⇒ x=
Arrangement: If anticlockwise and clockwise order of r!

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Permutations and Combinations 163
n!
The number of selections taking at least one out of
⇒ x= = n Cr
r !(n − r )! a1 + a2 + a3 + ...... + an + k objects, where a1 are alike (of

Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken all at a one kind), a2 are alike (of second kind) and so on...... .an are

time n Cn =
n! 1
= = 1, (∵0! = 1). alike (of nth kind) and k are distinct
n !(n − n)! 0! = [( a1 + 1) ( a2 + 1) ( a3 + 1).......( an + 1)] 2k − 1.

Note Conditional Combinations

n

Cr is a natural number.
The number of ways in which r objects can be selected from

n
C0 = n Cn = 1, n C1 = n n different objects if k particular objects are: Always
n−k n−k
included = Cr − k and Never included = Cr

n
C r = n Cn − r

The number of combinations of n objects, of which p are

n
Cr + n Cr −1 = n +1Cr
identical, taken r at a time is

n
Cx = n C y ⇔ x = y or x + y = n = n− p
Cr + n − p Cr −1 + n − p Cr − 2 + ....... + n − p C0 if r ≤ p and

n . n −1Cr −1 = (n − r + 1) n Cr −1 = n− p
Cr + n − p Cr −1 + n − p Cr − 2 + ....... + n − p Cr − p if r > p

If n is even then the greatest value of n Cr is n Cn / 2 .
Derangement and Geometrical Problems
n n
n Cn +1 Cn −1
Derangement: Any change in the given order of the things

If n is odd then the greatest value of Cr is or .
2 2 is called a derangement. If n things form an arrangement in
n a row, the number of ways in which they can be deranged

n
Cr = .n −1 Cr −1
r so that no one of them occupies its original place is
n
Cr n − r +1  1 1 1 1

n
= n !1 − + − + ...... + (−1)n .  .
Cr −1 r  1! 2! 3! n! 

n
C0 + n C1 + n C2 + ..... + n Cn = 2 n Some Important Results for Geometrical Problems

n
C0 + n C2 + n C4 + ...... = n C1 + n C3 + n C5 + ..... = 2 n −1
Number of total different straight lines formed by joining
2 n +1 the n points on a plane of which m(<n) are collinear is

C0 + 2 n +1C1 + 2 n +1C2 + ..... + 2 n +1Cn = 22 n
n
C2 − m C2 + 1 .

n
Cn + n +1Cn + n + 2 Cn + n + 3Cn + .... + 2 n −1Cn = 2 n Cn +1

Number of total triangles formed by joining the n points on
Number of Combinations with Repetition and All Possible a plane of which m (< n) are collinear is n C3 − m C3 .
Selections
Number of diagonals in a polygon of n sides is n C2 − n.

The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at

If m parallel lines in a plane are intersected by a family of
a time when any object may be repeated any number of
other n parallel lines. Then total number of parallelograms
times.
mn( m − 1)(n − 1)
r
= coefficient of x in (1 + x + x 2 + ....... + x r ) n so formed is m C2 ×n C2 i.e
4
r
= coefficient of x in (1 − x) − n = n + r −1Cr
Given n points on the circumference of a circle, then

The total number of ways in which it is possible to form Number of straight lines = n C2
groups by taking some or all of n things at a time is 2 n − 1. Number of triangles = n C3

The total number of ways in which it is possible to make Number of quadrilaterals = n C4 . .
groups by taking some or all out of n = (n1 + n2 + ....) things,
If n straight lines are drawn in the plane such that no two
when n1 are alike of one kind, n2 are alike of second kind, lines are parallel and no three lines are concurrent. Then the
and so on is {( n1 + 1) ( n2 + 1)......} − 1. number of part into which these lines divide the plane is =

The number of selections of r objects out of n identical 1 + Σn.
objects is 1.
Number of rectangles of any size in a square of n × n is
n n

Total number of selections of zero or more objects from n
identical objects is n + 1.
∑r
r =1
3
and number of squares of any size is ∑r
r =1
2
.

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164 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

In a rectangle of n × p ( n < p ) number of rectangles of any Number of Divisors
np Let N = p1α1 . p2α 2 . p3α3 ...... pkα k , where p1 , p2 , p3 ,...... pk are different
size is (n + 1) ( p + 1) and number of squares of any size is
4 primes and α1 , α 2 , α 3 ,......, α k are natural numbers then:
n

∑ (n + 1 − r ) ( p + 1 − r ).
r =1

The total number of divisors of N including 1 and N is
= (α1 + 1) (α 2 + 1) (α 3 + 1)....(α k + 1)

The total number of divisors of N excluding 1 and N is
Use of Solution of Linear Equations and Coefficient of a Power
in Expansion to Find the Number of Ways of Distribution = (α1 + 1) (α 2 + 1) (α 3 + 1).....(α k + 1) − 2

The number of integral solutions of x1 + x2 + x3 +…+ xr = n
The total number of divisors of N excluding 1 or N is
where x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0, ...xr ≥ 0 is the same as the number of = (α1 + 1) (α 2 + 1) (α 3 + 1).....(α k + 1) − 1
ways to distribute n identical things among r persons. This
The sum of these divisors is
is also equal to the coefficient of xn in the expansion of
= ( p10 + p12 + p32 + ...... + p1α1 ) ( p20 + p12 + p22 + ... + p2α 2 ).....
( x + x + x + x + ..)
0 1 2 3 r
( pk0 + p1k + pk2 + .... + pkα k )
r
 1 
= coefficient of xn in   = coefficient of x in (1–x)

n –r The number of ways in which N can be resolved as a
1− x  product of two factors is
= coefficient of xn in
1
 r (r + 1) 2 r (r + 1)(r + 2)...(r + n − 1) n   2 (α1 + 1) (α 2 + 1)....(α k + 1), If N is not a perfect square
1 + rx + x + ... + x + .... 1
 2! n !   [(α1 + 1)(α 2 + 1).....(α k + 1) + 1], If N is a perfect square
2
r (r + 1)(r + 2)...(r + n − 1) (r + n − 1)! n + r −1
= = = Cr −1 .
The number of ways in which a composite number N can
n! n !(r − 1)!
be resolved into two factors which are relatively prime (or

The number of integral solutions of x1 + x2 + x3 +…+ xr = n
co-prime) to each other is equal to 2n−1 where n is the
where x1 ≥ 1, x2 ≥ 1, ..., xr ≥ 1 is the same as the number of
number of different factors in N.
ways to distribute n identical things among r persons each
getting at least 1. This is also equal to the coefficient of xn in
Note
the expansion of ( x1 + x2 + x3 + ....) r = coefficient of xn in

All the numbers whose last digit is an even number 0, 2, 4,
r
 x  6 or 8 are divisible by 2.
 
1− x 
All the numbers sum of whose digits are divisible by 3,is
= coefficient of xn in xr (1–x)–r = coefficient of xn in divisible by 3 e.g. 534. Sum of the digits is 12, which are
 r (r + 1) 2 r (r + 1)(r + 2)...(r + n − 1) n  divisible by 3, and hence 534 is also divisible by 3.
x r 1 + rx + x + ... + x + ....
 2! n! 
All those numbers whose last two-digit number is divisible
= coefficient of xn–r in by 4 are divisible by 4 e.g. 7312, 8936, are such that 12, 36
 r (r + 1) 2 r (r + 1)(r + 2)...(r + n − 1) n  are divisible by 4 and hence the given numbers are also
1 + rx + x + ... + x + ....
 2! n!  divisible by 4.
r (r + 1)(r + 2)...(r + n − r − 1) r (r + 1)(r + 2)...(n − 1)
All those numbers, which have either 0 or 5 as the last digit,
= =
(n − r )! (n − r )! are divisible by 5.
(n − 1)! n −1
All those numbers, which are divisible by 2 and 3
= = Cr −1
(n − r )!(r − 1)! simultaneously, are divisible by 6. e.g., 108, 756 etc.
Note
All those numbers whose last three-digit number is divisible
The number of solutions of x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 20 where by 8 are divisible by 8.
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 1, x3 ≥ 3, x4 ≥ 5 is equal to the coefficient of x in 20
All those numbers sum of whose digit is divisible by 9 are
divisible by 9.
( x 0 + x1 + x 2 + ....) ( x1 + x 2 + x 3 +...) × ( x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + ....)

All those numbers whose last two digits are divisible by 25
( x 5 + x 6 + x 7 + ....).
are divisible by 25 e.g., 73125, 2400 etc.

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Permutations and Combinations 165
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 8. We are to form different words with the letters of the
Fundamental Principles word ‘INTEGER’. Let m1 be the number of words in
1. A college offers 7 courses in the morning and 5 in the which I and N are never together, and m2 be the number of
evening. The number of ways a student can select exactly words which begin with I and end with R. Then m1 / m2 is
one course, either in the morning or in the evening: equal to:
a. 27 b. 15 a. 30 b. 60 c. 90 d. 180
c. 12 d. 35
9. An n digit number is a positive number with exactly n
2. In a monthly test, the teacher decides that there will be digits. Nine hundred distinct n-digit numbers are to be
three questions, one from each of exercise 7, 8 and 9 of formed using only the three digits 2, 5 and 7. The smallest
the text book. If there are 12 questions in exercise 7, 18 in value of n for which this is possible is:
exercise 8 and 9 in exercise 9, in how many ways can a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9
three questions be selected?
10. The number of numbers that can be formed with the help
a. 1944 b. 1499
of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 so that odd digits always
c. 4991 d. None of these
occupy odd places, is:
Operations of Permutation a. 24 b. 18
c. 12 d. 30
3. How many numbers can be made with the help of the
digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 which are greater than 3000: Circular Permutations
(repetition is not allowed)
11. The number of ways in which 5 male and 2 female
a. 180 b. 360
members of a committee can be seated around a round
c. 1380 d. 1500
table so that the two female are not seated together is:
4. The number of arrangement of the letters of the word a. 480 b. 600
“CALCUTTA”? c. 720 d. 840
a. 2520 b. 5040
12. If eleven members of a committee sit at a round table so
c. 10080 d. 40320
that the President and Secretary always sit together, then
5. How many words can be made from the letters of the the number of arrangements is:
word ‘COMMITTEE?’ a. 10 ! × 2 b. 10!
9! 9! c. 9! × 2 d. None of these
a. b.
(2!)2 (2!)3
13. In how many ways can 5 boys and 5 girls sit in a circle so
9!
c. d. 9 ! that no two boys sit together?
2!
a. 5!× 5! b. 4! × 5!
Conditional Permutations 5 !× 5 !
c. d. None of these
6. m men and n women are to be seated in a row, so that no 2
two women sit together. If m > n , then the number of 14. In how many ways can 15 members of a council sit along
ways in which they can be seated is: a circular table, when the Secretary is to sit on one side of
m !(m + 1)! m !(m − 1)! the Chairman and the Deputy Secretary on the other side?
a. b.
(m − n + 1)! (m − n + 1)! a. 2 × 12! b. 24
(m − 1)!(m + 1)! c. 2 × 15! d. None of these
c. d. None of these
(m − n + 1)!
15. 20 persons are invited for a party. In how many different
7. If the letters of the word ‘KRISNA’ are arranged in all ways can they and the host be seated at a circular table, if
possible ways and these words are written out as in a the two particular persons are to be seated on either side
dictionary, then the rank of the word ‘KRISNA’ is: of the host?
a. 324 b. 341 a. 20! b. 2.18!
c. 359 d. None of these c. 18 ! d. None of these

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166 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
16. The number of ways in which 5 beads of different colours 26. In how many ways can 5 prizes be distributed among four
form a necklace is: students when every student can take one or more prizes?
a. 12 b. 24 c. 120 d. 60 a. 1024 b. 625 c. 120 d. 60
17. In how many ways 7 men and 7 women can be seated 27. The number of ways in which 9 persons can be divided
around a round table such that no two women can sit into three equal groups is:
together: a. 1680 b. 840
a. (7!)2 b. 7!× 6! c. (6!) 2 d. 7! c. 560 d. 280
18. The number of ways that 8 beads of different colours be 28. A man has 7 friends. In how many ways he can invite one
string as a necklace is: or more of them for a tea party:
a. 2520 b. 2880 c. 5040 d. 4320 a. 128 b. 256 c. 127 d. 130

Combination and its Operations 29. In how many ways can a girl and a boy be selected from a
group of 15 boys and 8 girls?
19. If 15
C3 r =15Cr +3 , then the value of r is:
a. 15 × 8 b. 15 + 8 c. 23
P2 d. 23
C2
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 8
n
Cr 30. If 2n
C 3 : n C 2 = 44 : 3 , then for which of the following
20. n
=?
Cr −1 values of r , the value of n
C r will be 15?
n−r n + r −1 n − r +1 n − r −1 a. r = 3 b. r = 4
a. b. c. d.
r r r r c. r = 6 d. r = 5
n +1
21. If C3 = 2 nC2 , then n =? n 2 −n 2
−n
31. If C2 =n C10 , then n = ?
a. 3 b. 4
a. 12 b. 4 only
c. 5 d. 6
c. −3 only d. 4 or −3
22. There are 10 lamps in a hall. Each one of them can be
32. In a conference of 8 persons, if each person shake hand
switched on independently. The number of ways in which
with the other one only, then the total number of shake
the hall can be illuminated is?
hands shall be:
a. 10 2 b. 1023
a. 64 b. 56
10
c. 2 d. 10! c. 49 d. 28
23. Numbers greater than 1000 but not greater than 4000
33. If 8 Cr =8Cr + 2 , then the value of r C2 is:
which can be formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
a. 8 b. 3
(repetition of digits is allowed), are:
c. 5 d. 2
a. 350 b. 375
c. 450 d. 576 34. Everybody in a room shakes hand with everybody else.
The total number of hand shakes is 66. The total number
Conditional Combinations Division into Groups,
of persons in the room is:
Derangements
a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 14
24. In the 13 cricket players 4 are bowlers, then how many m
ways can form a cricket team of 11 players in which at 35. ∑r =0
n+r
Cn = ?
least 2 bowlers included:
a. 55 b. 72 a. n + m +1 C n +1 b. n + m + 2 C n
c. 78 d. None of these c. n + m + 3 C n −1 d. None of these
25. In how many ways a team of 10 players out of 22 players 36. In an examination there are three multiple choice questions
can be made if 6 particular players are always to be and each question has 4 choices. Number of ways in which
included and 4 particular players are always excluded: a student can fail to get all answers correct, is:
22 18
a. C10 b. C3 a. 11 b. 12
c. 12
C4 d. 18
C4 c. 27 d. 63

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Permutations and Combinations 167
37. In a city no two persons have identical set of teeth and 47. To fill 12 vacancies there are 25 candidates of which five
there is no person without a tooth. Also no person has are from scheduled caste. If 3 of the vacancies are
more than 32 teeth. If we disregard the shape and size of reserved for scheduled caste candidates while the rest are
tooth and consider only the positioning of the teeth, then open to all, then the number of ways in which the
the maximum population of the city is: selection can be made:
a. 2 32 b. (32 ) 2 − 1 a. 5 C 3 × 22 C 9 b. 22 C 9 − 5 C 3
c. 2 32 − 1 d. 2 32 −1 c. 22 C 3 + 5 C 3 d. None of these

38. If 10 C r = 10 C r + 2 , then 5
C r equals ? 48. There are 9 chairs in a room on which 6 persons are to be
a. 120 b. 10 c. 360 d. 5 seated, out of which one is guest with one specific chair.
In how many ways they can sit:
39. If n C 3 + n C 4 > n +1 C 3 , then:
a. 6720 b. 60480
a. n > 6 b. n > 7 c. 30 d. 346
c. n < 6 d .None of these
49. The number of ways in which 10 persons can go in two
40. The least value of natural number n satisfying boats so that there may be 5 on each boat, supposing that
C(n, 5 ) + C(n, 6 ) > C (n + 1, 5 ) is: two particular persons will not go in the same boat is
a. 11 b. 10 c. 12 d. 13 1
a. (10 C 5 ) b. 2( 8 C 4 )
2
41. If n and r are two positive integers such that n ≥ r, then 1
c. ( 8 C 5 ) d. None of these
n
C r −1 + n C r = ? 2

a. n C n −r b. n C r 50. A father with 8 children takes them 3 at a time to the

Zoological gardens, as often as he can without taking the
c. n −1 C r d. n +1 C r same 3 children together more than once. The number of
42. In an election there are 8 candidates, out of which 5 are to times he will go to the garden is:
be choosen. If a voter may vote for any number of a. 336 b. 112
candidates but not greater than the number to be choosen, c. 56 d. None of these
then in how many ways can a voter vote:
Geometrical Problems
a. 216 b. 114
c. 218 d. None of these 51. There are four balls of different colours and four boxes of
colurs same as those of the balls. The number of ways in
43. In how many ways can 21 English and 19 Hindi books be
which the balls, one in each box, could be placed such that
placed in a row so that no two Hindi books are together?
a ball doesn't go to box of its own colour is:
a. 1540 b. 1450
a. 8 b. 7
c. 1504 d. 1405
c. 9 d. None of these
44. In how many ways a team of 11 players can be formed out
52. Out of 18 points in a plane, no three are in the same
of 25 players, if 6 out of them are always to be included
straight line except five points which are collinear. The
and 5 are always to be excluded:
number of:
a. 2020 b. 2002 c. 2008 d. 8002
(i) Straight lines
45. Out of 10 white, 9 black and 7 red balls, the number of a. 140 b. 142 c. 144 d. 146
ways in which selection of one or more balls can be made, (ii) Triangles which can be formed by joining them
is: a. 816 b. 806 c. 800 d. 750
a. 881 b. 891 c. 879 d. 892
53. The number of diagonals in a octagon will be:
46. In a touring cricket team there are 16 players in all a. 28 b. 20
including 5 bowlers and 2 wicket-keepers. How many c. 10 d. 16
teams of 11 players from these, can be chosen, so as to 54. How many triangles can be formed by joining four points
include three bowlers and one wicket-keeper: on a circle?
a. 650 b. 720 c. 750 d. 800 a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10

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168 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
55. How many triangles can be drawn by means of 9 non- 63. The number of straight lines that can be formed by joining
collinear points? 20 points no three of which are in the same straight line
a. 84 b. 72 c. 144 d. 126 except 4 of them which are in the same line:
a. 183 b. 186 c. 197 d. 185
56. The number of straight lines joining 8 points on a circle is:
a. 8 b. 16
Multinomial Theorem
c. 24 d. 28
64. A student is allowed to select utmost n books from a
57. In a plane there are 10 points out of which 4 are collinear,
collection of (2n + 1) books. If the total number of ways in
then the number of triangles that can be formed by joining
these points are: which he can select one book is 63, then the value of n is:
a. 60 b. 116 a. 2 b. 3
c. 120 d. None of these c. 4 d. None of these

58. The straight lines I1 , I 2 , I 3 are parallel and lie in the same 65. If x, y and r are positive integers, then
plane. A total number of m points are taken on I1 , n
x
Cr + Cr −1 C1 + Cr −2 C2 + ..... + Cr = ?
x y x y y

points on I 2 , k points on I 3 . The maximum number of x! y! ( x + y )!

a. b.
triangles formed with vertices at these points are: r! r!
x+ y xy
a. m +n +k
C3 b. m+ n +k C3 − m C3 − n C3 − k C3 c. Cr d. Cr

c. m
C3 +nC3 +k C3 d. None of these Number of Divisors
59. Six points in a plane be joined in all possible ways by 66. The number of divisors of 9600 including 1 and 9600 are:
indefinite straight lines, and if no two of them be a. 60 b. 58
coincident or parallel, and no three pass through the same c. 48 d. 46
point (with the exception of the original 6 points). The
number of distinct points of intersection is equal to: NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
a. 105 b. 45 More than One Answer
c. 51 d. None of these
67. The number of ways of painting the faces of a cube with
60. There are n straight lines in a plane, no two of which are six different colours is:
parallel and no three pass through the same point. Their a. 1 b. 6
points of intersection are joined. Then the number of fresh c. 6! d. 9 C2
lines thus obtained is:
68. Sanjay has 10 friends among whom two are married to
n(n − 1)(n − 2) n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) each other. She wishes to invite 5 of the them for a party.
a. b.
8 6 If the married couple refuse to attend separately, the
n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) number of different ways in which she can invite five
c. d. None of these
8 friends is:
61. In a plane there are 37 straight lines of which 13 pass a. 8C5 b. 2 × 8C3
through the point A and 11 pass through the point B . c. 10C5 – 2 × 8C4 d. none of these
Besides no three lines pass through one point, no line
passes through both points A and B and no two are 69. There are n seats round a table marked 1,2,3,…n. The
parallel. Then the number of intersection points the lines number of ways in which m(≤n) persons can takes seats is:
have is equal to: a. nPm b. n Cm × (m − 1)!
a. 535 b. 601 n −1
c. nCm × m! d. Pm −1
c. 728 d. None of these
70. The number of ways in which 10 candidates A1, A2,…, A10
62. There are 16 points in a plane, no three of which are in a
can be ranked, so that A1 is always above A2 is:
straight line except 8 which are all in a straight line. The
10!
number of triangles that can be formed by joining them a. b. 8!× 10 C2
2
equals:
a. 504 b. 552 c. 560 d. 1120 c. 10 P2 d. 10
P2

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Permutations and Combinations 169
71. In a class tournament when the participants were to play 2
(n )!
one game with another, two class players fell ill, having 78. Assertion: If n is a natural number then is a
(n !) n +1
played 3 games each. If the total number of games played natural number.
is 84, the number of participants at the beginning was: Reason: The number of ways of dividing mn students into
a. 15 b. 30
6
(mn)!
c. C2 d. 48 m groups each containing n students is
m!(n!) m
72. The number of ways of distributing 10 different books n n +1 n+2
among 4 students ( S1 − S4 ) such that S1 and S2 get 2 books 79. Let n ∈ N , and f (n) = n
Pn n +1
Pn +1 n+2
Pn + 2
each and S3 and S4 get books each is: n n +1 n+ 2
Cn Cn +1 Cn + 2

a. 12600 b. 25200 c. 10
C4 d.
10! Assertion: f (n) is an integer for all n ∈ N.
2!2!3!3! Reason: If elements of a determinant are integers, then
73 The number of ways to select 2 numbers from {0,1,2,3,4} determinant itself is an integer.
n n
 n  k 
such that the sum of the squares of the selected numbers is 80. Assertion: ∑∑  k  j  = 3 n
− 2n
divisible by 5 are: (repetition of digits is allowed) j =1 k = j   
a. 9C1 b. 9C8 c. 9 d. 7 n
Reason: ∑( C ) n
k
2
= 2 nCn
74. The number of ways of arranging seven persons (having A, k =1

B, C and D among them) in a row so that A, B, C and D are 81. Assertion: The number of ways of distributing at most 12
always in order A–B–C–D (not necessarily together) is: toys to three children A1, A2 and A3 so that A1 gets at least
a. 210 b. 5040 one, A2 at least three and A3 at most five, is 145.
c. 6 × 7C4 d. 7C3 Reason: the number of non-negative integral solutions

75. Total number of ways of giving at least one coin out of of x1 + x2 + x3 ≤ m b is m −1 P2 .

three 25 paise and two 50 pasise coins to a beggar is:  40  60   40   60 
82. Assertion: The expression    +     +…
a. 32 b. 12 c. 11 d. 12P1 – 1  4  0   r − 1  1 
76. If α = x1 x2 x3 and β = y1 y2 y3 be two three digits numbers, attains maximum value when r = 50.
the number of pairs of α and β can be formed so that  2n 
Reason:   is maximum when r = n.
α can be subtracted from β without borrowing is:  r 
83. Assertion: The number of non-negative integral solution
a. 2!10!10! b. (45)(55) 2
 120 
c. 32.53.112 d. 136125 of x1 + x2 + … + x20 = 100 is  .
 20 
Assertion and Reason Reason: The number of ways of distributing n identical
objects among r persons giving zero or more objects to a
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
 n + r − 1
the correct option out of the options given below: person is  .
 r −1 
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
84. Assertion: The sum of divisors of n = 210325372112 is
correct explanation of the assertion.
1 11
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the (2 − 1)(33 − 1) (54 − 1) (73 − 1) (113 − 1)
correct explanation of the assertion. 48
c. If assertion is true but reason is false. Reason: The number of divisor of m = p1α1 p2α 2 ... prα r where
d. If the assertion and reason both are false. p1 , p2 ,... pr are distinct primes and α1 , α 2 ,...α r are natural
e. If assertion is false but reason is true. numbers is (α1 + 1)(α 2 + 1)...(α r + 1).
77. Assertion: The number of ways of distributing 10 85. Assertion: If p is a prime, the exponent of p in n!
identical balls in 4 distinct boxes such that no box is
n  n   n 
empty is 9C3 is   +  2  +  3  + ...
Reason: The number of ways of choosing 3 places from 9  p  p   p 
different place is 9C3. Reason: where [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x.

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170 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
86. Assertion: A student is allowed to select at most n books 93. Observe the following columns:
from a collection of (2n + 1) books. If the total number of Column I Column II
ways in which he can select at least one book is 255, then (A) If λ be the number of ways in 1. 5!
n = 3. which 6 boys and 5 girls can
be arranged in a line so that
 2n + 1  2n + 1  2n + 1 
+  + ... +  =4
n
Reason:  they are alternate, the λ is
 0   1   n  divisible by.
Comprehension Based (B) If λ be number of ways in 2. 6!
Different words are being formed by arranging the letters of the which 6 boys and 5 girl can
word “SUCCESS”. All the words obtained by written in the be seated in a row such that
two girls are never together,
form of a dictionary.
then λis divisible by.
87. The number of words in which the two C are together but (C) If λbe the number of ways in 3. 7!
no two S are together is: which 6 boys and 5 girls can
a. 120 b. 96 c. 24 d. 420 be seated around a round
88. The number of words in which no two C and no two S are table if all the five girls do
together is: not sit together, thenλis
a. 120 b. 96 c. 24 d. 420 divisible by
4. 5!6!
89. The number of words in which the consonants appear in 5. 5!7!
alphabetic order is: a. A→1,2,4; B→2,4; C→3,5 b.A→2,1,4; B→4,2, C→3,5
a. 42 b. 40 c. 420 d. 280 c. A→1,2,5; B→2,5; C→3,4 d.A→4,2,1; B→2,4; C→5,3
90. The rank of the word ‘SUCCESS’ in the dictionary is:
Integer
a. 328 b. 329 c. 330 d. 331
94. If the number of ways of selecting n coupons out of an
91. The number of words in which the relative positions of unlimited number of coupons bearing the letters A, T, C
vowels and consonants unaltered is: so that they cannot be used to spell to the used CAT is
a. 20 b. 60 c. 180 d. 540 189, then Σn 2 must be:
λ

Match the Column 95. If 12

Pr = 11880, then ∑ λ C must be (where λ = r + 3 )
i =1
i

92. Consider all possible permutations of the letters of the 96. The letters of the word PATNA are arrange in all possible
word ENDEANOEL: ways as in a dictionary, then rank of the word PATNA
Column I Column II from last is:
(A) The number of permutations 1. 5! 97. The sum of all values of r in
containing the word ENDEA, is
 18   18   18   20 
(B) The number of permutations in 2. 2 × 5!  r − 2  + 2  r − 2  +  r  ≥  13  must be:
       
which the letter E occurs in the
first and the last position, is 98. The number of integral solutions of a + b + c = 0,
a ≥ −5, b ≥ −5, c ≥ −5 must be:
(C) The number of permutations in 3. 7 × 5!
which none of the letters D, L, 99. Let n1 < n2 < n3 < n4 < n5 be positive integers such that
N occurs in the last five n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 = 20. The number of such distinct
positions, is arrangements (n1 , n2 , n3 , n4 , n5 ) is:
(D) The number of permutations in 4. 21 × 5! 100. Let n ≥ 2 be an integer. Taken n distinct points on a circle
which the letters A, E, O occur and join each pair of points by a line segment. Colour the
only in odd positions, is line segment joining every pair of adjacent points by blue
a. A→1; B→4; C→2; D→2 b. A→2; B→3; C→4; D→1 and the rest by red. If the number of red and blue line
c. A→4; B→2; C→1; D→3 d. A→3; B→3; C→2; D→1 segments are equal, then the value of n is:

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Permutations and Combinations 171
ANSWER Hence total required number of numbers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
= 600 + 600 + 180 = 1380.
c a c b b a a a b b 8!
4. (b) Required number of ways = = 5040.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2!2!2!
a c b a b a b a a c
[since here 2C’s, 2T’s and 2A’s]
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
c b b c c a d c a b 9! 9!
5. (b) Number of words = = [Since here total
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 2!2!2! (2!)3
d d b b a d c d a a number of letters is 9 and 2M’s, 2T’s and 2E’s]
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
6. (a) First arrange m men, in a row in m! ways. Since n < m
d c a b c b a a b c
and no two women can sit together, in any one of the m!
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
arrangement, there are (m + 1) places in which n women
c c,d b a a d b b c c m +1
can be arranged in Pn ways.
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
a
∴ By the fundamental theorem, the required number of
a d b c c a,d b,c a,c a,b
m +1 m !(m + 1)!
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. arrangement = m ! Pn = .
a,c b,d a,b,c a,c,d c,d b,c,d b a a c (m − n + 1)!
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
7. (a) Words starting from A are 5 ! = 120;
d a b b a d c b a d
Words starting from I are 5 ! = 120
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. Words starting from KA are 4! = 24;
a a a 91 127 19 70 136 7 5
Words starting from KI are 4 ! = 24
SOLUTION Words starting from KN are 4 ! = 24; Words starting from
Multiple Choice Questions KRA are 3 ! = 6
Words starting from KRIA are 2 ! = 2; Words starting
1. (c) The student has seven choices from the morning
from KRIN are 2 ! = 2
courses out of which he can select one course in 7 ways. Words starting from KRIS are 1 ! = 1 Words starting from
For the evening course, he has 5 choices out of which he KRISNA are 1 ! = 1
can select one course in 5 ways. Hence rank of the word KRISNA is 324
Hence he has total number of 7 + 5 = 12 choices.
8. (a) We have 5 letters other than ‘I’ and ‘N’ of which two
2. (a) There are 12 questions in exercise 7. So, one question are identical (E's). We can arrange these letters in a line in
from exercise 7 can be selected in 12 ways. Exercise 8
5!
contains 18 questions. So, second question can be selected ways. In any such arrangement ‘I’ and ‘N’ can be
2!
in 18 ways. There are 9 questions in exercise 9. So, third
placed in 6 available gaps in 6 P2 ways, so required number
question can be selected in 9 ways. Hence, three questions
can be selected in 12 × 18 × 9 = 1944 ways. 5! 6
= P2 = m1 .
2!
3. (c) All the 5 digit numbers and 6 digit numbers are greater
Now, if word start with I and end with R then the
than 3000. Therefore number of 5 digit numbers
remaining letters are 5. So, total number of ways =
= 6 P5 −5 P5 = 600.
5!
{Since the case that 0 will be at ten thousand place should = m2 .
2!
be omit}.
m1 5! 6! 2!
Similarly number of 6 digit numbers 6! – 5! = 600. ∴ = . . = 30.
m2 2! 4! 5!
Now the numbers of 4 digit numbers which are greater
than 3000, having 3, 4 or 5 at first place, this can be done 9. (b) Since at any place, any of the digits 2, 5 and 7 can be
in 3 ways and remaining 3 digit may be filled from used total number of such positive n-digit numbers are
remaining 5 digits i.e., required number of 4 digit numbers 3n. Since we have to form 900 distinct numbers,
are 5P3 × 3 = 180. Hence 3n ≥ 900 ⇒ n = 7.

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172 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
10. (b) The 4 odd digits 1, 3, 3, 1 can be arranged in the 4 odd 17. (b) Fix up 1 man and the remaining 6 men can be seated in
4! 6! ways. Now no two women are to sit together and as such
places, in = 6 ways and 3 even digits 2, 4, 2 can be
2!2! the 7 women are to be arranged in seven empty seats between
3! two consecutive men and number of arrangement will be 7!.
arranged in the three even places = 3 ways. Hence by fundamental theorem the total number of ways
2!
= 7! × 6!
Hence the required number of ways = 6 × 3 = 18.
18. (a) 8 different beads can be arranged in circular form in
11. (a) Fix up a male and the remaining 4 male can be seated
(8 – 1)! = 7! ways. Since there is no distinction between
in 4! ways. Now no two female are to sit together and as
the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangement. So the
such the 2 female are to be arranged in five empty seats
7!
between two consecutive male and number of required number of arrangements = = 2520.
2
5
arrangement will be P2 . Hence by fundamental theorem 19. (a) 15
C3r =15Cr + 3
the total number of ways is = 4! × 5 P2 = 24 × 20 = 480 ⇒ 15
C15−3r =15Cr + 3
ways. ⇒ 15 − 3r = r + 3
12. (c) Required number of ways 9 ! × 2 . ⇒ r = 3.
n
Cr n!
{By fundamental property of circular permutation}. 20. (c) =
n
Cr −1 r !(n − r )!
13. (b) Since total number of ways in which boys can occupy n!
any place is (5 − 1) ! = 4 ! and the 5 girls can be sit (r − 1)!(n − r + 1)!

accordingly in 5 ! ways. n! (r − 1)!(n − r + 1)!

⇒ ×
r !(n − r )! n!
Hence required number of ways are 4 ! × 5 ! .
(n − r + 1)(r − 1)!(n − r )! (n − r + 1)
= = .
14. (a) Since total members are 15, but one is to left, because r (r − 1)!(n − r )! r
of circular condition, therefore remaining members are 14
n +1
but three special member constitute a member. Therefore 21. (c) C3 = 2.n C2

required number of arrangements are 12 ! × 2 , because, (n + 1)! n!

⇒ = 2.
3!(n − 2)! 2!(n − 2)!
chairman remains between the two specified persons and
n +1 2
the person can sit in two ways. ⇒ =
3.2! 2!
15. (b) There are 20 + 1 = 21 persons in all. The two ⇒ n +1 = 6
particular persons and the host be taken as one unit so that ⇒ n = 5.
these remain 21 – 3 + 1 = 19 persons to be arranged in 18! 5
C3 ×22 C9 .
ways. But the two person on either side of the host can
themselves be arranged in 2! ways. Hence there are 2! 18! 22. (b) Number of ways are = 210 − 1 = 1023
ways or 2.18! ways. [– 1 corresponds to none of the lamps is being switched
on.]
16. (a) The number of ways in which 5 beads of different
23. (b) Numbers greater than 1000 and less than or equal to
colours can be arranged in a circle to form a necklace are
4000 will be of 4 digits and will have either 1 (except
(5 − 1) ! = 4 ! . 1000) or 2 or 3 in the first place with 0 in each of
But the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangement are not remaining places.
different (because when the necklace is turned over one
After fixing 1st place, the second place can be filled by
gives rise to another)
any of the 5 numbers. Similarly third place can be filled
Hence the total number of ways of arranging the beads up in 5 ways and 4th place can be filled up in 5 ways. Thus
1 there will be 5 × 5 × 5 = 125 ways in which 1 will be in
= (4 !) = 12 .
2 first place but this include 1000 also hence there will be

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Permutations and Combinations 173
124 numbers having 1 in the first place. Similarly 125 for 33. (b) Cr = Cr + 2
8 8

each 2 or 3. One number will be in which 4 in the first ⇒ 8−r = r +2

place and i.e., 4000. Hence the required numbers are 124 ⇒ r =3
+ 125 + 125 +1 = 375 ways.
Hence 3 C2 = 3 .

24. (c) The number of ways can be given as follows: 34. (b) n
C2 = 66
2 bowlers and 9 other players
⇒ n(n − 1) = 132
= 4 C2 ×9C9 ; 3 bowlers and 8 other players = 4 C3 ×9C8
⇒ n = 12 .
4 bowlers and 7 other players = 4 C4 ×9C7
35. (a) Since n Cr = n Cn−r and n Cr −1 + n Cr = n +1Cr we have
Hence required number of ways
m m
= 6 × 1 + 4 × 9 + 1 × 36 = 78.
∑
r =0
n+r
Cn = ∑ n + r Cr = nC0 + n +1C1 + n + 2C2 + ...... + n + mCm
r =0
25. (c) 6 particular players are always to be included and 4 are
always excluded, so total number of selection, now 4 = [1 + ( n + 1)] + n + 2C2 + n +3C3 + ........ + n + mCm
players out of 12. Hence number of ways = 12
C4 . = n + m+1Cn +1
[∵ n Cr = nCn −r ] .
26. (a) The required number of ways = 45 = 1024
[since each prize can be distributed by 4 ways] 36. (d) Each question can be answered in 4 ways and all
9! 9×8× 7 × 6 × 5× 4 questions can be answered correctly in only one way, so
27. (d) Total ways = = = 280. required number of ways = 43 – 1 = 63.
(3!)3 3 × 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 2
37. (c) We have 32 places for teeth. For each place we have
28. (c) Required number of ways = 27 − 1 = 127 .
two choices either there is a tooth or there is no tooth.
{Since the case that no friend be invited Therefore the number of ways to fill up these places is 232.
7
i.e., C0 is excluded}. As there is no person without a tooth, the maximum
population is 232 – 1.
29. (a) Required number of ways =15C1 ×8 C1 = 15 × 8 .
38. (d) 10
Cr =10Cr + 2
(2n) ! 2 ! × (n − 2) ! 44
30. (b) × = ⇒ r + r + 2 = 10
(2n − 3) !. 3! n! 3
⇒ r=4
(2n)(2n − 1)(2n − 2) 44
⇒ = 5!
3 n (n − 1) 3 ∴ 5
Cr =5C4 = =5.
1! 4 !
⇒ 4(2n − 1) = 44
n +1
⇒ 2n = 12 39. (a) nC3 + nC4 > C3
⇒ n=6 ⇒ n +1
C4 > n +1
C3 (∵ Cr + nCr +1 =
n n +1
Cr +1 )
Now Cr = 15 6
n +1
C4
⇒ >1
⇒ 6
Cr = C2 6 n +1
C3
6
or C4 n−2
⇒ >1
⇒ r = 2, 4 . 4
⇒ n>6.
n2 − n 2
31. (d) C2 =n −nC10
n +1
40. (a) n C5 + nC6 > C5
n2 − n 2
⇒ Cn2 −n −2 = n −nC10 n +1 n +1
⇒ C6 > C5
⇒ n 2 − n − 2 = 10 (n + 1)! 5!.(n − 4)! (n − 4)
or n = 4, − 3 . ⇒ . >1 ⇒ >1
6!.(n − 5)! (n + 1)! 6
32. (d) Total number of shake hands when each person shake ⇒ n − 4 > 6 ⇒ n > 10
hands with the other once only = C2 = 28 ways.
8
Hence according to options n = 11.

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174 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
n +1
41. (d) Cr −1 + Cr =
n n
Cr is a standard formula. 52. (c, b) Out of 18 points, 5 are collinear
(i) Number of straight lines
42. (c) Required number of ways
= 18
C2 −5 C2 + 1 = 153 − 10 + 1 = 144
=8 C1 + 8C2 + 8C3 + 8 C4 + 8C5
(ii) Number of triangles = 18C3 −5C3 = 816 − 10 = 806.
= 8 + 28 + 56 + 70 + 56 = 218
{Since voter may vote to one, two, three, four or all 53. (b) Required number of ways are 8 C2 − 8 = 20 .
candidates}
54. (a) Required number of ways = 4 C3 = 4 .
43. (a) • E • E • E • ...... • E •
According to condition there are 22 vacant places for 55. (a) The number of triangles are 9 C3 = 84 .
Hindi books hence total number of ways are
= 22C19 = 1540, {Since books are same}. 56. (d) Required number of ways 8 C2 = 28 .

44. (b) Since 5 are always to be excluded and 6 always to be 57. (b) Required number of triangles
included, therefore 5 players to be chosen from 14. Hence =10C3 − 4C3 = 120 − 4 = 116 .
required number of ways are 14C5= 2002.
58. (b) Total number of points are m + n + k , the ∆ ' s formed
45. (c) The required number of ways are
by these points = m+ n +k C3
(10 + 1)(9 + 1)(7 + 1) − 1
Joining 3 points on the same line gives no triangle, such
= 11× 10 × 8 − 1 = 879 .
∆' s are m
C3 + n C3 + k C3
46. (b) Required number of ways
Required number = m+ n+ k C3 − mC3 − nC3 − k C3 .
= C3 × C1 × C7
5 2 9

= 10 × 2 × 36 = 720 . 59. (c) Number of lines from 6 points = 6C2 = 15 . Points of

47. (a) The selection can be made in 5C3 × 22C9. intersection obtained from these lines =15C2 = 105 . Now
{Since 3 vacancies filled from 5 candidates in 5C3 ways we find the number of times, the original 6 points come.
and now remaining candidates are 22 and remaining seats Consider one point say A1. Joining A1 to remaining 5
are 9}. points, we get 5 lines, and any two lines from these 5 lines
give A1 as the point of intersection.
48. (a) 5 persons are to be seated on 8 chairs i.e. 8 C3 × 5 ! or
∴ A1 come 5 C2 = 10 times in 105 points of intersections.
6720.
Similar is the case with other five points.
{Since 5 chairs can be select in 8 C 5 and then 5 persons
∴ 6 original points come 6 × 10 = 60 times in points of
can be arranged in 5 ! ways}. intersection.
Hence the number of distinct points of intersection
49. (b) First omit two particular persons, remaining 8 persons
= 105 − 60 + 6 = 51 .
may be 4 in each boat. This can be done in 8 C 4 ways.
The two particular persons may be placed in two ways one 60. (c) Since no two lines are parallel and no three are
in each boat. Therefore total number of ways are = 2 × C4 .
8 concurrent, therefore n straight lines intersect at nC2 = N
(say) points. Since two points are required to determine a
50. (c) The number of times he will go to the garden is same straight line, therefore the total number of lines obtained
as the number of selecting 3 children from 8. by joining N points NC2.But in this each old line has been
Therefore the required number = 8 C 3 = 56 . counted n −1 C2 times, since on each old line there will be n
–1 points of intersection made by the remaining (n–1)
1 1 1
51. (c) Number of derangement are = 4!  − +  lines.
 2! 3! 4! Hence the required number of fresh lines is
= 12 − 4 + 1 = 9. N ( N − 1) n(n − 1)(n − 2)
(Since number of derangements in such a problem is
N
C2 − n . n−1C2 = −
2 2
 1 1 1 1 1
C2 ( n C2 − 1) n(n − 1)(n − 2) n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)
given by n!1 − + − + ...... + (−1)n .
n

 1! 2! 3! 4! n!  = − = .
2 2 8

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Permutations and Combinations 175
61. (a) The number of points of intersection of 37 straight 68. (b,c) The number of ways of inviting, with the couple not
lines is 37
C2 . But 13 of them pass through the point A . included = 8C5 and the number of ways of inviting, with
Therefore instead of getting 13 C2 points we get merely one the couple included = 8C3
∴ Required number of ways = = 8C5 + = 8C3
point.
Similarly 11 straight lines out of the given 37 straight = 8C3 + 8 C3 (∵ 8C5 =8 C3 ) = 2 × 8 C3
lines intersect at B . Therefore instead of getting 11
C2 10 9
Also, 10
C5 − 2 × 8 C4 = . C4 − 2 × 8 C4
points, we get only one point. Hence the number of 5
intersection points of the lines is = 2( 9 C4 − 8C4 ) = 2( 8 C3 + 8 C4 − 8 C4 ) = 2 × 8C3
37
C2 −13C2 −11C2 + 2 = 535 .
69. (a,c) The number of ways = n Cm × m !
62. (a) 16
C3 −8C3 = 504 . {Here numbers 1, 2, 3, …, n; ∴ (m –1)! fail}

63. (d) Required number = 20C2 − 4C2 + 1 70. (a,b) The number of ways of placing A1 and A2 in ten
places so that A1 is always above A2 is 10C2. There are 8!
20 ×19 4 × 3
= − +1 Ways of arranging the eight other candidates.
2 2
Hence, total number of arrangements
= 190 − 6 + 1 = 185.
10! 10!
64. (b) Since the student is allowed to select utmost n books = 10 C2 × 8! = 8! =
2!8! 2
out of (2n + 1) books. Therefore in order to select one
71. (a,c) Suppose the two players did not play at all so that the
book he has the choice to select one, two, three,......., n
remaining (n–2) players played n–2C2 matches. Since,
books.
these two players played 3 matches each, hence the total
Thus, if T is the total number of ways of selecting one n−2
number of matches is C2 + 3 + 3 = 84 (given)
book then T = 2 n +1C1 + 2 n +1C2 + ..... + 2 n +1Cn = 63.
n−2
⇒ C2 = 78 = C213
Again the sum of binomial coefficients
2 n +1 ⇒ n − 2 = 13
C0 + 2 n +1 C1 + 2 n +1C2 + ...... + 2 n +1Cn + 2 n +1Cn +1 +
2 n +1 ∴ n = 15 = 6 C2
Cn+ 2 + ..... + 2 n +1C2 n +1 = (1 + 1) 2 n+1 = 22 n +1
2 n +1 10!
or, C0 + 2( 2 n −1C1 + 2 n +1C2 + ..... + 2 n +1Cn ) + 2 n +1 C2 n+1 = 2 2 n+1 72. (b,d) (∵ S1and S2 get 2 books each and S3 and S4
2!2!3!3!
⇒ 1 + 2(T ) + 1 = 22 n+1 get 3 books each)
22 n +1
⇒ 1+ T = = 22 n 73. (a,b,c) i.e, 02 + 0 2 + 0,12 + 22 = 5, 2 2 + 4 2
2
= 20, 32 + 42 = 25,
⇒ 1 + 63 = 22 n
12 + 32 = 10, 22 + 12 = 5, 42 + 22 = 20, 42 + 32 = 25,
⇒ 26 = 2 2 n
⇒ n = 3. 32 + 12 = 10
x+ y
∴ Required number of ways = 9 C1 = 9
65. (c) The result Cr is trivially true for r = 1, 2 it can be
Also, 9 C8 = 9 C9 −8 = 9 C1 = 9
easily proved by the principle of mathematical induction
that the result is true for r also. 74. (a,c,d) Total number of arrangements =7!
Number of arrangements of A,B,C,D among themselves
66. (c) Since 9600 = 27 × 31 × 52
=4!
Hence number of divisors
∴ Number of arrangements when A,B,C,D occur in a
= (7 + 1)(1 + 1)(2 + 1) = 48 .
7!
particular order = = 210 = 7 P3 = 3!× 7 C3 .
NCERT Exemplar Problems 4!
More than One Answer 75. (c,d) Required number = number of selection of one or
6! more out of three 25 paise coins and two 50 paise coins
67. (a,d) = 1 = 6 C6 (∵ All faces are alike)
6! = 4 × 3 − 1 = 11 = 12 P1 − 1

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176 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
76. (b,c,d) α can be subtracted from β without borrowing if 81. (d) Suppose Ai gets xi toys then x1 + x2 + x3 ≤ 12.
yi ≥ xi ; for i = 1, 2,3 Let xi = λ Let x4=12–(x1+x2+x3), then x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 12 . . .(i)
If i = 1, then λ = 1,2,3,...9 and for i = 0 and 3, λ = 0, 2,3,...9 The number of non-negative integral solutions of (i)
= coefficient of t12 in (t + t2 +…) (t3 + t4 + t5 +.. )
Hence, total number of ways of choosing the pair α , β is
(1 + t +…+ t5) × (1 + t + t2 +…)
2
 9  9  = coefficient of t12 in t4 (1 – t6) (1 – t)–4
 ∑
 λ =1
(10 − λ )  ∑ (10 − λ )  = (45)(55)
 λ = 0 
2

= coefficient of t8 in (1 – t6) (1 + 4C1t + 5C2t2 +...)

= 11C8 – 5C2 = 165 – 10 = 155
Assertion and Reason Reason is false as the number of non-negative integral
77. (b) Let xi = number of balls put in ith box, solution of x1 + x2 + x3 ≤ m
Then x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 10 where xi ≥ 1. Put xi = yi + 1, so Equals the number of non-negative integral solution of
that equation becomes y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 = 6. where yi ≥ 0 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = m, which equals m+3Cm.
Number of non-negative integral solution of the above  2n 
 
equation = Number of ways of arranging 6 identical balls r (2n)! (r + 1)!(2n − r − 1)!
82. (a) We have   =
(6 + 3)! 9  2n  r !(2n − r )! (2n)!
and 3 identical separators = = C3 number of ways  
6!3!  r + 1 
of choosing 3 places out of 9 different places. r +1
=
78. (a) The number of ways of selecting students for the first 2n − r
r +1
group is mnCn; for the second group is mnCn and so on. Since for 0 ≤ r ≤ n − 1, < 1, we get
2n − r
∴ The number of ways of dividing (mn) students into m
 2n   2n   2n   2n 
numbered groups is (mnCn) (mn–nCn)… (nCn)   <   < ... <  < 
( mn)! (mn − n)! n! (mn)!  0 1  n − 1  2 
= ... =
n!(mn − n)! n!(mn − 2n)! n!0! (n!) m  2n   2n 
Also, as   =  
As groups are not to be numbered, the desired number of  0   2n − r 
(mn)!  2n   2n   2n   2 n 
ways is  <  ... <  < 
m!(n!) m  2n   2n − 1  2n + 1   n 
∴ Reason is true. For Assertion, put m = n.  2n 
Thus,   is maximum when r = n.
79. (a) If each element of a determinant is an integer, then its  r 
each cofactor is an integer, and hence determinant itself is  40  60   40  60 
Next,    +    + ...
an integer.  r  0   r − 1 1 
= then number ways of selecting r persons out of 40 men
 n k  n! k!
80. (c)     =  100 
k
  j k !( n − k )! j !( k − j )! and 60 women =   . Which is maximum when r = 50.
 r 
n! (n − j )!  n n − j
= =    83. (b) The number of ways of distributing n identical objects
j !(n − j )! (k − j )!(n − k )!  j   k − j among r persons giving zero of more objects to a person is
n n
 n  k  n  n  n  n − j  equivalent to arrangement n identical objects of one kind
Thus, ∑∑    = ∑  ∑  
j =1  j  k = j  k − j 
j =1 k = j  k  j 
and (r–1) identical objects of second kind in a row, which
(n + r − 1)!  n + r − 1
n
n− j  n− j  n − j  is equal to =  . Next, the number of
But ∑ 
k= j  k −
 = ∑
j  l =0  l 
=2
n− j
n !(r − 1)!  r − 1 
non-negative integral solutions of x1+x2+…x20 equals the
n n
 n  n− j
∴ ∑∑  2 (2 + 1) − 2 = 3 − 2
j
j =1 k = r  
n n n n number of ways of distributing 100 identical objects
among 20 persons giving zero or more objects to a person,
n
 100 + 20 − 2   109 
Reason is false as ∑( C ) n
k
2
= 2 n Cn − 1 which equal   = .
k =1  20 − 1   19 

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Permutations and Combinations 177
84. (b) Sum of the divisors of n 88. (b) Let us first find the words in no two S are together.
= (1 + 2 +…–210)(1+3+32)(1+5+52+53) 4!
(i) Arrange the remaining letters = = 12 ways
(1+7+72) (1+11+112) 2!
 33 − 1  54 − 1  7 3 − 1  113 − 1  (ii) × U × C × C × E ×
= (211 − 1)     
 3 − 1  5 − 1  7 −  11 − 1  Hence, total number of ways no two S together
1 = 12 × 5C3 = 120
= (211 − 1)(33 − 1)(54 − 1)(73 − 1)(113 − 1) ∴ Hence, number of words having CC separated and SSS
480
A divisors of m is of the form p1β1 p2β1 ... prβ r where separated= 120 – 24 = 96.

0 ≤ βi ≤ αi for i = 1, 2,..., r. That is, β i can take 7!

89. (a) Total number of ways = = 420
α i + 1 values. Thus, the number of divisors of m is (α1+1) 2!3!
Consonants in SUCCESS are S,C,C,S,S
(α2+1) …(αr+1)
5!
Number of ways arranging consonants = = 10
 1000  1000! 2!3!
85. (a) We have  =
 500  500!500! Hence, number of words in which the consonants appear
Exponent of 11 in 1000! Is 420
In alphabetic order = = 42
1000  1000  10
 11  +  112  = 90 + 8 = 98 90. (d) The alphabetic order is C,E,S,U. The number of words
 500   500  6!
Exponent of 11 in 500! is  + = 45 + 4 = 49. beginning with C is = 120 ways and those beginning
 11   11  3!
2

Thus, exponent of 11 in ( ) is 0.
1000
500 With E is
6!
2!3!
= 60 ways.

⇒ ( ) is not divisible by 11.

1000
500 5!
Then come wards beginning SC, numbering = 60,
2!
 2 n + 1   2n + 1   2n + 1
86. (d) Let S =  +  + ... +   . . .(i) 5! 5!
 0   1   n  SE, numbering = 30 and SS, numbering = 60.
2!2! 2!
n  n  After which come the word SUCCESS.
Using   =   , we can write (i) as
r  n −r Thus the rank of SUCCESS is 120+60+60+30+60+1= 331
 2 n + 1   2n + 1   2n + 1 91. (a) Vowels are EU
S = +  + ... +   . . .(ii)
 2n + 1   2n   n +1  These vowels can be arranged themselves in 2! = 2 ways.
Adding (i) and (ii), we get The consonants are CCSSS these consonants can be
 2n + 1   2n + 1  2 n +1 5!
2S =   + ... +  =2 arranged themselves in = 10 ways.
 0   2 n + 1  2!3!
⇒ S = 22n = 4n ∴ Required number of words = 2 × 10 = 20 ways.
The number of ways of choosing r books out of
 2n + 1 Match the Column
2n + 1  . We are given 92. (a) (A) If ENDEA is fixed word, then assume this as a
 r 
single letter. Total number of letters = 5
 2n + 1  2n + 1  2n + 1  Total number of arrangements = 5!
⇒  +  + ... +   = 255
 1   2   n  (B) If E is at first and last place, then total number of
⇒ 4n – 1 = 255 ⇒ 4n = 256 = 44 ⇒ n = 4. permutations = 7!/2! = 21 × 5!
Comprehension Based (C) If D, L, N are not in last five positions
87. (c) Considering CC as single object, U,CC,E can be ← D,L,N,→←E,E,E,A,O →
arranged in 3!Ways × U × CC × E × 4! 5!
Total number of permutations = × = 2 × 5!
Now the three S are to be place in four available places. 2! 3!
Hence, required number of ways = 4C3 × 3! = 24 (D) Total number of odd positions = 5

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178 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
5! is 2! = 2,
Permutations of AEEEO are
3! Number of words beginning with PAN is 2! = 2,
Total number of even positions = 4 The total (24 + 12 + 2 + 2 = 40)
4! ∴
Number of permutations of N , N , D, L = Next 41th words are PATNA, then 42th word is PATNA,
2!
∴ Rank of the word PATNA from end = 60 – 42 = 19
5! 4!
Hence, total number of permutations = × = 2 × 5!
97. (70) We have 
3! 2! 18   18   18   20 
 + 2  +   ≥   it means
93. (a) (A) B G B G B G B G B G B  − 2   r − 2   r   13 
r
Required number of ways = 6!5! that 18
Cr −2 + 2 ⋅ 18Cr −1 + 18Cr ≥ 20C13
(B) Since here restriction on girls ×B×B×B×B×B×B× ⇒ (18 Cr −2 + 18Cr −1 ) + (18 Cr −1 + 18Cr ) ≥ 20C13
Let us seat the boys first, which can be done in 6! ways.
⇒ 19
Cr − 2 + 19Cr ≥ 20C13
For five girls there are 7 places shown by '×' which can be
done in 7P5 ⇒ 20
Cr ≥ 20C13 or 20
Cr ≥ 20C7
Required number of ways Hence 7 ≤ r ≤ 13
Required number of ways = 7P5 × 6! ∴ r = 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
7! 7 × 6 × 5!× 6! ∴
= × 6! = = 21 × 5!6! Or 3 × 5! 7! (R,T) Required sum = 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 = 70
2! 2
(C) Total ways without restriction = (11 – 1)! = 10! 98. (136) a ≥ −5 ⇒ a + 6 ≥ 1
Number of ways in which all the girls can be seated Similarly b + 6 ≥ 1 and c + 6 ≥ 1
together = (7 – 1)! × 5! = 6! 5! Let a + 6 = α , b + 6 = β and c + 6 = γ
∴ Required number of ways = 10! –6!5! = 41×5!6! Then α + β + γ = 18, α ≥ 1, β ≥ 1, γ ≥ 1
∴ Required number of solution
Integer
17 ⋅16
94. (91) Number of ways of selecting n coupons consisting of = 18−1C3−1 = 17 C2 = = 136
2
C or A = 2n (∵ The work CAT cannot be written if at least
one letters is not selected) 99. (7) As, n1 ≥ 1, n2 ≥ 2, n3 ≥ 3, n4 ≥ 4, n5 ≥ 5
Now number of ways of selecting n coupons bearing only Let n1 − 1 = x1 ≥ 0, n2 − 2 = x2 ≥ 0,..., n5 − 5 = x5 ≥ 0
A = 1n
⇒ New equation will be x1 + 1 + x2 + 2 + ... + x5 + 5 = 20
∴ Total number of ways
⇒ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20 − 15 = 5
= 2 n + 2 n + 2 n − 1n − 1n − 1n = 3(2n − 1)
Now, x1 ≤ x2 ≤ x3 ≤ x4 ≤ x5
Given 3(2n – 1) = 189 ⇒ 2n – 1 = 63
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
⇒ 2n = 64 = 26 ∴ n = 6
0 0 0 0 5
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 6 ⋅ 7 ⋅13
Then ∑ n 2 = = = 91 0 0 0 1 4
6 6
0 0 0 2 3
95. (127) 12
Pr = 12 × 11× 10 × 9 = 12 P4 0 0 1 1 3
∴ r=4 0 0 1 2 2
Then, λ = r + 3 = 7 0 1 1 1 2
7
1 1 1 1 1
∴ ∑
i =1
7
Ci = 27 − 1 = 127 So, 7 possible cases will be there.
100. (5) Number of red line segments = nC2 – n
5!
96. (19) The letters of PATNA can be arranged = = 60 ways Number of blue line segments = n
2!
The alphabetic order is A,A, N, P, T. The number of words ∴ nC2 – n = n
beginning with A is 4! = 24, Number of words beginning n(n − 1)
⇒ = 2n
4! 2
with N is = 12, Number of words beginning with PAA ⇒ n=5
2!

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Statistics and Linear Programming 179

9 Statistics and Linear Programming

QUICK LOOK
Method for Mean of grouped frequency distribution. Then

Measures of Central Tendency mean x =

∑fx i i

Mean: Arithmetic mean or mean is what is usually thought of ∑f i

when talking about averages. If you want to know the n1 x 1 + n2 + x 2 + …

Combined Mean: x =
arithmetic mean of a list of values, the formula is: n1 + n2 + …
The sum of a list of values
Uses of Arithmetic Mean
The number of values in the list
It is used for calculating average marks obtained by a
student.
For example, if there are three children, aged 6, 7, and 11, the

It is extensively used in practical statistics.
6+7+11 24
arithmetic mean of their ages is: = or 8 years.
It is used to obtain estimates.
3 3

It is used by businessman to find out profit per unit article,
The mean of a number of observation is the sum of the values output per machine, average monthly income and
of all the observations divided by the total number of expenditure etc.
observations. It is denoted by the symbol x , read as x bar.
Deviation Method : (Assumed Mean Method)

Properties of Mean x = A+
∑fd i i
where, A = Assumed mean

If a constant real number ‘a’ is added to each of the ∑f i

observation than new mean will be x + a. d i = Deviation from mean ( xi − A )

If a constant real number ‘a’ is subtracted from each of the
observation then new mean will be x − a. Median: The median is the middle value of a list when the

If a constant real number ‘a’ is multiplied with each of the numbers are in order. To find the median, place the values in
observation then new mean will be x . ascending (or descending) order and select the middle value.

If each of the observation is dived by a constant no ‘a’ then For instance, what is the median of the following values?
x 200, 2, 667, 19, 4, 309, 44, 6, 1
new mean will be .
a
Place the values in ascending order : 1, 2, 4, 6, 19, 44,
200, 309, 667
Mean of Ungrouped Data: If x1 , x2 , x3 ,…, xn are then n values

Select the value in the middle.
(or observations) then A.M. (Arithmetic mean) is
There are nine values listed. The middle value is the fifth.
n

x1 + x2 + … + xn ∑x i n

The median of these values is 19.
x= = i −1
nx = Sum of observation = ∑ xi
n n i −1
The Median of a List with an Even Number of Values:
i.e. product of means & no. of items given sum of observation. When the number of values in a list is an even number, the

Method for Mean of ungrouped frequency distribution. median is the average (arithmetic mean) of the two middle
xi fi fi xi values, when the numbers are placed in order. For example, the
x1 f1 f1 x1 7 + 10
x2 f2 f2 x2 median of 3, 7, 10, 20 is = 8.5
2
x3 f3 f3 x3
Median of a distribution is the value of the variable which
. . .
. . . divides the distribution into two equal parts.
. . .
xn fn fn xn Median or Ungrouped data: Arrange the data in ascending
order. Count the no. of observations (Let there be ‘n’
∑f i = ∑fx
i i =
observations)

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180 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

 n +1
th
f1 = frequency of the class i.e. the largest frequency.
If n is odd then median = value of   observation.
 2  f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class.
n
th
f 2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
If n is even the median = value of mean of   observation
2 h = width of the modal class
th
n  Uses of Mode: Mode is the average to be used to find the ideal
and  + 1 observation.
2  size, e.g., in business forecasting, in manufacture of ready-
made garments, shoes etc.
Merits of Median

It is rigidly defined, easily, understood and calculate. Coefficient of the Range: If l and h are the lowest and highest

It is not all affected by extreme values. scores in a distribution then the coefficient of the Range

It can be located graphically, even if the class - intervals are
h−l
unequal. =
h+l

It can be determined even by inspection is some cases.
Merits of Mode
Demerits of Median

It can be easily understood and is easy to calculate.

In case of even numbers of observations median cannot be

It is not affected by extreme values and can be found by
determined exactly.
inspection is some cases.

It is not based on all the observations and not subject to

It can be measured even if open - end classes and can be
algebraic treatment.
represented graphically.

It is much affected by fluctuations of sampling.
Demerits of Mode
Uses of Median
It is ill - fined. It is not always possible to find a clearly

Median is the only average to be used while dealing with defined mode.
qualitative data which cannot be measured quantitatively
It is not based upon all the observation.
but can be arranged in ascending or descending order of
It is not capable of further mathematical treatment. it is after
magnitude. indeterminate.

It is used for determining the typical value in problems
It is affected to a greater extent by fluctuations of sampling.
concerning wages, distribution of wealth etc.
Uses of Mode: Mode is the average to be used to find the ideal
Mode: The mode of a list of values is the value or values that size, e.g., in business forecasting, in manufacture of ready-
appear the greatest number of times. Consider the following made garments, shoes etc.
list: 1, 5, 5, 7, 89, 4, 100, 276, 89, 4, 89, 1, 8
Empirical Relation between Mode, Median & Mean :

The number 89 appears three times, which is more times Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
than any other number appears.

The mode of this list is 89. Correlation

Univariate and Bivariate distribution: “If it is proved true
Multiple Modes: It is possible to have more than one mode in that in a large number of instances two variables tend
a list of numbers: 1, 5, 5, 7, 276, 4, 10004, 89, 4, 276, 1, 8. In always to fluctuate in the same or in opposite directions, we
the list above, there are four modes: 1, 4, 5 and 276. consider that the fact is established and that a relationship

Mode or ungrouped data (By inspection only): Arrange exists. This relationship is called correlation.”
the data in an array and then count the frequencies of each
Univariate distribution: These are the distributions in
variate. The variate having maximum frequency is the which there is only one variable such as the heights of the
mode. students of a class.

Bivariate distribution: Distribution involving two discrete
Mode of Continuous Frequency Distribution variable is called a bivariate distribution. For example, the
f1 + f 0 heights and the weights of the students of a class in a
Mode = l + ×h
2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 school.
Where l = lower limit of the modal class
Bivariate frequency distribution: Let x and y be two

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Statistics and Linear Programming 181
variables. Suppose x takes the values x1 , x2 ,....., xn and y
Modified formula
takes the values y1 , y2 ,....., yn , then we record our ∑ dx.∑ dy
∑ dxdy − n
observations in the form of ordered pairs ( x1 , y1 ), where r=
 ( ∑ dx )  
  ( ∑ dy ) 
2 2
1 ≤ i ≤ n,1 ≤ j ≤ n. If a certain pair occurs f ij times, we say 
∑ dx −  ∑ dy −
2 2

n n
that its frequency is fij .    

The function which assigns the frequencies f ij ' s to the pairs Where dx = x − x ; dy = y − y
( xi , y j ) is known as a bivariate frequency distribution. Cov( x, y ) Cov( x, y )
Also, rxy = = .
σ xσ y Var ( x).Var ( y )
Covariance: Let ( xi , yi ); i = 1, 2,....., n be a bivariate
distribution, where x1 , x2 ,....., xn are the values of variable x and
Step deviation method
y1 , y2 ,....., yn those of y. Then the covariance Cov(x, y) Let A and B are assumed mean of xi and yi respectively,
1
between x and y is given by Cov ( x, y ) =
1 n
∑ ( xi − x )( yi − y ) ∑u v
i i
n
∑ ui .∑ vi
−
n i =1 then r ( x, y ) =
1 1
∑ ui2 − n ( ∑ ui ) ∑ vi2 − n ( ∑ vi )
2 2
n n
1 1
or Cov ( x, y ) = ∑ ( xi yi − x y ),
n i =1
where x= ∑ xi
n i =1
and
where ui = xi − A, vi = yi − B.
1 n
y = ∑ yi are means of variables x and y respectively.
n i =1
Rank Correlation: Let us suppose that a group of n
Covariance is not affected by the change of origin, but it is individuals is arranged in order of merit or proficiency in
affected by the change of scale. possession of two characteristics A and B. These rank in two
Correlation: The relationship between two variables such that characteristics will, in general, be different. For example, if we
a change in one variable results in a positive or negative change consider the relation between intelligence and beauty, it is not
in the other variable is known as correlation. necessary that a beautiful individual is intelligent also. Rank
Types of correlation 6∑ d 2
Correlation: ρ = 1 − , which is the Spearman's formulae

Perfect correlation: If the two variables vary in such a n(n 2 − 1)
manner that their ratio is always constant, then the
correlation is said to be perfect.
for rank correlation coefficient. Where ∑d 2
= sum of the
squares of the difference of two ranks and n is the number of

Positive or direct correlation: If an increase or decrease in
pairs of observations. We always have,
one variable corresponds to an increase or decrease in the
other, the correlation is said to be positive. ∑ d = ∑ (x
i i − yi ) = ∑ xi − ∑ yi = n( x ) − n( y ) = 0, (∵ x = y )

Negative or indirect correlation: If an increase or decrease If all d 's are zero, then r = 1, which shows that there is perfect
in one variable corresponds to a decrease or increase in the rank correlation between the variable and which is maximum
other, the correlation is said to be negative. value of r. If however some values of x i are equal, then the

Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation: The correlation coefficient of rank correlation is given by
coefficient r ( x, y ), between two variable x and y is given
 1 
6  ∑ d 2 +   ( m 3 − m) 
Cov( x, y ) Cov ( x, y )  12 
by, r ( x, y ) = or r = 1−  
Var ( x) Var ( y ) σ xσ y n( n 2 − 1)
 n   n  n  where m is the number of times a particular xi is repeated.
n  ∑ xi yi  −  ∑ xi  ∑ yi 
r ( x, y ) =  i =1   i =1  i =1 
2 2
n
 n  n
 n  Positive and Negative Rank Correlation Coefficients
n ∑ xi 2 −  ∑ xi  n ∑ yi 2 −  ∑ yi 
Let r be the rank correlation coefficient then, if r > 0, it
i =1  i =1  i =1  i =1 
means that if the rank of one characteristic is high, then that
∑( x − x ) ( y − y ) ∑ dxdy
r= = . of the other is also high or if the rank of one characteristic is
∑( x − x )2 ∑( y − y )2 ∑ dx 2 ∑ dy 2
low, then that of the other is also low.

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182 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

r = 1, it means that there is perfect correlation in the two Line of regression: The line of regression is the straight line
characteristics i.e.,every individual is getting the same ranks in which in the least square sense gives the best fit to the given
the two characteristics. frequency.

r < 1, it means that if the rank of one characteristics is high,
then that of the other is low or if the rank of one Equations of Lines of Regression
characteristics is low, then that of the other is high.
Regression Line of y on x : If value of x is known, then

r = −1, it means that there is perfect negative correlation in value of y can be found as
the two characteristics i.e, an individual getting highest rank Cov( x, y )
y− y = (x − x )
in one characteristic is getting the lowest rank in the second σ x2
characteristic. Here the rank, in the two characteristics in a
σy
group of n individuals are of the type or y − y = r (x − x )
σx
(1, n), (2, n − 1),....., ( n,1).
r = 0, it means that no relation can be established between
Regression Line of x on y : It estimates x for the given


value of y as
the two characteristics.
Cov( x, y )
x−x = ( y − y)
Standard Error and Probable Error σ y2

Standard error of prediction: The deviation of the
σx
predicted value from the observed value is known as the or x − x = r (y − y)
standard error prediction and is defined as σy

 ∑ ( y − y p ) 2 
Sy =  . where y is actual value and y p is Regression Coefficient
 n 
rσ y Cov( x, y )
predicted value. In relation to coefficient of correlation, it is
Regression coefficient of y on x is byx = =
σx σ x2
given by
rσ x Cov( x, y )
Standard error of estimate of x is S x = σ x 1 − r 2
Regression coefficient of x on y is bxy = = .
σy σ 2y
Standard error of estimate of y is S y = σ y 1 − r 2 .
Angle between two lines of regression: Equation of the two

Relation between probable error and standard error: If lines of regression are
r is the correlation coefficient in a sample of n pairs of
y − y = byx ( x − x )
1− r2
observations, then its standard error S.E. (r ) = and and x − x = bxy ( y − y ).
n
1− r2  We have, m1 = slope of the line of regression of y on
probable error P.E. (r ) = 0.6745 (S.E.) = 0.6745  .
 n  σy
x = byx = r.
The probable error or the standard error are used for σx
interpreting the coefficient of correlation. σy
1

If r < P.E.(r ), there is no evidence of correlation. m2 = Slope of line of regression of x on y = = .
bxy r .σ x

If r > 6P.E.(r ), the existence of correlation is certain. The
σ y rσ y
square of the coefficient of correlation for a bivariate −
m − m1 rσ x σ x
distribution is known as the “Coefficient of determination”. ∴ tan θ = ± 2 =±
1 + m1m2 rσ y σ y
1+ .
Regression σ x rσ x

Linear regression :If a relation between two variates x and
(σ y − r 2σ y )σ x (1 − r 2 )σ xσ y
y exists, then the dots of the scatter diagram will more or =± =±
rσ + rσ
2 2
r (σ x2 + σ y2 )
less be concentrated around a curve which is called the x y

curve of regression. If this curve be a straight line, then it is Here the positive sign gives the acute angle θ , because r 2 ≤ 1
known as line of regression and the regression is called
and σ x , σ y are positive.
linear regression.

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Statistics and Linear Programming 183
1− r 2
σ xσ y b
∴ tan θ = . 2 . . .(i) x=− (which is parallel to y-axis). Similarly for
r σ x + σ y2 a

π cy + d > 0 and cy + d < 0. .

If r = 0, from (i) we conclude tan θ = ∞ or θ = i.e., two Y
2
d
regression lines are at right angles. If r = ±1 , tan θ = 0 i.e., cy+d>0 y=−
c
θ = 0 , since θ is acute i.e., two regression lines coincide.
X′ X
cy+d<0
Important Points about Regression Coefficients bxy and byx
Y′

r = b yx .bxy i.e., the coefficient of correlation is the
Figure: 9.2
geometric mean of the coefficient of regression.
Linear Inequation in Two Variables: General form of

If byx > 1, then bxy < 1 i.e., if one of the regression coefficient is
these inequations are ax + by > c, ax + by < c. If any ordered
greater than unity, the other will be less than unity.
pair ( x1 , y1 ) satisfies some inequations, then it is said to be a

If the correlation between the variable is not perfect, then
the regression lines intersect at ( x , y ). solution of the inequations.
The graph of these inequations is given below (for c > 0):
1 Y

byx is called the slope of regression line y on x and is
bxy
ax+by=c
called the slope of regression line x on y. ax+by<c
X′ X
O

byx + bxy > 2 byx bxy or byx + bxy > 2r i.e., the arithmetic
ax+by>c
mean of the regression coefficients is greater than the
Y′
correlation coefficient.
Figure: 9.3

Regression coefficients are independent of change of origin
but not of scale. To Draw the Graph of an In-equation, following Procedure
is followed
σ 2
y

The product of lines of regression’s gradients is given by .
Write the equation ax+by=c in place of ax+by<c and ax + by > c.
σ x2

Make a table for the solutions of ax + by = c.

If both the lines of regression coincide, then correlation will
Now draw a line with the help of these points. This is the
be perfect linear. graph of the line ax + by = c.

If both byx and bxy are positive, the r will be positive and
If the in-equation is > or <, then the points lying on this line
if both byx and bxy are negative, the r will be negative. is not considered and line is drawn dotted or discontinuous.

If the in-euqation is > or <, then the points lying on the line
Linear Inequations is considered and line is drawn bold or continuous.

Graph of Linear Inequations
This line divides the plane XOY in two region.

Linear Inequation in One Variable:
To find the region that satisfies the in-equation, we apply the
ax + b > 0, ax + b < 0, cy + d > 0 etc. are called linear following rules:
inequations in one variable. Graph of these inequations can
Take an arbitrary point which will be in either region.
be drawn as follows:
If it satisfies the given in-equation, then the required region
Y will be the region in which the arbitrary point is located.
b
If it does not satisfy the in-equation, then the other region is
x=−
a
X′ X the required region.
O

Draw the lines in the required region or make it shaded.
ax+b<0 ax+b>0

Y′

Simultaneous Linear In-equations in Two Variables:
Figure: 9.1
Since the solution set of a system of simultaneous linear in-
The graph of ax + b > 0 and ax + b < 0 are obtained by
equations is the set of all points in two dimensional space
dividing xy-plane in two semi-planes by the line
which satisfy all the in-equations simultaneously. Therefore

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184 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
to find the solution set we find the region of the plane
Convex Set: In linear programming problems feasible
common to all the portions comprising the solution set of solution is generally a polygon in first quadrant. This
given in-equations. In case there is no region common to all polygon is convex. It means if two points of polygon are
the solutions of the given in-equations, we say that the connecting by a line, then the line must be inside to
solution set is void or empty. polygon. For example,

Feasible Region: The limited (bounded) region of the graph A
A
made by two in-equations is called feasible region. All the
points in feasible region constitute the solution of a system B B
of in-equations. The feasible solution of a L.P.P. belongs to
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
only first quadrant. If feasible region is empty then there is
Figure 9.4: (i) and (ii) are convex set while (iii) and (iv) are not convex set
no solution for the problem.

Terms of Linear Programming Mathemiatical Formulation and Graphical Solution of a

The term programming means planning and refers to a process Linear Programming Problem
Mathemiatical Formulation
of determining a particular program.
There are mainly four steps in the mathematical formulation of

Objective Function: The linear function which is to be
a linear programming problem, as mathematical model. We
optimized (maximized or minimized) is called objective will discuss formulation of those problems which involve only
function of the L.P.P. two variables.

Constraints or Restrictions: The conditions of the
Identify the decision variables and assign symbols x and y to
problem expressed as simultaneous equations or inequalities them. These decision variables are those quantities whose
are called constraints or restrictions. values we wish to determine.

Non-negative Constraints: Variables applied in the objective
Identify the set of constraints and express them as linear
equations/inequations in terms of the decision variables.
function of a linear programming problem are always non-
These constraints are the given conditions.
negative. The ineqaulities which represent such constraints are

Identify the objective function and express it as a linear
called non-negative constraints. function of decision variables. It might take the form of

Basic Variables: The m variables associated with columns maximizing profit or production or minimizing cost.
of the m × n non-singular matrix which may be different
Add the non-negativity restrictions on the decision variables,
from zero, are called basic variables. as in the physical problems, negative values of decision

Basic Solution: A solution in which the vectors associated variables have no valid interpretation. There are techniques
of solving an L.P.P. by graphical method.
to m variables are linear and the remaining (n − m )
variables are zero, is called a basic solution. A basic Corner Point Method
solution is called a degenerate basic solution, if at least one Working Rule
of the basic variables is zero and basic solution is called
Formulate mathematically the L.P.P.
non-degenerate, if none of the basic variables is zero.
Draw graph for every constraint.

Feasible Solution: The set of values of the variables which
Find the feasible solution region.
satisfies the set of constraints of linear programming
Find the coordinates of the vertices of feasible solution region.

Calculate the value of objective function at these vertices.
problem (L.P.P) is called a feasible solution of the L.P.P.

Optimal value (minimum or maximum) is the required solution.

Optimal Solution: A feasible solution for which the objective

If there is no possibility to determine the point at which the suitable
function is minimum or maximum is called optimal solution. solution found, then the solution of problem is unbounded.

Iso-profit Line: The line drawn in geometrical area of
If feasible region is empty, then there is no solution for the
feasible region of L.P.P. for which the objective function problem.
remains constant at all the points lying on the line, is called
Nearer to the origin, the objective function is minimum and
iso-profit line. If the objective function is to be minimized that of further from the origin, the objective function is
then these lines are called iso-cost lines. maximum.

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Statistics and Linear Programming 185
Iso-profit or Iso-cost Method: Various steps of the method are
as follows: 10
9

Find the feasible region of the L.P.P. 8
7

Assign a constant value Z1 to Z and draw the corresponding 6
5
line of the objective function. 4
3

Assign another value Z2 to Z and draw the corresponding
2
line of the objective function. 1

If Z1< Z2, (Z1> Z2), then in case of maximization 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(minimization) move the line P1Q1 corresponding to Z1 to Figure: 9.5

the line P2Q2 corresponding to Z2 parallel to itself as far as For Example: Maximize Z = 5 x + 2 y subject to the
possible, until the farthest point within the feasible region is constraints x + y ≤ 2, 3 x + 3 y ≥ 2, x , y ≥ 0.
touched by this line. The coordinates of the point give
The above problem is illustrated graphically in the fig.
maximum (minimum) value of the objective function. There is no point satisfying the set of above constraints.

The problem with more equations/inequations can be Thus, the problem is having an infeasible solution.
handled easily by this method.

In case of unbounded region, it either finds an optimal Some Important Points about L.P.P
solution or declares an unbounded solution. Unbounded
If the constraints in a linear programming problem are
changed, the problem is to be re-evaluated.
solutions are not considered optimal solution. In real world

The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the
problems, unlimited profit or loss is not possible.
point, given by corner points of the feasible region.

If a L.P.P. admits two optimal solutions, it has an infinite
Feasible Region number of optimal solutions.

Bounded Region: The region surrounded by the
If there is no possibility to determine the point at which the
inequalities ax + by ≤ m and cx + dy ≤ n in first quadrant is suitable solution can be found, then the solution of problem
called bounded region. It is of the form of triangle or is unbounded.

The maximum value of objective function lies at one vertex
quadrilateral. Change these inequalities into equation, then
in limited region.
by putting x = 0 and y = 0, we get the solution also by
solving the equation in which there may be the vertices of Advantages and Limitations of L.P.P
bounded region. The maximum value of objective function
Advantages: Linear programming is used to minimize the
lies at one vertex in limited region. cost of production for maximum output. In short, with the
help of linear programming models, a decision maker can

Unbounded Region: The region surrounded by the inequations most efficiently and effectively employ his production
factor and limited resources to get maximum profit at
ax + by ≥ m and cx + dy ≥ n in first quadrant, is called
minimum cost.
unbounded region.Change the inequation in equations and
solve for x = 0 and y = 0. Thus we get the vertices of feasible Limitations
region. The minimum value of objective function lies at one
The linear programming can be applied only when the
objective function and all the constraints can be expressed
vertex in unbounded region but there is no existence of
in terms of linear equations/inequations.
maximum value.

Linear programming techniques provide solutions only when
all the elements related to a problem can be quantified.

Problems having Infeasible Solutions: In some of the
The coefficients in the objective function and in the
linear programming problems, constraints are inconsistent constraints must be known with certainty and should remain
i.e. there does not exist any point which satisfies all the unchanged during the period of study.
constraints. Such type of linear programming problems are
Linear programming technique may give fractional valued
said to have infeasible solution. answer which is not desirable in some problems.

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186 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 9. If the mean of the set of numbers x1 , x2 , x3 ,....., xn is x ,
Mean then the mean of the numbers xi + 2i , 1 ≤ i ≤ n is:
1. If the mean of 3, 4, x, 7, 10 is 6, then the value of x is: a. x + 2n b. x + n + 1
a. 4 b. 5 c. x + 2 d. x + n
c. 6 d. 7
10. The weighted mean of first n natural numbers whose
2. di is the deviation of a class mark yi from ‘a’ the assumed weights are equal to the squares of corresponding numbers
1 is:
mean and fi is the frequency, if M g = x + (∑ fi di ) ,
∑ fi n +1 3n(n + 1)
a. b.
then x is: 2 2(2n + 1)
a. Lower limit b. Assumed mean (n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
c. Number of observations d. Class size c. d.
6 2
3. Consider the frequency distribution of the given numbers 11. A student obtain 75%, 80% and 85% in three subjects. If
Value : 1 2 3 4 the marks of another subject are added, then his average
Frequency : 5 4 6 f cannot be less than:
If the mean is known to be 3, then the value of f is: a. 60% b. 65%
a. 3 b. 7 c. 80% d. 90%
c. 10 d. 14
12. The A.M. of a 50 set of numbers is 38. If two numbers of
4. If the arithmetic mean of the numbers x1 , x2 , x3 ,.., xn is x , the set, namely 55 and 45 are discarded, the A.M. of the
then the arithmetic mean of numbers ax1 +b, ax2 +b, ax3+ b, remaining set of numbers is:
..., axn + b , where a, b are two constants would be a. 38.5 b. 37.5
a. x b. n ax + nb c. 36.5 d. 36
c. ax d. ax + b 13. The average weight of students in a class of 35 students is
40 kg. If the weight of the teacher be included, the average
5. The G.M. of the numbers 3, 3 2 , 3 3 , ......, 3 n is:
1
a. 3 2 / n b. 3 (n −1) / 2 rises by kg; the weight of the teacher is:
2
c. 3 n / 2 d. 3 (n +1) / 2 a. 40.5 kg b. 50 kg
6. The harmonic mean of 3, 7, 8, 10, 14 is: c. 41 kg d. 58 kg
3 + 7 + 8 + 10 + 14 1 1 1 1 1
a. b. + + + + 14. Mean of 100 items is 49. It was discovered that three
5 3 7 8 10 14
items which should have been 60, 70, 80 were wrongly
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + read as 40, 20, 50 respectively. The correct mean is:
3 7 8 10 14 5
c. d. 1
4 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + a. 48 b. 82
3 7 8 10 14 2
7. The mean age of a combined group of men and women is c. 50 d. 80
30 years. If the means of the age of men and women are 15. The mean of 5 numbers is 18. If one number is excluded,
respectively 32 and 27, then the percentage of women in their mean becomes 16. Then the excluded number is:
the group is: a. 18 b. 25
a. 30 b. 40 c. 26 d. 30
c. 50 d. 60
16. Let x1 , x2 ,...., xn be n observations such that ∑ xi2 = 400
8. If the mean of the distribution is 2.6, then the value of y is:
Variate x 1 2 3 4 5 and ∑ xi = 80 . Then a possible value of n among the
Frequency f of x 4 5 y 1 2 following is:
a. 24 b. 13 a. 9 b. 12
c. 8 d. 3 c. 15 d. 18

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Statistics and Linear Programming 187
Median and Mode 25. Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation between x and y
for the following data is:
17. The median of 10, 14, 11, 9, 8, 12, 6 is:
x: 3 4 8 9 6 2 1
a. 10 b. 12
c. 14 d. 11 y: 5 3 7 7 6 9 2
a. 0.480 b. – 0.480
18. For a symmetrical distribution Q1 = 25 and Q3 = 45, the c. 0.408 d. – 0.408
median is:
a. 20 b. 25 26. The coefficients of correlation between the heights (in
c. 35 d. None of these inches) of fathers and sons from the following data will
be:
19. The upper quartile for the following distribution Heights of fathers(x) : 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Size of items 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Heights of sons (y) : 67 68 66 69 72 72 69
Frequency 2 4 5 8 7 3 2 a. 0.60 b. – 0.60
is given by the size of: c. – 0.67 d. 0.67
 31 + 1    31 + 1  
a.   th item b.  2    th item 27. For the following data Σ( x − x )2 = 25, Σ ( y − y ) 2 = 256,
 4    4 
Σ( x − x )( y − y ) = 80 The Pearson's coefficient of
  31 + 1     31 + 1  
c. 3    th item d.  4    th item correlation is:
  4    4 
a. 0.2 b. 0.01
20. A set of numbers consists of three 4’s, five 5’s, six 6’s, c. 1 d. 0.1
eight 8’s and seven 10’s. The mode of this set of numbers
28. If the covariance between x and y is 10 and the variance of
is:
x and y are 16 and 9 respectively, then the coefficient of
a. 6 b. 7
correlation between x and y is:
c. 8 d. 10
a. 0.61 b. 0.79
21. The mode of the distribution: c. 0.83 d. 0.93
Marks 4 5 6 7 8
29. If the regression equations of the variables x and y be x =
No. of students 6 7 10 8 3
19.13 – 0.83y and y = 11.64 – 0.50x, then the correlation
a. 5 b. 6 coefficient between x and y is:
c. 8 d. 10 a. 0.66 b. – 0.64
Correlation and Regression c. 0.001 d. – 0.001
22. If Var(x) = 8.25, Var(y) = 33.96 and Cov (x,y) = 10.2, then 30. If the lines of regression be x − y = 0 and 4 x − y − 3 = 0 ,
the correlation coefficient is:
and σ x2 = 1, then the coefficient of correlation is
a. 0.89 b. – 0.98
c. 0.61 d. – 0.16 a. – 0.5 b. 0.5
c. 1.0 d. – 1.0
23. Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation between the
heights (in inches) of teachers and students corresponding 31. If the values of regression coefficients are – 0.33 and –
to the given data is: 1.33, then the value of coefficient of correlation between
Height of teachers x : 66 67 68 69 70 the two variables, is
Height of students y : 68 66 69 72 70 a. 0.2 b. – 0.66
c. 0.4 d. – 0.4
1 1
a. b. 2 c. − d. 0 8
2 2 32. If regression coefficient of y on x is and that of x on y
5
24. For the given data, the calculation corresponding to all 2
is and the acute angle between the two lines is α , then
values of pairs (x, y) is following Σ( x − x ) 2 = 36, Σ( y − y ) 2 5
= 25, Σ( x − x )( y − y ) = 20 , Then the Karl Pearson's the value of tan α is:
correlation coefficient is: a. 9/25 b. 9 / 2 5
a. 0.2 b. 0.5 c. 0.66 d. 0.33 c. 3/25 d. 9/50

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188 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
33. The two lines of regression are given by 3 x + 2 y = 26 and Covariance
6 x + y = 31 . The coefficient of correlation between x and 41. Covariance ( x, y ) between x and y, if ∑ x = 15,∑ y = 40,
y is
1 1 1 1 ∑ x. y = 110, n = 5 is
a. − b. c. − d. a. 22 b. 2
3 3 2 2
c. – 2 d. None of these
34. The two regression lines are 2 x −9 y +6= 0 and x−2 y +1= 0 .
What is the correlation coefficient between x and y Rank Correlation
a. –2/3 b. 2/3
42. Let x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn be the rank of n individuals according
c. 4/9 d. None of these
to character A and y1 , y2 ,..., yn the ranks of same
35. The relationship between the correlation coefficient r and
individuals according to other character B such that
the regression coefficients bxy and byx is:
xi + yi = n + 1 for i = 1, 2,3,..., n .Then the coefficient of
1
a. r = (bxy + byx ) b. r = bxy .byx rank correlation between the characters A and B is
2
a. 1 b. 0
c. r = (bxy byx ) 2 d. r = bxy + byx
c. – 1 d. None of these
Average or Mean
Angle between Two Lines of Regression and Regression
36. The harmonic mean of 4, 8, 16 is Coefficients
a. 6.4 b. 6.7
c. 6.85 d. 7.8 43. The two lines of regression are 2 x − 7 y + 6 = 0 and
7 x − 2 y + 1 = 0. The correlation coefficient between x and
37. The average of n numbers x1, x2, x3,…, xn is M. If xn is
replaced by x', then new average is y is
a. – 2/7 b. 2/7
nM − xn + x '
a. M − xn + x ' b. c. 4/49 d. None of these
n
(n − 1) M + x ' M − xn + x ' 44. If two random variables x and y, are connected by
c. d.
n n relationship 2 x + y = 3, then rxy =

Skewness a. 1 b. – 1
c. – 2 d. 3
38. If µ is the mean of distribution ( yi , fi ), then ∑ f i ( yi − µ ) = ?
a. M.D. b. S.D. Linear In-equations
c. 0 d. Relative frequency 45. In-equations 3 x − y ≥ 3 and 4 x − y > 4
39. In an experiment with 15 observations on x, the following a. Have solution for positive x and y
results were available ∑ x = 2830, ∑ x = 170.
2
On b. Have no solution for positive x and y
observation that was 20 was found to be wrong and was c. Have solution for all x
replaced by the correct value 30. Then the corrected d. Have solution for all y
variance is: 46. Shaded region is represented by
a. 78.00 b. 188.66
c. 177.33 d. 8.33 4x–2y=–3
40. The S.D. of a variate x is σ. The S.D. of the Shaded A(0,3/2)
region y
ax + b
variate where a, b, c are constant, is:
c O x
a a  −3 
a.   σ b. σ B ,0 
c c 4 

 a2  a. 4 x − 2 y ≤ 3 b. 4 x − 2 y ≤ −3
c.  2  σ d. None of these
c  c. 4 x − 2 y ≥ 3 d. 4 x − 2 y ≥ −3

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Statistics and Linear Programming 189
47. For the constraint of a linear optimizing function 55. The mean deviation of the numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 is:
z = x1+ x2 , given by x1 + x2 ≤ 1, 3 x1 + x2 ≥ 3 and x1 , x2 ≥ 0 ? a. 0 b. 1.2
a. There are two feasible regions c. 5 d. 25
b. There are infinite feasible regions 56. The variance of the first n natural numbers is:
c. There is no feasible region n2 − 1 n2 − 1
d. None of these a. b.
12 6
48. The true statement for the graph of in-equations n2 + 1 n2 + 1
c. d.
3 x + 2 y ≤ 6 and 6 x + 4 y ≥ 20 , is: 6 12
a. Both graphs are disjoint 57. If Q.D. is 16, the most likely value of S.D. will be:
b. Both do not contain origin a. 24 b. 42
c. Both contain point (1, 1) c. 10 d. None of these
d. None of these
58. The range of following set of observations 2, 3, 5, 9, 8, 7,
49. The vertices of a feasible region of the above question are 6, 5, 7, 4, 3 is:
a. (0, 18), (36, 0) b. (0, 18), (10, 13) a. 11 b. 7
c. (10, 13), (8, 14) d. (10, 13), (8, 14), (12, 12) c. 5.5 d. 6
50. The maximum value of objective function in the above 59. For a given distribution of marks mean is 35.16 and its
question is: standard deviation is 19.76. The co-efficient of variation is
a. 100 b. 92 35.16 19.76
a. b.
c. 95 d. 94 19.76 35.16
51. For the L.P. problem Min z = − x1 + 2 x2 such that 35.16 19.76
c. × 100 d. × 100
19.76 35.16
− x1 + 3 x2 ≤ 0, x1 + x2 ≤ 6, x1 − x2 ≤ 2 and x1 , x2 ≥ 0 , x1 = ?
60. The mean deviation from the mean for the set of
a. 2 b. 8
observations –1, 0, 4 is:
c. 10 d. 12
14
52. For the L.P. problem Mi z = 2 x + y subject to 5 x+10 y ≤50, a. b. 2
3
x + y ≥ 1, y ≤ 4 and x, y ≥ 0 , z = ? 2
c. d. None of these
a. 0 b. 1 3
c. 2 d. 1/2 61. The standard deviation of 25 numbers is 40. If each of the
53. The minimum value of objective function c = 2 x + 2 y in numbers is increased by 5, then the new standard
the given feasible region, is deviation will be:
Y a. 40 b. 45
21
c. 40 + d. None of these
25
62. The quartile deviation for the following data is
x: 2 3 4 5 6
O X
2x+3y=134 x+5y=200 f: 3 4 8 4 1
a. 134 b. 40 1
a. 0 b.
c. 38 d. 80 4
1
c. d. 1
Measures of dispersion 2
54. The S.D. of 5 scores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is: 63. The means of five observations is 4 and their variance is
2 3 5.2. If three of these observations are 1, 2 and 6, then the
a. b. other two are
5 5
a. 2 and 9 b. 3 and 8
c. 2 d. 3
c. 4 and 7 d. 5 and 6

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190 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
64. For (2n+1) observations x1 , − x1 , x2 , − x2 ,..xn , − xn and 0 NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
where x’s are all distinct. Let S.D. and M.D. denote the More than One Answer
standard deviation and median respectively. Then which 72. z = ax + by, a, b being positive, under constraints y ≥ 1,
of the following is always true: x − 4 y + 8 ≥ 0, x, y ≥ 0 has:
a. S.D. < M.D. a. Finite maximum
b. S.D. > M.D. b. Finite minimum
c. S.D. = M.D. c. An unbounded minimum solution
d. Nothing can be said in general about the relationship of d. An unbounded maximum solution
S.D. and M.D.
73. A, B, C, D are non-zero constants, such that
65. The variance of α, β and γ is 9, then variance of 5α, 5β A. both A and C are negative.
and 5γ is: B. A and C are of opposite sign.
a. 45 b. 9/5 If coefficient of correlation between x and y is r, then that
c. 5/9 d. 225 between AX + B and CY + D is
a. r b. – r
66. What is the standard deviation of the following series?
A A
Measurements 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 c. r d. − r
C C
Frequency 1 3 4 2
74. Karl-Pearson’s coefficient of skewness of a distribution is
a. 81 b. 7.6
0.32. Its S.D. is 6.5 and mean 39.6. Then the median of
c. 9 d. 2.26
the distribution is given by:
67. The quartile deviation of daily wages (in Rs.) of 7 persons a. 28.61 b. 38.81
given below 12, 7, 15, 10, 17, 19, 25 is: c. 29.13 d. 28.31
a. 14.5 b. 5 1 n
c. 9 d. 4.5
75. Let r be the range and S 2 = ∑ ( xi − x ) 2 be the S.D.
n − 1 i =1

68. Karl-Pearson’s coefficient of skewness of a distribution is of a set of observations x1 , x2 ,...xn , then:

0.32. Its S.D. is 6.5 and mean 39.6. Then the median of n n
a. S ≤ r b. S = r
the distribution is given by: n −1 n −1
a. 28.61 b. 38.81
n
c. 29.13 d. 28.31 c. S ≥ r d. None of these
n −1
Feasible Region 76. In a series of 2n observations, half of them equal to a and
69. Maximize z = 3 x + 2 y, subject to x + y ≥ 1, y − 5 x ≤ 0, remaining half equal to –a. If the standard deviation of the
x − y ≥ −1, x + y ≤ 6, x ≤ 3 and x, y ≥ 0 observations is 3, then |a| equals?

a. x = 3 b. y = 3 2
a. b. 2
n
c. z = 15 d. All the above
1
c. 3 d.
70. Maximum value of 4 x + 5 y subject to the constraints n
x + y ≤ 20, x + 2 y ≤ 35, x − 3 y ≤ 12 is ax + b
77. The S.D. of a variate x is σ. The S.D. of the variate
c
a. 84 b. 95
where a, b, c are constant, is:
c. 100 d. 96
a a
71. The maximum value of µ = 3 x + 4 y subjected to the a.   σ b. σ
c c
conditions x + y ≤ 40, x + 2 y ≤ 60; x, y ≥ 0 is
 a2 
a. 130 b. 120 c.  2  σ d. None of these
c 
c. 40 d. 140

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Statistics and Linear Programming 191
78. Given that the regression coefficients are – 1.5 and – 0.5, Comprehension Based
the value of the correlation coefficient is: Paragraph –I
a. 0.75 b. 0.7 Study the following table carefully and answer the questions
c. – 0.87 d. – 0.5 given below it.
Number of boys of standard xi participating in different games
79. Angle between two lines of regression is given by:
Class →
 1  XI A XI B XI C XI D XI E Total
 byx +   byx − bxy − 1 
Games ↓
b
a. tan −1   b. tan −1 
xy
Chess 8 8 8 4 4 32
 bxy   b + b 
 1 −   yx xy  Badminton 8 12 8 12 12 52
 byx  Table Tennis 12 16 12 8 12 60
 1  Hockey 8 4 8 4 8 32
 bxy − 
b  byx − bxy  Football 8 8 12 12 12 52
c. tan −1   d. tan −1 
yx
   1 + b .b  Total Number
bxy   44 48 48 40 48 228
 1 +  yx xy
of Boys
 byx  Every student of each section of standard xi participates in a
80. The solution of set of constraints x + 2 y ≥ 11, game.
3 x + 4 y ≤ 30, 2 x + 5 y ≤ 30, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 includes the point: In each class, the number of girls participating in each game is
a. (2, 3) b. (3, 2) 25% of the number of boys participating in that game.
c. (3, 4) d. (4, 3) Each student participates in one and only game.

81. The graph of x ≤ 2 and y ≥ 2 will be situated in the: 84. All the boys of class XI D passed at the annual
a. First and second quadrant examination but a few girls failed If all the boys and girls
b. Second and third quadrant who passed and entered class XII D and if in class XIII D,
c. First and third quadrant the ratio of boys to girls is 5:1, what would be the number
d. Third and fourth quadrant of girls who failed in XI D?
a. 8 b. 5
Assertion and Reason
c. 2 d. 1
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
the correct option out of the options given below: 85. Girls playing which of the following games need to be
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the combined to yield a ratio of boys to girls of 4:1, if all boys
correct explanation of the assertion. playing Chess and Badminton are combined?
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the a. Chess and Hockey
correct explanation of the assertion. b. Hockey and Football
c. If assertion is true but reason is false. c. Tables Tennis and Hockey
d. If the assertion and reason both are false. d. Badminton and Table Tennis
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
86. What should be the total number of students in the school if
82. Assertion: The variance of first n even natural numbers all the boys of XII A together with all the girls of XI B and

( n + 1)( n − 1) n 2 − 1 XI C were to be equal to 25% of the total number of students?

is = = ? a. 272 b. 560
3 3
Reason: Arithmetic mean and the variance are same c. 656 d. 340

83. Let x1 , x2 ,..., xn be n observations, and let x be their 87. Boys of which of the following classes need to be
combined to equal to four times the number of girls in XI
arithmetic mean and σ2 be the variance?
B and XI C ?
Assertion: Variance of 2 x1 , 2 x2 ,..., 2 xn is 4σ 2 .
a. XI D and XI E b. XI A and XI B
Reason: Arithmetic mean 2 x1 , 2 x2 ,..., 2 xn is x . c. XI A and XI E d. None of these

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192 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
88. If boys if XI E participates in Chess together with girls of Match the Column
XI V and XI C participating in Table Tennis and Hockey The following sub-divided bar diagram depicts the result of
respectively are selected for a course at the college of B.Com. Students of a college of a three years.
sports, what percent of the students will get this advantage
200 First Division
approximately? Second Division
190
a. 13.5 b. 10.52 Third Division
170 Failed
c. 3.51 d. 4.38 160
150
140
89. If for social work, every boy of XI D and XI C is paired
with a girl of the same class, what percentage of the boys 100
90
of these two classes can participate in Social work? 80
a. 60 b. 75
c. 66 d. 88 40
30
20
Paragraph –II
Years 2013 2014 2015
Study the following Pie-diagrams carefully and answer the Read the diagram carefully and answer the questions given below it.
questions given below it.
95. Observe the following columns:
Proteins
Muscles 16%
Column I Column II
1/3
Other dry elements (A) How many percent passed in 1. 11.76%
14%
Hormones Skin first division in 2013?
enzymes & 1/10 Water
other Bones 70% (B) What was the pass percentage 2. 80.3%
proteins 1/6
in 2013?
(C) What is the percentage of 3. 82.3%
90. In the human body, what part is made of neither bones nor students in 2015 over 2013?
skin? (D) What is the aggregate pass 4. 117.6%
2 3 percentage during three years?
a. b.
5 5 a. A→1; B→3; C→4; D→2
1 b. A→1; B→3; C→2-4; D→2
c. d. None of these
40 c. A→2; B→4-5; C→3,1; D→2
91. What is the ratio of the distribution of proteins in the d. A→2; B→1-4; C→3; D→2
muscles to that distribution of proteins in the bones? Integer
a. 1 : 18 b. 18 : 1
96. If the mean of the distribution is 2.6, then the value of y is:
c. 2 : 1 d. 1 : 2
Variate x 1 2 3 4 5
92. What will be the quantity of water in the body of a person
Frequency f of x 4 5 y 1 2
weighing 50 kg?
a. 20 kg b. 35 kg 97. In a class of 100 students there are 70 boys whose average
c. 71.42 kg d. 120 kg marks in a subject are 75. If the average marks of the
complete class are 72, then what are the average marks of
93. What percent of the weight of human body is equivalent
the girls?
to the weight of the skin in human body?
a. .016 b. 1.6 98. The mode of the distribution:
c. 0.16 d. Data inadequate Marks 4 5 6 7 8
No. of students 6 7 10 8 3
94. To show the distribution of proteins and other dry elements
in the human body, they are of the circle should subtend at 99. What is the standard deviation of the following series?
the centre an angle of : Measurements 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
a. 50° b. 126° Frequency 1 3 4 2
c. 108° d. 252°
100. If Q.D. is 16, the most likely value of S.D. will be?

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Statistics and Linear Programming 193
ANSWER 5. (d) G.M. = (3.3 .3 .......3 )
2 3 n 1/ n

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1/ n
 n ( n +1)  n+1

c b d d d d b c b b = (31+ 2+.......n )1/ n =  3 2  =3 2

.
 
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
n 5
b b d c c d a c c c 6. (d) H.M. = = .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. + + ..... + + + + +
x1 x2 xn 3 7 8 10 14
b c a c c d c c b b
n1 x1 + n2 x2
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 7. (b) The formula for combined mean is x =
b d c b b c b c a b n1 + n2
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Given, x = 30 , x1 = 32 , x2 = 27
c c b b a b c a c c
Let n1 + n2 = 100 and n1 denotes men, n2 denotes women
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
a b d c b a a b d b
for this n2 = 100 − n1
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 32n1 + (100 − n1 )27 32n1 + 2700 − 27n1
30 = ⇒ 30 =
a d c b d c d b d b 100 100
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. ⇒ 3000 − 2700 = 32n1 − 27 n1 ⇒ 300 = 5n1 ⇒ n1 = 60
d b,d a,b b a c b c c c So, n2 = 40 ; Hence, the percentage of women in the group is 40.
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. n
a b c c b a d c b d ∑fx i i

91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 8. (c) We know that, Mean = i =1
n

c b b c a 8 65 6 9 24 ∑f
i =1
i

SOLUTION 1× 4 + 2 × 5 + 3 × y + 4 × 1 + 5 × 2
i.e., 2.6 =
Multiple Choice Questions 4 + 5 + y +1+ 2
or 31.2 + 2.6 y = 28 + 3 y or 0.4 y = 3.2 ⇒ y = 8 .
3 + 4 + x + 7 + 10
1. (c) 6 = n
5
∑x i n
⇒ 30 = 24 + x 9. (b) We know that x = i =1
i.e., ∑x = nx
i
n
⇒ x=6. i =1

n n n

2. (b) M g = a +
1
(Σf i d i )
∑ (x
i =1
i + 2i) ∑x
i =1
i + 2∑ i
i =1 nx + 2(1 + 2 + ...n)
Σf i ∴ = =
n n n
∴ x = a i.e., x = assumed mean. n( n + 1)
nx + 2
1× 5 + 2 × 4 + 3 × 6 + 4 × f = 2 = x + n +1 .
3. (d) Mean = n
5+4+6+ f
5 + 8 + 18 + 4 f 1.12 + 2.22 + ...... + n.n2
i.e., 3 = 10. (b) Weighted mean =
15 + f 12 + 22 + ...... + n 2
n(n + 1) n( n + 1)
⇒ 45 + 3 f = 31 + 4 f
Σn 3 2 2 3n(n + 1)
⇒ 45 − 31 = f = 2 = = .
Σn n ( n + 1)(2 n + 1) 2(2n + 1)
⇒ f = 14 . 6
11. (b) Marks obtained from 3 subjects out of 300
( ax1 + b) + (ax2 + b) + ..... + ( axn + b)
4. (d) Required mean = = 75 + 80 + 85 = 240
n
If the marks of another subjected is added, then the marks
a ( x1 + x2 + ..... + xn ) + nb will be ≥ 240 out of 400
= = ax + b,
n
240
 x1 + x2 + ..... + xn  ∴ Minimum average marks = = 60% ,
∵ = x. 4
 n  [When marks in the fourth subject = 0].

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194 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Σxi 21. (b) Since frequency is maximum for 6.
12. (b) Given, = 38, ∴Σxi = 1900
50 ∴ Mode = 6.
New value of Σxi = 1900 − 55 − 45 = 1800 , n = 48 Cov (x , y ) 10 . 2
22. (c) rxy = = = 0 .61 .
1800 V ar(x ) . V ar(y ) (8 . 25 ) (33 .96 )
∴ New mean = = 37.5 .
48
23. (a) Here Σ( x − x ) (y − y ) = 10 , Σ ( x − x ) 2 = 10
13. (d) Let the weight of the teacher is w kg , then
and Σ(y − y )2 = 20
1 35 × 40 + w
40 + = Hence the coefficient of correlation is given by
2 35 + 1
Σ (x − x ) (y − y ) 10 10 1
1 r= = = = .
⇒ 36 × 40 + 36 × = 35 × 40 + w ⇒ w = 58 Σ (x − x ) Σ(y − y )
2 2 10 × 20 10 2 2
2
∴ Weight of the teacher = 58kg. 20 2
24. (c) rxy = = = 0 . 66 .
(36 ) (25 ) 3
14. (c) Sum of 100 items = 49 × 100 = 4900
Sum of items added = 60 + 70 + 80 = 210 25. (c)
Sum of items replaced = 40 + 20 + 50 = 110 x y xy x2 y2
New sum = 4900 + 210 – 110 = 5000 3 5 15 09 25
5000 4 3 12 16 09
∴ Correct mean = = 50 .
100 8 7 56 64 49
15. (c) Sum of total number = 18 × 5 = 90 9 7 63 81 49
After one number excluded 6 6 36 36 36
Sum of total number = 16 × 4 = 64 2 9 18 04 81
Then, excluded number is 90 – 64 = 26. 1 2 02 01 04
Σx = 33 Σy = 39 Σxy = 202 Σx 2 = 211 Σy 2 = 253
16. (d) Since, root mean square ≥ arithmetic mean
Σx . Σy
n n
Σxy −
∑x
i =1
2
i ∑x i
400 80
i =1 Now, r = n
∴ ≥ ≥ =⇒ n ≥ 16  2 (Σx)  2 (Σy ) 2 
2
n n n n  Σx − Σy − 
Hence, possible value of n = 18.  n  n 
33 × 39
17. (a) Arrange the items in ascending order i.e., 6, 8, 9, 10, 202 −
11, 12, 14. ⇒ r= 7
 (33) 2
 (39) 2 
211 − 253 −
th
 n +1  
If n is odd then, Median = value of   term  7  7 
 2 
th ⇒ r = 0 . 408 .
 7 +1
∴ Median =   term = 4 term = 10 .
th
26. (d) Here, x = 68 , y = 69
 2 
x−x y−y (x − x) ( y − y) ( x − x )2 ( y − y )2
18. (c) As the distribution is symmetrical, therefore,
Q1 + Q3 25 + 45 –3 –2 6 9 4
Q2 (Median) = = = 35 . –2 –1 2 4 1
2 2
–1 –3 3 1 9
th
 (n + 1)  0 0 0 0 0
19. (c) Upper Quartile = Size of 3 item
 4  1 3 3 1 9
  31 + 1  
th 2 3 6 4 9
= Size of 3    item, [∵ Σf = 31] . 3 0 0 9 0
  4 
∑( x − x )( y − y ) 20
20. (c) Mode of the data is 8 as it is repeated maximum Hence, rxy = = = 0.67 .
∑( x − x ) ∑ ( y − y )
2 2
(28) (32)
number of times.

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Statistics and Linear Programming 195
80 σy
27. (c) r = = 1. 35. (b) Regression coefficients of y on x = b yx = r.
25 × 256 σx
σx
28. (c) Cov ( x, y ) = 10 , Var ( x) = 16 , Var ( y ) = 9 Regression coefficients of x on y = b xy = r.
σy
Cov ( x, y ) 10 10
∴ r= = = = 0.83 . σy σ
Var ( x).Var ( y ) 16 × 9 12 Then, byx . b xy = r. × r. x
σx σy
29. (b) The given lines of regression are r 2 = byx . b xy ⇒ r = b yx . b xy .
x = −0.83 y + 19.13
and y = −0.50 x + 11.64 36. (c) H.M. of 4, 8, 16
3 48
⇒ r = − 0.83 × 0.50 = −0.64 , = = = 6.85
1 1 1 7
(because both gradients are negative). + +
4 8 16
1 3 x1 + x2 + x3 ......xn
30. (b) y = x and x = y+ . 37. (b) M =
4 4 n
1 i.e. nM = x1 + x2 + x3 + ...xn −1 + xn
Hence, r = 1. = 0.5 .
4
nM − xn = x1 + x2 + x3 + ...xn −1
31. (b) r = (−0.33) (−1.33) = −0.66 . nM − xn + x ' x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn −1 + x '
=
n n
8 2
32. (d) Here byx = and bxy = nM − xn + x′
5 5 ∴ New average =
n
8 1 5
Hence m1 = and m2 = =
5 bxy 2 38. (c) We have, ∑ f i ( yi − µ ) = ∑ f i yi − µ ∑ f i

8 5  ∑ fi y i 
− = µ ∑ f i − µ ∑ f i = 0 ∵ µ = 
 m1 − m2  5 2 = 9 .  ∑ fi 
⇒ tan θ = ±  =±
 1 + m1m2  8 5 50
1+ ×
5 2 39. (a) ∑ x = 170, ∑ x 2 = 2830

3 Increase in ∑ x = 10, then ∑ x′ = 170 + 10 = 180

33. (c) Here, 3 x + 2 y = 26 ⇒ y = − x + 13
2 Increase in ∑ x 2 = 900 − 400 = 500,
1 31 then ∑ x′ = 2830 + 500 = 3330
and 6 x + y = 31 ⇒ x = − y +
6 6 2 2
1  ∑ x′  3330  180 
Variance = ∑ x ′2 −   = − 
 −3  1  1 n  n  15  15 
∴ r =   −  = − .
 2  6  2 = 222 − 144 = 78
34. (b) Given regression lines are, 2x – 9y + 6 = 0 ax + b a b
and x − 2 y + 1 = 0 40. (b) Let y = i.e., y = x +
c c c
∴ byx = Slope of line of regression of y on x a b
i.e. y = Ax + B, where A = , B=
2 c c
⇒ bxy = .
9 ∴ y = Ax + B
1 1 ∴ y − y = A( x − x )
= Slope of line of regression of x on y =
bxy 2 ⇒ ( y − y ) 2 = A2 ( x − x ) 2
⇒ bxy = 2. ⇒ ∑( y − y ) 2 = A2 ∑( x − x ) 2
2
Hence, r = byx . bxy ⇒ n.σ y2 = A2 .nσ x2
2 ⇒ σ y2 = A2σ x2
⇒ r=+ .
3

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196 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
⇒ σ y =| A | σ x 44. (b) Since 2 x + y = 3

a ∴ 2x + y = 3 ;
⇒ σy = σx
c ∴ y − y = −2( x − x ). So, byx = −2
a 1 1
Thus, new S.D. = σ. Also x − x = − ( y − y ), ∴ bxy = −
c 2 2
 1
41. (c) Given, ∑ x = 15, ∑ y = 40 ∴ rxy2 = byx .bxy = ( −2)  −  = 1
 2
∑ x. y = 110, n = 15 ⇒ rxy = −1. ( ∵ both byx , bxy are –ive)
We know that,
45. (a) Following figure will be obtained on drawing the
1 n  1 n  1 n 
Cov ( x, y ) = ∑
n i =1
xi . yi −  ∑ xi  ∑ yi 
 n i =1  n i =1 
graphs of given in-equations:
Y
1 1  1 
= ∑ x. y −  ∑ x   ∑ y 
n n  n  O (1,0)
X

1  15   40 
= (110) −     = 22 − 3 × 8 = −2.
5  5  5  (0,–3)
(0,–4)
42. (c) xi + yi = n + 1 for all i = 1, 2,3,....., n
x y
Let xi − yi = d i . Then, 2 xi = n + 1 + d i From 3 x − y ≥ 3, + =1
1 −3
⇒ di = 2 xi − (n + 1) x y
From 4 x − y ≥ 4, + =1
n n
1 −4
∴ ∑d
i =1
i
2
= ∑ [2 xi − (n + 1)]2
i =1 Clearly the common region of both the in-equations is true
n for positive value of (x, y). It is also true for positive
= ∑ [4 x
i =1
2
i + (n + 1) 2 − 4 xi ( n + 1)] values of x and negative values of y.
n n n 46. (b) Origin is not present in given shaded area. So
∑d
i =1
i
2
= 4∑ xi 2 + (n) (n + 1) 2 − 4(n + 1)∑ xi
i =1 i =1 4 x − 2 y ≤ −3 satisfy this condition.
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) 47. (c) Clearly from graph there is no feasible region.
= 4 + (n) (n + 1) 2 − 4(n + 1)
6 2 X2
n
n(n − 1) 2

∑d
i =1
i
2
=
3
. B(0,3)
x1+x2=1
n( n + 1) A(0,1)
nx + 2 C(1,0)
∴ = 2 = x + n + 1 i.e., r = −1. X1
O
n
3x1+x2=3
43. (b) The two lines of regression are
48. (a) The equations, corresponding to inequalities 3 x+2 y ≤ 6
2 x − 7 y + 6 = 0 . . . (i) and 7 x − 2 y + 1 = 0 . . . .(ii)
and 6 x + 4 y ≥ 20 , are 3 x + 2 y = 6 and 6 x + 4 y = 20 . So
If (i) is regression equation of y on x, then (ii) is
the lines represented by these equations are parallel.
regression equation of x on y.
Hence the graphs are disjoint.
2 6 2 1
We write these as y = x + and x = y − Y
7 7 7 7
2 2 (0,5)
∴ b yx = , b xy = ;
7 7
4
∴ byx .b xy = < 1 , So our choice is valid. (3,0)
49
(10/3,0)
4 2 X
∴ r2 = ⇒ r= . [ ∵ b yx > 0, b xy > 0 ] O (2,0)
49 7 3x+2y=6 6x+4y=20

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Statistics and Linear Programming 197
49. (c) Hence required feasible region is given by ABCD , and 58. (b) Range = X max − X min = 9 − 2 = 7 .
vertices are (8, 14), (10, 13), (10, 0) and (0, 14)
S.D. 19 . 76
Y
y=14 (8,14) 59. (d) Coefficient of variation = × 100 = × 100 .
(0,14) Mean 35 . 16
AB (10,13)
−1 + 0 + 4
60. (b) Mean = = 1.
x=10
3
| −1 − 1 | + | 0 − 1 | + | 4 − 1 |
C
X
Hence M.D. (about mean) = =2.
O (10,0) 3
50. (c) Max z = 3(10 ) + 5(13 ) = 95 . 61. (a) If each item of a data is increased or decreased by the
51. (a) (3, 1), (2, 0 ) are vertices of Min z for (2, 0) same constant, the standard deviation of the data remains
X2 unchanged.

(0,6)
62. (d) N = (Σf ) = 20
th
x1–x2=2 ( N + 1)  21 
Q1 = th observation =   observation=3
–x1+3x2=0 4  4 
(3,1) (9/2, 3/2)
X1  N +1
(2,0) (6,0)
Similarly, Q 3 = 3   th observation
O  4 
(0,–2) x1 +x2=6
 63 
=   th observation = 5
Hence x 1 = 2 .  4 
52. (b) After drawing a graph we get the vertices of feasible 1
region are (1, 0), (10, 0), (2, 4), (0, 4) and (0, 1).
Now Q.D. = (Q3 − Q1 ) = 1 (Q3 − Q1 ) = 1 (5 − 3) = 1 .
2 2 2
Thus minimum value of objective function is at (0, 1)
63. (c) Let the two unknown items be x and y, then
Hence z = 0 × 2 + 1 × 1 = 1
1+2+6 + x +y
Mean = 4 ⇒ = 4 ⇒ x + y = 11 . . . (i)
53. (d) Min z = 2(0 ) + 2(40 ) = 80 . 5
1+2+3+4 +5 and variance = 5. 2
54. (c) Mean x = =3
5 12 + 22 + 6 2 + x 2 + y 2
⇒ − (mean ) 2 = 5 . 2
1 5
S.D.= σ =
n ∑x 2
i − ( x )2
41 + x 2 + y 2 = 5[5 . 2 + (4 ) 2 ]
1 41 + x 2 + y 2 = 106 x 2 + y 2 = 65 . . . (ii)
= (1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 ) − 9 = 11 − 9 = 2 .
5 Solving (i) and (ii) for x and y, we get
3 +4 +5 +6 +7 x = 4 , y = 7 or x = 7, y = 4 .
55. (b) A.M. = =5
5
64. (b) On arranging the given observations in ascending order,
Σ| x i − x |
∴ Mean deviation = we get; All negative terms O All positive terms
n
( n +1)th term
| 3 − 5| +| 4 − 5 | +| 5 − 5| +| 6 − 5| +| 7 − 5|
= The median of given observations = (n + 1) th term = 0
5
2 +1+ 0 +1+ 2 6 ∴ S. D. > M .D.
= = = 1 .2 .
5 5 65. (d) When each item of a data is multiplied by λ , variance
1  Σx   Σx 
2
is multiplied by λ 2 . Hence, new variance = 5 2 × 9 = 225 .
56. (a) Variance = (S.D.) 2 = Σx 2 −   , ∵ x = 
n  n   n  66. (c)
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)  n(n + 1)  n −1
2 2 Class fi yi d = y i − A , A = 25 fidi fidi2
= −  = .
6n  2 n  12 0-10 1 5 – 20 – 20 400
3 10-20 3 15 – 10 – 30 300
57. (a) We know that, S.D. = Q.D.
2 20-30 4 25 0 0 0
∴ S.D. =
3
× 16 = 24 .
30-40 2 35 10 20 200
2 Total 10 – 30 900

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198 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
2 2 NCERT Exemplar Problems
∑ fid i2  ∑ fid i  900  − 30 
σ2 = −   =
 −  More than One Answer
∑ fi  ∑ fi  10  10 

σ 2 = 90 − 9 = 81 ⇒ σ = 9. 72. (b,d) Finite minimum and An unbounded maximum

solution
67. (d) The given data in ascending order of magnitude is 7,
10, 12, 15, 17, 19, 25 73. (a,b) (a) Both A and C are negative.
th Now Cov( AX + B, CY + D ) = AC Cov.( X , Y ) σ AX + B =| A | σ x
 n +1 
Here Q1 = size of   item = size of 2nd item = 10
 4  And σ CY + D =| C | σ y

 3(n + 1) 
th Hence ρ ( AX + B, CY + D )
Q 3 = size of   item = size of 6th item = 19
 4  AC.Cov ( X , Y ) AC
= = ρ ( X ,Y )
Q − Q1 19 − 10
Then Q.D. = 3 = = 4.5 .
(| A | σ x )(| C | σ y ) | AC |
2 2
= ρ ( X ,Y ) = r, (∵ AC > 0)
M − Mo
68. (b) We know that S k = ,
σ AC
(b) ρ ( AX + B, CY + D) = ρ ( X , Y ) , (∵ AC < 0)
where M = Mean, M o = Mode, σ = S.D. | AC |
39 .6 − M o AC
i.e., 0 .32 = = ρ ( X , Y ) = − ρ ( X , Y ) = − r.
6 .5 − AC
⇒ M o = 37 .52 and also know that, M o = 3median – 2mean M − M0
74. (b) We know that S k = ,
37 . 52 = 3(Median) – 2(39.6) σ
Median = 38.81 (approx.). where M = Mean, M o = Mode, σ = S.D.
69. (d) The shaded region represents the bounded region (3,3) 39 . 6 − M o
i.e., 0 . 32 =
satisfies, so x = 3, y = 3 and z = 15. 6 .5
⇒ M o = 37.52 and also know that, M0 = 3 median– 2 mean
x – y = –1
37 . 52 = 3 (Median) – 2(39.6) Median = 38.81 (approx.).
y – 5x=0

(5/2, 7/2)
1 n
(3,3)
75. (a) We have r = max | xi − x j | and S 2 =
i≠ j
∑ ( xi − x )2
n − 1 i =1
x=3

(0,1) x+y=6
2
 x + x + ..... + xn 
(1,0) Now, ( xi − x ) 2 =  xi − 1 2 
 n 
70. (b) Obviously, max. 4 x + 5 y = 95. It is at (5, 15).
1
= [( xi − x1 ) + ( xi − x2 ) + .... + ( xi − xi − 1)
n2
(0,20) x – 3y = 12
1
(5,15) (18,2) +( xi − xi + 1) + .......
+( xi − xn )] ≤ [(n −1)r ]2 , [∵| xi − x j |≤ r ]
 1 n2
 0,17 
 2 n

(35,0) x + 2y = 35
⇒ ( xi − x ) 2 ≤ r 2 ⇒ ∑ ( xi − x ) 2 ≤ nr 2
(12,0) (20,0) i =1
x + y = 20
1 n
nr 2 nr 2 n
71. (d) Obviously Max µ = 3 x + 4 y at (20, 20) ⇒ ∑
n − 1 i =1
( xi − x )2 ≤
(n − 1)
⇒ S2 ≤
(n − 1)
⇒S ≤r
n −1
.
µ = 60 + 80 = 140.
Y 76. (c) Let a, a, ....n times and – a, – a, – a, – a, ......n times
n(a − 0) 2 + n(− a − 0) 2
(0,40)
i.e., mean = 0 and S.D. =
2n
x+y=40
A(0,30) B(20, 20) na 2 + na 2
x+2y=60 3= = a2 = ±a
(60,0) 2n
X
O C (40, 0) Hence | a | = 3.

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Statistics and Linear Programming 199
ax + b a b Assertion and Reason
77. (b) Let y = i.e., y = x +
c c c 82. (b) Assertion: Sum of n even natural number = n( n + 1)
a
i.e., y = Ax + B , where A = , B =
b n(n + 1)
Mean ( x ) = = n +1
c c n
∴ y = Ax + B 1 
Variance =  ∑ ( x1 )2  − ( x ) 2
∴ y − y = A( x − x ) ⇒ ( y − y ) = A ( x − x )
2 2 2
n 
⇒ ∑ ( y − y ) 2 = A2 ∑ ( x − x ) 2 1
= [22 + 42 + … + (2n) 2 ] − (n + 1)2
n
⇒ n.σ y2 = A2 .nσ x2 ⇒ σ y2 = A2σ x2
1 2 2
= 2 (1 + 22 + … + n 2 ) − ( n + 1) 2
a a n
⇒ σ y =| A | σ x ⇒ σ y = σ x . Thus, new S.D. = σ .
c c 4 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= − (n + 1) 2
n 6
78. (c) r = byx .bxy = − 1.5 × 0.5 = −0.87 (n + 1)[2(2n + 1) − 3(n + 1)]
=
Answer is negative, because both of the regression 3
coefficients are negative. ( n + 1)[4n + 2 − 3n − 3] ( n + 1)( n − 1) n 2 − 1
= = =
79. (c) Equation of regression line of y on x is, 3 3 3
σy 2 x1 ,2 x2 + … + 2 xn
y−y =r (x − x) Or y − y = byx ( x − x ) 83. (c) A.M. of 2 x1 , 2 x2 ,…, 2 xn is
n
σx
 x + x + … + xn 
m1 = Slope of regression line of y on x = byx = 2 1 2  = 2x
 n 
Now, equation of regression line of x on y is, x − x = bxy ( y − y )
So, Assertion: is false. Variance (2 xi ) = 22 variance ( xi ) = 4σ 2
1
m2 = slope of regression line of x on y = Reason: is true.
bxy
If angle between them is θ , then Comprehension Based
 25 
1  1  84. (c) Boys in XI D = 40, Girls in XI D =  × 40  = 10.
byx −  bxy −   100 
m − m2 b b
tan θ = ± 1 = or tan θ =  .
xy yx
  Boys in XII D = 40, Ratio of boys and girls in XII D = 5 :1.
1 + m1m2 byx bxy
1+  1 +  Let the number of girls in XII D be x.
bxy  byx 
40 5
Then, = or x = 8.
80. (c) Obviously, solution set of constraints includes the x 1
point (3, 4). Girls in XII D = 8
Y
Girls failed in XI D = (10 − 8) = 2.
(0,15/2)
(0,6)
3x+4y=30 85. (b) Boys playing Chess & Badminton = (32 + 52) = 84
(0,11/2)
 25 
2x+5y=30 Girls playing Hockey & Football =  × 84  = 21
 100 
x+2y=11 (15,0)
O (10,0) (11,0)
X ∴ Required ratio = 84 : 21 = 4 :1.
 25 
86. (a) Boys in XI A = 44, Girls in XI B =  × 45  = 12
Y
 100 
 25 
81. (a) Girls in XI C =  × 48  = 12
 100 
y=2 Let the total number of students be x. Then,
25
× x = ( 44 + 12 + 12 )
X 100
O
x =2 Or x = 272.

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200 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
87. (d) 4 (Girls in XI B & XI C) = 4(12 + 12) = 96 (C) Percentage of students in 2015 over 2013
But, none of the pairs of class given through (1) to (4) has  200 
= × 100  = 117.6%
this as the number of boys.  170 
88. (c) Boys of XI E Playing Chess = 4. (D) Number of students who passed (140 + 150 + 160) = 450

 25  Number of students who appeared = (170 + 190 + 200) = 560

Girls of XI B playing Table Tennis =  × 16  = 4
 200   450 
∴ Aggregate pass percentage =  × 100  % = 80.3%.
 25   560 
Girls of XI C playing Hockey =  ×8 = 2
 100 
Number selected at the college of sports Integer
= (4 = 4 = 2) = 10 n

∑fx i i
 25  96. (8) We know that, Mean = i =1
Total number of students =  228 + × 228  = 285 n
 100  ∑f
i =1
i

 10 × 100 
Let x % of 285 = 10. Then, x =   = 3.51. 1× 4 + 2 × 5 + 3 × y + 4 × 1 + 5 × 2
 285  i.e 2.6 =
4 + 5 + y +1+ 2
89. (b) Girls = 25% of boys
Or 31.2 + 2.6 y = 28 + 3 y or 0.4 y = 3.2 ⇒ y = 8
∴ 25% of the boys can participate in Social work.
∴ 75% of the boys cannot participate in Social work. 97. (65) Let the average marks of the girls students be x, then
90. (d) Part of body made of neither bones nor skin 70 × 75 + 30 × x
72 = (Number of girls = 100 – 70 = 30)
100
 1 1  11
= 1−  +  = . 7200 − 5250
 6 10  15 i.e., = x,
30
1 1 ∴ x = 65.
91. (c) Required ratio = : = 2 :1.
3 6
98. (6) Since frequency is maximum for 6
92. (b) Quantity of water in the body of a person weighing 50 ∴ Mode = 6
 70 
kg. = 70% of 50 kg =  × 50  kg = 35 kg. 99. (9)
 100 
Class Frequ yi ui =
yi − A
,
f iu i fiui2
1 ency 10
93. (b) Weight of skin = part of 16% Proteins. A = 25
10
0-10 1 5 –2 –2 4
 1 16 
= × ×100  % of Proteins 10-20 3 15 –1 –3 3
 10 100  20-30 4 25 0 0 0
= 1.6% of Proteins. 30-40 2 35 1 2 2
94. (c) Percentage of Proteins & other dry elements = 30% 10 –3 9
 30   ∑ f u 2  ∑ f u 2 2   9  −3  2 
∴ Required angel =  × 360  = 108°. σ = c  i i −  i i   = 102  −   
2 2
 100   ∑ f i  ∑ f i   10  10  
Match the Column = 90 − 9 = 81
95. (a) (A) Percentage of first divisioners in 2013 ⇒ σ=9
 20 
= × 100  = 11.76% 3
 170  100. (24) We know that, S.D. = Q.D.
2
 140 
(B) Pass percentage in 2013 =  × 100  = 82.3% 3
 170  ∴ S .D. = ×16 = 24
2

***

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Probability 201

10 Probability
QUICK LOOK
Equally Likely Events: Events are equally likely if there is
no reason for an event to occur in preference to any other
Basics of Probability event.
The theory of probability is applied in many diverse fields and For example, If an unbiased die is rolled, then each outcome is
the flexibility of the theory provides approximate tools for so equally likely to happen i.e., all elementary events are
great a variety of needs. There are two approaches to equally likely.
probability are Classical approach and Axiomatic approach.
Mutually Exclusive or Disjoint Events: Events are said to

Deterministic Experiment: Those experiments which be mutually exclusive or disjoint or incompatible if the
when repeated under identical conditions produce the same
occurrence of any one of them prevents the occurrence of all
result or out-come are known as deterministic experiments.
the others
When experiments in science or engineering are repeated
For example, E = getting an even number, F = getting an
under identical conditions, we get almost the same result
odd number, these two events are mutually exclusive,
every time.
because, if E occurs we say that the number obtained is

Random Experiment: If an experiment, when repeated
even and so it cannot be odd i.e., F does not occur.
under identical conditions, do not produce the same
outcome every time but the outcome in a trial is one of the A1 and A2 are mutually exclusive events if A1 ∩ A2 = φ .
several possible outcomes then such an experiment is
Mutually Non-exclusive Events: The events which are not
known as a probabilistic experiment or a random mutually exclusive are known as compatible events or
experiment. In a random experiment, all the outcomes are mutually non exclusive events.
known in advance but the exact outcome is unpredictable.
Independent Events: Events are said to be independent if
the happening (or non-happening) of one event is not
For example, in tossing of a coin, it is known that either a head
affected by the happening (or non-happening) of others.
or a tail will occur but one is not sure if a head or a tail will be
For example, If two dice are thrown together, then getting
obtained. So it is a random experiment.
an even number on first is independent to getting an odd
Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes of a trial
(random experiment) is called its sample space. It is generally number on the second.
denoted by S and each outcome of the trial is said to be a
Dependent Events: Two or more events are said to be
sample point. dependent if the happening of one event affects (partially or
For example, If a dice is thrown once, then its sample space is S totally) other event.
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}; If two coins are tossed together then its For example, Suppose a bag contains 5 white and 4 black
sample space is S = {HT, TH, HH, TT}. balls. Two balls are drawn one by one. Then two events that
the first ball is white and second ball is black are
Event: An event is a subset of a sample space.
independent if the first ball is replaced before drawing the

Simple Event: An event containing only a single sample
second ball. If the first ball is not replaced then these two
point is called an elementary or simple event.
events will be dependent because second draw will have
For example, In a single toss of coin, the event of getting a
only 8 exhaustive cases.
head is a simple event. Here S = {H, T} and E = {H}

Compound Events: Events obtained by combining
together two or more elementary events are known as the Exhaustive Number of Cases: The total number of possible
compound events or decomposable events. outcomes of a random experiment in a trial is known as the
For example, In a single throw of a pair of dice the event of exhaustive number of cases.
getting a doublet, is a compound event because this event For example, In throwing a die the exhaustive number of cases
occurs if any one of the elementary events (1, 1), (2, 2), is 6, since any one of the six faces marked with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
(3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6) occurs. may come uppermost.

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202 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Favourable Number of Cases: The number of cases Concepts of Coins, Dice, Playing Cards and Envelopes
favourable to an event in a trial is the total number of
Coins: A coin has a head side and a tail side. If an
elementary events such that the occurrence of any one of them experiment consists of more than a coin, then coins are
ensures the happening of the event. considered to be distinct if not otherwise stated. Number of
For example, In drawing two cards from a pack of 52 cards, the exhaustive cases of tossing n coins simultaneously (or of
number of cases favourable to drawing 2 queens is 4 C 2 . tossing a coin n times) = 2n.

Dice: A die (cubical) has six faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive System of Events: Let S
We may have tetrahedral (having four faces 1, 2, 3, 4) or
be the sample space associated with a random experiment. Let
pentagonal (having five faces 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) die. As in the
A1, A2, …..An be subsets of S such that
case of coins, if we have more than one die, then all dice are

Ai ∩ Aj = φ for i ≠ j and A1 ∪ A2 ∪ .... ∪ An = S
considered to be distinct if not otherwise stated. Number of
Then the collection of events A1 , A2 ,....., An is said to form a
exhaustive cases of throwing n dice simultaneously (or
mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events. throwing one dice n times) = 6n.
If E1 , E2 ,....., En are elementary events associated with a
Playing Cards: A pack of playing cards usually has 52
random experiment, then cards. There are 4 suits (Spade, Heart, Diamond and Club)

Ei ∩ E j = φ for i ≠ j and E1 ∪ E2 ∪ .... ∪ En = S each having 13 cards. There are two colours red (Heart and
So the collection of elementary events associated with a Diamond) and black (Spade and Club) each having 26
random experiment always form a system of mutually cards. In thirteen cards of each suit, there are 3 face cards or
exclusive and exhaustive system of events. In this system, coart cards namely king, queen and jack. So there are in all
P( A1 ∪ A2 .. ∪ An ) = P( A1 ) + P( A2 ) + .. + P( An ) = 1. 12 face cards (4 kings, 4 queens and 4 jacks). Also there are
16 honour cards, 4 of each suit namely ace, king, queen and
Note

Independent events are always taken from different jack.
experiments, while mutually exclusive events are taken
Probability Regarding n Letters and their Envelopes: If
from a single experiment. n letters corresponding to n envelopes are placed in the

Independent events can happen together while mutually envelopes at random, then
exclusive events cannot happen together. 1
Probability that all letters are in right envelopes = .

Independent events are connected by the word “and” but n!
mutually exclusive events are connected by the word “or”. Probability that all letters are not in right envelopes
Classical Definition of Probability 1
= 1− .
If a random experiment results in n mutually exclusive, equally n!
likely and exhaustive outcomes, out of which m are favourable Probability that no letter is in right envelopes
to the occurrence of an event A, then the probability of occurrence 1 1 1 1
= − + − ... + (−1) n .
of A is given by 2! 3! 4! n!
m Number of outcomes favourable to A Probability that exactly r letters are in right envelopes
P( A) = =
n Number of total outcomes 1 1 1 1 n −r 1 
=  − + − ..... + (−1) .
It is obvious that 0 ≤ m ≤ n. If an event A is certain to happen, r !  2! 3! 4! (n − r )!
then m = n, thus P(A) = 1.
If A is impossible to happen, then m = 0 and so P(A) = 0. Hence Combination and Permutation based Problems
we conclude that 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1.
Problems based on Combination or Selection: To solve
Further, if A denotes negative of A i.e. event that A doesn’t n!
such kind of problems, we use n Cr = .
happen, then for above cases m, n; we shall have r !(n − r )!
n−m m
Problems based on Permutation or Arrangement: To
P ( A) = = 1 − = 1 − P ( A)
n n n!
solve such kind of problems, we use n Pr = .
∴ P ( A) + P ( A) = 1. (n − r )!

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Probability 203
Odds In favour and Odds against an Event exclusive events is equal to the sum of their probabilities, i.e. if
As a result of an experiment if “a” of the outcomes are A1 , A2 ..... An are mutually exclusive events, then
favourable to an event E and “b” of the outcomes are against it, P( A1 + A2 + ... + An ) = P( A1 ) + P( A2 ) + ..... + P( An )
then we say that odds are a to b in favour of E or odds are b to
a against E. Thus odds in favour of an event E i.e. P (∑ Ai ) = ∑ P ( Ai ) .
Number of favourable cases
= When Events are Independent: If A and B are independent
Number of unfavourable cases
events, then P( A ∩ B) = P( A).P( B)
a a /(a + b) P ( E )
= = = .
b b /(a + b) P ( E ) ∴ P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A).P( B) .
Similarly, odds against an event E
Some More Theorems
Number of unfavourable cases b P( E )
= = = . Let A and B be two events associated with a random experiment,
Number of favourable cases a P( E )
then P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
Note P( A ∩ B ) = P( A) − P ( A ∩ B ) If B ⊂ A, then

If odds in favour of an event are a: b, then the probability of
P( A ∩ B ) = P( A) − P( B) P( B) ≤ P( A)
a
the occurrence of that event is and the probability of Similarly if A ⊂ B, then ( A ∩ B ) = P ( B ) − P ( A)
a+b
b P( A) ≤ P ( B ). .
non-occurrence of that event is .
a +b

If odds against an event are a: b, then the probability of the Note
b Probability of occurrence of neither A nor B is P( A ∩ B )
occurrence of that event is and the probability of non-
a+b
= P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 − P( A ∪ B) .
a
occurrence of that event is .
a+b Generalization of the Addition Theorem: If A1 , A2 ,....., An are
n events associated with a random experiment, then
Addition Theorems on Probability
 n  n n n
When Events are not mutually Exclusive: If A and B are two P  ∪ Ai  = ∑ P( Ai ) − ∑ P( Ai ∩ Aj ) + ∑ P( Ai ∩ Aj ∩ Ak )
events which are not mutually exclusive,  i =1  i =1 i , j =1 i , j , k =1
i≠ j i≠ j≠k
then P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P( B) − P ( A ∩ B ) n −1
+... + ( −1) P ( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ ..... ∩ An ).
or P( A + B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( AB) .
If all the events Ai (i = 1, 2..., n) are mutually exclusive, then
For any three events A, B, C
P( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P( A) + P( B) + P(C ) − P( A ∩ B)  n  n
P  ∪ Ai  = ∑ P ( Ai )
− P( B ∩ C ) − P(C ∩ A) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C )  i =1  i =1
or P( A + B + C ) = P( A) + P( B) + P(C ) − P( AB) i.e. P ( A1 ∪ A2 ∪ .... ∪ An )
− P ( BC ) − P (CA) + P ( ABC ). = P ( A1 ) + P ( A2 ) + .... + P ( An ).

When Events are mutually Exclusive: If A and B are Booley’s Inequality: If A1 , A2 ,.... An are n events associated
mutually exclusive events, then n( A ∩ B ) = 0 with a random experiment, then
⇒ P( A ∩ B) = 0  n  n

P  ∩ Ai  ≥ ∑ P ( Ai ) − (n − 1)
∴ P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) .  i =1  i =1
For any three events A, B, C which are mutually exclusive,  n  n

P  ∪ Ai  ≤ ∑ P ( Ai )
P( A ∩ B) = P( B ∩ C ) = P(C ∩ A) = P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0  i =1  i =1
∴ P( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P( A) + P( B) + P(C ) . These results can be easily established by using the Principle of
The probability of happening of any one of several mutually Mathematical Induction.

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204 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Table 10.1: For Three Arbitrary Events A, B, and C equal to the product of their probabilities. By multiplication
Verbal Description of Equivalent Set Theoretic Notation theorem, we have P( A ∩ B) = P( A). P( B / A).
Event
(i) Only A occurs
Since A and B are independent events, therefore
(i) A ∩ B ∩ C
(ii) Both A and B, but P ( B / A) = P ( B ). Hence, P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A). P ( B ).
(ii) A ∩ B ∩ C
not C occur
Extension of Multiplication Theorem for Independent
(iii) All the three events (iii) A ∩ B ∩ C Events: If A1,A2,…,An are independent events associated
occur
with a random experiment, then P( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ∩... ∩ An )
(iv) At least one occurs (iv) A ∪ B ∪ C
(v) At least two occur (v) ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) = P ( A1 ) P ( A2 ) ...P ( An ). By multiplication theorem, we have
(vi) One and no more (vi) ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) P( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ∩... ∩ An ) = P( A1 )P( A2 / A1 )P( A3 / A1 ∩ A2 )...
occurs
(vii) Exactly two of A, (vii) ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
P( An / A1 ∩ A2 ∩ ... ∩ An −1 )
B and C occur Since A1 , A2 ,...., An −1 , An are independent events, therefore
(viii) None occurs (viii) A ∩ B ∩ C = A ∪ B ∪ C
P ( A2 / A1 ) = P ( A2 ), P( A3 / A1 ∩ A2 ) = P( A3 ),....,
(ix) Not more than two (ix)
occur ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) − ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) P( An / A1 ∩ A2 ∩ ... ∩ An −1 ) = P ( An )
(x) Exactly one of A (x) ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) Hence, P ( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ ... ∩ An ) = P( A1 ) P ( A2 )....P( An ) .
and B occurs

Conditional Probability Probability of at Least One of the n Independent Events: If

Let A and B be two events associated with a random p1 , p2 , p3 ,........, pn be the probabilities of happening of n
experiment. Then, the probability of occurrence of A under the independent events A1 , A2 , A3 ,........, An respectively, then
condition that B has already occurred and P(B) ≠ 0, is called the

Probability of happening none of them
conditional probability and it is denoted by P(A/B).
= P ( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ...... ∩ An ) = P ( A1 ).P ( A2 ).P( A3 ).....P( An )
Thus, P(A/B) = Probability of occurrence of A, given that B has
P ( A ∩ B ) n( A ∩ B ) = (1 − p1 )(1 − p2 )(1 − p3 )....(1 − pn ).
already happened. = = .
P( B) n( B )
Probability of happening at least one of them
Similarly, P(B/A) = Probability of occurrence of B, given that A = P ( A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 .... ∪ An ) = 1 − P ( A1 ) P ( A2 ) P( A3 )....P( An )
P ( A ∩ B ) n( A ∩ B ) = 1 − (1 − p1 )(1 − p2 )(1 − p3 )...(1 − pn ).
has already happened. = = .
P ( A) n( A)
Probability of happening of first event and not happening of
Sometimes, P(A/B) is also used to denote the probability of the remaining = P ( A1 ) P ( A2 ) P ( A3 ).....P ( An )
occurrence of A when B occurs. Similarly, P(B/A) is used to
= p1 (1 − p2 )(1 − p3 ).......(1 − pn )
denote the probability of occurrence of B when A occurs.
Multiplication Theorems on Probability Total Probability and Baye’s Rule

If A and B are two events associated with a random The Law of Total Probability: Let S be the sample space and
experiment, then P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A). P ( B / A), if P(A) ≠ 0 or let E1 , E2 ,.....En be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
P( A ∩ B ) = P ( B ). P ( A / B ), if P(B) ≠ 0. associated with a random experiment. If A is any event which

Extension of Multiplication Theorem: If A1 , A2 ,.., An are n occurs with E1 or E2 or …. or En, then
events related to a random experiment, then P( A1∩ A2 ∩ A3 ∩ ... P ( A) = P ( E1 ) P ( A / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P( A / E2 )
∩ An ) = P ( A1 ) P( A2/A1) P (A3/A1∩A2 ).... P(An /A1∩A2∩ ...∩ An −1 ), +... + P ( En ) P ( A / En ).

where P ( Ai / A1 ∩ A2 ∩ ... ∩ Ai −1 ) represents the conditional
Events E1 , E2 ,...., En are mutually exclusive if Ei ∩ E j = 0

probability of the event Ai , given that the events for i j = 1, 2,3,...., n.

A1 , A2 ,.., Ai −1 have already happened.
Events E1 , E2 ,..., En are exhaustive if P( E1 ) + P( E2 ) + ... +

Multiplication Theorems for Independent Events: If A P( En ) = 1.

and B are independent events associated with a random
If E1 , E2 ,..., En are equiprobable and exhaustive then P(E1 ) =
experiment, then P( A ∩ B ) = P ( A). P( B ) i.e., the probability 1
P( E2 ) = ...P ( En ) = .
of simultaneous occurrence of two independent events is n

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Probability 205

If E1 , E2 , E3 ,...En are n mutually exclusive and exhaustive  x1 x2 ⋯ xn 
  is said to be the probability distribution
events and A is an event which can take place in  p1 p2 ⋯ pn 
conjunction with any one of Ei then of the random variable X. The expectation (mean) of the
P( A) = P(E1 ) ⋅ P( A / E1 ) + P(E2 ) ⋅ P ⋅ ( A / E2 ) + ... + (PEn ) ⋅ P( A / En ) n
random variable X is defined as E ( X ) = ∑ pi xi and the
i =1

n
Baye’s Rule: Let S be a sample space and E1 , E2 ,.....En be n variance of X is defined as var( X ) = ∑ pi ( xi − E ( X )) 2
n i =1
mutually exclusive events such that ∪E i = S and P( Ei ) > 0 for n
i =1 = ∑ pi xi2 − ( E ( X )) 2 .
i = 1, 2, ……, n. We can think of (Ei’s as the causes that lead to i =1

the outcome of an experiment. The probabilities P(Ei), i = 1, 2,
Inomial Probability Distribution: A random variable X
….., n are called prior probabilities. Suppose the experiment which takes values 0, 1, 2, …, n is said to follow binomial
results in an outcome of event A, where P(A) > 0. We have to distribution if its probability distribution function is given
find the probability that the observed event A was due to cause by P ( X = r ) = n Cr p r q n − r , r = 0,1, 2,....., n where p, q > 0
Ei, that is, we seek the conditional probability P( Ei / A). These such that p + q = 1.
probabilities are called posterior probabilities, given by Baye’s The notation X ~ B(n, p) is generally used to denote that the
P ( Ei ).P ( A / Ei ) random variable X follows binomial distribution with
rule as P( Ei / A) = n
. parameters n and p.
∑ P( Ek ) P( A / Ek )
k =1
We have P ( X = 0) + P( X = 1) + ... + P ( X = n)

Note = n C0 p 0 q n − 0 + n C1 p1q n −1 + ... + n Cn p n q n − n = (q + p ) n = 1n = 1.

P(Ei/A) is calculated after the experiment has taken place. Such Now probability of
probabilities are called posteriori probabilities. P(Ei) etc., which Occurrence of the event exactly r times P (X = r ) = nCr q n− rp r .
are known before the experiment takes place are called priori Occurrence of the event at least r times
probabilities. n
P ( X ≥ r ) = n Cr q n − r p r + ... + p n = ∑ n
CX p X qn− X .
Binomial Distribution X =r

Geometrical Method for Probability P{x ∈ A} = Occurrence of the event at the most r times
r

P{x ∈ A} =
Measure of region A
, where measure P(0 ≤ X ≤ r ) = q n + n C1q n −1 p + ... + nCr q n −r p r = ∑p
X =0
X
q n− X .
Measure of the sample space S
stands for length, area or volume depending upon whether S If the probability of happening of an event in one trial be p,
is a one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional then the probability of successive happening of that event in
r
region. r trials is p .

Probability Distribution: Let S be a sample space. A
If n trials constitute an experiment and the experiment is
random variable X is a function from the set S to R, the set repeated N times, then the frequencies of 0, 1, 2, …, n
of real numbers. In general, if X is a random variable successes are given by N.P( X = 0), N.P( X = 1), N.P( X = 2),...,
defined on the sample space S and r is a real number, then
N .P ( X = n).
{X = r} is an event. If the random variable X takes n distinct
values x1 , x2 ,...., xn , then { X = x1 }, { X = x2 },....,{ X = xn } Mean and Variance of the Binomial Distribution: The
binomial probability distribution is
are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
. X 0 1 2 n
S
X = x1 X = x3 ( X ) nC0 q n p 0 n C1q n −1 p nC2 q n− 2 p 2 .....n Cn q 0 p n
X = x2
The mean of this distribution is
n n

X = x4 ∑ X p = ∑ X.
i =1
i i
X =1
n
C X q n − X p X = np, the variance of the
X = xn
Binomial distribution is σ 2 = npq and the standard deviation is
Now, since ( X = xi ) is an event, we can talk of P( X = xi ).
σ = (npq).
If P ( X = xi ) = Pi (1 ≤ i ≤ n), then the system of numbers.

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206 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 8. From a pack of 52 cards two are drawn with replacement.
Basics of Probability The probability, that the first is a diamond and the second
1. Two fair dice are tossed. Let A be the event that the first is a king, is:
die shows an even number and B be the event that second 1 17
a. b.
die shows an odd number. The two events A and B are: 26 2704
a. Mutually exclusive 1
c. d. None of these
b. Independent and mutually exclusive 52
c. Dependent 9. A dice is thrown twice. The probability of getting 4, 5 or 6
d. None of these in the first throw and 1, 2, 3 or 4 in the second throw is:
2. The probabilities of a student getting I, II and III division 1
a. 1 b.
1 3 1 3
in an examination are respectively , and . The 7
10 5 4 c. d. None of these
probability that the student fail in the examination is: 36
197 27 10. One card is drawn from each of two ordinary packs of 52
a. b.
200 200 cards. The probability that at least one of them is an ace of
83 heart, is:
c. d. None of these
100 103 1 2 2601
a. b. c. d.
2704 2704 52 2704
Concepts of Coins, Dice, Playing Cards and Envelopes
11. Three letters are to be sent to different persons and
3. Three identical dice are rolled. The probability that same addresses on the three envelopes are also written. Without
number will appear on each of them will be: looking at the addresses, the probability that the letters go
1 1 1 3 into the right envelope is equal to:
a. b. c. d.
6 36 18 28 1 1
a. b.
27 9
4. A single letter is selected at random from the word 4 1
c. d.
“PROBABILITY”. The probability that the selected letter 27 6
is a vowel is: 12. The probability of getting a total of 5 or 6 in a single
2 3 4 throw of 2 dice is:
a. b. c. d.0
11 11 11 1 1 1 1
a. b. c. d.
5. From a book containing 100 pages, one page is selected 2 4 3 6
randomly. The probability that the sum of the digits of the 13. The probability of happening an event A in one trial is
page number of the selected page is 11, is: 0.4. The probability that the event A happens at least once
2 9 in three independent trials is:
a. b.
25 100 a. 0.936 b. 0.784
11 c. 0.904 d. 0.216
c. d. None of these
100 14. From 10,000 lottery tickets numbered from 1 to 10,000,
6. If a dice is thrown twice, then the probability of getting 1 one ticket is drawn at random. What is the probability that
in the first throw only is: the number marked on the drawn ticket is divisible by 20?
1 3 1 1 1 1
a. b. a. b. c. d.
36 36 100 50 20 10
5 1 15. A problem of mathematics is given to three students
c. d.
36 6 whose chances of solving the problem are 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5
7. A coin is tossed and a dice is rolled. The probability that respectively. The probability that the question will be
the coin shows the head and the dice shows 6 is: solved is
2 3 4 3
1 1 1 a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.1 3 4 5 5
8 12 2

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Probability 207
16. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of cards. The 23. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards.
probability of getting a queen of club or king of heart is: The probability that both are the cards of spade is:
1 1 1 1
a. b. a. b.
52 26 26 4
1 1
c. d. None of these c. d. None of these
18 17
17. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the 24. A man draws a card from a pack of 52 playing cards,
probability of obtaining sum of the numbers less than 11? replaces it and shuffles the pack. He continues this
processes until he gets a card of spade. The probability
17 1
a. b. that he will fail the first two times is:
18 12
9 1
11 a. b.
c. d. None of these 16 16
12
9
18. A man and a woman appear in an interview for two c. d. None of these
64
vacancies in the same post. The probability of man's 25. A bag contains 3 red, 7 white and 4 black balls. If three
selection is 1/4 and that of the woman's selection is 1/3. balls are drawn from the bag, then the probability that all
What is the probability that none of them will be selected? of them are of the same colour is:
1 1 6 7
a. b. a. b.
2 12 71 81
1 10
c. d. None of these c. d. None of these
4 91
19. The probability that an event will fail to happen is 0.05. 26. A box contains 25 tickets numbered 1, 2,...25. If two
The probability that the event will take place on 4 tickets are drawn at random then the probability that the
consecutive occasions is: product of their numbers is even, is:
a. 0.00000625 b. 0.18543125 11 13
a. b.
c. 0.00001875 d. 0.81450625 50 50
37
Combination and Permutation based Problems c. d. None of these
50
20. Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen 27. A word consists of 11 letters in which there are 7
at random. The probability that the triangle with these consonants and 4 vowels. If 2 letters are chosen at
three vertices is equilateral, is equal to: random, then the probability that all of them are
1 1 consonants, is:
a. b.
2 5 5 21
a. b.
1 1 11 55
c. d. 4
10 20 c. d. None of these
21. There are four letters and four addressed envelopes. The 11
chance that all letters are not dispatched in the right 28. If Mohan has 3 tickets of a lottery containing 3 prizes and
envelope is: 9 blanks, then his chance of winning prize are:
19 21 23 1 34 21
a. b. c. d. a. b.
24 23 24 24 55 55
17
22. The letters of the word ‘ASSASSIN’ are written down at c. d. None of these
55
random in a row. The probability that no two S occur
together is: 29. A bag contains 4 white, 5 red and 6 black balls. If two
balls are drawn at random, then the probability that one of
1 1
a. b. them is white is:
35 14
44 11
1 a. b.
c. d. None of these 105 105
15 c. 11/ 21 d. None of these

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208 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
30. A committee of five is to be chosen from a group of 9 Odds In favour and Odds against an Event
people. The probability that a certain married couple will 38. Two dice are tossed together. The odds in favour of the
either serve together or not at all, is: sum of the numbers on them as 2 are:
1 5 4 2 a. 1:36 b. 1:35
a. b. c. d.
2 9 9 9 c. 35:1 d. None of these
31. In a lottery 50 tickets are sold in which 14 are of prize. A 39. A party of 23 persons take their seats at a round table. The
man bought 2 tickets, then the probability that the man odds against two persons sitting together are:
win the prize, is: a. 10 : 1 b. 1 : 11
17 18 72 13 c. 9 : 10 d. None of these
a. b. c. d.
35 35 175 175
40. If the odds against an event be 2 : 3, then the probability
32. A three digit number is formed by using numbers 1, 2, 3 of its occurrence is:
and 4. The probability that the number is divisible by 3, is:
1 2 3
2 2 1 3 a. b. c. d. 1
a. b. c. d. 5 5 5
3 7 2 4
41. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. A gambler bets
33. Word ‘UNIVERSITY’ is arranged randomly. Then the that it is a spade or an ace. What are the odds against his
probability that both ‘I’ does not come together, is: winning this bet?
3 2 4 1 a. 17 : 52 b. 52 : 17
a. b. c. d.
5 5 5 5 c. 9 : 4 d. 4 : 9
34. An ordinary cube has four blank faces, one face marked 2 42. In a horse race the odds in favour of three horses are 1:2,
another marked 3. Then the probability of obtaining a total 1:3 and 1:4. The probability that one of the horse will win
of exactly 12 in 5 throws, is: the race is:
5 5 37 47 1 3
a. b. a. b. c. d.
1296 1944 60 60 4 4
5 43. If odds against solving a question by three students are
c. d. None of these
2592 2:1, 5 : 2 and 5 : 3 respectively, then probability that the
35. A bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If one ball is question is solved only by one student is:
drawn, then the probability that it is black, is: 31 24
a. b.
3 5 56 56
a. b.
8 8 25
c. d. None of these
6 10 56
c. d.
8 20 44. A card is drawn at random from a pack of cards. The
36. A bag has 13 red, 14 green and 15 black balls. The probability of this card being a red or a queen is:
probability of getting exactly 2 blacks on pulling out 4 1 1
a. b.
balls is P1. Now the number of each colour ball is doubled 13 26
and 8 balls are pulled out. The probability of getting 1 7
c. d.
exactly 4 blacks is P2. Then: 2 13
a. P1 = P2 b. P1 > P2 45. The probability of happening at least one of the events A
c. P1 < P2 d. None of these and B is 0.6. If the events A and B happens simultaneously
37. Two friends A and B have equal number of daughters. with the probability 0.2, then P( A) + P ( B ) = ?
There are three cinema tickets which are to be distributed a.0.4 b.0.8
among the daughters of A and B. The probability that all c.1.2 d.1.4
the tickets go to daughters of A is 1/20. The number of 46. If A and B are twoindependent events such that P(A) = 0. 40,
daughters each of them have is: P(B) = 0. 50. Find P (neither A nor B)
a. 4 b. 5 a.0.90 b.0.10
c. 6 d. 3 c.0.2 d.0.3

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Probability 209
47. If the probability of a horse A winning a race is 1/4 and the Addition Theorems on Probability
probability of a horse B winning the same race is 1/5, then 55. A box contains 6 nails and 10 nuts. Half of the nails and
the probability that either of them will win the race is: half of the nuts are rusted. If one item is chosen at
1 9 11 19 random, what is the probability that it is rusted or is a nail:
a. b. c. d.
20 20 20 20 a. 3/16 b. 5/16 c. 11/16 d. 14/16
48. The probabilities that A and B will die within a year are p 56. A card is chosen randomly from a pack of playing cards.
and q respectively, then the probability that only one of The probability that it is a black king or queen of heart or
them will be alive at the end of the year is: jack is:
a. p + q b. p + q − 2qp a. 1/52 b. 6/52
c. 7/52 d. None of these
c. p + q − pq d. p + q + pq
57. If A and B are events such that P ( A ∪ B ) = 3/ 4, P ( A ∩ B )
49. Let A and B be two events such that P( A) = 0.3 and
= 1/ 4, P ( A) = 2 / 3, then P ( A ∩ B ) is:
P ( A ∪ B ) = 0.8. If A and B are independent events, then
a. 5/12 b. 3/8 c. 5/8 d. 1/4
P( B ) = ?
4
5 5 3 2 58. The probability that A speaks truth is , while this
a. b. c. d. 5
6 7 5 5
3
probability for B is . The probability that they contradict
50. The two events A and B have probabilities 0.25 and 0.50 4
respectively. The probability that both A and B occur each other when asked to speak on a fact is
simultaneously is 0.14. Then the probability that neither A 4 1 7 3
a. b. c. d.
nor B occurs is: 5 5 20 20
a. 0.39 b. 0.25 59. A student appears for tests I, II and III. The student is
c. 0.904 d. None of these successful if he passes either in tests I and II or tests I and
51. Three athlete A, B and C participate in a race competetion. III. The probabilities of the student passing in tests I, II,
The probability of winning A and B is twice of winning C. 1
III are p, q and respectively. If the probability that the
Then the probability that the race win by A or B, is: 2
a.
2
b.
1 1
student is successful is , then
3 2 2
4 1 a. p = 1, q = 0
c. d.
5 3 2 1
b. p = , q =
52. In a city 20% persons read English newspaper, 40% read 3 2
Hindi newspaper and 5% read both newspapers. The c. There are infinitely many values of p and q
percentage of non-reader either paper is d. All of the above
a. 60% b. 35% 60. The probability of happening an event A is 0.5 and that of
c. 25% d. 45% B is 0.3. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then the
53. Given two mutually exclusive events A and B such that probability of happening neither A nor B is:
P( A) = 0 . 45 and P(B) = 0 . 35 , then P (A or B) = ? a. 0.6 b. 0.2
c. 0.21 d. None of these
a. 0.1 b. 0.25
c. 0.15 d. 0.8 Conditional Probability
54. In a class of 125 students 70 passed in Mathematics, 55 in 61. If A and B are two events such that P a ≠ 0 and P b ≠ 1,
Statistics and 30 in both. The probability that a student  A
then P   = ?
selected at random from the class has passed in only one B
subject is:
 A  A
13 3 a. 1 − P   b. 1 − P  
a. b. B B
25 25
17 8 1 − P( A ∪ B) P ( A)
c. d. c. d.
25 25 P( B ) P( B )

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210 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
62. If A and B are two events such that P ( A ∪ B ) 68. 8 coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of
= P( A ∩ B), then the true relation is getting at least 6 heads is
57 229
B a. b.
a. P ( A) + P ( B ) = 0 b. P(A) +P(B) = P(A)P  64 256
 A
7 37
B c. d.
c. P(A)+ P(B)=2 P(A)P  d. None of these 64 256
 A
63. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
1
that both E and F happens is and the probability that More than One Answer
12
69. If M and N are any two events, then the probability that
1
neither E nor F happens is , then exactly one of them occurs is:
2
a. P( M ) + P( N ) − 2 P( M ∩ N )
1 1 1 1
a. P( E ) = , P( F ) = b. P( E ) = , P( F ) =
3 4 2 6 b. P( M ) + P( N ) − P( M ∪ N )
1 1 c. P( M ) + P( N ) − 2 P( M ∩ N )
c. P( E ) = , P( F ) = d. None of these
6 2
d. P( M ∩ N ) − P( M ∩ N )
64. Let p denotes the probability that a managed x years will
die in a year. The probability that out of n men A1,A2,A3,An 70. For two given events A and B, P( A ∩ B) is:
each aged x, A1 will die in a year and will be the first to a. not less than P( A) + P( B) − 1
die, is:
b. not greater than P( A) + P( B)
1
a. [1 − (1 − p) n ] b. [1 − (1 − p) ] n
c. equal to P( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∪ B )
n
1 d. equal to P ( A) + P ( B ) + P ( A ∪ B )
c. [1 − (1 − p )n ] d. None of these
n −1 71. If E and F are independent events such that 0 < P ( E ) < 1
and 0 < P ( F ) < 1, then:
Total Probability and Baye’s Rule
65. In a bolt factory, machines A, B and C manufacture a. E and F are mutual exclusive
respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the total bolts. Of their b. E and F c (the complement of the event F) are independent
output 5, 4 and 2 percent are respectively defective bolts. c. E c and F c are independent
A bolt is drawn at random from the product. Then the d. P( E / F ) + P ( E c / F ) = 1
probability that the bolt drawn is defective is
a. 0.0345 b. 0.345 c. 3.45 d. 0.0034 72. For any two events A and B in a sample space?
 A  P( A) + P( B) − 1
66. A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls and bag B a. P   ≥ , P( B) ≠ 0 is always true
B P( B)
contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn at
random from a randomly chosen bag and is found to be b. P( A ∩ B) = P( A) − P( A ∩ B) does not hold
red. The probability that it was drawn from B is c. P( A ∪ B) = 1 − P( A) P( B), if A and B are independent
5 5 5 25
a. b. c. d. d. P( A ∪ B) = 1 − P( A) P( B), if A and B are disjoint
14 16 18 52
Binomial Distribution 73. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability
67. A random variable X has the probability distribution: that both E and F happen is 1/12 and the probability that
X: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 neither E nor F happen is ½. Then:
0.1
P(X)
0.23 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.08 0.07 0.05 a. P( E ) = 1/ 3, P ( F ) = 1/ 4
For the events E = {X is a prime number} and F ={X < 4}, b. P( E ) = 1/ 2, P( F ) = 1/ 6
the probability P( E ∪ F ) is c. P( E ) = 1/ 6, P ( F ) = 1/ 2
a. 0.50 b. 0.77 c. 0.35 d. 0.87 d. P( E ) = 1/ 4, P( F ) = 1/ 3

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Probability 211
74. If E and F are the complementary events of E and F 1
78. Let X and Y be two events such that P ( X / Y ) = ,
respectively and if 0 < P ( F ) < 1, then: 2
1 1
a. P ( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = 1 P (Y / X ) = and P ( X ∩ Y ) . Which of the following
3 6
b. P ( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = 1 is/are correct?
c. P( E / F ) + P( E / F ) = 1 a. P ( X ∪ Y ) = 2 / 3 b. X and Y are independent
d. P( E / F ) + P( E / F ) = 1 c. X and Y are not independent d. P( X c ∩ Y ) = 1/ 3
75. The probabilities that a student passes in Mathematics,
Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c respectively. Of Assertion and Reason
these subjects, the students has a 75% chance of passing Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
in at least one, a 50% chance of passing in at least two, the correct option out of the options given below:
and a 40% chance of passing in exactly two. Which of the a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
following relations are true? correct explanation of the assertion.
19 27 b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
a. p + m + c = b. p + m + c = correct explanation of the assertion.
20 20
c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
1 1
c. pmc = d. pmc = d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
10 4
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
76. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability
79. Let H1 , H2 ,..., Hn be mutually exclusive events with P(Hi ) > 0,
11
that exactly one of them occurs is and the probability i = 1, 2,..., n. Let E be any other event with 0 < P ( E ) < 1.
25
2 Assertion: P( H i / E ) > P( E / H i ) ⋅ P ( H i ) for i = 1, 2,..., n
of none of them occurring is . If P(T) denotes the
25 n
Reason: ∑ P ( H i ) = 1
probability of occurrence of the event T, then: i −1

4 3 1 2 80. Consider the system of equations ax + by = 0, cx + dy = 0.

a. P ( E ) = , P ( F ) = b. P ( E ) = , P ( F ) =
5 5 5 5
where a, b, c, d ∈ {0,1}.
2 1 3 4
c. P ( E ) = , P ( F ) = d. P ( E ) = , P ( F ) = Assertion: The probability that the system of equations
5 5 5 5
has a unique solution, is 3/8.
77. A ship is fitted with three engines E1, E2 and E3. The
Reason: The probability that the system of equations has
engines function independently of each other with
a solution, is 1.
respective probabilities 1/2, 1/4, and 1/4. For the ship to
be operational atleast two of its engines must function. Let 81. Assertion: If A and B be two events in a sample space
X denote the event that the ship is operational and let X1,X2 such that P( A) = 0.3, P( B ) = 0.3, then P ( A ∩ B ) cannot
and X3 denotes, respectively the events that the engines be found.
E1,E2 and E3 are functioning. Which of the following is/ Reason: P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) − P ( A ∩ B )
are true?
82. Assertion: If P ( A / B ) ≥ P ( A), then P ( B / A) ≥ P ( B ).
3
a. P[ X | X ] =
0
P ( A ∩ B)
1
16 Reason: P( A / B ) =
P( B)
7
b. P[Exactly two engines of the ship are functioning x] = 83. Assertion: If the probability of an event A is 0.4 and that
8
of B is 0.3, then the probability of neither A nor B
5
c. P[ X | X 2 ] = occurring depends upon the fact that A and B, are
16 mutually exclusive or not.
7 Reason: Two events are mutually exclusive, if they do not
d. P[ X | X 1 ] =
16 occur simultaneously.

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212 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Comprehension Based Paragraph– III
Let U1 and U2 be two urns such that U1 contains 3 white and 2
Paragraph–I
red balls and U2 contains only 1 white ball. A fair coin is tossed.
Read the following passage and answer the questions. There are
If head appears then 1 ball is drawn at random from U1 and put
n urns each containing (n + 1) balls such that the ith urn contains
into U2. However, if tail appears then 2 balls an drawn at
‘i’ white balls and (n + 1 − i ) red balls. Let u1 be the event of random from U1 and put into U2. Now, 1 ball is drawn at
selecting ith urn, i = 1, 2, 3,..., n and W denotes the event of random from U2.
getting a white balls.
90. The probability of the drawn ball from U2 being white is:
84. If P (ui ) ∝ i, where i = 1, 2,3,..., n, then lim P(W ) is equal to
n →∞ 13 23
a. b.
2 30 30
a. 1 b.
3 19 11
c. d.
1 3 30 30
c. d.
4 4
91. Given that the drawn ball from U2 is white, the probability
85. If P (ui ) = c, where c is a constant, then P (un / W ) is equal to that head appeared on the coin is :
2 1 17 11
a. b. a. b.
n +1 n +1 23 23
n 1 15 12
c. d. c. d.
n +1 2 23 23

86. If n is even and E denotes the event of choosing even

Paragraph– IV
 1
numbered urn  P (ui ) =  , then the value of P(W/E) is Box I contains three cards bearing numbers 1, 2,3, ; box II
 n
n+2 n+2 contains five cards bearing numbers 1,2,3,4,5; and box III
a. b. contains seven cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. A card
2n + 1 2(n + 1)
is drawn from each of the boxes. Let xi be the number on the
n 1
c. d. card drawn from the ith box i = 1, 2, 3.
n +1 n +1
92. The probability that x1 + x2 + x3 is odd, is:

Paragraph– II 29 53 57 1
a. b. c. d.
A fair die is tossed repeatedly until a six is obtained. Let X 105 105 105 2
denote the number of tosses required. 93. The probability that x1 , x2 , x3 x1 , x2 , x3 are in an arithmetic
87. The probability that X = 3 equals:
progression, is:
25 25
a. b. 9 10 11 7
216 36 a. b. c. d.
105 105 105 105
5 125
c. d.
36 216 Match the Column
88. The probability that X ≥ 3 equals:
94. Observe the following columns:
125 25 Column I Column II
a. b.
216 36 (A) Two balls are drawn from an 8
5 25 1. λ =
c. d. urn containing 2 white, 3 red 15
36 216 and 4 black balls one by one
89. The conditional probability that X ≥ 6 given X > 3 equals : without replacement. If the
125 25 probability that both the
a. b.
216 216 balls are of same colour is
5 25 λ and at least one ball is red
c. d. is µ, then
36 36

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Probability 213
(B) A bag contains 2 white and 4 7 a. A→1,2,4; B→1,3; C→1,5 b.A→1,5,4;B→2,3; C→1,3
2. µ =
black balls while another 12 c. A→4,2,1; B→3,1; C→1,5 d. A→1,2,4;B→1,3;C→5,1
bag contains 6 white and 4
black balls. A bag is selected Integer
at random and a ball is drawn.
96. An electric component manufactured by ‘RASU
If λ be the probability that
electronics’ is tested for its defectiveness by a
the ball drawn is of white
sophisticated testing device. Let A denote the event “the
colour and µ be the
device is defective” and B the event “the testing device
probability that the ball
reveals the component to be defective”. Suppose
drawn is black colour, then
P ( A) = α and P(B / A) = P(B′ / A′) = 1−α, where 0 < α < 1. If
(C) Bag A contains 4 red and 5 5
3. λ = the probability that the component is not defective, given
black balls and bag B 18
contains 3 red and 7 black that the testing device reveals it to be defective, is λ, then
balls. One ball is drawn from the value of 2008 λ must be:
bag A and two from bag B.
97. Cards are drawn one by one at random form well-shuffled
If λ be the probability that
full pack of 52 playing cards until two aces are obtained
out of 3 balls drawn two are
for the first time. If N is the number of cards required to
black and one is red and
µ be the probability that out (n − 1)(λ − n)( µ − n)
be drawn then P( N = n) = where
of three balls drawn two are
α × β ×γ ×δ
red and one is black, then 2 ≤ n ≤ 50, then the value of α + β + γ + δ + 2λ + 3µ must be:
7
4. µ = 98. A special dice is so constructed that the probabilities of
15
1 − k 1 + 2k 1 − k 1 + k 1 − 2k
11 throwing 1, 2,3, 4, 5, and 6 are , , , ,
5. µ = 6 6 6 6 6
45
1+ k
a. A→2,3; B→1,5; C→4,5 b. A→2,3; B→2,4; C→5,4 and respectively. If two such dice are thrown and the
6
c. A→2,1; B→3,2; C→5,4 d. A→1,2; B→5,5, C→4,1
1
95. Observe the following columns: probability of getting a sum equal to 9 lies between and
9
Column I Column II
2
(A) In a binomial distribution 1. S 2 = V . Then the number of integral solutions of k is:
9
5
 4 1
 +  if variance V ,  1
 5 5 99. If X and Y are independent binomial variates B  5,  and
standard deviation V , then  2

(B) In a binomial distribution 2. 4( S 2 − V 2 ) = v 2  1

B  7,  . If the value of P ( X + Y = 3) is λ , then the value
3 2
5  2
 +  if variance V, of 40096λ must be:
5 5
standard deviation S, then
100. An artillery target may be either at point I with probability
(C) In a binomial distribution 3. 5(V 2 − S 2 ) = S 2
25 8 1
 24 1  or at point II with probability . We have 21 shells
 +  if variance V, 9 9
 25 25 
standard deviation S, then each of which can be fired either at point I or II. Each
shell may hit the target independently of the other shell
 S2 +V 2 
4.  2 2 
=3 1
 S −V  whit probability . If the number of shells must be fired
2
V 2 + S2  at point I to hit the target with maximum probability is x,
5.  2 2 
=7
V − S  then the value of 12x, must be:

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214 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER 1
6. (c) Probability of getting 1 in first throw =
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 6
5
d d b c a c b c b a Probability of not getting 1 in second throws =
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 6
d b b c d b c d d c Both are independent events, so the required
1 5 5
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. probability = × = .
c b c c c c b a a c 6 6 36
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
1 1 1
a c c c b b d b a c 7. (b) Required probability =     = .
 2   6  12
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
c b c d c d b b b a 8. (c) Required probability = P (Diamond). P (king)
13 4 1
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. = . = .
c d d a c c a c c b 52 52 52
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 9. (b) Let P(A) and P(B) be the probability of the events then
c c a a a d b d a,c a,b,c 1 2 1
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
P( A and B) = P( A). P( B) = × = .
2 3 3
b,c,d a,c a,d a,d b,c a,d b,d a,b d b
10. (a) Required probability is 1–P (no ace of heart)
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
51 51 (52 + 51) 103
a b b b a b a b d b =1− . = = .
52 52 52.52 2704
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
d b c a a 1004 386 1 220 144 11. (d) Total no. of ways placing 3 letters in three envelops
SOLUTION =3!, out of these ways only one way is correct.
1 1
Multiple Choice Questions Hence the required probability = = .
3! 6
1. (d) They are independent events but not mutually 12. (b) Total number of ways = 36
exclusive. Favourable numbers of cases are (1 4),(2, 3),(3, 2),
2. (d) A denote the event getting I; B denote the event getting (4, 1),(1, 5),(2, 4),(3, 3),(4, 2),(5, 1) = 9
II; C denote the event getting III; and D denote the event
9 1
getting fail. Hence the required probability = = .
36 4
Obviously, these four events are mutually exclusive and
13. (b) Here P( A) = 0.4 and P( A) = 0.6
exhaustive, therefore P( A) + P( B) + P(C ) + P( D) = 1
Probability that A does not happen at all = (0.6)3
⇒ P( D) = 1 − 0.95 = 0.05.
Thus required Probability = 1 − (0.6)3 = 0.784 .
3. (b) If three identical dice are rolled then total number of
sample points = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216. 14. (c) Number of tickets numbered such that it is divisible by
Favourable events (same number appear on each dice) are 10000
20 are = 500.
(1, 1, 1) (2, 2, 2) ………(6, 6, 6). 20
6 1 500 1
∴ Required probability = = . Hence required probability = = .
216 36 10000 20
15. (d) The probability of students not solving the problem
4. (c) Since there are one A, two I and one O, hence the 1 2 1 3 1 4
are 1 − = , 1 − = and 1 − =
1+ 2 +1 4 3 3 4 4 5 5
required probability = = .
11 11 Therefore the probability that the problem is not solved by
5. (a) Favourable ways {29,92,38,83, 47,74,56,65} 2 3 4 2
any one of them = × × =
3 4 5 5
8 2
Hence required probability = = . 2 3
100 25 Hence the probability that problem is solved = 1 − = .
5 5

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Probability 215
1 24. (c) The required probability is given by
16. (b) The probability of card to be queen of club is and
52 39
C1 39C1 13C1 3 3 1 9
1 52
× × = × × = .
also probability of card to be a king of heart is . C1 52C1 52C1 4 4 4 64
52
Both are mutually exclusive events, hence the required
3
C3 + 7C3 + 4C3
25. (c) Required probability = 14
1 1 2 1 C3
probability = + = = .
52 52 52 26 1 + 35 + 4 40 10
= = = .
17. (c) Favourable cases to get the sum not less than 11 are 14.13.2 14.26 91
{(5, 6),(6, 6),(6, 5)} = 3 26. (c) Required probability is 1 − P
Hence favourable cases to get the sum less than 11 are (Both odd numbers are chosen)
33 11 13
C2 13 . 12 37
(36 − 3) = 33 . So required probability = = . =1− 25
=1− = .
36 12 C2 25 . 24 50

4 7
18. (d) Probability for white ball P(W ) = C2 7.6 21
15 27. (b) Required probability = 11
= = .
C2 11 . 10 55
6
Probability for red ball P( R) =
15 28. (a) Mohan can gets one prize, 2 prizes or 3 prizes and his
Probability (white or red ball) = P (W ) + P ( R ) chance of failure means he get no prize.
4 6 10 2 Number of total ways = 12C3 = 220
= + = = .
15 15 15 3 Favourable number of ways to be failure = 9C3 = 84
19. (d) We have P( A) = 0.05 Hence required probability = 1 −
84
=
34
.
220 55
⇒ P( A) = 0.95
4
Hence the probability that the event will take place in 4 C1 .11 4.11.2 44
29. (a) Required probability = 15
= = .
consecutive occasions = {P( A)} = (0.95) = 0.81450625.
4 4 C2 15.14 105
7
20. (c) Total number of triangles which can be formed C3 7C5 56 4
30. (c) Required probability = 9
+ = = .
6×5× 4 C5 9C5 126 9
= 6 C3 = = 20
1× 2 × 3
31. (a) In 50 tickets 14 are of prize and 36 are blank. Number
Number of equilateral triangles = 2.
of ways both the tickets are blank = 36C2
2 1
∴ Required probability = = . 36
20 10 C2 18
Thus the probability of not winning the prize = 50
= .
21. (c) Required probability is 1 − P (they go in concerned C2 35
1 23 18 17
envelopes) = 1 − = . Hence probability of winning the prize = 1 − = .
4! 24 35 35

8! 32. (c) Total number of ways to form the numbers of three

22. (b) Total ways of arrangements = . •w• x • y • z •
2!.4!
digit with 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 4 P3 = 4! = 24
Now ‘S’ can have places at dot’s and in places of w, x, y, z
we have to put 2A’s, one I and one N. If the numbers are divisible by three then their sum of
digits must be 3, 6 or 9
 4! 
Therefore, favourable ways = 5C4   . But sum 3 is impossible. Then for sum 6, digits are 1, 2, 3
 2! 
Number of ways = 3 !
5.4!2!4! 1
Hence, required probability = = .
2!8! 14 Similarly for sum 9, digits are 2, 3, 4. Number of ways = 3!
Thus number of favourable ways = 3!+ 3!
13
C 13.12 1
23. (c) Required probability = 52 2 = = . 3!+ 3! 12 1
C2 52.51 17 Hence required probability = = = .
4! 24 2

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216 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
10! 42. (b) Probabilities of winning the race by three horses are
33. (c) Total number of ways =
2! 1 1 1
, and .
Favourable number of ways for ' I ' come together is 9! 3 4 5
1 1 1 47
9!× 2! 2 1 Hence required probability = + + = .
Thus probability that ' I ' come together = = = . 3 4 5 60
10! 10 5
43. (c) The probability of solving the question by these three
1 4
Hence required probability = 1 − = . 1 2 3
5 5 students are , and respectively.
3 7 8
34. (c) n = Total number of ways = 65 1 2 3
P( A) = ; P( B) = ; P(C ) =
A total of 12 in 5 throw can be obtained in following two 3 7 8
ways – Then probability of question solved by only one student
(i) One blank and four 3' s = 5C1 = 5 = P( A B C or A BC or A B C )
or (ii) Three 2 ' s and two 3' s = 5C2 = 10 = P( A) P( B ) P(C ) + P( A) P( B) P(C ) + P( A) P( B ) P (C )
15 5 1 5 5 2 2 5 2 5 3 25 + 20 + 30 25
Hence, the required probability = = . = . . + . . + . . = = .
65 2592 3 7 8 3 7 8 3 7 8 168 56
5
C1 5 44. (d) Required probability is
35. (b) Required probability = = .
8
C1 8 P(Red + Queen) − P (Red ∩ Queen)
= P (Red) + P (Queen) − P (Red ∩ Queen)
C2 × 27C2 27
15
36. (b) P1 = = 26 4 2 28 7
42
C4 82 = + − = = .
52 52 52 52 13
30
C4 × 54C4 17.29.45.53
and P2 = 84
= 45. (c) We are given that P( A ∪ B) = 0.6 and P( A ∩ B) = 0.2 .
C8 11.79.82.83
We know that if A and B are any two events, then
(After simplification) Hence P1 > P2 .
P ( A ∪ B ) = P( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
37. (d) Let each of the friend have x daughters. Then the 0 . 6 = 1 − P( A ) + 1 − P ( B ) − 0 . 2
probability that all the tickets go to the daughters of A is ⇒ P( A) + P( B ) = 2 − 0.8 = 1.2 .
x x
C3 C3 1
2x
. Therefore 2x
= ⇒ x = 3. 46. (d) P(neither A nor B ) = P ( A ∩ B )
C3 C3 20
= P ( A). P ( B ) = 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.30 .
38. (b) If two dice are tossed, total number of events
= 6 × 6 = 36. 1 1 9
47. (b) P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) = + = .
Favourable event is (1, 1). 4 5 20
Number of favourable events = 1 {Since events are mutually exclusive, so P( A ∩ B) = 0}
1 1
∴ odds in favour = = . 48. (b) Required probability is
36 − 1 35
P[(A will die and B alive) or (B will die and A alive)]
(21)!2! 1 1 = P[( A ∩ B′) ∪ ( B ∩ A′)]
39. (a) P = = = .
(22)! 11 1 + 10 Since events are independent, so
∴ odd against = 10 : 1. Required probability = P( A). P( B′) + P( B). P( A′)

3 = p .(1 − q ) + q(1 − p) = p + q − 2 pq.

40. (c) Required probability = .
5
49. (b) 0.8 = 0.3 + x − 0.3 x
41. (c) Probability of the card being a spade or an ace ⇒ x = 5 / 7.
16 4
= = . Hence odds in favour is 4 : 9. 50. (a) P ( Ac ∩ B c ) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B )
52 13
So the odds against his winning is 9 : 4 . = 1 − [0.25 + 0.5 − 0.14] = 0.39.

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Probability 217
51. (c) P( A) = P(B) = 2 P(C), 58. (c) Let E be the event that B speaks truth and F be the
1 event that A speaks truth.
P( A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1 ⇒ P (C ) = and P( A) = P(B) = 2
5 5 75 3 80 4
Now P ( E ) = = and P( F ) = = .
2 2 4 100 4 100 5
Hence P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P(B) = + = .
5 5 5 ∴ P (A and B contradict each other)
1 2 1 = P [(B tells truth and A tells lie) or
52. (d) P( A) = , P(B) = and P( A ∩ B) =
5 5 20
(B tells lie and A tells truth)]
Then P( A ∩ B ) = 1 − P( A ∪ B) = P[( E ∩ F ) ∪ ( E ∩ F )] = P ( E ).P( F ) + P ( E ). P ( F )
1 2 1  9
=1− + − = i.e., 45%. 3 1 1 4 7
 5 5 20  20 = × + × = .
4 5 4 5 20
53. (d) P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P(B) = 0 . 45 + 0 . 35 = 0 . 8 . 59. (c) Let A, B and C be the events that the student is
successful in test I, II and III respectively, then P (the
54. (a) Consider the following events :
student is successful)
A = A student is passed in Mathematics,
= P[( A ∩ B ∩ C ′) ∪ ( A ∩ B′ ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C )]
B = A student is passed in Statistics.
70 55 30 = P( A ∩ B ∩ C′) + P( A ∩ B′ ∩ C ) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C )
Then P ( A) = , P (B ) = , P( A ∩ B) = .
125 125 125 = P ( A ). P (B ). P (C ′) + P ( A ). P (B ′) . P (C ) + P ( A ). P (B ). P (C )
Required probability is P( A ∩ B ) + P( A ∩ B)
[∵ A, B, C are independent]
= P ( A ) + P (B ) − 2 P ( A ∩ B )
 1 1 1 1
70 55 60 65 13 = pq  1 −  + p (1 − q )   + pq   = p (1 + q )
= + − = = .  2 2 2 2
125 125 125 125 25
1 1
55. (c) Let A be the event that the item chosen is rusted and B ⇒ = p(1 + q)
2 2
be the event that the item chosen is a nail. ⇒ p (1 + q ) = 1.
8 6
∴ P( A) = , P( B) = and P ( A ∩ B ) = 3 /16 This equation has infinitely many values of p and q.
16 16
Required probability = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A∩B ) 60. (b) P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B )
Since A and B are mutually exclusive,
8 6 3 11
= + − = . So, P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B)
16 16 16 16
56. (c) Let A, B, C are the events of choosing a black king, a Hence, required probability = 1 − (0.5 + 0.3) = 0.2 .
queen of heart and a jack respectively.  A  P( A ∩ B ) P ( A ∪ B ) 1 − P( A ∪ B )
61. (c) P   = = = .
2 1 4
∴ P( A) = , P( B) = , P(C ) = B P( B ) P( B ) P( B )
52 52 52
62. (c) P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)
These are mutually exclusive events,
⇒ P( A ∩ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)
2 1 4 7
∴ P( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = + + = . {∵ P( A ∩ B) = P( A ∪ B)}
52 52 52 52
⇒ 2 P( A ∩ B) = P( A) + P( B)
3 1 2
57. (a) P( A ∪ B) = , P( A ∩ B) = , P( A) = P( A ∩ B)
4 4 3 ⇒ 2 P( A). = P( A) + P( B)
P( A)
1
⇒ P( A) = .
3 1 1
63. (a) We are given P( E ∩ F ) = and P( E ∩ F ) =
∴ P( A ∩ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∪ B) 12 2
1
1 1 3 2 ⇒ P( E ).P( F ) = . . . (i)
⇒ = + P( B) − ⇒ P( B) = . 12
4 3 4 3
1
2 1 8−3 5 and P( E ).P( F ) = . . . (ii)
P ( A ∩ B) = P( B) − P ( A ∩ B ) = − = = . 2
3 4 12 12

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218 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 1
⇒ {1 − P( E )}{(1 − P( F )} = We have P( E1 ) = P( E2 ) = .
2 2
1 Also P( E / E1 ) = 3 / 5 and P( E / E2 ) = 5 / 9.
⇒ 1 + P( E ) P( F ) − P( E ) − P( F ) =
2 Hence by Baye’s theorem, we have
1 1 P ( E 2 ) P ( E / E2 )
⇒ 1+ − [ P( E ) + P( F )] = P ( E2 / E ) =
12 2 P( E1 ) P( E / E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( E / E2 )
7 1 5
⇒ P( E ) + P ( F ) = . . . (iii) ⋅
12 2 9 25
= = .
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 52
On solving (i) and (iii), we get P ( E ) = , and P( F ) = , . ⋅ + ⋅
3 4 4 3 2 5 2 9
67. (b) E = {X is a prime number}
64. (a) Let Ei denotes the event that Ai dies in a year.
P( E ) = P(2) + P(3) + P(5) + P(7)
Then P ( Ei ) = p and P( Ei′) = 1 − p for i = 1, 2, ….n
= 0.62, F = {x < 4}
P (none of A1 , A2 ,..... A3 dies in a year)
P( F ) = P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = 0.50
= P ( E1′ ∩ E2′ ∩ .....En′ ) = P ( E1′) P ( E2′ )....P ( En′ ) = (1 − p )n ,
and P ( E ∩ F ) = P (2) + P (3) = 0.35
because E1 , E2 ,.......En are independent.
∴ P( E ∪ F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) − P( E ∩ F )
Let E denote the event that at least one of A1, A2 ,...An dies in a year.
= 0.62 + 0.50 − 0.35 = 0.77.
Then P( E ) = 1 − P( E1′ ∩ E2′ ∩ ..... ∩ En′ ) = 1 − (1 − p) n
68. (d) The required probability
Let F denote the event that A1 is the first to die.
6 2 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 37
1 = 8 C6   .   + 8 C7   .   + 8C8   = .
Then P( F / E ) = . 2 2 2 2 2 256
n
1
Also, P( F ) = P ( E ).P ( F / E ) = [1 − (1 − p ) n ] . NCERT Exemplar Problems
n
More than One Answer
65. (a) Let E1,E2,E3, and A be the events defined as follows: E1 = 69. (a, c) P(exactly one of M, N occurs)
the bolts is manufactured by machine A; E2 = the bolts is
= P{( M ∩ N ) ∪ ( M ∩ N )} = P( M ∩ N ) + P( M ∩ N )
manufactured by machine B; E3=the bolts is manufactured
= P( M ) − P( M ∩ N ) + P( N ) − P( M ∩ N )
by machine C, and A = the bolt is defective.
25 1 35 40 = P( M ) + P( N ) − 2 P( M ∩ N )
Then P( E1 ) = = , P ( E2 ) = , P( E3 ) = .
100 4 100 100 Also, P(exactly one of them occurs)
P( A / E1 ) = Probability that the bolt drawn is defective = {1 − P ( M ∩ N )}{1 − P ( M ∪ N )}
given the condition that it is manufactured by machine A = = P( M ∪ N ) − P(M ∩ N ) \ = P( M ) + P( N ) − 2 P(M ∩ N )
5/100. 70. (a, b, c) We know that,
4 2 P( A ∩ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∪ B)
Similarly P( A / E2 ) = and P( A / E3 ) = .
100 100
Also, P( A ∪ B) ≤ 1
Using the law of total probability, we have
∴ P( A ∩ B) min , when P( A ∪ B)max = 1
P( A) = P( E1 ) P( A / E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( A / E2 ) + P( E3 ) P( A / E3 )
⇒ P ( A ∩ B ) ≥ P ( A) + P ( B ) − 1
25 5 35 4 40 2
= × + × + × = 0.0345 . ∴ Option (a) is true. Again, P( A ∪ B) ≥ 0
100 100 100 100 100 100
∴ P( A ∩ B) max ,
66. (d) Let E1 be the event that the ball is drawn from bag A,
E2 the event that it is drawn from bag B and E that the ball when P( A ∪ B)min = 0
is red. ⇒ P( A ∩ B) ≤ P( A) + P( B)
We have to find P ( E2 / E ). ∴ Option (b) is true.
Since both the bags are equally likely to be selected, Also, P( A ∩ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∪ B),

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Probability 219
71. (b, c, d) Since, E and F are independent events. Therefore, 1 1 7
⇒ P( E ) + P ( F ) = 1 − + = . . .(ii)
P ( E ∩ F ) = P ( E ) ⋅ P ( F ) ≠ 0, so E and F are not mutually 2 12 12
exclusive events. On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Now, P( E ∩ F ) = P ( E ) − P ( E ∩ F ) 1 1
either P( E ) = and P( F ) =
3 4
= P ( E ) − P ( E ) ⋅ P ( F ) = P ( E )[1 − P ( F )] = P ( E ) ⋅ P ( F )
1 1
and P( E ∩ F ) = P( E ∪ F ) = 1 − P( E ∪ F ) or P( E ) = and P( F ) =
4 3
= 1 − [1 − P( E ) ⋅ P( F )]
P( E ∩ F ) P( E ∩ F )
(∵E and F are independent) = P( E ) ⋅ P( F ) 74. (a, d) (A) P ( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = +
P( F ) P( F )
So, E and F as well as E and F are independent events.
P( E ∩ F ) + P( E ∩ F ) P( F )
P( E ∩ F ) + P( E ∩ F ) = = =1
Now, P( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = P( F ) P( F )
P( F )
P ( E ∩ F ) P( E ∩ F )
P( F ) (B) P( E / F ) + P( E / F ) = +
= = 1. P( F ) P( F )
P( F )
P( E ∩ F ) P( E ∩ F )
= + ≠1
 A  P( A ∩ B) P( F ) 1 − P( F )
72. (a, c) We know that, P   =
B P ( B)
P( E ∩ F ) P( E ∩ F )
(C) P ( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = +
P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∪ B ) P( F ) P( F )
=
P( B)
P( E ∩ F ) P( E ∩ F )
Since, P( A ∪ B ) < 1 = + ≠1
P( F ) 1 − P( F )
⇒ − P( A ∪ B) < 1 (D) P( E / F ) + P( E / F )
⇒ P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∪ B) > P( A) + P( B) − 1
P( E ∩ F ) P( E ∩ F )
= +
P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∪ B) P( A) + P( B) − 1 P( F ) P( F )
⇒ >
P( B) P( B)
P( E ∩ F ) + P( E ∩ F ) P( F )
= = = 1.
 A  P ( A) + P ( B ) − 1 P(F ) P( F )
⇒ P  > Option (a) is correct.
B P( B)
75. (b, c) Let A, B and C respectively denote the events that
The choice (b) holds only for disjoint ie, P( A ∩ B) = 0
the student passes in Maths, Physics and Chemistry.
Finally, P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B) It is given: P( A) = m, P( B) = p and P(C ) = c and P(passing
= P( A) + P( B) − P( A) ⋅ P( B). in at least one’s) = P( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 0.75
if A, B are independent
⇒ 1 − P( A '∩ B '∩ C ') = 0.75
= 1 − {1 − P( A)}{1 − P( B)} = 1 − P( A) ⋅ P( B )
∵ [ P( A) = 1 − P( A) and P( A ∪ B ∪ C = P( A ∩ B ∩ C )]
1 ⇒ 1 − P( A ') ⋅ P( B ') ⋅ P(C ') = 0.75
73. (a, d) Both E and F happen ⇒ P( E ∩ F ) =
12
∵ A, B, C are independent events therefore A ', B ' and C '
1
And neither E nor F happens ⇒ P( E ∩ F ) = are independent events.
2
⇒ 0.75 = 1 − (1 − m)(1 − p )(1 − c)
But for independent events, we have
1 ⇒ 0.25 = (1 − m)(1 − p)(1 − c) . . . (i)
P( E ∩ F ) = P( E ) P( F ) = . . .(i)
12 Also, P (passing exactly in two subjects) = 0.4
and P ( E ∩ F ) = P ( E ) P ( F ) = {1 − P( E )}{1 − P( F )} ⇒ P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ∪ A ∩ B ∩ C ∪ A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.4
= 1 − P( E ) − P( F ) + P( E ) P( F ) ⇒ P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.4
1 1 ⇒ P( A) P ( B) P (C ) + P ( A) P ( B ) P (C ) + P ( A) P ( B ) P (C ) = 0.4
⇒ = 1 − {P( E ) + P( F )} +
2 12 ⇒ pm(1 − c) + p (1 − m)c + (1 − p )mc = 0.4

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220 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
⇒ pm − pmc + pc − pmc + mc − pmc = 0.4 . . . (ii) 1 1 1
77. (b, d) Given P( E1 ) = , P ( E2 ) = , P ( E3 ) =
Again, P(passing at least in two subjects) = 0.5 2 4 4
⇒ P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∴ P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P( A ∩ B ∩ C )

+ P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.5 + P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.5

⇒ pm(1 − c) + pc(1 − m) + cm(1 − p) + pcm = 0.5 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

=  ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅  +  ⋅ ⋅  = 1/ 4
⇒ pm − pcm + pc − pcm + cm − pcm + pcm = 0.5 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
⇒ ( pm + pc + mc) − 2 pcm = 0.5 . . . (iii) (a) P( X 1c / X )

From Eq. (i), we get 1 1 1

 X 1c ∩ X  P( E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3 ) 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 1
pm + pc + mc − 3 pcm = 0.4 . . . (iv) = P = = =
 P( X )  P( X ) 1 8
From Eq. (i), we get
4
0.25 = 1 − (m + p + c) + ( pm + pc + cm) − pcm . . . (v) (b) P (Exactly two engines of the ship are functioning)
Solving Eqs. (iii), (iv), (v), we get p + m + c = 135 = 27 / 20. P ( E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3 ) + P ( E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3 ) + P ( E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3 )
=
Also, from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get pmc = 1/10 P( X )
1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1
11 ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
76. (a, d) P( E ∪ F ) − P( E ∩ F ) = . . .(i) 7
25 = 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4=
1 8
(i.e., only E or only F) 4
E F
 X  P( X ∩ X 2 )
(c) P  =
E F  X2  P( X 2 )
P (Ship is operating with E2 function)
=
P( X 2 )
2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Neither of them occurs = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
25 5
= 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4=
2 1 8
⇒ P( E ∩ F ) = . . .(ii)
25 4
11 P( X ∩ X 1 )
From Eq. (i), P( E ) + P ( F ) − 2 P ( E ∩ F ) = . . .(iii) (d) P ( X / X 1 ) =
25 P( X 1 )
2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
From Eq. (ii), (1 − P( E )) (1 − P( F )) = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
7
25 = 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4=
1 16
2
⇒ 1 − P( E ) − P( F ) + P( E ) ⋅ P( F ) = . . .(iv) 2
25
1 Y  1
From Eq. (iii) and (iv), we get 78. (a, b) Here, P ( X / Y ) = , P   = and P( X ∩ Y ) = 6
2 X 3
7
P( E ) + P ( F ) = X  P( X ∩ Y ) 1 1/ 6
5 ∴ P = ⇒ =
12 Y  P (Y ) 2 P (Y )
and P( E ) ⋅ P( F ) =
25
( X1, Y1, Z1) dr's(a1, b1, c1)
7  12
∴ P( E ) ⋅  − P ( E )  = dr's ( x2 − x1, y2 − y1, z2 − z1)
5  25 dr's (a2 , b2 , c2 )
( x2 , y2 , z2 )
7 12
⇒ ( P( E )) 2 − P( E ) + =0
5 25 1
 3  4 ⇒ P (Y ) = . . . (i)
⇒  P( E ) −   P( E ) −  = 0 3
 5  5
Y  1 P( X ∩ Y ) 1
∴
3 4
P( E ) = or ⇒ P( F ) = or
4 3 P = ⇒ =
X  3 P( X ) 3
5 5 5 5

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Probability 221
1 1 82. (b) P( A / B ) ≥ P ( A)
⇒ = P( X )
6 3 P( A ∩ B)
⇒ ≥ P( A)
1 P( B)
∴ P( X ) = . . .(ii)
2 P( A ∩ B)
or ≥ P( B)
P( X ∪ Y ) = P ( X ) + P (Y ) − P ( X ∩ Y ) P ( A)
1 1 1 2 P ( B ∩ A)
= + − = . . .(iii) or ≥ P( B)
2 3 6 3 P ( A)
1 1 1 1 ∴ P( B / A) ≥ P ( B )
P( X ∩ Y ) = and P( X ) ⋅ P (Y ) = ⋅ =
6 2 3 6
83. (b) Two or more events, associated with the same sample
⇒ P ( X ∩ Y ) = P( X ) ⋅ P(Y )
space are called mutually exclusive events if they cannot
⇒ Independent events . . .(iv) occur simultaneously. If events A and B are mutually
P( X C ∩ Y ) = P (Y ) − P ( X ∩ Y ) =
1 1 1
− = . . .(v) exclusive, then A ∩ B = φ ie, P ( A ∩ B ) = 0
3 6 6
Now, P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ∪ B) = 1 − P( A ∪ B)
Assertion and Reason = 1 − {P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)}
79. (d) Assertion: If P ( H i ∩ E ) = 0 for some i, then
= 1 − P ( A) − P ( B ) + P ( A ∩ B )
H   E  = 1 − 0.4 = 0.3 + 0 = 0.3
P i  = P H  = 0
 E   i And if A and B are independent, then
If P ( H i ∩ E ) ≠ 0 for ∀ i = 1, 2,..., n, then P ( A ∩ B) = P( A) P( B)
H  P( H i ∩ E ) P( H i ) ∴ P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P ( B )
P i  = P( H ) × P( E )
 E  i = [1 − P ( A)][1 − P ( B )]
 E  = (1 − 0.4)(1 − 0.3)
P  × P( H i )
H  E
=  i > P  ⋅ P ( H i ) [∵ 0 < P ( E ) < 1]
= (0.6)(0.7) = 0.42
P( E )  Hi

Hence, Assertion may not always be true. Comprehension Based
Reason: Clearly, H1 ∪ H 2 ∪ ... ∪ H n = S (sample space) 84. (b) Here, P (ui ) = ki, ΣP(ui ) = 1
⇒ P ( H1 ) + P ( H 2 ) + ... + P ( H n ) = 1 2
⇒ k=
n(n + 1)
80. (b) The number of all possible determinants of the form
a b
n 2i 2
= 2 4 = 16 ∴ lim P (W ) = lim Σ
n →∞ n →∞ i =1 n ( n + 1) 2
c d
Out of which only 10 determinants given by 2n( n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim = 2/3
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
n →∞ 6n(n + 1) 2
, , , , , , , ,
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 n
u  n +1 2
Vanish and remaining six determinants have non-zero values. 85. (a) P  n  = Σi = n + 1
6 3 W 
Hence, the required probability = = n +1
16 8
Assertion is correct. Reason is also correct as the  W  2 + 4 + 6 + ... n+2
86. (b) P   = =
homogeneous equations have always a solution and E n ( n + 1) 2(n + 1)
Reason does not explain the explanation of Assertion. 2
81. (a) P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) − P ( A ∩ B ) 5 5 1 25
87. (a) P( X = 3) = ⋅ ⋅ =
⇒ P ( A ∩ B ) = 0.3 − P ( A ∩ B ) 6 6 6 216
5 5 25
∴ P ( A ∩ B ) cannot be found. 88. (b) P( X ≥ 3) = ⋅ ⋅1 =
6 6 36

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222 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
P (( x > 3) /( X ≥ 6)) ⋅ ( X ≥ 6) Match the Column
89. (d) P(( X ≥ 6) /( X > 3)) =
p ( X > 3) 94. (a) (A) λ = P (WW ) + P ( RP ) + P( BB)

 5 5  1   5 6  1   2 1 3 2 4 3 20 5
1 ⋅   ⋅   +   ⋅   + ...∞  = × + × + × = =
9 8 9 8 9 8 72 18
=  6   6   6   6  
and µ = 1 − P (neither of the two balls is red)
 5 3 1  5  4 1 
  ⋅ +   ⋅ + ...∞  = 1 − P (WW ,WB, BW , BB )
 6  6  6  6 
= 1 − {P (WW ) + P (WB ) + P ( BW ) + P ( BB )}
25
=  2 1 2 4 4 2 4 3
36 =1−  × + × + × + × 
9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8
90. (b) Now, probability of the drawn ball from V2 being white is
30 42 7
 3 C 2 C 2 C 1C  = 1− = =
P(white / V2 ) = P ( H ) ⋅  5 1 × 2 1 + 5 1 × 2 1  72 72 12
 C1 C1 C1 C1 
1  2 6  1 3 5 + 9 14 7
(B) λ =  +  = + = = =
 C 3
C 3
C C2
C ⋅ C1
1
C  3 2 2
2  6 10  6 10 30 30 15
+ P( H ) ⋅  5 2 × 3 2 + 5 2 × 3 1 + 51 ×3 1
 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2  1 4 4  2 2
and µ =  + = +
P (white / V2) 2  6 10  6 10
1 3 2 1 1  3 1 1 6 2  23 10 + 6 8
=  ×1 + ×  +  ×1 + × + ×  = = =
2 5 5 2  2 10 10 3 10 3  30 30 15
(C) λ = P (One red from 1st and 2 black from 2nd) + P (One
91. (d) P (Head appeared/white from V2 )
black from 1st and one red and one black from 2nd)
 3 C1 2 C1 2 C1 1 C1   4 7 C   5 3 C × 7C1 
5 × 2 + 5 × 2  =  × 10 2  +  × 101 
= P( H ) ⋅  C1 C1 C1 C1 
9 C2   9 C2 
23 / 30
 4 7 ⋅ 6   5 3⋅ 7 ⋅ 2 
3 2 1 = × + × 
 ×1 + ×   9 10 ⋅ 9   9 10 ⋅ 9 
1 5 5 2  12
= = 28 7 63 7
2 20 / 30 23 = + = =
135 27 135 15
92. (b) Probability =
Number of favourable outcomes and µ = P (one black from Ist and 2 red from 2nd + P
Number of total outcomes (One red from 1st and one red and one black from 2nd)
As, x1 + x2 + x3 is odd
 5 3 C   4 3 C × 7C1 
So, all may be odd or one of them is odd and other two are even. =  × 10 2  +  × 101 
9 C2   9 C2 
∴ Required probability
 5 3⋅ 2   4 3⋅ 7 ⋅ 2 
2
C1 ×3 C1 ×4 C1 +1 C1 ×2 C1 ×4 C1 +2 C1 ×2 C1 ×3 C1 +1 C1 ×3 C1 ×3 C1 = × + × 
=  9 10 ⋅ 9   9 10 ⋅ 9 
3
C1 ×5 C1 ×7 C1
1 28 33 11
24 + 8 + 12 + 9 53 = + = = (5)
= = 27 135 135 45
105 105
1 4 4
93. (c) If x1 , x2 , x3 are in aP. 95. (a) (A) V = npq = 5 × × =
5 5 5
Then, x2 − x1 = x3 − x2 ⇒ 2 x2 = x1 + x3
4 2 V2 4
∵ x1 , x2 , x3 are in AP. x1 + x3 = 2 x2 S = npq = = V = s2 2 =
5 5 S 5
So, x1 + x3 should be even number S2 5
⇒ =
Either both x1 and x3 are odd or both are even. V2 4
∴ Required probability ⇒ 4( S 2 − V 2 ) = V 2
2
C1 × 4 C1 + 1C1 × 3C1 11 S2 +V 2 9
= = ⇒ =
3
C1 × 5 C1 × 7 C1 105 S 2 −V 2 1

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Probability 223
97. (386) In n the number of draws, then 2 ≤ n ≤ 50, since nth
 S 2 +V 2 
⇒  2 2 
=3 draw must be an ace and one ace must appear in first
 S −V 
(n − 1) draws. Let S be the sample space. Then,
2 3 6
(B) V = npq = 5 × × = n( S ) = Total number of ways of drawing the first
5 5 5
6 (n − 1) cards out of 52. = 52 C n −1 and let E be the event of
S = npg =
5 vavourable cases.

V2 6 ∴ n( E ) = number of ways of choosing 1 case in (n − 1) trials

V = S 2 (1) = × number of ways for the nth draw
S2 5
⇒ 5(V 2 − S 2 ) = S 2 (3) 3
= (4 C1 ×48 Cn−1) ×
52 − (n −1)
1 24 24
(C) V = npg = 25 × × = (∵number of favourable ways is 3)
25 25 25
48! 3
24 = 4× ×
S = npg = (n − 2)!(50 − n)! (53 − n)
5
V = S 2 ( P) n( E )
Hence, the required probability, P( E ) =
n( S )
V 2 24
∴ = 4 × 48! × 3
S 2 25
(n − 2)! (50 − n)! × (54 − n)
=
V 2 + S 2 49  V + S 
2 2 52
Cn −1
⇒ =  2  =7
S −V
2 2
1  S +V 2  4 × 48! × 3
(n − 2)! (50 − n)! × (54 − n)
=
Integer 52!
96. (1004) Given that P( A) = α , P ( B / A) = P ( B′ / A′) = 1 − α (n − 1)! (53 − n)!
Thus, P ( A′) = 1 − P ( A) = 1 − α 12 × 48! × (n − 1)! × ( 53 − n )!
=
and P( B / A′) = 1 − P ( B′ / A′) = 1 − (1 − α ) = α . . .(i) 52! (n − 2)! × (50 − n)!× (53 − n)

P ( A′ ∩ B ) P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B) 12 × 48! × (n − 1)(n − 2)! × (53 − n)(52 − n)!

∴ P( A′ / B ) = = =
P( B) P( B) 52 × 51× 50 × 49 × 48!(n − 2)! × (50 − n)!× (53 − n)
P ( B ) − P ( A) P( B / A) 12 × ( n − 1) × (52 − n)!
= =
P( B) 52 × 51× 50 × 49 × (50 − n)!
( n − 1)(52 − n)(51 − n)(50 − n)! (n − 1)(52 − n)(51 − n)
 P( A ∩ B)  = =
∵ P ( B / A) =  50 × 49 × 17 × 13 × (50 − n)! 50 × 49 ×17 ×13
 P ( A) 
∴ λ = 52, µ = 51, α = 50, β = 49, γ = 17, δ = 13
P ( B ) − α (1 − α )
= . . .(ii) ∴ α + β + γ + δ + 2λ + 3µ
P( B)
But P ( B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P ( B / A) + P ( A′) ⋅ P ( B / A′) = 50 + 49 + 17 + 13 + 104 + 153 = 386
98. (1) Let E1 , E2 , E3 , E4 , E5 and E6 be the events of occurrence
α ⋅ (1 − α ) + (1 − α ) ⋅ α {from equation (i)}
of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 on the dice respectively, and let E be
= 2α (1 − α ) . . .(iii)
the event of getting a sum of numbers equal to 9.
Putting the value of P ( B ) from equation (iii) in (ii), then
1− k 1 + 2k
∴ P ( E1 ) = ; P ( E2 ) = ;
2α (1 − α ) − α (1 − α ) 6 6
P ( A′ / B ) =
2α (1 − α ) 1− k 1+ k
P ( E3 ) = ; P ( E4 ) =
α (1 − α ) 1 6 6
= = = λ (given)
2α (1 − α ) 2 1 − 2k 1 − 2k 1 2
P( E5 ) = ; P ( E6 ) = and ≤ P ( E ) ≤
1 6 6 9 9
∴ 2008λ = 2008 × = 1004
2 Then, E ≡ {(3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4)}

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224 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Hence P( E ) = P ( E3 E6 ) + P ( E6 E3 ) + P ( E4 E5 ) + P ( E5 E4 ) + P ( X = 2) P (Y = 1) + P ( X = 3) P(Y = 0)
= P ( E3 ) P ( E6 ) + P( E6 ) P( E3 ) + P( E4 ) P( E5 ) + P( E5 ) P( E4 ) {∵ X and Y are independent}
= 2 P ( E3 ) P ( E6 ) + 2 P ( E4 ) P( E5 ) 1
5
1 1
7 5
1
7

= 5 C0   ⋅7 C3   + 5 C1   7
C2  
{Since E1 , E2 , E3 , E4 , E5 and E6 are independent} 2 2 2 2
5 7 5 7
 1 − k  1 + k   1 − k  1 − k  1 1 1 1
= 2   + 2   + 5 C2   7
C2   + 5 C3   7
C0  
 6  6   6  6  2  2 2 2
1 1
12
= [2 − k − 2k 2 ] =   [(1)(35) + (5)(21) + (10)(7) + (10)(1)]
18 2
1 2
Since, ≤ P ( E ) ≤ 220 55
9 9 = 12
= =λ
2 1024
1 1 2
⇒ ≤ [2 − k − 2k 2 ] ≤ . . .(i) 55
9 18 9 ∴ 4096λ = 4096 × = 4 × 55 = 220
1024
⇒ 2 ≤ 2 − k − 2k 2 ≤ 4
∴ 2 − k − 2k 2 ≥ 2 100. (144) Let A denote the event that the target is hit when x
⇒ −2 + k + 2k ≤ −2
2 shells are fired at point I. Let E1 ( E2 ) denote the event,

⇒ 2k 2 + k ≤ 0 8 1
We have, P( E1 ) = , P ( E2 ) =
9 9
⇒ k (2k + 1) ≤ 0
x
1
∴
1
− ≤k ≤0 ⇒ P( A / E1 ) = 1 −  
2 2
21− x
1
+ + And P( A / E2 ) = 1 −  
1 − 0 2
−
2 21− x
8 1  1 1 
x

Now, P ( A) = 1 −    + 1 −   
Hence, integral value of k is 0 and for k = 0 from equation 9   2   9   2  
1 2
(i), < dP ( A) 8  1 
x
 1   1 21− x 
9 9 ⇒ =   log 2  +  −   log 2 
∴ Set of integral values of k = {0} dx 9  2   9   
2 
∴ Number of integral solutions of k is 1. dP ( A)
Now, We must have =0
dx
99. (220) We have, P ( X + Y = 3)
d 2 P ( A)
= P ( X = 0, Y = 3) + P ( X = 1, Y = 2) ⇒ x = 12, also <0
dx 2
+ P ( X = 2, Y = 1) + P ( X = 3, Y = 0) Hence, P(A) is maximum when x = 12.
P ( X = 0) P (Y = 3) + P( X = 1) P (Y = 2) ∴ 12 x = 12 × 12 = 144

***

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations
Trigonometrical Ratios and 225

11 Equations
QUICK LOOK Relation between Trigonometric Ratio (function)

sin θ .cosecθ = 1
Relation between an Arc and an Angle
tan θ .cot θ = 1
If s is the length of an arc of a circle of radius r, then the angle
cos θ .sec θ = 1
θ (in radians) subtended by this arc at the centre of the circle is sin θ

tan θ =
s cos θ
given by θ = or s = rθ i.e., arc = radius × angle in radians
r cos θ

cot θ =
B sin θ
s sin x, cos x and tan x are (trigonometrical) circular functions.
θ C

O r A Their reciprocals cosec x, sec x and cot x are also circular

functions. These functions are related by the following
identities.
Figure: 11.1
sin 2 x + cos2 x = 1
Sectorial Area: Let OAB be a sector having central angle θ C
sin 2 x = 1 − cos2 x
1 2
cos2 x = 1 − sin 2 x
and radius r. Then area of the sector OAB is given by r θ.
2
sec2 x − tan 2 x = 1
Note
1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x

The angle between two consecutive digits in a clock is 30º
sec2 x − 1 = tan 2 x
(= π/6 radians). The hour hand rotates through an angle of
cosec2 x − cot 2 x = 1
30º in one hour.
1 + cot 2 x = cosec2 x

The minute hand rotate through an angle of 6º in one
cosec2 x − 1 = cot 2 x
minute. 1

sec x + tan x =
sec x − tan x
Trigonometrical Ratios or Functions
1
In the right angled triangle OMP, we have base = OM = x,
cosec x + cot x =
cos ec x − cot x
perpendicular = PM = y and hypotenues = OP =r. We define
the following trigonometric ratio which are also known as Sign of Trigonometrical Ratios or Functions: Their signs depends
on the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle lies.
trigonometric function. Y
Y II quadrant I quadrant
A
S A
P(x, y) x < 0, y > 0 x > 0, y > 0
sin and cosec are positive All are positive
r X' X
y III quadrant O IV quadrant
T C
x < 0, y < 0 x > 0, y < 0
θ
X tan and cot are positive cos and sec are positive
O x M
Y'
Figure: 11.2 Figure: 11.3
Perpendicular y Base x In First Quadrant
sin θ = = cos θ = =
Hypotenues r Hypotenues r x > 0, y > 0 ⇒ sin θ =
y x
> 0, co s θ = > 0, tan θ =
y
> 0,
r r x
Perpendicular y Base x
tan θ = = cot θ = = , r r x
Base x Perpendicular y cosecθ = > 0, sec θ = > 0 and cot θ = > 0.
y x y
Hypotenues r Hypotenues r Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometric functions are
sec θ = = cosecθ = =
Base x Perpendicular y positive.

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226 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
In Second Quadrant Let M ( x, y ) be a point on the circle such that ∠ AOM = θ then
y x y x = cos θ and y = sin θ ; − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 and −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 for all
x < 0, y > 0 ⇒ sin θ = > 0, cos θ = < 0, tan θ = < 0,
r r x
values of θ .
r r x
cosecθ = > 0, sec θ = < 0 and cot θ = < 0. Table 11.1: Values of Trigonometric Functions
y x y II-Quadrant (S) I-Quadrant (A)
Thus, in the second quadrant sin and cosec function are positive sin θ → decreases from 1 to 0 sin θ → increases from 0 to 1
and all others are negative. cos θ → decreases from 0 to – 1 cos θ → decreases from 1 to 0
tan θ → increases from – ∞ to 0 tan θ → increases from 0 to ∞
In Third Quadrant
cot θ → decreases from 0 to – ∞ cot θ → decreases from ∞ to 0
y x y
x < 0, y < 0 ⇒ sin θ = < 0, cos θ = < 0, tan θ = > 0, sec θ → increases from – ∞ to – 1 sec θ → increases from 1 to ∞
r r x
cosecθ → increases from 1 to ∞ cosecθ → decreases from ∞ to 1
r r x
cosecθ = < 0, sec θ = < 0 and cot θ = > 0. III-Quadrant (T) IV-Quadrant (C)
y x y sin θ → decreases from 0 to – 1 sin θ → increases from – 1 to 0
Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric functions are cos θ → increases from – 1 to 0 cos θ → increases from 0 to 1

negative except tangent and cotangent. tan θ → increases from 0 to ∞ tan θ → increases from – ∞ to 0
cot θ → decreases from ∞ to 0 cot θ → decreases from 0 to – ∞
In fourth quadrant sec θ → decreases from – 1 to – ∞ sec θ → decreases from ∞ to 1
y x y cosecθ → increases from – ∞ to – 1 cosecθ → decreases from – 1 to –
x > 0, y < 0 ⇒ sin θ = < 0, cosθ = > 0, tan θ = < 0,
r r x ∞
r r x
cosecθ = < 0, sec θ = > 0 and cot θ = < 0. Note
y x y + ∞ and − ∞ are two symbols. These are not real number.
Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric functions are
When we say that tanθ increases from 0 to ∞ for as θ varies
negative except cos and sec.
π
In brief: A crude aid to memorise the signs of trigonometrical from 0 to it means that tan θ increases in the interval
2
ratio in different quadrant. "Add Sugar To Coffee".
 π π
Note  0,  and it attains large positive values as θ tends to .
 2 2

First determine the sign of the trigonometric function. Similarly for other trigonometric functions.

If θ is measured from X'OX i.e., {(π ± θ , 2π − θ )} then retain
Table 11.2: Domain and Range of Circular Function
the original name of the function. Function Domain Range
π 3π  sin x R [–1, 1]

Ifθ is measured from Y'OY i.e.,  ± θ , ± θ  , then change cos x
2 2  R [–1, 1]
tan x π 3π 5π  ( −∞ , ∞ )
sine to cosine, cosine to sine, tangent to cotangent, cot to R −  , , ,...
2 2 2 
tan, sec to cosec and cosec to sec.
cos ecx R − {0, π , 2π , 3π ,...} ( −∞ , − ] ∪ [1, +∞ )
sec x π 3π 5π  ( −∞ , − 1) ∪ [1, +∞ )
Variations in Values of Trigonometric Functions in R −  , , ,...
2 2 2 
Different Quadrants: Let X'OX and YOY' be the coordinate
cot x R − {0, π , 2π , 3π ,...} ( −∞ , ∞ )
axes. Draw a circle with centre at origin O and radius unity.
Y Note
B (0,1) π
M (x, y) For values of circular functions, the angle x = − and the
2
Xy
3π
X' x N X angle x = are the same angle.
(–1, 0)A′ 2

B′(0, –1) Sign of Value

Y'
sin x ≥ 0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ π
Figure: 11.4

sin x < 0 if π < x < 2π

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 227
π π π 

cos x ≥ 0 if − ≤x≤
sin  + θ  = cos θ
2 2 2 
π 3π

cos x < 0 if <x< π 
2 2
cos  + θ  = − sin θ
2 
π 3π

tan x ≥ 0 if 0 ≤ x < or π ≤ x < π 
2 2
tan  + θ  = − cot θ
π 3π  2 

tan x < 0 if < x < π or < x < 2π
sin(π − θ ) = sin θ
2 2

cos(π − θ ) = − cos θ
Table 11.3: Trend of values of circular functions in [0, 2π] or [–π, π]

tan(π − θ ) = − tan θ
Function Domain of Gradual Domain of Gradual
Increase Decrease
sin(π + θ ) = − sin θ
sin x  π π  π 3π 
cos(π + θ ) = − cos θ
 − 2 , 2   2 , 2 

tan(π + θ ) = tan θ
 π   3π 
i.e., 0,  ∪  , 2π 
 2  2  Table 11.4: Trigonometric Ratios and Allied Angles
cos x [ −π , 0] i.e., [π , 2π ] [0, π ] Allied angles Trigo. Ratio
tan x  π  π  No gradual decrease; sinθ cosθ tan θ
0, 2  ,  2 , π  sudden fall of value ( −θ ) – sinθ cosθ – tanθ
 3π   3π 
0, 2  ,  2 , 2π  at π  cosθ sinθ cotθ
    (90 – θ) or  − θ 
2 
π 3π
and cosθ – sinθ – cotθ
2 2 π 
(90 + θ ) or  +θ 
2 

Pictorically the result can be remembered as follows: (180 − θ ) or (π − θ ) sinθ – cosθ – tanθ
sin x cos x tan x
x =π /2 x =π /2 x =π /2 (180 + θ ) or (π + θ ) – sinθ – cosθ tanθ
 3π  – cosθ – sinθ cotθ
1 0 −∞ +∞ (270 − θ ) or  −θ 
 2 
decrease increase decrease increasing increasing – cos θ sinθ – cotθ
–1  3π 
x =π 0 0 x=0 x =π x=0 x=0 (270 + θ ) or  +θ 
1  2 

–1 0 +∞ −∞ (360 − θ ) or (2π − θ ) – sinθ cosθ – tanθ

x = 3π / 2 x = 3π / 2
Figure: 11.5 Note
Conversion of Circular Functions of Complementary
sin nπ = 0, cos nπ = (−1) n
Angles, Supplementary Angles, etc

sin(nπ + θ ) = (−1)n sin θ , cos(nπ + θ ) = (−1)n cos θ

If f ( x ) is a circular function then f (2nπ + x ) = f ( x ) where
n −1
 nπ 
n is an integer. That is why all circular functions are
sin  + θ  = (−1) 2
cos θ , if n is odd
periodic functions.  2 

sin( −θ ) = − sin θ = (−1)n / 2 sin θ , if n is even

cos( −θ ) = − cos θ  nπ 
n +1

cos  + θ  = (−1) 2
sin θ , if n is odd

tan( −θ ) = − tan θ  2 
π  = ( –1)n / 2 cosθ , if n is even

sin  − θ  = cos θ
2  Table 11.5: Trigonometrical Ratios for Various Angles
π  θ 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

cos  − θ  = sin θ
2  sinθ 0 ½ 1/ 2 3/2 1 0 –1 0

cosθ 1 ½ 0 –1 0 1
π  3/2 1/ 2

tan  − θ  = cot θ tanθ 0 1 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
 2  1/ 3 3

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228 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Table 11.6: Trigonometrical Ratios in Terms of Each Other Formulae for the Trigonometric Ratios of Sum and
sinθ cosθ tanθ Differences of Two Angles
sinθ sinθ 1 − cos2 θ tan θ

sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
1 + tan 2 θ
cosθ cosθ 1

sin( A − B ) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
1 − sin2 θ
1 + tan θ 2

cos( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
tanθ sin θ 1 − cos θ 2 tanθ
cos( A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
1 − sin 2 θ cos θ
tan A + tan B
cot θ 1 − sin 2 θ cos θ 1
tan( A + B ) =
1 − tan A tan B
sin θ 1 − cos 2 θ tan θ
secθ
tan A − tan B
1 1 1 + tan 2 θ
tan( A − B ) =
1 − sin θ 2 cos θ 1 + tan A tan B
cosecθ 1 1 1 + tan 2 θ
cot A cot B − 1

cot( A + B ) =
sin θ 1 − cos θ 2
tan θ cot A + cot B
cotθ secθ cosecθ cot A cot B + 1
sinθ

cot( A − B ) =
1 sec θ − 1
2 1 cot B − cot A
1 + cot 2 θ sec θ cosecθ

sin( A + B).sin( A − B) = sin 2 A − sin 2 B = cos2 B − cos2 A
cosθ cot θ 1 cosec 2θ − 1
1 + cot 2 θ secθ cosecθ
cos( A + B).cos( A − B) = cos2 A − sin 2 B = cos2 B − sin 2 A
tanθ 1 sec2 θ − 1 1 sin A sin B
cot θ cosec 2θ − 1

tan A ± tan B = ±
cos A cos B
cot θ cotθ 1 cosec2θ − 1 sin A cos B ± cos A sin B sin( A ± B)
sec θ − 1
2
= =
cos A cos B cos A.cos B
secθ 1 + cot 2 θ secθ cosecθ
 π 
cot θ cosec 2θ − 1  A ≠ nπ + , B ≠ mπ 
cosecθ sec θ cosecθ  2 
1 + cot 2 θ
sec 2 θ − 1 sin( B ± A)  π

cot A ± cot B =  A ≠ nπ , B ≠ mπ + 
sin A.sin B  2
Note
Values for some standard angles Formulae for the Trigonometric Ratios of Sum and
3 −1 3 +1 Differences of Three Angles

sin15º = cos 75º = ; cos15º = sin 75º = ;
2 2 2 2
sin( A + B + C ) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C +

tan15º = cot 75º = 2 − 3; cos A cos B sin C − sin A sin B sin C

or sin( A + B + C ) =
5 −1

sin18º = cos 72º = ; cos A cos B cos C (tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A.tan B.tan C )
4

cos( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C − sin A sin B cos C −
5 +1

cos 36º = sin 54º = ; sin A cos B sin C − cos A sin B sin C
4
cos( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos

tan 75º = cot15º = 2 + 3
cos A cos B cos C (1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A)
º º
1 1 2− 2

sin 22 = cos 67 = , tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
2 2 2
tan( A + B + C ) =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
º º
1 1 2+ 2 cot A cot B cot C − cot A − cot B − cot C

cos 22 = sin 67 = ;
cot( A + B + C ) =
2 2 2 cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C .cot A − 1
º º
1 1

cot 22 = tan 67 = 2 + 1 In General
2 2
º º

sin( A1 + A2 + ...... + An ) =
1 1

tan 22 = cot 67 = 2 − 1 cos A1 cos A2 .....cos An ( S1 − S3 + S5 − S7 + ...)
2 2

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 229

cos( A1 + A2 + .... + An ) = = 4cos(60º − A).cos A.cos(60º + A)
cos A1 cos A2 ...cos An (1 − S2 + S4 − S6 ....) 3tan A − tan 3 A

tan 3 A = = tan(60º − A).tan A.tan(60º + A) ,
S1 − S3 + S5 − S7 + .... 1 − 3tan 2 A

tan( A1 + A2 + ..... + An ) =
1 − S 2 + S 4 − S6 + .... where A ≠ nπ + π / 6
Where; S1 = tan A1 + tan A2 + .... + tan An =
sin 4θ = 4sinθ .cos3 θ − 4cosθ sin3 θ
The sum of the tangents of the separate angles
cos 4θ = 8cos4 θ − 8cos2 θ + 1
S 2 = tan A1 tan A2 + tan A1 tan A3 + .... =
4 tan θ − 4 tan 3 θ
The sum of the tangents taken two at a time
tan 4θ =
1 − 6 tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ
S3 = tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 + tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 + ... =

sin5 A = 16sin5 A − 20sin3 A + 5sin A
Sum of tangents three at a time, and so on

cos5 A = 16cos5 A − 20cos3 A + 5cos A
If A1 = A2 = .... = An = A, then S1 = n tan A,
S2 =nC2 tan 2 A, S3 =nC3 tan3 A,.... Trigonometric Ratio of Sub-Multiple of an Angle

sin nA = cos A( C1 tan A − C3 tan A + C5 tan A − ....)
n n n 3 n 5
A A

sin + cos = 1 + sin A

cos nA = cos A(1 − C2 tan A + C4 tan A − ...)
n n 2 n 4 2 2
A A
C1 tan A −n C3 tan 3 A + n C5 tan 5 A − ....
n
or sin + cos = ± 1 + sin A

tan nA = 2 2
1 − C2 tan 2 A + n C4 tan 4 A −n C6 tan 6 A + ...
n

 3π

sin nA + cos nA = cosn A(1 + nC1 tan A −nC2 tan 2 A −  +, If 2nπ − π / 4 ≤ A / 2 ≤ 2nπ +
i.e.,  4
n
C3 tan3 A + nC4 tan 4 A +nC5 tan5 A −nC6 tan6 A − .....)  −, otherwise

sin nA − cos nA = cosn A(−1 +nC1 tan A +nC2 tan 2 A −
sin

A
− cos
A
= 1 − sin A
2 2
n
C3 tan3 A −nC4 tan 4 A + nC5 tan5 A + nC6 tan6 A...)
A A

sin(α ) + sin(α + β ) + sin(α + 2 β ) + ..... + sin(α + (n − 1) β ) or (sin − cos ) = ± 1 − sin A
2 2
sin{α + ( n − 1) ( β / 2)}.sin(n β / 2) 5π
= 
sin( β / 2)  +, If 2nπ + π / 4 ≤ A / 2 ≤ 2nπ +
i.e.,  4

cos(α ) + cos(α + β ) + cos(α + 2 β ) + ... + cos(α + (n − 1) β )  −, otherwise

  β    β  A ± tan 2 A + 1 − 1 1 − cos A 1 − cos A

cos α + (n − 1)    .sin n   
tan = =± = ,
  2    2  2 tan A 1 + cos A sin A
=
β  where A ≠ (2n + 1)π
sin  
2
A 1 + cos A 1 + cos A
Trigonometric Ratio of Multiple and Sub-multiple of an
cot =± = ,
2 1 − cos A sin A
Angle
where A ≠ 2 nπ
Trigonometric Ratio of Multiple
A 1 − cos A

sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A =
2 tan A
tan 2 = ;
2 1 + cos A
1 + tan 2 A
where A ≠ (2n + 1)π

cos 2 A = 2cos2 A −1 = 1 − 2sin 2 A
A 1 + cos A
1 − tan 2 A π
cot 2 = ;
= cos2 A − sin 2 A = ; where A ≠ (2n + 1) . 2 1 − cos A
1 + tan 2 A 4
where A ≠ 2 nπ
2 tan A

tan 2 A = The ambiguities of signs are removed by locating the
1 − tan 2 A
A

sin 3A = 3sin A − 4sin3 A = 4sin(60º − A).sin A.sin(60º + A) quadrants in which lies or you can follow the following
2

cos3A = 4cos3 A − 3cos A figure,

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230 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
π /2 Then the greatest and least values of a sin θ + b cos θ are
A A
3π / 4 sin + cos is + ve π /4 respectively a 2 + b 2 and − a 2 + b 2 .
2 2
A A
sin 2 x + cosec2 x ≥ 2, for every real x.
sin − cos is + ve
2 2

cos 2 x + sec2 x ≥ 2, for every real x.
A A A A
sin + cos is − ve sin + cos is + ve
2 2 2 2
tan 2 x + cot 2 x ≥ 2, for every real x.
π
A A A A
sin − cos is + ve sin − cos is − ve
2 2 2 2 Note: Use of Σ (Sigma) and ∏ (Pie) notation
A A
sin + cos is − ve
sin( A + B + C ) = Σ sin A cos B cos C − Π sin A ,
2 2
cos( A + B + C ) = Π cos A − Σ cos A sin B sin C ,
A A
5π / 4 sin − cos is − ve
2 2 7π / 4 Σ tan A − Π tan A
tan( A + B + C ) = . (∵ Σ denotes summation)
3π / 2 1 − Σ tan A tan B

sin α + sin(α + β ) + sin(α + 2β ) + .........n terms
sin θ > cos θ
(∵ ∏ denotes product)
sin[α + (n − 1) β / 2]sin[nβ / 2]
=
sin(β / 2)
cos θ > sin θ
 n −1  nB
sin  A + B  sin
Figure: 11.6
n
or ∑ sin( A + r − 1B ) =  2  2
.
r =1 B
Note sin
2
A

Any formula that gives the value of sin in terms of sin A
cos α + cos(α + β ) + cos(α + 2 β ) + .........n
2
cos[α + (n − 1) β / 2]sin[nβ / 2]
nπ + ( −1) n A terms =
shall also give the value of sine of . sin[ β / 2]
2
A  n −1  nB

Any formula that gives the value of cos in terms of cos cos  A + B  sin
2 n
or ∑ cos( A + r − 1B) =  2  2

2nπ ± A r =1 B
sin
A shall also give the value of cos of . 2
2
A
sin A / 2 ± cos A / 2 = 2 sin [π / 4 ± A] = 2 cos [ A ∓ π / 4] .

Any formula that gives the value of tan in terms of tan A
2
cos α + cos β + cos γ + cos(α + β + γ )
nπ ± A α+β β +γ γ +α
shall also give the value of tan of . = 4 cos cos cos .
2 2 2 2

sin α + sin β + sin γ − sin(α + β + γ )
Maximum and Minimum Value of a cosθ + b sin θ α +β β +γ γ +α
Let a = r cos α . . . (i) = 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
and b = r sin α . . . (ii)
tan α + 2 tan 2α + 4 tan 4α + 8 cot 8α = cot α .
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), then a + b = r
2 2 2

Conditional Trigonometrical Identities

or r = a 2 + b2
We have certain trigonometric identities.
∴ a sin θ + b cos θ = r (sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α )
Like, sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 and 1 + tan θ = sec θ etc.
2 2

= r sin(θ + α )
Such identities are identities in the sense that they hold for all
But −1 ≤ sin θ < 1 value of the angles which satisfy the given condition among
So, −1 ≤ sin(θ + α ) ≤ 1; them and they are called conditional identities.
Then −r ≤ r sin(θ + α ) ≤ r If A, B, C denote the anlges of a triangle ABC, then the relation
A + B + C = π enables us to establish many important identities
Hence, − a 2 + b 2 ≤ a sin θ + b cos θ ≤ a 2 + b 2 involving trigonometric ratios of these angles.

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 231

If A + B + C = π , then A + B = π − C, B + C = π − A and Step (ii): Take the common factor outside.
C + A = π − B. Step (iii): Use the given relation ( A + B + C = π ) within the

If A + B + C = π , then sin( A + B ) = sin(π − C ) = sin C bracket in such a manner so that we can apply C ± D formulae.
Similarly, sin( B + C ) = sin(π − A) = sin A Step (iv): Find the result according to the given options.

and sin(C + A) = sin(π − B) = sin B

Case (iii): Identities for tangent and cotangent of the angles

If A + B + C = π , then cos( A + B) = cos(π − C ) = − cos C Working Method
Similarly, cos( B + C ) = cos(π − A) = − cos A Step (i): Express the sum of the two angles in terms of third
and cos(C + A) = cos(π − B ) = − cos B angle by using the given relation ( A + B + C = π ) .

If A + B + C = π , then tan( A + B) = tan(π − C ) = − tan C Step (ii): Taking tangent or cotangent of the angles of both the
sides.
Similarly, tan( B + C ) = tan(π − A) = − tan A
Step (iii): Use sum and difference formulae in the left hand
and tan(C + A) = tan(π − B) = − tan B side.
A+ B π C Step (iv): Use cross multiplication in the expression obtained in

If A + B + C = π , then = −
2 2 2 the step (iii).
B+C π A C+A π B Step (v): Arrange the terms as per the result required.
and = − and = −
2 2 2 2 2 2
Trigonometrical Equations and General Solution of
 A+ B  π C  C 
sin   = sin  −  = cos   , Standard Equations
 2  2 2 2
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratio of an
 A+ B  π C  C 
 = cos  −  = sin   ,
cos  unknown angle is called a trigonometrical equation i.e.,
 2   2 2  2 sin x + cos 2 x = 1, (1 − tan θ )(1 + sin 2θ ) = 1 + tan θ ;
 A+ B  π C  C
tan   = tan  −  = cot    π
 2   2 2  2 | sec  θ +  |= 2 etc.
 4
All problems on conditional identities are broadly divided
A trigonometric equation is different from a trigonometrical
into the following three types
identities. An identity is satisfied for every value of the

Case (i): Identities involving sine and cosine of the multiple unknown angle e.g., cos2 x = 1 − sin 2 x is true ∀ x ∈ R while a
or sub-multiple of the angles involved trigonometric equation is satisfied for some particular values of
Working Method the unknown angle.
Step (i): Use C ± D formulae.
Roots of Trigonometrical Equation: The value of unknown
Step (ii): Use the given relation ( A + B + C = π ) in the expression
angle (a variable quantity) which satisfies the given equation is
obtained in step-(i) such that a factor can be taken common after
1
using multiple angles formulae in the remaining term. called the root of an equation e.g., cos θ = , the root is
Step (iii): Take the common factor outside. 2
Step (iv): Again use the given relation ( A + B + C = π ) within θ = 60º or θ = 300º because the equation is satisfied if we put

the bracket in such a manner so that we can apply C ± D θ = 60º or θ = 300º .

formulae. Solution of Trigonometrical Equations: A value of the
Step (v): Find the result according to the given options. unknown angle which satisfies the trigonometrical equation is
called its solution.
Case (ii): Identities involving squares of sine and cosine of
Since all trigonometrical ratios are periodic in nature, generally
multiple or sub-multiples of the angles involved
a trigonometrical equation has more than one solution or an
Working Method
infinite number of solutions. There are basically three types of
Step (i): Arrange the terms of the identity such that either
solutions:
sin 2 A − sin 2 B = sin( A + B).sin( A − B)

Particular Solution: A specific value of unknown angle
or cos2 A − sin 2 B = cos( A + B).cos( A − B) can be used. satisfying the equation.

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232 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

Principal Solution: Smallest numerical value of the General solution of the equation cosθ = cosα : If
unknown angle satisfying the equation (Numerically cos θ = cos α
smallest particular solution.) ⇒ cos θ − cos α = 0

General Solution: Complete set of values of the unknown
θ +α   θ −α 
angle satisfying the equation. It contains all particular ⇒ −2sin   .sin  =0
 2   2 
solutions as well as principal solutions.
θ +α   θ −α 
When we have two numerically equal smallest unknown ⇒ sin   = 0 or sin   = 0,
angles, preference is given to the positive value in writing  2   2 
the principal solution. θ +α θ −α
⇒ = nπ ; n ∈ I or = nπ ; n ∈ I
2 π11π 23ππ 11π
23π 2 2
e.g., secθ = has , − , ,− , ,− etc.
3 6 6 6 6 6 6 ⇒ θ = 2nπ − α ; n ∈ I or θ = 2nπ + α ; n ∈ I .
Y For the general solution of cos θ = cos α , combine these two
P result which gives θ = 2nπ ± α ; n ∈ I

The equation sec θ = sec α is equivalent to cos θ = cos α ,
π/6
X so the general solution of these two equations are same.
O – π/6

General solution of the equation tan θ = tan α

P' sin θ sin α
Figure: 11.7 If tan θ = tan α ⇒ =
cos θ cos α
As its particular solutions out of these, the numerically
⇒ sin θ cos α − cos θ sin α = 0
π π
smallest are and − but the principal solution is taken ⇒ sin(θ − α ) = 0
6 6
π ⇒ θ − α = nπ ; n ∈ I
as θ = to write the general solution we notice that the
6 ⇒ θ = nπ + α ; n ∈ I
position on P or P ' can be obtained by rotation of OP or
The equation cot θ = cot α is equivalent to tan θ = tan α so
OP′ around O through a complete angle (2π ) any number these two equations having the same general solution.
of times and in any direction (clockwise or anticlockwise)
π General Solution of Some Particular Equations
∴ The general solution is θ = 2 kπ ± , k ∈ Z.
sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = nπ , cos θ = 0
6
General Solution of the Equation sin θ = sinα: π π
⇒ θ = (2n + 1) or nπ + , tan θ = 0
2 2
If sin θ = sin α or sin θ − sin α = 0
⇒ θ = nπ
 θ −α   θ +α 
or, 2sin   cos  =0 π
 2   2 
sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ = (4n + 1)
 θ −α  θ +α  2
⇒ sin   = 0 or cos  =0 π
 2   2  or 2nπ + , cos θ = 1
θ −α 2
or, = mπ ; m ∈ I ⇒ θ = 2nπ , tan θ = 1
2
θ +α π π π
or = (2m + 1) ; m ∈ I ⇒ θ = (4n + 1) or nπ +
2 2 4 4
⇒ θ = 2mπ + α ; m ∈ I π

sin θ = −1 ⇒ θ = (4n + 3)
or θ = (2m + 1)π − α ; m ∈ I 2
⇒ θ = (any even multiple of π) + α 3π
or 2nπ + , cos θ = − 1
or θ = (any odd multiple of π) – α 2
θ = nπ + (–1)n a; n∈I ⇒ θ = (2n + 1)π , tan θ = − 1

The equation cosecθ = cosecα s equivalent to sin θ = sin α . π π
⇒ θ = (4n − 1) or nπ −
So these two equation having the same general solution. 4 4

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 233

tan θ = not defined c
⇒ cos(θ − α ) = = cos β (say) . . . (i)
π a + b2
2
⇒ θ = (2n + 1) , cot θ = not defined
2 b
⇒ θ −α = 2nπ ± β ⇒θ = 2nπ ± β +α , where tan α = , is the
⇒ θ = nπ cosecθ = not defined a
⇒ θ = nπ , sec θ = not defined general solution Alternatively, putting a = r sin α and
π
⇒ θ = (2n + 1) . b = r cos α where r = a2 + b2
2
c
Note ⇒ sin(θ +α) = = sinγ (say) ⇒ θ +α = nπ + (−1)n γ
a + b2
2

For equations involving two multiple angles, use multiple
a
and sub-multiple angle formulas, if necessary. ⇒ θ = nπ + (−1)n γ − α , where tan α = , is the general solution.

For equations involving more than two multiple angles b
(i) Apply C ± D formula to combine the two. (ii) Choose Note
such pairs of multiple angle so that after applying the above
( − a 2 + b 2 ) ≤ a cos θ + b sin θ ≤ ( a 2 + b 2 )
formulae we get a common factor in the equation.
The general solution of a cos x + b sin x = c is
b  c 
Solutions in the Case of Two Equations are given x = 2nπ + tan −1   ± cos −1   .
a  a +b
2 2

We may divide the problem into two categories. (1) Two
equations in one ‘unknown’ satisfied simultaneously. (2) Two
Equation of the form: a0 sin 2 x + a1 sin n −1 x cos x + a2
equations in two ‘unknowns’ satisfied simultaneously. sin n − 2 x cos 2 x + ... + an cos n x = 0 Here a0 , a1..., an are real

Two Equations is One ‘unknown’: Two equations are
numbers and the sum of the exponents in sin x and cos x in
given and we have to find the values of variables θ which
each term is equal to n, are said to be homogeneous with
may satisfy with the given equations. respect to sinx and cosx. For cos x ≠ 0, above equation can be
cos θ = cos α and sin θ = sin α , so the common solution is written as, a0 tan n x + a1 tan n−1 x + ... + an = 0.
θ = 2nπ + α , n ∈ I
A trigonometric equation of the form R(sinkx,cos nx,
sin θ = sin α and tan θ = tan α , so the common solution is tanmx,cot lx) = 0 : Here R is a rational function of the
θ = 2nπ + α , n ∈ I indicated arguments and (k, l, m, n are natural numbers) can
cos θ = cos α and tan θ = tan α , so the common solution is be reduced to a rational equation with respect to the
θ = 2nπ + α , n ∈ I arguments sin x, cos x, tan x, and cot x by means of the

System of Equations (Two Equations in Two Unknowns) formulae for trigonometric functions of the sum of angles
Let f (θ , φ ) = 0, g (θ , φ ) = 0 be the system of two equations (in particular, the formulas for double and triple angles) and
in two unknowns. then reduce equation of the given form to a rational
Step (i): Eliminate any one variable, say φ. Let θ = α be x
equation with respect to the unknown, t = tan by means of
2
one solution.
x x
Step (ii): Then consider the system f (α , φ ) = 0, g (α ,φ ) = 0 2 tan 1 − tan 2
the formulas, sin x = 2 , cos x = 2,
and use the method of two equations in one variable. 2 x 2 x
1 + tan 1 + tan

It is preferable to solve the system of equations quadrant 2 2
wise. x x
2 tan 1 − tan 2
Particular Equations tan x = 2 ,cot x = 2
2 x x

General Solution of the form acosθ + b sin θ = c: In 1 − tan 2 tan
2 2
a cos θ + b sin θ = c, put a = r cos α and b = r sin α where

Equation of the form R( sin x + cos x, sin x. cos x) = 0 :
r = a 2 + b 2 and | c |≤ a 2 + b 2 where R is rational function of the arguments in brackets,
Then, r (cos α cos θ + sin α sin θ ) = c Put sin x + cos x = t . . . (i)
and use the following identity:

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234 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
(sin x + cos x) = sin x + cos x + 2sin x cos x = 1 + 2sin x cos x
2 2 2 Properties of Triangle
Angles of a triangle: In a triangle ABC, three angles are A, B
t2 −1
⇒ sin x cos x = . . . (ii) and C.
2
Taking (i) and (ii) into account, we can reduce given
A+B+C=π

sin( B + C ) = sin(π − A) = sin A
 t 2 −1 
equation into; R  t ,  = 0. Similarly, by the substitution
cos(C + A) = cos(π − B) = − cos B
 2 
A+ B π C  C
(sin x – cos x) = t, we can reduce the equation of the
sin = sin  −  = cos
2 2 2 2
form; R(sinx –cos x, sin x cos x) =0 to an equation;
B+C π A A
 1− t2 
cos = cos  −  = sin
R  t,  = 0. 2 2 2 2
 2 
Method for Finding Principal Value: Suppose we have to Trigonometrical Relations between Sides and Angles
find the principal value of θ satisfying the equation For any ∆ ABC we have
1
sin θ = − .

a
=
b
=
c
= 2 R where R = circumradius (Sine-
2 sin A sin B sin C
Since sin θ is negative, θ will be in 3rd or 4th quadrant. We can rule)
approach 3rd or 4th quadrant from two directions. If we take b2 + c2 − a 2
anticlockwise direction the numerical value of the angle will be
cos A = , etc. (Cosine formulae)
2bc
greater than π. If we approach it in clockwise direction the
a cos B + b cos A = c, etc.
angle will be numerically less than π. For principal value, we
A ( s − b)( s − c)
have to take numerically smallest angle. So for principal value
sin = , etc., where 2s = a + b + c
2 bc
Y
A s( s − a)

cos = etc.
2 bc
O A ( s − b)( s − c) ( s − b)( s − c) ∆
X′ π/6 X
tan = = = , etc.,
π/6 2 s( s − a) ∆ s (s − a)
B A where ∆ = area of DABC
A (s − a)
Y′
cot = etc.
2 ∆
Figure: 11.8
B −C b−c A
Principal value always lies in the first circle (i.e., in first
tan = cot , etc.
2 b+c 2
π 5π
rotation). On the above criteria, θ will be − or − . Among
6 6 Area of a Triangle: If the area of a ∆ ABC is denoted by ∆ then
π π 1
these two − has the least numerical value. Hence − is the
∆= bc sin A, etc.
6 6 2
1 2∆
principal value ofθsatisfying the equation sin θ = − . The
sin A = , etc.
2 bc
method for finding principal value can be summed up as follows:
∆ = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)

First draw a trigonometrical circle and mark the quadrant, in
which the angle may lie. Ratio Formula: In the ∆ABC, AD divides BC in the ratio m: n

Select anticlockwise direction for 1st and 2nd quadrants and at D and ∠BAC in two parts ∠BAD = α , ∠CAD = β . If
select clockwise direction for 3rd and 4th quadrants.
∠ADB = θ then

Find the angle in the first rotation.
A

Select the numerically least angle. The angle thus found will
be principal value. α β

In case, two angles one with positive sign and the other with
negative sign qualify for the numerically least angle, then it θ
B m D n C
is the convention to select the angle with positive sign as
principal value.

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Figure: 11.9
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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 235

( m + n ) cot θ = n cot β − m cot α ∆ B B C A

r2 = = s tan = 4 R sin cos cos

( m + n ) cot θ = m cot C − n cot B s−b 2 2 2 2
∆ C C A B
Some Important identities for Angles of a Triangle: In a
r3 = = s tan = 4 R sin cos cos
s−c 2 2 2 2
∆ABC , we have A

sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C r = ID = inradius

1 + cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2C = −4 cos A cos B cos C I

A B C B D C

sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos Figure: 11.11
2 2 2
A B C Regular polygon: A regular polygon of n sides will have its

cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin
2 2 2 vertices on a circle. If O be the centre and r be the radius of the

cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C + 2cos A cos B cos C = 1 circle, and a be the length of each side then clearly, in the
2π

tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A ⋅ tan B ⋅ tan C , ∆OA1 , A2 , ∠A1OA2 = because ∆OA1 A2 will be one of the n
n
i.e., cot B ⋅ cot C + cot C ⋅ cot A + cot A ⋅ cot B = 1
equal triangles with a vertex at O.
A B
∑ tan 2 ·tan 2 = 1
O

A B C A B C r 2π r
i.e., cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot . h n

2 2 2 2 2 2
a/2 a/2
A1 P A2
Circumrarius, Inradius and Exradii: In the ∆ABC , let the
Figure: 11.12
circumradius = R, inradius = r and the three exradii corresponding
a a
to the vertices A, B and C be r1 , r2 and r3 respectively. Then 1  2π  2 1  2π 

Also, 2 = tan   , = sin   , etc.
A h 2 n  r 2 n 
r1 = I A D = exradius
2(n − 2)
B D C

Each interior angle of the regular polygon = × 90°.
n
2π
IA
Each exterior angle of the regular polygon =
n
Figure: 11.10 Trigonometrical Inequalities and Inequalities
a abc Basic inequalities

R= =
2sin A 4∆
−1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1

R=
∆ A B C A B
= ( s − a) tan = ( s − b) tan = ( s − c) tan = 4 R sin ·sin ·sin
C
−1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
s 2 2 2 2 2 2
sec x ≥ 1or sec x ≥ −1
∆ A A B C
cosec x ≥ 1or cosec x ≤ −1

r1 = = s tan = 4 R sin cos cos
s−a 2 2 2 2
For positive quantities AM ≥ GM , equally holding if all the
quantities are equal.
Table 11.7: Solutions of Trigonometrical In-equations
Inequation Solution in [0, 2π ] or [ −π , π ] General Solution (n ∈ Z )
sin x > k ( = sin α ) x ∈ (α , π − α ) x ∈ (2nπ + α , 2n + 1π − α )
sin x < k ( = sin α ) x ∈ [0, α ] ∪ (π − α , 2π ) x ∈ [2nπ , 2nπ + α ) ∪ (2n + 1π − α , 2n + 1π + π )
cos x > k ( = cos α ) x ∈ ( −α , α ) x ∈ (2 nπ − α , 2 nπ + α )
cos x < k ( = cos α ) x ∈ (α , 2π − α ) x ∈ (2nπ + α , 2n + 1π − α )
tan x > k ( = tan α )  π  3π   π
x ∈ α ,  ∪ π + α ,  x ∈  nπ + α , nπ + 
 2  2   2
tan x < k ( = tan α ) π   π   π 
x ∈  ,π + α  ∪  − ,α  x ∈  nπ − , nπ + α 
 2   2   2 

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236 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Trigonometrical Ratios of Allied Angles
System of Measurement of Angles and Relation 9. sin 75º = :
1. The circular wire of radius 7 cm is cut and bend again into
2− 3 3 +1
an arc of a circle of radius 12 cm. The angle subtended by a. b.
2 2 2
an arc at the centre of the circle is:
a. 50º b. 210º 3 −1 3 −1
c. − d.
c. 100º d. 60º 2 2 2 2

2. The degree measure corresponding to the given radian sec 2 θ

10. If 4 sin θ = 3 cos θ then equals to:
4[1 − tan 2 θ ]
c
 2π 
 15  :
25 25 1
a. b. c. d. 1
a. 21º b. 22º 16 28 4
c. 23º d. 24º
3. The minute hand of a clock is 10 cm long. How far does Formulae to Transform the Product into Sum or Difference
the tip of the hand move in 20 minutes? cos12º − sin12º sin147º
10π 20π 11. + =?
a. b. cos12º + sin12º cos147º
3 3 a. 2 tan 33º b. 1
30π 40π c. – 1 d. 0
c. d.
3 3
12. If sin θ1 + sin θ 2 + sin θ3 = 3, then cosθ1 + cos θ 2 + cosθ3 = ?
4. The angle subtended at the centre of radius 3 metres by a. 3 b. 2
the arc of length 1 metre is equal to: c. 1 d. 0
a. 20º b. 60º
c. 1/3 radian d. 3 radian sin 2 A − sin 2 B
13. =?
sin A cos A − sin B cos B
Trigonometrical Ratios or Functions a. tan( A − B ) b. tan( A + B )
5. If tan A + cot A = 4, then tan 4 A + cot 4 A is equal to: c. cot( A − B ) d. cot( A + B )
a. 110 b. 191 c. 80 d. 194
14. sin 47º + sin 61º − sin11º − sin 25º = ?
1 a. sin 36º b. sin 7º
6. If sin x + cos x = , then tan 2x is:
5 c. cos 36º d. cos 7º
25 7 25 24 15. sin 163º cos 347º + sin 73º sin 167º = ?
a. b. c. d.
17 25 7 7
1
a. 0 b.
24 2
7. If sin x = − , then the value of tan x is:
25 c. 1 d. None of these
24 −24 16. The value of cot 70º + 4 cos 70º is:
a. b.
25 7 1
a. b. 3
25 3
c. d. None of these
24 1
c. 2 3 d.
π ∞ ∞ 2
8. For 0 < φ < , if x = ∑ cos 2 nφ , y = ∑ sin 2 nφ ,
2 n=0 n=0
Trigonometric Ratio of Multiple and Sub-multiple of an
∞ Angle
z = ∑ cos 2 nφ sin 2 n φ , then: −3 3π α
n=0 17. If sin α = where π < α < , then cos equal to:
a. xyz = xz + y b. xyz = xy + z 5 2 2
1 1 3 −3
c. xyz = x + y + z d. Both (b) and (c) a. b. − c. d.
10 10 10 10

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 237
18. 2sin β + 4cos(α + β )sin α sin β + cos 2(α + β ) equal to:
2 Trigonometrical Equations and General Solution of
a. sin 2α b. cos 2 β c. tan A / 2 d. sin 2β Standard Equations

26. The general solution of tan 3 x = 1 is :

cot 2 15º −1
19. =?
cot 2 15º +1 π nπ π
a. nπ + b. +
1 3 3 3
4 3 12
a. b. c. d. 3
2 2 4 π
c. nπ d. nπ ±
4
1 3
20. If sin 2θ + sin 2φ = and cos 2θ + cos 2φ = , then
2 2 27. If sin 3θ = sin θ , then the general value of θ is:
cos (θ − φ ) equal to:
2
π π
a. 2nπ , (2n + 1) b. nπ , (2n + 1)
3 5 3 5 3 4
a. b. c. d.
8 8 4 4 π
c. nπ , (2n + 1) d. None of these
3
Maximum and Minimum Value of a cosθ + b sinθ
2π 4π 28. If tan θ + tan 2θ + 3 tan θ tan 2θ = 3, then:
21. If x = y cos = z cos , then xy + yz + zx = :
3 3 (6n + 1)π (6n + 1)π
a. −1 b. 0 a. θ = , ∀n ∈ I b. θ = , ∀n ∈ I
18 9
c. 1 d. 2
(3n + 1)π
c. θ = , ∀n ∈ I d. None of these
a sin θ cos θ 9
22. If tan θ = , then + equal to:
b cos8 θ sin 8 θ
29. General value of θ satisfying the equation
(a 2 + b2 )4  a b  (a 2 + b 2 ) 4  a b 
a. ±  8 + 8 b. ±  8 − 8 tan 2 θ + sec 2θ = 1 is:
a 2 + b2  b a  a2 + b2  b a 
π π
(a 2 − b 2 )4  a b  (a 2 − b 2 )4  a b  a. mπ , nπ + b. mπ , nπ ±
c. ±  8 + a8  d. ±  8 − 8 3 3
a 2 + b2  b  a 2 + b2  b a 
π
c. mπ , nπ ± d. None of these
Conditional Trigonometrical Identities 6

23. If A + B + C = π , then cos 2 A + cos 2 B − cos 2 C equal to:

Solutions in the Case of Two Equations are given
a. 1 − 2 sin A sin B cos C b. 1 − 2 cos A cos B sin C
c. 1 + 2 sin A sin B cos C d. 1 + 2 cos A cos B sin C 30. The most general value of θ satisfying the equation
24. If α + β + γ = 2π , then: tan θ = − 1 and cos θ =
1
is:
2
α β γ α β γ
a. tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 7π 7π
a. nπ + b. nπ + ( −1) n
α β β γ γ α 4 4
b. tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2 7π
c. 2 nπ + d. None of these
α β γ α β γ 4
c. tan + tan + tan = − tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 31. The most general value of θ which will satisfy both the
d. None of these
−1 1
θ equations sin θ = and tan θ = is:
25. If tan β = cos θ . tan α then tan 2
equal to: 2 3
2
sin(α − β ) sin(α + β ) π π
a. b. a. nπ + (−1) n b. nπ +
sin(α + β ) sin(α − β ) 6 6
cos(α − β ) cos(α + β ) π
c. d. c. 2nπ ± d. None of these
cos(α + β ) cos(α − β ) 6

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238 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Some Particular Equations πx πx πx
40. The function f ( x) = sin + 2cos − tan is periodic
32. The solution of equation 5sin 2 x − 7 sin x cos x +
2 3 4
with period:
16 cos 2 x = 4 is:
a. 6 b. 3
a. x = nπ + tan −1 3 or x = nπ + tan −1 4 c. 4 d. 12
π π
b. x = nπ + or x = nπ +
6 4 Relation between Sides and Angles
π π π
c. x = nπ or x = nπ + 41. In a triangle ABC, ∠B = and ∠C = and D divides BC
4 3 4
d. None of these sin ∠BAD
internally in the ratio 1 : 3. Then is equal to:
 1  sin ∠CAD
33. If (cos x − sin x)  2 tan x +  + 2 = 0 then x =?
 cos x  1 1 1 2
a. b. c. d.
π π 3 3 6 3
a. 2nπ ± b. nπ ±
3 3
 A− B+C 
π 42. In a ∆ ABC , 2ac sin   is equal to:
c. 2nπ ± d. None of these  2 
6
a. a 2 + b 2 − c 2 b. c 2 + a 2 − b 2
34. If sin x + cos x − 2 2 sin x cos x = 0 then the general c. b − c − a
2 2 2
d. c 2 − a 2 − b 2
solution of x is:
43. In a triangle ABC, AD is altitude from A. Given b > c ,
π π π
a. x = 2nπ + b. x = nπ + (−1) n −
4 6 4 abc
∠ C = 23º and AD = , then ∠ B equal to:
c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these b − c2
2

a. 67º b. 44º
Principal Value, Steps to solve Trigonometrical Equations c. 113º d. None of these
and Periodic Functions cos C + cos A cos B
44. In a ∆ABC , + is equal to:
35. If cos θ + 3 sin θ = 2, then θ = (only principal value): c+a b
π 2π 4π 5π 1 1
a. b. c. d. a. b.
3 3 3 3 a b
36. Principal value of tan θ = – 1is: 1 c+a
c. d.
−π π 3π −3π c b
a. b. c. d.
4 4 4 4
45. AD is a median of the ∆ABC , if AE and AF are medians of
37. If the solutions for θ of cos pθ + cos qθ = 0, p > 0, q > 0
the triangles ABD and ADC respectively and AD = m1 ,
are in A.P., then the numerically smallest common
a2
difference of A.P. is: AE = m2 , AF = m3 , then is equal to:
8
π 2π
a. b. a. m22 + m32 − 2m12 b. m12 + m22 − 2m32
p+q p+q
π 1 c. m22 + m32 − m12 d. None of these
c. d.
2( p + q) p+q
−1 Area of Triangle
38. If cos θ = and 0 ° < θ < 360 °, then the values of θ are:
2 46. In a triangle ABC, a, b, A are given and c1 , c2 are two
a. 120º and 300º b. 60º and 120º values of third side c. The sum of the areas of triangles
c. 120º and 240º d. 60º and 240º with sides a, b, c1 and a, b, c2 is:
39. The period of the function y = sin 2 x is: 1 2 1 2
a. a sin 2 A b. b sin 2 A
π 2 2
a. 2π b. π c. d. 4π c. b 2 sin 2 A d. a 2 sin 2 A
2

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 239
Half Angle Formulae α β γ α β γ
c. tan + tan + tan = − tan tan tan
A B C 2 2 2 2 2 2
47. If in any ∆ABC ; cot , cot , cot are in A.P., then:
2 2 2 d. None of the above
A B A C
a. cot cot = 4 b. cot cot = 3 53. Given A = sin 2 θ + cos 4 θ , then for all real values of θ :
2 2 2 2
3
B C B C a. 1 ≤ A ≤ 2 b. ≤ A ≤1
c. cot cot = 1 d. cot tan = 0 4
2 2 2 2
13 3 13
c. ≤ A ≤1 d. ≤ A ≤
Ex-central Triangle 16 4 16
π
48. In a triangle ABC, let ∠C = . If r is the in radius and R  π  3π  5π  7π 
2 54. 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos  is equal to:
is the circum-radius of the triangle, then 2( r + R) is equal  8  8  8  8 

to: 1 π
a. b. cos
2 8
a. a + b b. b + c
c. c + a d. a + b + c 1 1+ 2
c. d.
8 2 2
Cyclic Quadrilateral
  3π  
49. The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are 2 and 5 55. The expression 3 sin 4  − α  + sin 4 (3π + α )  :
  2  
and the angle between them is 60º. If the third side is 3,
the remaining fourth side is:  π  
−2 sin 6  + α  + sin 6 (5π − α )  is equal to
a. 2 b. 3   2  
c. 4 d. 5 a. 0 b. 0 c. 0 d. 0

Regular Polygon 56. The value of the expression 3 cos ec 20 ° − sec 20 ° is

equal to:
50. The area of the circle and the area of a regular polygon of n a. 2 b. 2sin 20°/sin 40°
sides and its perimeter equal to that of the circle are in the c. 4 d. 4sin 20°/sin40°
ratio of:
π  π π  π 57. 3(sin x − cos x)4 + 6(sin x + cos x) 2 + 4(sin 6 x + cos6 x)
a. tan   : b. cos   :
n n n n equal to:
a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 14
π  π π  π
c. sin   : d. cot   :
n n n n 58. Which of the following numbers is rational?
a. sin15º b. cos15º
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS c. sin15º cos15º d. sin15º cos 75º
More than One Answer
π
4 59. If α + β = and β + γ = α , then tan α equals:
51. If tan θ = − , then sin θ is : 2
3
a. 2(tan β + tan γ ) b. tan β + tan γ
4 4 4 4
a. − but not b. − or c. tan β + 2 tan γ d. 2 tan β + tan γ
5 5 5 5
4 4 1 1
c. but not − d. None of these 60. Given both θ and φ are acute angles sin θ = , cos φ = ,
5 5 2 3
52. If α + β + γ = 2π , then : then the value of θ + φ belongs to?

α β γ α β γ π π   π 2π 
a. tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan a.  ,  b.  , 
2 2 2 2 2 2  3 6 2 3 
α β β γ γ α  2π 5π   5π 
b. tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1 c.  ,  d.  ,π 
2 2 2 2 2 2  3 6   6 

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240 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
61. The number of ordered pairs (α , β ), where α , β ∈ (−π , π ) 67. Assertion: If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle such the
angle A is obtuse, then B C < 1.
1
satisfying cos(α − β ) = 1 and cos (α + β ) = is:
e tan B + tan C
Reason: In a triangle ABC tan A =
a. 0 b. 1 1 − tan B tan C
c. 2 d. 4 sin( A + B) + sin( A − B)
68. Assertion: = tan A
cos( A + B) + cos( A − B)
 π
62. Let θ ∈ 0,  and t1 = (tanθ )tanθ , t2 = (tan θ )cosθ , t3 = (cot θ )tan θ Reason: sin( A + B) + sin( A − B) = sin A and
 4
and t4 = (cot θ ) cot θ , then? cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B ) = cos A

a. t1 > t2 > t3 > t4 b. t 4 > t3 > t1 > t2 69. Assertion: If 2sin 2 ((π / 2)cos 2 x) = 1 − cos(π sin 2 x),
c. t3 > t1 > t2 > t4 d. t 2 > t3 > t1 > t4 x ≠ (2n + 1)π / 2, n is a integer then sin 2 x + cos 2 x is
equal to 1/5.
tan A cot A
63. The expression + can be written as: 2 − (tan x − 1) 2
1 − cot A 1 − tan A Reason: sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
1 + tan 2 x
a. sin A cos A + 1 b. sin A cosec A + 1
c. tan A + cot A d. sec A + cosec A 70. Assertion: The system of linear equations
x + (sin α ) y + (cos α ) z = 0, x + (cos α ) y + (sin α ) z = 0 and
 x π
64. The equation 2 cos 2   sin 2 x = x 2 + x −2 , x ≤ has: x − (sin α ) y + (cos α ) z = 0 has a non-trivial solution for
 
2 9
a. no real solution only one value of α lying between 0 and π
b. one real solution sin x cos x cos x
c. more than one real solution Reason: cos x sin x cos x = 0 has only one solution
d. None of the above cos x cos x sin x
π
65. The general solution of the trigonometric equation lying between 0 and
2
sin x + cos x = 1 is given by:
a. x = 2nπ ; n = 0, ± 1, ± 2..... π 2π 4π 1
71. Assertion: cos cos cos =−
7 7 7 8
b. x = 2nπ + π / 2; n = 0, ± 1, ± 2.....
1 π
π π if θ = n
Reason: cosθ cos 2θ cos 4θ …cos 2n−1θ = −
c. x = nπ + (−1) − ; n = 0, ± 1, ±2,.....
n 2 n
2 −1
4 4 72. Assertion: If x and y are real number such that
d. None of the above x 2 + y 2 = 27, then the maximum possible value of x − y

Assertion and Reason is 3 6

 π
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark Reason: −1 ≤ cos  θ +  ≤ 1
 4
the correct option out of the options given below:
73. Assertion: If p = 7 + tan α tan β , q = 5 + tan β tan γ and
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
r = 3 + tan γ tan α , then the maximum value of
correct explanation of the assertion.
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the π
p + q + r is 4 3; α , β , γ > 0 and α + β + γ =
correct explanation of the assertion. 2
c. If assertion is true but reason is false. π
Reason: If α+β+γ = , α, β, γ > 0, then cot α cot β + cot β cot γ
d. If the assertion and reason both are false. 2
e. If assertion is false but reason is true. + cot γ cot α = 1
74. Assertion: 2sin 2 x + 3sin x − 2 > 0 and x 2 − x − 2 < 0, if
66. Assertion: sin52° + sin78°+ sin50° = 4cos26° cos39° cos25°
−1 < x < 2.
Reason: If A + B + C = π , then sin A + sin B + sin C
Reason: x 2 − x − 2 < 0 if −1 < x < 2.
= 4cos( A / 2)cos( B / 2)cos(C / 2)

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 241
75. Assertion: cos x + sin x = 1 has only tow non-zero
7 4
83. If tan θ + sin θ = m and tan θ − sin θ = n, then (m − n 2 ) 2 2

solution in the interval −π < x < π is:

Reason: cos x + cos x − 2 = 0 is possible only when
5 2
a. 4 mn b. 4mn
cos x = 1 c. 16 mn d. 16mn

Comprehension Based 84. If sin θ + cos θ = a and sin 3 θ + cos3 θ = b, then we get

Paragraph –I λ a 3 + µ b + vc = 0 when λ , µ , v are independent of θ ,

If Pn = sin n θ + cos n θ where n ∈ W (whole number) and then the value of λ 3 + µ 3 + v 3 is:
θ ∈ R (real number) a. – 6 b. – 18
c. – 36 d. – 98
76. If P1 = m, then the value of 4(1 − P6 ) is :
x cosθ y sin θ
a. 3( m − 1) 2 b. 3(m2 − 1) 2 85. After eliminating 'θ ' from equations + =1
a b
c. 3( m + 1) 2 d. 3(m 2 + 1) 2
and x sin θ − y cos θ = (a 2 sin 2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ ), we get:
77. The value of 2 P6 − 3P4 + 10 is: a. x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2
a. 0 b. 6
x2 y 2
c. 9 d. 15 b. + =1
a 2 b2
78. The value of 6 P10 − 15 P8 + 10 P6 + 7 is: x2 y2
a. 8 b. 6 c. + =1
a ( a + b) b( a + b)
c. 4 d. 2
d. x 2 + y 2 = (a + b) 2
79. If Pn − 2 − Pn = sin θ cos θ Pλ , then the value of λ is:
2 2

a. n − 1 b. n − 2 Paragraph –III
c. n − 3 d. n − 4 Whenever the terms on the two sides of the equation are of
different nature, then equations are known as Non standard
P7 − P5
80. The value of is : form, some of them are in the form of an ordinary equation but
P5 − P3
cannot be solved by standard procedures.
P7 P5
a. b. Non standard problems require high degree of logic, they also
P5 P3
require the use of graphs, inverse properties of functions, in
P3 P3
c. d. equalities.
P1 P5
 x
86. The number of solutions of the equation 2cos   = 3x + 3−x is:
Paragraph –II  2
The method of eliminating 'θ ' from two given equations a. 1 b. 2
involving trigonometrical functions of 'θ ' . By using given c. 3 d. none of these
equations involving 'θ ' and trigonometrical identities, we
shall obtain an equation not involving 'θ '. x π
87. The equation 2 cos 2   sin 2 x = x 2 + x −2 , 0 < x ≤ has:
2 2
81. If x sin 3 θ + y cos3 θ = sin θ cos θ and x sin θ − y cos θ = 0
a. one real solutions
then (x, y) lie one: b. more than one real solutions
a. a circle b. a parabola c. no real solution
c. an ellipse d. a hyperbola d. none of the above
x y ax by
82. If = and − = a 2 − b 2 , then (x, y) 88. The number of real solutions of the equation
a cos θ b sin θ cos θ sin θ
−x
lie on: sin(e ) = 5 + 5
x x
is:
a. a circle b. a parabola a. 0 b. 1
c. an ellipse d. a hyperbola c. 2 d. infinitely many

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242 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

2 1  a. A→ 3,4, B→ 3,5, C→ 1,2

89. If 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π and 2cos ec x  y2 − y +1 ≤ 2, then number
 2  b. A→ 2,1, B→ 3,5, C→ 1,4
of ordered pairs of (x, y) is: c. A→ 3,5, B→ 2,4, C→ 1,2
a. 1 b. 2 d. A→ 2,3, B→ 2,5, C→ 1,4
c. 3 d. infinitely many

90. The number of solutions of the equation sin x = x2 + x + 1 is: Integer

a. 0 b. 1
 1 
c. 2 d. none of these 93. If 4cos36°+cot 7 °  n1 + n2 + n3 + 44 + n5 + n6 ,
 2 
6
Match the Column
then the value of ∑ ni2 must be:
i =1
Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with statement in
Column II:
91. (sin 3α ) /(cos 2α ) is: 94. If a tan α + (a 2 − 1) tan β + ( a 2 + 1) tan γ = 2a, where a

Column I Column II is constant and α , β , γ are variable angles. Then the least
(A) positive 1. (13π / 48,14π / 48) value of 2727(tan 2 α + tan 2 β + tan 2 γ ) must be:
(B) negative 2. (14π / 48,18π / 48)
3. (18π / 48, 23π / 48) sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C  A
95. If A + B + C = π and = λ = sin  
sin A + sin B + sin C 2
4. (0, π / 2)
 B C 
a. A→ 3; B→ 1 b. A→ 2, B→ 4 sin   sin   then the value of 1 + 2λ + 3λ 2 + 4λ 3
c. A→ 3, B→ 4 d. A→ 4, B→ 1 2 2

92. Observe the following columns: must be:

Column I Column II 1 1
(A) If maximum and minimum 1. λ + µ = 2 96. If + = λ , then the value of 9λ 4+81λ 2 +97
cos 290° 3 sin 250°
7 + 6 tan θ − tan 2 θ
values of must be:
(1 + tan 2 θ )
π π   2π  2  3π  2  7π 
for all real values of θ − are 97. If tan 2   + tan 2   + tan   + … + tan   = λ,
2  
16  16   
16  16 
λ and µ respectively, then and x y + y x = λ , then the value of ( x + y ) 2 must be:
(B) If maximum and minimum 2. λ − µ = 6
values of 98. The number of values of x between 0 and 2π that
 π satisfies the equation sin x + sin 2 x + sin 3 x = cos x +
5cosθ + 3cos θ +  + 3 for all
 3 cos 2 x + cos 3 x must be:
real values of θ are λ and
µ respectively, then 99. If the equation sec θ + cosec θ = c has two real roots
(C) If maximum and minimum 3. λ + µ = 6 between 0 and 2π , then the least integer which c 2 cannot
values of
exceed must be:
π  π 
1 + sin  + θ  + 2 cos  − θ 
4  4  100. The trigonometric equation cosec x − cosec2 x = cosec4 x
for all real values of θ are λ π
and µ respectively, then has a solution (2n + 1) , (n integer), then n should not be
4
4. λ − µ = 10 an integer of type 7 p + λ , (0 ≤ λ ≤ 6), (p integer). The
5. λ − µ = 14
numerical quantity λ should be:

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 243
ANSWER 5. (d) tan A + cot A = 4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ⇒ tan 2 A + cot 2 A + 2 tan A cot A = 16
b d b c d d b d b b ⇒ tan 2 A + cot 2 A = 14
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. ⇒ tan 4 A + cot 4 A + 2 = 196
d d b d b b d c b b ⇒ tan 4 A + cot 4 A = 194
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
1
b a a a a b b c b c 6. (d) sin x + cos x =
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
5
d a a c a a b c a d 1
⇒ sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x =
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 25
c b c b a b b a a a 24
⇒ sin 2 x = −
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 25
b a b c b c c c c b 7
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
⇒ cos 2 x = −
25
d b b a c a c c d b
24
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. ⇒ tan 2 x = .
7
a a c d a b c a d c
2
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
 −24  7
a c d b c a c a b a 7. (b) cos x = 1 − sin 2 x = 1 −   =
 25  25
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
2
a a 91 3636 2257 785 1225 4 8 4950  −24  7
cos x = 1 − sin x = 1 −   =
SOLUTION  25  25
sin x −24
Multiple Choice Questions ⇒ tan x = = .
cos x 7
1. (b) Given the diameter of circular wire = 14 cm.
Therefore length of wire = 14π cm a
8. (d) From s∞ =
Arc 14π 7π 1− r
Hence, required angle, = = = radian
Radius 12 6 1 1
We get, x = = 2 ,
7π 180 o
1 − cos φ sin φ
2

⇒ × = 210o.
6 π 1 1
y= = ,
1 − sin 2 φ cos 2 φ
2. (d) We have, π radians = 180º
º 1 1 xy
180  z= = =
∴ 1 =
c
 ; 1 − cos φ sin φ
2 2
1 xy − 1
 π  1−
xy
c º
 2π   2π 180  ⇒ xyz − z = xy
∴  15  =  15 × π  = 24º .
    ⇒ xyz = xy + z . . . (i)
3. (b) We know that the tip of the minute hand makes one 1 1
Also, + = cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ = 1
complete round in one hour i.e. 60 minutes since the x y
length of the hand is 10 cm. the distance moved by its tip
⇒ x + y = xy.
in 60 minutes = 2π × 10cm = 20π cm
From (i), xyz = x + y + z.
Hence the distance in 20 minutes
20π 20π 9. (b) sin 75° = sin(45° + 30°)
= × 20cm = cm.
60 3 = sin 45° cos 30° + sin 30 ° cos 45°
Arc 1 1 3 1 1 3 +1
4. (c) Required angle, = = radian. = × + × = .
radius 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

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244 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
10. (b) Given 4 sin θ = 3 cos θ 3π π α 3π
17. (d) π < α < ⇒ < <
3 2 2 2 4
⇒ tan θ =
4 α
⇒ cos = −ve
sec θ 2
1 + tan θ 2
2
The given expression is =
4[1 − tan θ ] 4(1 − tan 2 θ )
2
4
∴ cos α =
9 5
1+
16 25 4
= = . 1+
 9  28 α
1 + cos α 5 = − 9 = −3 .
4 1 −  ⇒ cos = =−
 16  2 2 2 10 10
1 − tan12º 18. (c) Since 2 cos(α + β ) = 2 cos 2 (α + β ) − 1,
11. (d) = + tan147º
1 + tan12º
2sin 2 β = 1 − cos 2 β
= tan(45º −12) + tan(180º −33º ) = tan 33º + (− tan 33º ) = 0.
= − cos 2 β + 2 cos(α + β )[2 sin α sin β + cos(α + β )]
12. (d) We know | sin θ |≤ 1; So, each θ1 , θ 2 and θ3 must be = − cos 2 β + 2 cos(α + β ).cos(α − β )
equal to π / 2 = − cos 2 β + cos 2α + cos 2 β = cos 2α .
∴ cos θ1 + cos θ 2 + cos θ3 = 0. 2
 1 
2(sin 2 A − sin 2 B ) 2sin( A + B).sin( A − B) 1 − 3 
13. (b) = 1− 
2 sin A cos A − 2 sin B cos B sin 2 A − sin 2 B 1 + 1 
2sin( A + B ) sin( A − B ) 1 − tan 15 1 − [tan(45° − 30°)]
2 2
 3 
= = tan( A + B). 19. (b) = =
2sin( A − B ) cos( A + B ) 1 + tan 15 1 + [tan(45° − 30°)]
2 2
 1 
2

1 − 3 
14. (d) sin 47º + sin 61º −(sin11º + sin 25º ) 1+ 
1 + 1 
= 2 sin 54º .cos 7º − 2 sin18º cos 7º  3 
= 2 cos 7º (sin 54º − sin18º ) 2
 3 − 1
= 2 cos 7º .2 cos 36º .sin18º 1−  
 3 + 1 [ 3 + 1]2 − [ 3 − 1]2 4 3 3
5 +1 5 −1 = 2
= = =
= 4.cos 7º . . = cos 7º .  3 −1 [ 3 + 1] + [ 3 − 1]
2 2
8 2
4 4 1+  
 3 + 1
15. (b) sin(90º +73º).cos(360º −13º) + sin73º.sin(180º −13º)
= cos 73º .cos13º + sin 73º .sin13º 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 15o 3
cos 2θ = ⇒ = cos 30o =
1 1 + tan θ
2
1 + tan 15
2 o
2
= cos(73º −13º ) = cos 60º = .
2 1
16. (b) cot 70º + 4 cos 70º 20. (b) Given, sin 2θ + sin 2φ = . . . (i)
2
cos 70º +4sin 70º.cos 70º 3
= and cos 2θ + cos 2φ = . . . (ii)
sin 70º 2
cos 70º +2sin140º Squaring and adding,
=
sin 70º ∴ (sin 2 2θ + cos 2 2θ ) + (sin 2 2φ + cos 2 2φ )
cos 70º +2sin(180 − 40º ) 1 9
= +2[sin 2θ .sin 2φ + cos 2θ .cos 2φ ] = +
sin 70º 4 4
sin 20º + sin 40º + sin 40º 1
= ⇒ cos 2θ .cos 2φ + sin 2θ .sin 2φ =
sin 70º 4
2sin 30º cos10º + sin 40º 1
= ⇒ cos(2θ − 2φ ) =
sin 70º 4
sin 80º + sin 40º 2 sin 60º cos 20º 5
= = = 3 ⇒ cos 2 (θ − φ ) = .
sin 70º sin 70º 8

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 245
x y z π π
21. (b) We have, = = = λ (say) 26. (b) tan 3 x = tan ⇒ 3x = nπ +
1 −2 −2 4 4
∴ x = λ , y = −2λ , z = − 2λ ; nπ π
⇒ x= + .
∴ xy + yz + zx = −2λ 2 + 4λ 2 − 2λ 2 = 0 3 12

27. (b) sin 3θ = sin θ or 3θ = mπ + (−1) m θ

1 − tan 2 θ b2 − a 2
22. (a) Given, tan θ = a / b ⇒ cos 2θ = =
1 + tan 2 θ b2 + a 2 2nπ
For (m) even i.e., m = 2 n then θ = = nπ
a b 2
sin θ = ± ; cos θ = ±
a +b
2 2
a + b2
2 π
And for (m) odd, i.e., m = (2n + 1) then θ = (2n + 1) .
4
 a   b 
 2   2  28. (c) tan θ + tan 2θ + 3 tan θ tan 2θ = 3
sin θ cos θ  a +b   a +b 
2 2
∴ + = + ⇒ tan θ + tan 2θ = 3(1 − tan θ tan 2θ )
cos8 θ sin 8 θ  b
8
  a 
8

 2   2  tan θ + tan 2θ π 
 a +b   a +b  = 3 ⇒ tan 3θ = tan  
2 2
⇒
1 − tan θ tan 2θ 3
a (a 2 + b 2 ) 4 b(a 2 + b2 )4 (a 2 + b 2 ) 4  a b 
= + = ±  8 + 8 . π
b8 (a2 + b2 )1/ 2 a8 (a 2 + b2 )1/ 2 a 2 + b2  b a  ⇒ 3θ = nπ +
3
23. (a) cos 2 A + cos 2 B − cos 2 C nπ π π
⇒ θ= + = (3n + 1) .
= cos 2 A + (1 − sin 2 B) − cos 2 C 3 9 9
= 1 + [cos 2 A − sin 2 B] − cos 2 C 29. (b) tan 2 θ + sec 2θ = 1
1 + tan 2 θ
= 1 + cos( A + B ) cos( A − B ) − cos 2 C ⇒ tan 2 θ + =1
1 − tan 2 θ
= 1 + cos(π − C ) cos( A − B) − cos 2 C ⇒ tan 2 θ − tan 4 θ + 1 + tan 2 θ = 1 − tan 2 θ
= 1 − cos C[cos( A − B) + cos C ] ⇒ tan 4 θ − 3 tan 2 θ = 0
= 1 − cos C[cos( A − B) + cos{π − ( A + B)}] ⇒ tan 2 θ (tan 2 θ − 3) = 0
= 1 − cos C[cos( A − B ) − cos( A + B )] ⇒ tan 2 θ = 0 and tan 2 θ = 3
= 1 − cos C[2sin A sin B ] = 1 − 2sin A sin B cos C. π
tan 2 θ = tan 2 0 and tan θ = tan
2 2

3
α β γ
24. (a) We have α + β + γ = 2π ⇒ + + =π π
2 2 2 ⇒ θ = mπ and θ = nπ ± .
3
α β γ 
⇒ tan  + +  = tan π = 0 π
 2 2 2 30. (c) tan θ = −1 = tan  2π −  and
 4
α β γ α β γ
⇒ tan + tan + tan − tan .tan .tan =0 1  π
2 2 2 2 2 2 cos θ = = cos  2π − 
2  4
α β γ α β γ
⇒ tan + tan + tan = tan π 7π
Hence, general value is 2 nπ +  2π −  = 2 nπ +
.tan .tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 .
 4 4
tan α 1 −1  −π   π
25. (a) The given relation is = 31. (d) sin θ =
tan β cos θ = sin   = sin  π + 
2  6   6
Applying componendo and dividendo rule, then
 1  π   π
tan α − tan β 1 − cos θ tan θ =   = tan   = tan  π + 
⇒ =  3 6  6
tan α + tan β 1 + cos θ
 π
θ ⇒ θ = π + 
2sin 2
 6
sin(α − β ) 2 ⇒ sin(α − β ) = tan 2 θ .
⇒ = 7π
sin(α + β ) 2θ sin(α + β ) 2 Hence, general value of θ is 2nπ + .
2 cos 6
2

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246 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
32. (a) To solve this kind of equation; we use the fundamental 1 1 1
or sin x + cos x = −
formula trigonometrical identity, sin x + cos x = 1
2 2
2 2 2
writing the equation in the form, 5 sin 2 x − 7 sin x cos x + π π
or sin x .cos + sin cos x = 1
16 cos 2 x = 4 (sin x + cos x)
2 2
4 4
⇒ sin 2 x − 7 sin x cos x + 12 cos 2 x = 0 π π 1
or sin x cos + sin cos x = −
2
Dividing by cos x on both sides we get, 4 4 2
tan 2 x − 7 tan x + 12 = 0  π  π 1
⇒ sin  x +  = 1 or sin  x +  = −
Now it can be factorized as; (tan x − 3) (tan x − 4) = 0  4   4  2

⇒ tan x = 3, 4 π π π π 
⇒ x+ = (4n + 1) or x + = nπ + ( −1) n .  
4 2 4 6
i.e., tan x = tan(tan −1 3) or tan x = tan(tan −1 4)
π π π 
⇒ x = nπ + tan −1 3 or x = nπ + tan −1 4. ⇒ x = 2nπ + or x = nπ + ( −1) n −  .
4 6 4
x
33. (a) Let t = tan , and using the formula. We get, 1 3 2
2 35. (a) cos θ + sin θ =
2 2 2
 x x   x x π π
1 − tan 1 + tan 2
2
2 tan   4 tan 2
2− 2 + 2+2 = 0 ⇒ cos θ cos + sin θ sin =1
 x x  x 
3 3
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2  1 − tan 2 x 1 − tan 2
 2 2  2 2  π
⇒ cos  θ −  = 1 = cos 0°
 3
1− t2 2t   4t 1+ t2 
 − 2  
+ +2 = 0 π
 1+ t 1+ t   1− t 1− t
2 2 2
 ⇒ θ− = 0°
3
3t 4 + 6t 3 + 8t 2 − 2t − 3 π
⇒ =0 ⇒ θ= .
(t 2 + 1) (1 − t 2 ) 3
1 1 36. (a) tan θ is negative.
Its roots are; t1 = and t 2 = −
3 3 ∴ θ will lie in 2nd or 4th quadrant.
Thus the solution of the equation reduces to that of two For 2nd quadrant we will select anticlockwise and for 4th
x 1 x 1 quadrant, we will select clockwise direction.
elementary equations, tan = , tan = −
2 3 2 3 B Y
x π
⇒ = nπ ±
2 6 +3π/4
π X' X
⇒ x = 2nπ ± , is required solution. –
3
34. (c) Let (sin x + cos x) = t and using the equation A
Y'
t −1
2
 t −1  2
−π 3π
sin x .cos x = , we get t − 2 2  =0 In the first circle two values and are obtained.
2  2  4 4
⇒ 2t 2 − t − 2 = 0 −π
Among these two, is numerically least angle. Hence
4
1
The numbers t1 = 2, t2 = − are roots of this quadratic −π
2 principal value is .
4
equation.Thus the solution of the given equation reduces
37. (b) Given, cos pθ = − cos qθ = cos(π + qθ )
to the solution of two trigonometrical equation;
⇒ pθ = 2nπ ± (π + qθ ), n ∈ I
1
sin x + cos x = 2 or sin x + cos x = − (2n + 1)π
2 ⇒ θ=
p−q
1 1
or sin x + cos x = 1 (2n − 1)π
2 2 or , n ∈ I.
p+q

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 247
(2n + 1)π π 
Both the solutions form an A.P. θ = gives us an sin  
p−q x sin β AD 4
⇒ × = ×
2π (2n − 1)π sin α 3x π  AD
A.P. with common difference = and θ = sin  
p−q p+q 3
1
2π
gives us an A.P. with common difference = . sin β 2 = 2 sin β 2
p+q ⇒ = ⇒ =3 = 6
3sin α 3 3 sin α 3
2π 2π 2
Certainly, < .
p+q p−q sin ∠BAD sin α 1
∴ = = .
1 sin ∠CAD sin β 6
38. (c) Given, cos θ = − and 0° < θ < 360°.
2
A− B +C π − 2B
1 42. (b) 2ac sin = 2ac sin = 2ac cos B
We know that cos 60º = and 2 2
2
c2 + a 2 − b2
−1 1 = 2 ac = c2 + a2 − b2 . .
cos(180º −60º ) = − cos 60º = or cos120º = − . 2ca
2 2
a 2 + c 2 − b 2 a 2 − (b 2 − c 2 )
1 43. (c) cos B = =
Similarly cos (180º +60º ) = − cos 60º = − 2ac 2ac
2
abc
−1 Now, AD = ;
or cos 240º = . Therefore θ = 120º and 240º. b − c2
2
2
2π abc
39. (a) Period of sin( ax + b ) = a2 −
|a| ∴ cos B = AD Also AD = b sin 23º ;
2ac
2π
∴ Period of sin 2 x = = π. c
|2| a−
∴ cos B = sin 23o
πx 2π 2c
40. (d) Period of sin = =4
2 π /2 a sin( B + 23º )
By sine formulae ⇒ = ;
πx
2π c sin 23º
Period of cos = =6
3 π /3
 sin( B + 23º ) 1 
πx π  sin 23º − sin 23º 
and period of tan = =4 ∴ cos B =
4 π /4 2
∴ Period of f ( x) = L.C.M. of (4, 6, 4) =12. ⇒ sin(23º − B) = −1 = sin(−90º ); therefore 23º − B = −90º
41. (c) Let ∠ BAD = α , ∠ CAD = β or B = 113º.
In ∆ ADB , applying sine formulae, cos C + cos A cos B
44. (b) +
x AD c+a b
we get = . . . (i)
sin α π  (b cos C + b cos A) + (c cos B + a cos B )
sin   =
3 b (c + a )
A (b cos C + c cos B ) + (b cos A + a cos B )
=
α β b (c + a )
a+c 1
= (Using projection formulae) = .
b (c + a ) b
π/3 π/4
B x D 3x C c 2 + b2 a 2
45. (a) In ∆ABC, AD 2 = m12 = −
In ∆ ADC , applying sine formulae, 2 4
2
we get,
3x
=
AD
. . . (ii) a
sin β sin(π / 4) c + AD  2 
2 2
In ∆ABD, AE 2 = m22 = −
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get, 2 4

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248 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
A Let AB = 2, BC = 5 and CD = 3
In ∆ABC, AB 2 + AC 2 + 2 AB.BC cos 60º = AC 2
1
or 4 + 25 − 2 × 2 × 5 × = AC 2
2
B
E D F
C ∴ AC 2 = 19;

a
2 In ∆ABC, AD 2 + CD 2 + 2 AD.CD cos 60º = AC 2
2
+ 2  
− 
AD b 2 1
In ∆ADC , AF 2 = m32 = or AD 2 + 9 + 2 AD.3. = 19
2 4 2
b2 + c2 a2 a2 a2 or AD 2 + 3 AD − 10 = 0
∴ m22 + m32 = AD 2 + − = m12 + m12 + −
2 8 4 8 or AD 2 + 5 AD − 2 AD − 10 = 0
a2 a2 or AD ( AD + 5) − 2( AD + 5) = 0
m22 + m32 = 2m12 + ⇒ = m22 + m32 − 2m12 .
8 8 or ( AD − 2)( AD + 5) = 0.
46. (b) Let the triangles be ∆1 = ABC1 and ∆ 2 = ABC2 A,b,a Therefore, fourth side is AD = 2.
are given and c has two values. Hence we apply cosine 50. (a) Let r be the radius of the circle and A1 be its area
b +c −a
2 2 2
∴ A1 = π r 2
formulae cos A = or c 2 − 2bc cos A + b 2 − a 2 = 0.
2bc Since the perimeter of the circle is the same as the
Above is quadratic in cIf c1 , c2 be the two values of c, then perimeter of a regular polygon of n sides
c1 + c2 = 2b cos A, c1c2 = b2 − a 2 ∴ 2π r = na, where 'a' is the length of one side of the

1 1 2π r
∆1 = ab sin C1 , ∆ 2 = ab sin C2 regular polygon, a =
2 2 n
1 1 Let A2 be the area of the polygon, then
∴ ∆1 + ∆ 2 = ab(sin C1 + sin C2 ) = abk (2b cos A)
2 2 1 2 π 1 4π 2 r 2 π π π
A2 = na .cot = n. 2 cot = π r 2 ⋅ ⋅ cot
1 4 n 4 n n n n
= b 2 ak cos A = b 2 sin A cos A = b 2 sin 2 A.
2 π π π π π
∴ A1 : A2 = π r 2 : π r 2 ⋅ ⋅ cot = 1: = tan : .
A B C n n n n n
47. (b) Take A = B = C = 60º, then cot , cot and cot are
2 2 2
in A.P. with common difference zero. NCERT Exemplar Problems

c More than One Answer

48. (a) = 2 R, 51. (b) Since, tan θ < 0
sin C
c = 2R sin 90º = 2R
∴ Angle θ is either in the second or fourth quadrant.
∴
Then, sin θ > 0 or < 0
C
Also r = ( s − c) tan = ( s − c) [∵ tan 45º = 1] 4 4
2 ∴ sin θ may be or −
5 5
2r = 2 s − 2c = a + b − c = a + b − 2 R, 2(r + R) = a + b.
α β  γ
52. (a) Since, + = π − 
49. (a) Since ABCD is cyclic quadrilateral and ∠ABC = 60º 2 2  2
D
α β   γ
A 120o ∴ tan  +  = tan  π − 
3 2 2  2
α β
tan + tan
2 = − tan γ
C
2 ⇒ 2
αβ 2
60 o
5 1 − tan tan
2 2
B
α β γ α β γ
∴ ∠ADC = 180º −60º = 120º ⇒ tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 249
53. (b) Given, A = sin θ + (1 − sin θ )
2 2 2
1
58. (c) Since, sin15° = 2− 3
⇒ A = sin 4 θ − sin 2 θ + 1 2
1
cos15° = 2+ 3
2
 1 3 and
⇒ A =  sin 2 θ −  + 2
 2 4
1
∵ 0 ≤ sin 2 θ ≤ 1 and sin15° cos 75° = sin15° ⋅ sin15° = (2 − 3).
4
2
 1 1 Therefore, all these values are irrational and
⇒ 0 ≤  sin 2 θ −  ≤
 2 4 1
sin15° cos15° = ⋅ 2sin15° cos15°
3 2
∴ ≤ A ≤1
4 1 1
= ⋅ sin 30° = , which is rational.
 π  π  π  π 2 4
54. (c)  1 + cos  1 + cos 3  1 + cos 5  1 + cos 7 
 8  8  8  8 59. (c) Given, α + β = π / 2 ⇒ α = (π / 2) − β
 π  π  π  π ⇒ tan α = tan(π / 2 − β )
=  1 + cos 1 + cos 3  1 − cos 3  1 − cos 
 8  8  8  8
⇒ tan α = cot β ⇒ tan α tan β = 1
 π  π
=  1 − cos 2 1 − cos 2 3  Again, β + γ = α (given)
 8  8
⇒ γ = (α − β )
1 π  π
=  2 − 1 − cos  2 − 1 − cos 3  ⇒ tan γ = tan(α − β )
4 4  4
1 π  π tan α − tan β
= ⇒ tan γ =
1 − cos 1 − cos 3  1 + tan α tan β
4 4  4
tan α − tan β
1 1  1  1 1 1 ⇒ tan γ =
= 1 −  1 + = 1 −  = 1+1
4 2  2 4 2 8
∴ 2 tan γ = tan α − tan β
  3π    π  
55. (b) 3sin4  −α  +sin4 (3π +α) − 2sin6  +α  +sin6 (5π −α) ⇒ tan α = tan β + 2 tan γ
 2    2  
= 3(cos 4 α + sin 4 α ) − 2(cos 6 α + tan 6 α ) 1 1
60. (b) Since, sin θ = and cos φ =
2 3
= 3(1 − 2sin 2 α cos 2 α ) − 2(1 − 3sin 2 α cos 2 α )
π  1 1  1 1
= 3 − 6sin 2 α cos 2 α − 2 + 6 sin 2 α cos 2 α = 1 ⇒ θ= and 0 <  cos φ =  < as, 0 < < 
6  3  2  3 2
56. (c) 3 cos ec 20° − sec 20° π 1
⇒ θ= and cos −1 (0) > φ > cos −1  
= tan 60° cos ec 20° − sec 20° 6 2
sin 60° cos 20° − cos 60° ⋅ sin 20°  π
= [the sign changed as cos x is decreasing between  0, 
cos 60° ⋅ sin 20° ⋅ cos 20°  2
sin (60° − 20°) π π π
= ⇒ θ= and <φ <
cos 60° ⋅ sin 20° ⋅ cos 20° 6 3 2
sin 40° 2sin 20° cos 20° π 2π
= = =4 ⇒ < θ +φ <
1 1 2 3
⋅ sin 20° cos 20° sin 20° cos 20°
2 2
π 2π 
57. (c) 3(sin x − cos x)4 + 6(sin x + cos x)2 + 4{(sin 2 x + cos2 x)3 ∴ θ ∈  , .
2 3 
−3sin 2 x cos 2 x(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)}
61. (d) Since, cos(α − β ) = 1
= 3(1 − 2sin 2x + sin 2 2 x) + 6 + 6sin 2x + 4(1 − 3sin 2 x cos2 x)
⇒ α − β = nπ ,
 3 
= 3(1 − 2sin 2 x + sin 2 2 x + 2 + 2sin 2 x) + 4 1 − ⋅ sin 2 2 x  But −2π < α − β < 2π
 4 
= 13 + 3sin 2 2 x − 3sin 2 2 x = 13 [as, α , β ∈ ( −π , π ) ]

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250 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
∴ α −β = 0 . . . (i) Assertion and Reason
1 66. (a) Reason is true form conditional identities ⇒
Given, cos(α + β ) = Assertion, is also true.
e
1 67. (c) Reason is false because A = tan(π − ( B + C ))
⇒ cos 2α = < 1,
e tan B + tan C
tan = − tan( B + C ) =
which is true for four values of α . tan B tan C − 1
as, −2π < 2α < 2π In Assertion, If A is obtuse, tan A < 0
⇒ tan B tan C < 1 and the Assertion is true.
 π
62. (b) As when θ ∈  0,  , tan θ < cot θ
 4 68. (c) L.H.S in Assertion
Since, tan θ < 1 and cot θ > 1 sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cos B − cos A sin B
=
cos A cos B − sin A sin B + cos A cos B + sin A sin B
∴ (tan θ )cot θ < 1
2 sin A cos B
and (cot θ ) tan θ > 1 = = tan A
2 cos A cos B
∴ t4 > t1 which only holds in (b). ⇒ Assertion is true and Reason is false.
Therefore, (b) is the answer.
2 tan x + 1 − tan 2 x 2 − (tan x − 1) 2
69. (d) sin 2 x + cos 2 x = =
63. (b) Given expression is 1 + tan 2 x 1 + tan 2 x
tan A cot A sin A sin A cos A cos A ⇒ Reason is true
+ = × + ×
1− cot A 1− tan A cos A sin A − cos A sin A cos A − sin A π cos 2 π π sin 2 x
In Assertion, 2sin 2 = 2sin 2
1  sin A − cos A 
3 3 2 2
=  
sin A − cos A  cos A sin A  ⇒ cos2 x = sin 2 x
⇒ cos x(cos x − 2sin x) = 0
sin 2 A + sin A cos A + cos 2 A
= 1
sin A cos A ⇒ tan x = as cos x ≠ 0
2
1 + sin A cos A
= = 1 + sec A cosec A 7
sin A cos A Form Reason sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
5
64. (a) Given equation is ⇒ Assertion is false.
x π 70. (b) In Assertion, equations have a non-trivial solution if
2 cos 2   sin 2 x = x 2 + x −2 , x ≤
2 9 1 sin α cos α
1 cos α sin α = 0
 x
LHS = 2 cos 2   sin 2 x < 2 1 − sin α cos α
2
⇒ 2sin α (cos α − sin α ) = 0
1
RHS = x 2 + ≥ 2 The equation has no real solution.
x2 ⇒ tan α = 1 [ ∴ sin α ≠ 0 as 0 < α < π ]
π
65. (c) Given, sin x + cos x = 1 ⇒ α= is the only solution
4
On dividing and multiplying by 2 ⇒ Assertion is true.
1 1 1 1 cos x cos x
sin x + cos x =
2 2 2 In assertion, (sin x + 2cos x) 1 sin x cos x = 0
 π π  1 cos x sin x
⇒ sin  x +  = sin  
 4  4 ⇒ (sin x + 2cos x)(cos x − sin x) 2 = 0
π π ⇒ tan x = −2 or tan x = 1 which gives only one values of x.
⇒ x+ = nπ + (−1) n
4 4 π π
i.e., x = as 0 < x <
π π 4 2
⇒ x = nπ + (−1) n − ,n∈ I
4 4 ⇒ Reason is also true but does not lead to assertion.

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 251
71. (a) cos θ cos 2θ … cos 2 θ n −1
∵ P0 = 2, P2 = 1
1 and Pn − Pn − 2 = (sin n θ + cos n θ ) − (sin n − 2 θ + cos n − 2 θ )
= [2sin θ cosθ cos 2θ … cos 2n−1θ ]
2sin θ = − sin n − 2 θ (1 − sin 2 θ ) − cos n − 2 θ (1 − cos 2 θ )
1 1
= n (sin 2 n θ ) = n sin(π + θ ) = − sin n − 2 θ cos 2 θ − cos n − 2 θ sin 2 θ
2 sin θ 2 sin θ
1 1 = − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ (sin n − 4 θ + cos n − 4 θ )
= n (− sin θ ) = n
2 sin θ 2 = − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ Pn − 4 . . . (i )
So, Reason is true which implies Assertion is also true.
∴ Pn − Pn − 2 = − sin θ cos θ Pn − 4 for n = 4,
2 2

72. (a) Reason is true. P4 − P2 = − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ P0

In Assertion, x = 3 3cosθ, y = 3 3sinθ , then
⇒ P4 − 1 = −2sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
 π (∵ P2 = 1, P0 = 2)
x − y = 3 3(cosθ − sin θ ) = 3 3 × 2 cos θ +  ≤ 3 6
 4
∴ P4 = 1 − 2sin 2 θ cos 2 θ . . . (ii)
follows form Reason.
for n = 6,
π π  1 P6 − P4 = − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ P2
73. (c) If α + β + γ = tan(α + β ) = tan  − γ  =
2  2  tan γ
⇒ P6 = P4 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ P2
tan α + tan β 1
⇒ = = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
1 − tan α tan β tan γ
⇒ tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = 1 ∴ P6 = 1 − 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ . . . (iii)
⇒ Reason is False.
Comprehension Based
( ) ( )
2
In Assertion, p + q + r = p+q+r +2 pq + qr + rp
76. (b) P1 = m
≤ p + q + r + 2( p + q + r ) = 3( p + q + r ) = 48 ⇒ P12 = m2 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ = m 2
74. (d) x 2 − x − 2 = ( x − 2)( x + 1) < 0 (m 2 − 1)
⇒ sin θ cos θ =
⇒ −1 < x < 2 2
Now, from Eq. (iii)
⇒ Reason is true
P6 = 1 − 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
2sin 2 x + 3sin x − 2 = (2sin x − 1)(sin x + 2) > 0
⇒ (1 − P6 ) = 3(sin θ cos θ ) 2
1
⇒ sin x >
2 3( m2 − 1) 2
=
π π 4
Which is true if <x≤
6 2 or 4(1 − P6 ) = 3(m 2 − 1) 2
11 11
i.e., < x < , so Assertion is false. 77. (c) 2 P6 − 3P4 + 10
21 7
= 2(1 − 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ) − 3(1 − 2sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ) + 10
75. (a) Reason is true as −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1.
(From Eqs. (ii) and (iii))
In Assertion, cos7 x + sin 4 x = 1
= 2 − 3 + 10 = 9
⇒ cos 7 x + (1 − cos 2 x) 2 = 1
78. (a) Let sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = k ,
⇒ cos x + cos x − 2cos x = 0
7 4 2
then from Eq. (i), Pn − Pn − 2 = −k Pn − 4
⇒ cos x(cos x + cos x − 2) = 0
2 5 2
From Eq. (ii), P4 = 1 − 2k and from
⇒ Either cos x = 0 or cos x + cos x − 2 = 0 5 2
Eq. (iii), P6 = 1 − 3k
⇒ cos x = 1 from Reason Put n = 10,
π π Then P10 − P8 = − k P6 = − k (1 − 3k )
⇒ x = − , as cos x = 1 ⇒ x = 0
2 2
∴ P10 − P8 = 3k 2 − k . . . (iv)

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252 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
and put n = 8, x y
82. (c) = . . . (i )
then P8 − P6 = −kP4 = −k (1 − 2k ) a cos θ b sin θ
∴ P8 = P6 + 2k 2 − k ax by
and − = a 2 − b2 . . . (ii)
cos θ sin θ
= 1 − 3k + 2k − k 2

⇒ P8 = 2k 2 − 4k + 1 2 y
2 )
+a
From Eq. (iv), P10 = 5k − 5k + 1 2 2
2 x ay
(b
∴ 6 P10 − 15P8 + 10 P6 + 7
θ
= 6(5k 2 − 5k + 1) − 15(2k 2 − 4k + 1) + 10(1 − 3k ) + 7 = 8 bx

79. (d) From Eq. (i), Pn − 2 − Pn = sin θ cos θ Pn − 4 2 2

ay
From Eq. (i), tan θ =
∴ λ = n−4 bx
Pn − Pn − 2 ax by
80. (c) Fro Eq. (i), = − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ From Eq. (ii), − = (a2 − b2 )
Pn − 4 bx ay

Put n = 7, (b2 x2 + a2 y2 ) (b2 x2 + a2 y2 )

P7 − P5 ⇒ (a 2 − b2 ) (b 2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 ) = ab(a 2 − b2 )
then = − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ . . . (v)
P3 ⇒ b2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 = a 2b2
P5 − P3 x2 y2
and put n = 5, then = − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ . . . (vi) ∴ + = 1 which is an ellipse.
P1 a2 b2
P7 − P5 P5 − P3
From Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get = 83. (d) m + n = 2 tan θ , m − n sin θ . . . (i )
P3 P1
and mn = tan θ − sin θ = sin θ (sec θ − 1)
2 2 2 2
P7 − P5 P3
∴ =
P5 − P3 P1 = sin 2 θ tan 2 θ
2 2
81. (a) x sin 3 θ + y cos 3 θ = sin θ cos θ . . . (i)  m−n m+n
=    [from Eq. (i)]
and x sin θ − y cos θ = 0 . . . (ii)  2   2 
∴ (m2 − n 2 ) 2 = 16 mn
2

2 +
y 84. (b) sin θ + cos θ = a . . . (i )
x y
sin θ + cos θ = b
3 3
. . . (ii)
From Eq. (i), sin θ + cos θ + 2sin θ cos θ = a
2 2 2

x
a2 −1
y or sin θ cos θ = . . . (iii)
From Eq. (ii), tan θ = 2
x From Eq. (ii),
y x (sin θ + cos θ )3 − 3sin θ cos θ (sin θ + cos θ ) = b
∴ sin θ = and cos θ =
(x + y )
2 2
(x + y )
2 2
3(a 2 − 1)
3 3
⇒ a3 − a=b
y x 2
From Eq. (i), x × + y× 2
(x + y )
2 2 3/ 2
( x + y 2 )3 / 2 [from Eqs. (i) and (iii)]
xy ⇒ 2a 3 − 3a 3 + 3a = 2b
=
(x2 + y2 ) ⇒ a 3 + 2b − 3a = 0
( x2 + y 2 ) 1 On comparing, we get λ = 1, µ = 2, v = −3
or = 2
(x + y )
2 2 3/ 2
(x + y2 ) ∴ λ +µ +v = 0
⇒ ( x 2 + y 2 )1/ 2 = 1 ∴ λ 3 + µ 3 + v 3 = 3λµ v
or x 2 + y 2 = 1 which is a circle. = 3(1)(2)(−3) = −18

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 253
x cos θ y sin θ = (a number < 2) ⋅ (a number ≤ 1) < 2
85. (c) + =1 . . . (i)
a b ie, y<2 . . . (ii)
and x sin θ − y cos θ = (a sin θ + b cos θ )
2 2 2 2
. . . (ii) No value of y can be obtained satisfying Eqs. (i) and (ii)
Squaring Eq. (i), we get simultaneously.
⇒ No real solution of the equation exists.
x2 y2 2 2 xy
cos 2
θ + sin θ + sin θ cos θ
a 2
b 2
ab 88. (a) AM ≥ GM
= 1 = sin θ + cos θ
2 2
∴ 5 x + 5− x ≥ 2 (∵sin e x = 5x + 5− x )
 x2  2  y2  2 2xy But, the value of sin(e x ) can never be >1
or  2 −1 cos θ +  2 −1 sin θ + sin θ cosθ = 0 . . . (iii)
a  b  ab Hence, the given equation has no solution.
and squaring Eq. (ii),
2 1 
we get x2 sin2 θ + y2 cos2 θ − 2xy sinθ cosθ 89. (b) 2cos ec x ⋅  y 2 − y + 1 ≤ 2
 2 
= a 2 sin 2 θ + b 2 cos 2 θ 2
⇒ 2cos ec x
( y 2 − 2 y + 2) ≤ 2
( x 2 − a 2 )sin 2 θ + ( y 2 − b 2 ) cos2 θ − 2 xy sin θ cos θ = 0
2
⇒ 2cos ec x ⋅ {( y − 1) 2 + 1} ≤ 2 . . . (i )
 x2 − a2  2  y2 − b2  2 2xy
⇒   sin θ +   cos θ − sinθ cosθ = 0 . . . (iv)
Since, cos ec x ≥ 1 for all real x.
2
 ab   ab  ab
2
Adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), then ∴ 2cos ec x ≥ 2 . . . (ii)
 x − a  sin θ cos θ   y − b  sin θ cos θ 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Also, ( y − 1) 2 + 1 ≥ 1
  +  +  + =0
 a  b a   b  b a  ⇒ ( y − 1) 2 + 1 ≥ 1 . . . (iii)
x2 − a2 y 2 − b2 2
or + =0 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), 2cos ec x ⋅ ( y − 1) 2 + 1 ≥ 2 . . . (iv)
a b
Now, Eqs. (i) and (iv), equality holds only when
x2 y2
or + = ( a + b) 2
2cos ec x = 2 and {( y − 1)2 + 1} = 1
a b
or cos ec 2 x = 1
86. (a) AM ≥ GM
and ( y − 1) 2 + 1 = 1
∴ 3x + 3− x ≥ 2
⇒ sin x = ± 1
 x
⇒ 2 cos   ≥ 2
 2 and y =1

 x ⇒ x = π / 2,3π / 2 and y =1
or cos   ≥ 1
2 Hence, the solution of the given inequality is
 x  x   π   3π 
∴ cos   = 1 ∵cos is never > 1  ( x, y ) ≡  ,1 ,  ,1
2  2  2   2 
x 90. (a) Let y = sin x = x 2 + x + 1
⇒ = 2nπ , n ∈ I
2
or y = sin x
∴ x = 4nπ
Hence (a) corresponding to n = 0, because other values of and y = x 2 + x + 1
n do not satisfy the equation. y

 x y = x2 + x + 1
87. (c) Let y = 2 cos 2   sin 2 x = x 2 + x −2
2 y = sin x
−2 (0, 1)
∴ y=x +x 2
≥ 2 (∵ AM ≥ GM ) x'
π x
−π O
⇒ y≥2 . . . (i) y'
 x Graphs of both sides of the equation do not intersect, so
and y = 2 cos 2   sin 2 x = (1 + cos x) ⋅ sin 2 x ∵
2 the equation has no roots. No. of solutions is zero.

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254 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Match the Column π  π  π 
= 1 + cos  − θ  + 2 cos  − θ  = 1 + 3cos  − θ 
 13π 14π  4  4  4 
91. (a) In the interval  ,  , cos 2α < 0
 48 48  π 
∴ −1 ≤ cos  − θ  ≤ 1
and sin 3α > 0.  4 
sin 3α π 
⇒ is negative, therefore, B → 1 ⇒ −3 ≤ 3cos  − θ  ≤ 3
cos 2α 4 
 18π 23π  π 
Again, in the interval  ,  , both sin 3α ⇒ 1 − 3 ≤ 1 + 3cos  − θ  ≤ 1 + 3
 48 48  4 
and cos 2α are negative, ∴ −2 ≤ y ≤ 4
sin 3α ⇒ λ = 4, µ = −2
So, is positive, therefore
cos 2α
∴ λ + µ = 2, λ − µ = 6 (1, 2)
7 + 6 tan θ − tan 2 θ
92. (a) (A) Let y =
(1 + tan 2 θ ) Integer
= 7 cos θ + 6sin θ cos θ − sin θ 1 + cos15°
93. (91) cot ( 7 12 ° ) =
2 2

sin15°
 1 + cos 2θ   1 − cos 2θ 
= 7  + 3sin 2θ −  3 +1
 2   2  1+
= 2 2 = 1+ 2 2 + 3 +1
= 3sin 2θ + 4 cos 2θ + 3 − (32 + 42 ) + 3 ≤ 3sin 2θ 3 −1 3 −1
 1 − cos 2θ  2 2
2 2
−  ≤ (3 + 4 ) + 3
 2  (2 2 + 3 + 1)( 3 + 1)
=
∴ −2 ≤ y ≤ 8 2
⇒ λ = 8, µ = −2 2 6 + 2 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 +1
=
⇒ λ + µ = 6, λ − µ = 10 (3, 4) 2

(B) Let y = 5 cos θ + 3cos(θ + π / 3) + 3 = 6 + 2 +2+ 3 = 2 + 3 + 4 + 6

 5 +1 
1 3  and 4cos36° = 4   = 5 + 1 = 5 + 1
= 5cos θ + 3  cos θ − sin θ  + 3  4 
2 2 
 1 
13 3 3 Hence 4cos36° + cot  7 °  = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6
= cos θ − sin θ + 3  2 
2 2
∴ n1 = 1, n2 = 2, n3 = 3, n4 = 4, n5 = 5
2
 13   −3 3 
2
13 3 3 and n6 = 6
∴ 3−   +
  ≤ cos θ sin θ + 3 ≤ 3
  
2 2  2 2 6

2
∴ ∑n 6
i = n12 + n22 + n32 + n42 + n53 + n62
 13   −3 3 
2 i=1

+   +  = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 = 91
 2   2 
⇒ 3−7 ≤ y ≤ 3+ 7 94. (3636) We have,
⇒ −4 ≤ y ≤ 10 (a tan β − (a2 −1) tan α )2 + ( (a2 −1) tan y − (a2 + 1) tan β )2
∴ λ = 10, µ = −4
+ ( ( a 2 + 1) tan α − a tan γ ) 2 ≥ 0
⇒ λ + µ = 6, λ − µ = 14 (3,5)
⇒ (a 2 + a 2 − 1 + a 2 + 1)(tan 2 α + tan 2 β + tan 2 γ )
π  π 
(C) Let y = 1 + sin  + θ  + 2 cos  − θ 
 4   4  −{a tan α + (a 2 − 1) tan β + (a 2 + 1) tan γ }2 ≥ 0
π π  π  (using Lagrange’s identity)
= 1 + cos  −  + θ   + 2 cos  − θ 
 2  4   4  ⇒ 3a 2 (tan 2 α + tan 2 β + tan 2 γ ) − (2a) 2 ≥ 0

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Trigonometrical Ratios and Equations 255
∴ 3(tan α + tan β + tan γ ) ≥ 4
2 2 2
 π   π    2π  2  2π  
=  tan 2   + cot 2    +  tan 2   + cot  16  
Hence, 2727 (tan α + tan β + tan γ ) ≥ 3636
2 2 2
  
16   
16  16   
∴ Least value is 3636   3π  2  3π 
+  tan 2   + cot  16  + 1
95. (2257) sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C = 4sin A sin B sin C   16   
2 2
= 32 sin
A B C A
sin sin cos cos cos
B C  π   π     2π   2π 
2 2 2 2 2 2
= tan   + cot   + tan   + cot  
  16   16     16   16 
A B C
and sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 = 4cos cos cos 2
2 2 2   3π   3π  
+ tan   + cot   − 2 − 2 − 2 + 1
(from conditional identities)   11   11  
sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C  A  B  C  1 1
∴ = 8sin   sin   sin   = +
sin A + sin B + sin C 2 2 2 2 2
 π   π    2π   2π 
On comparing, we get λ = 8  tan   cos    sin   cos  16 
  16   16     16   
Then, 1 + 2λ + 3λ 2 + 4λ 3 = 1 + 16 + 3(64) + 4(512) = 2257
1
+ 2
−5
96. (785) Here, cos 290° = cos(270° + 20°) = sin 20°   3π   3π  
sin   cos  11  
and sin 250° = sin(270 − 20°) = − cos 20°   11   
1 1 4 4 4
∴ The given expression − =λ = + + −5
sin 20° 3 cos 20° 2 π 2 π  3π
2 
sin sin sin  
1 cos 60° 8 4  8 
⇒ − =λ
sin 20° sin 60° cos 20°  1 1 
= 4 2 + 2  + 4⋅2 −5
sin 60° cos 20° − cos 60° sin 20°  sin (π / 8) sin (3π / 8) 
⇒ =λ
sin 20° cos 20° sin 60°
 1 1 
sin(60° − 20°) = 4 2 + +3
⇒ =λ  sin (π / 8) cos 2
(π / 8) 
sin 40° 3
× 4 16
2 2 = 3
+3 = 2
+3
4   π   π    π 
∴ λ= sin   cos   sin   
3   8   8    8 
16 = 32 + 3 = 35
⇒ λ2 =
3 ∴ λ = 35
256
Then 9λ 4 + 81λ 2 + 97 = 9 ×
16
+ 81× + 97 Then, x y + y x = 35
9 3 ⇒ x = 34, y = 1
= 256 − 432 + 97 = 785
or x = 1, y = 34
 π   7π  ( x + y ) 2 = (35) 2 = 1225
97. (1225) λ =  tan 2   + tan 2   +
  16   16 
98. (4) (sin 3x + sin x) + sin 2 x
 2  2π  2  6π  
 tan   + tan   = (cos3x + cos x) + cos 2 x
  16   16  
or 2sin 2 x cos x + sin 2 x
  3π  2  5π   2  4π  = 2cos 2 x cos x + cos 2 x
+  tan 2   + tan  16   + tan  16 
  16      sin 2 x (2cos x + 1) − cos 2 x(2cos x + 1) = 0
 π   π 7π    2π   π 6π  or (2cos x + 1)(sin 2 x − cos 2 x) = 0
= tan2   + cot 2  −  + tan2   + cot 2  − 
  16   2 16    16   2 16  1
or cos x = − , tan 2 x = 1
  3π  2π 5π   2
+  tan 2   + cot  2 − 16   + 1
  16    2π 4π π 5π
∴ x= , or ,
3 3 8 8

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256 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
99. (8) Given, secθ + cosec θ = c It is always true, if c 2 ≤ 2. If c 2 > 2,
⇒ (1 + tan 2 θ ) + (1 + cot 2 θ ) = c then on squaring we get c 4 − 4c 2 + 4 < 4c 2 + 4

 1  ⇒ c 2 (c 2 − 8) < 0
⇒ (1 + λ ) +  1 + 2  = c, where tan θ = λ
2

 λ  ⇒ 0 < c2 < 8
 1+ λ  ⇒ c2 = 8
⇒ (1 + λ 2 )  =c
 λ 
100. (4950) On putting cos 2 x = t ,
⇒ (1 + λ 2 ) 2 + 2λ (1 + λ 2 ) + λ 2 = (c 2 + 1)λ 2
We get 2t 2 − 1 + 6 = 7t
⇒ (λ + λ + 1) = (c + 1)λ
2 2 2 2
5
⇒ t = 1,
⇒ λ 2 + λ + 1 ± λ (c 2 + 1) = 0 2
5
⇒ λ 2 + λ + 1 + λ (c 2 + 1) = 0 . . . (i) t= (impossible)
2
or λ 2 + λ + 1 − λ (c 2 + 1) = 0 . . . (ii) ∴ t =1
⇒ cos 2 x = 1
Discriminant of equation (i) is D1 = {1 + (c 2 + 1)}2 − 4
⇒ 2 x = 2nπ
Discriminant of equation (ii) is D2 = {1 − (c 2 + 1)}2 − 4
⇒ x = nπ , n ∈ I
Now, D1 = {3 + (c 2 + 1)}{ (c 2 + 1) − 1} > 0 The roots over [0, 314]
∴ The equation always has two real roots. It will have only are π , 2π , 3π ,…99π
two roots provided D 2 < 0 ∵ 100π > 314
⇒ 1 + c 2 + 1 − 2 (c 2 + 1) − 4 < 0 ⇒ sum of roots = π + 2π + 3π + … + 99π = 4950π
⇒ λ = 4950
⇒ c 2 − 2 < 2 (c 2 + 1)

***

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 257
Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric
12 Functions and Height & Distance
QUICK LOOK Y
(1, π/2)

Inverse Trigonometric Functions and It’s Properties

The inverse of a function f : A → B exists if f is one-one onto y = sin–1x
X
i.e., a bijection and is given by f ( x) = y ⇒ f −1 ( y ) = x.
O

Consider the sine function with domain R and range [–1, 1].
Clearly this function is not a bijection and so it is not invertible. (–1, –π/2)
If we restrict the domain of it in such a way that it becomes Figure: 12.1
one–one, then it would become invertible. If we consider sine
Let cos y = x, then y = cos −1 x, under certain conditions
 π π −1 ≤ cos y ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
as a function with domain  − ,  and co-domain [–1, 1],
 2 2
cos y = −1 ⇒ y = π
then it is a bijection and therefore, invertible. The inverse of
cos y = 1 ⇒ y = 0
sine function is defined as sin −1 x = θ ⇔ sin θ = x, where
∴ 0 ≤ y ≤ π {as cos x is a decreasing function in [0, π ];
 π π
θ ←  − ,  and x ← [−1,1].
 2 2 hence cos π ≤ cos y ≤ cos 0

Similarly, other inverse circular functions These restrictions on the values of x and y provide us the

are cos −1 x, tan −1 x , sec −1 x, cosec −1 x and cot −1 x. domain and range for the function y = cos −1 x.

sin −1 x and cos −1 x are defined x ≤ 1, i.e., − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1. i.e. Domain: x ∈ [−1,1] , Range : y ∈ [0, π ]

tan −1 x and cot −1 x are defined for all x ∈ R. (–1, π/2)
Y

sec −1 x and cosec −1 x are defined for x ≥ 1.

Domain and range of inverse functions y = cos–1x

X

If sin y = x, then y = sin −1 x, under certain condition. O (1, 0)

−1 ≤ sin y ≤ 1; but sin y = x.

∴ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
Figure: 12.2
π
Again, sin y = −1 ⇒ y = −
If tan y = x, then y = tan −1 x, under certain conditions.
2
π π
π Here, tan y ∈ R ⇒ x ∈ R, −∞ < tan y < ∞ ⇒ − <y<
and sin y = 1 ⇒ y = . 2 2
2
 π π
Keeping in mind numerically smallest angles or real Thus, Domain x ∈ R; Range y ∈  − , 
 2 2
numbers.
y
π π
∴ − ≤y≤
2 2 y = π/2
These restrictions on the values of x and y provide us with
the domain and range for the function y = sin −1 x. O
x

i.e. Domain : x ∈ [−1,1]

 π π y = –π/2 y = tan–1x
Range: y ∈  − , 
 2 2 Figure: 12.3

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258 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

If cot y = x, then y = cot −1 x under certain conditions, Table 12.1: Function’s Domain and Range
Function Domain (D) Range (R)
cot y ∈ R ⇒ x ∈ R; −1 −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 or [ − 1,1] π π  π π
sin x − ≤θ ≤ or  − , 
−∞ < cot y < ∞ 2 2  2 2
⇒ 0< y <π cos −1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 or [−1,1] 0 ≤ θ ≤ π or [0, π ]
−∞ < x < ∞
These conditions on x and y make the function, cot y = x tan −1 x −
π
<θ <
π  π π
or  − , 
i.e., x ∈ R or ( −∞ , ∞ ) 2 2  2 2
one-one and onto so that the inverse function exists. i.e.,
−∞ < x < ∞ 0 < θ < π or (0, π )
cos −1 x
y = cot −1 x is meaningful. i.e., x ∈ R or ( −∞ , ∞ )
⇒ Domain : x ∈ R Range : y ∈ (0, π ) sec −1 x x ≤ −1, x ≥ 1 π
θ≠ ,0 ≤ θ ≤ π
or ( −∞ , − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) 2
y=π  π  π 
or  0,  ∪  , π 
 2 2 

cosec−1x x ≤ −1, x ≥ 1 π π
θ ≠ 0, − ≤θ ≤ 2
(0, π/2) or (−∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞) 2 2
 π   π
x or  − , 0  ∪  0, 
O –1
y = cot x  2   2

Figure: 12.4
Principal value: We know that sin θ = sin α ⇒

If sec y = x, then y = sec −1 x, where | x |≥ 1 and θ = nπ + (−1) α , n ∈ Z . sin x will have infinite number of
n −1

π values for a fixed value of x.

0 ≤ y ≤ π, y ≠ Here, Domain: x ∈ R − (−1,1)
Intervals for principal values: The principal values of
2
different inverse circular functions may belong to the
π 
Range: y ∈ [0, π ] −   intervals as shown below: range of pr. value of
2
 π  π 
sin −1 x =  0,  , x ≥ 0  − , 0  , x < 0
 2  2 
(–1,π)
Y

y = π/2 when x > 0

x
O X
when x < 0
O (1,0)
y = sec–1x
Figure: 12.7
Figure: 12.5
Range of pr. value of cos −1 x =  0, π  , x ≥ 0  π , π  , x < 0

f cosec y = x, then y = cosec−1 x  
 2 
2 
π π Y
Where | x | ≥1 and − ≤ y≤ ,y ≠0
2 2 when x < 0 when x > 0
 π π
Here, Domain ∈ R − (−1,1) Range ∈  − ,  − {0} O X
 2 2
y
Figure: 12.8
π π
(1, π/2) Range of pr. value of tan −1 x =  0,  , x ≥ 0  − , 0  , x < 0
 2   2 
Y
x
when x > 0

O X
(–1, –π) O y = cosec–1x
when x < 0

Figure: 12.6
Figure: 12.9

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 259
Table 12.2: Principal Values for Inverse Circular Functions Conversions of inverse circular functions
Principal values for x ≥ 0 Principal values for x < 0
π π
0 ≤ sin −1 x ≤ − ≤ sin −1 x < 0
2 2
1
π π
0 ≤ cos −1 x ≤ < cos−1 x ≤ π
x
2 2
π π
0 ≤ tan −1 x < − < tan −1 x < 0
2 2
1 − x2
π π
0 < cot −1 x ≤ < cot −1 x < π Figure: 12. 10
2 2
−1 π π sin −1 x = cos −1 1 − x2
0 ≤ sec x< < sec−1 x ≤ π
2 2
π π x 1 − x2
0 < cosec−1x ≤ − ≤ cosec−1x < 0 = tan −1 = cot −1
2 2 1 − x2 x
1 1
Note = cos ec −1 = sec −1
x 1 − x2
1 π 5π  1  2π 4π
sin −1   = , not ; cos −1  −  = not ;
2 6 6  2 3 3 1 − x2
cos −1 x = sin −1 1 − x 2 = tan −1
π 2π x
3π π
tan −1 (− 3) = − not ; .cot −1 (−1) = not − etc. 1
3 3 4 4 x 1
= cot −1 = cos ec−1 = sec−1
1− x 2
1− x 2 x

sin −1 x, cos −1 x, tan −1 x are also written as arc sin x, arc
cos x and arc tan x respectively.
x

It should be noted that if not otherwise stated only principal tan −1 x = sin −1
values of inverse circular functions are to be considered. 1 + x2

General Values of Inverse Circular Functions: We know

that if α is the smallest angle whose sine is x, then all the
x 1 + x2
angles whose sine is x can be written as nx + ( −1) n α , where
n = 0,1, 2,..... . Therefore, the general value of sin −1 x can be
taken as nπ + ( −1) n α . The general value of sin −1 x is denoted 1
Figure: 12.11
by sin −1 x.
1 1
Thus, we have sin −1 x = nπ + (−1)n θ , − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, = cos −1 = cot −1
1+ x 2 x
π π
if sin θ = x and − ≤θ ≤ 1 + x2
2 2 = cos ec −1 = sec−1 1 + x 2
Similarly, general values of other inverse circular functions are x
given as follows:
Identities
cos−1 x = 2nπ ± α , − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1; If cos α = x, 0 ≤ α ≤ π Taking principal value only, we have the following useful
π π identities.
tan −1 x = nπ + α , x ∈ R; If tan α = x, − <α <
2 2
sin −1 (sin θ ) = θ
cot −1 x = nπ + α , x ∈ R; If cot α = x, 0 ≤ α ≤ π
sin(sin −1 x) = x
sec−1 x = 2nπ ≠ α , x ≥ 1 or x ≤ −1; If sec α = x, 0 ≤ α ≤ π and
cos −1 (cos θ ) = θ
π
cos(cos −1 x) = x
≠ cosec−1 x = nπ + ( −1) n α , x ≥ 1 or x ≤ −1;
2

tan −1 (tan θ ) = θ
π π
If cosecα = x , − ≤α ≤ and x ≠ 0
tan(tan −1 x) = x
2 2

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260 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Sum and Difference of Inverse Trigonometric Function If −1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1 and x + y ≥ 0.
 x+ y 

tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1  ; If x > 0, y > 0 and xy < 1
cos−1 x + cos−1 y = 2π − cos−1{xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 },
 1 − xy 
If −1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1 and x + y ≤ 0
−1 −1 x+ y  −1

tan x+tan y=π + tan   ; If x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1
 − xy 
1
cos −1 x − cos−1 y = cos−1{xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 },
 x+ y  If −1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1, and x ≤ y.

tan −1 x+tan −1 y =−π +tan−1  ; If x < 0, y < 0 and xy > 1
 1 − xy 
cos−1 x − cos −1 y = − cos −1{xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 },
 x− y  If −1 ≤ y ≤ 0, 0 < x ≤ 1 and x ≥ y.

tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan −1   ; If xy > −1
 1 + xy  Note
 x− y  π

tan −1 − tan −1 y = π + tan −1   ; If x > 0, y < 0 and xy < −1
If tan −1 x + tan −1 y + tan −1 z = , then xy + yz + zx = 1.
 1 + xy  2
 x− y 
If tan −1 x + tan −1 y + tan −1 z = π , then x + y + z = xyz.

tan −1x−tan−1 y =−π +tan−1  ; If x < 0, y >0 and xy < −1
 1 + xy  π

If sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z = , then x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
 x + y + z − xyz 
2

tan −1 x + tan −1 y + tan −1 z = tan −1  
If sin −1 x + sin −1 y + sin −1 z = π ,
 1 − xy − yz − zx 
 S − S + S − ...  then x 1 − x 2 + y 1 − y 2 + z 1 − z 2 = 2 xyz.

tan −1 x1+tan −1x2 +...+ tan −1 xn =tan −1 1 3 5 ,
 1 − S 2 + S 4 − S6 + ... 
If cos−1 x + cos −1 y + cos −1 z = 3π , then xy + yz + zx = 3.
where Sk denotes the sum of the products of x1 , x2 ,.., xn

If cos−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1 z = π , then x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
taken k at a time.
3π
−1 −1 −1 xy − 1
If sin −1 x + sin −1 y + sin −1 z = , then xy + yz + zx = 3.

cot x + cot y = cot 2
y+x

If sin −1 x + sin −1 y = θ , then cos −1 x + cos −1 y = π − θ .
xy + 1

cot −1 x − cot −1 y = cot −1
If cos −1 x + cos−1 y = θ , then sin −1 x + sin −1 y = π − θ .
y−x
π

sin −1 x + sin −1 y = sin −1{x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 };
If tan −1 x + tan −1 y = , then xy = 1.
2
If −1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1 and x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 or if xy < 0 and x 2 + y 2 > 1 π

If cot −1 x + cot −1 y = , then xy = 1.
2
−1 −1 −1

sin x + sin y = π − sin {x 1 − y + y 1 − x },
2 2
x y x 2 2 xy y2

If cos −1 + cos −1 = θ , then 2 − cos θ + 2 = sin 2 θ .
If 0 < x, y ≤ 1 and x + y > 1 2 2
a b a ab b

sin −1 x + sin −1 y = −π − sin −1{x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 }, Angle of Elevation and Angle of Depression: A and B are two
positions, A being higher than B. AP and BQ are horizontal
If −1 ≤ x; y < 0 and x 2 + y 2 > 1
lines through A and B respectively. Then the angle of elevation

sin −1 x − sin −1 y = sin −1{x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 }, of A as seen from B = ∠ABQ and the angle of depression of B
as seen from A = ∠PAB(= ∠ABQ).
If −1 ≤ x; y ≤ 1 and x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 if or xy > 0 and x 2 + y 2 > 1.
A P

sin −1 x − sin −1 y = π − sin −1{x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 },
If 0 < x ≤ 1, − 1 ≤ y < 0 and x 2 + y 2 > 1.
Q B

sin −1 x − sin −1 y = −π − sin −1{x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 }, Figure: 12.12

Vertical line and horizontal plane: If AB is vertical and BC is

If −1 ≤ x < 0, 0 < y ≤ 1 and x 2 + y 2 > 1.
a line on the horizontal plane then ∠ABC = 90º. If l is any other

cos−1 x + cos−1 y = cos−1{xy − 1 − x 2 . 1 − y 2 }, line in the horizontal plane then AB ⊥ l.

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 261
A a y
∴ = . . .(i)
C
sin α sin β
B x y
and = . . .(ii)
l sin θ sin γ

Figure: 12.13 x sin α sin β a sin β sin θ

Dividing (ii) by (i) we get, = ; x=
If AB is perpendicular to the line BC and BD then AB is a sin θ sin γ sin α sin γ
perpendicular to any line in the plane of BC and BD.
Table: 12.3 Some Important Results
So, AB ⊥ CD also. P a = h (cot α + cot β ) , where by
A
h h = a sin α .sin β .cosec(α + β ) and
α β d = h cot β = a sin α .cos β .cosec (α + β )
Q d
A a B
C
B h sin( β − α )
a = h (cot α − cot β ) =
sin α .sin β
D h
∴h = a sin α sin β cosec ( β − α ) and
Figure: 12.14
α β
d d = h cot β = a sin α .cos β .cosec( β − α )
Bearing of a point: At every point O on the horizontal there a
OP – Tower P d
are four perpendicular directions ON, OE, OS and OW called A – South h=
h cot 2 β + cot 2 α
north, east, south and west of O respectively. If OP falls in the β
B
angle NOE such that ∠POE = α then the point P is α north of O
α N
east (or 90º–α east of north). If α = 45º then P is north-east of d
W E

O. If OQ falls in the angle SOW such that ∠SOQ = β then the A S

point Q is β west of south (or 90º – β south of west). If β = 45º

then Q is south-west of O. Some more descriptions of standard H sin( β − α ) h cot α
α h= or H =
H
cos α sin β cot α − cot β
bearings are as follows. NE means 45º north of east NNE h
1° β
means 22 north of NE P
h = AP sin α = a sin α .sin γ .cosec( β − γ )
2
W and
N h
if AQ = d , then
P β
A α
Q d = AP cosα = a cosα .sin γ . cosec (β − γ )
α γ
Q O a
β B
S E P AP = a sin γ .cosec(α − γ ),
Q
Figure: 12.15 AQ = a sin δ .cosec( β − δ ) and apply,

Sine Rule: In the application of sine rule, the following point θ PQ = AP + AQ − 2 AP. AQ cosθ
2 2 2
α β δγ
be noted. We are given one side a and some other side x is to be A a B

found. Both these are in different triangles. We choose a P

common side y of these triangles. Then apply sine rule for a and
y in one triangle and for x and y for the other triangle and
O AB
eliminate y. Thus, we will get unknown side x in terms of a. h=
α cot 2 β − cot 2 α
A β

a θ B
A
B β y γ D A
α + β 
AB = CD . Then, x = y tan  
α x y  2 

C D
Figure: 12.16
In the adjoining figure a is known side of ∆ABC and x is β
α
unknown is side of triangle ACD. The common side of these C x B

triangle is AC = y (say). Now apply sine rule

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262 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 8. The number of real solutions of tan −1 x ( x + 1)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions and It’s Properties π
+ sin −1 x 2 + x + 1 = is:
− 3 2
The principal value of sin −1 
 2 
1. is a. Zero b. One
  c. Two d. Infinite
2π π
a. − b. −
3 3 Sum and Difference of Inverse Trigonometric Function
4π 5π 
c. d. 3  3 
3 8 9. The value of tan sin −1   + cos −1    is:
 5  13  
  2π   6 6
2. The principal value of sin −1 sin    is: a. b.
  3  17 13
2π 2π 13 17
a. − b. c. d.
3 3 5 6
4π
c. d. None of these 3  12 
3 10. If sin −1 + cos −1   = sin −1 C , then C = ?
5  13 
3. Considering only the principal values, if tan(cos −1 x ) 65 24
a. b.
  1  56 65
= sin  cot −1    , then x is equal to:
  2  16 56
c. d.
1 2 65 65
a. b.
5 5 x 1 
11. If f ( x) = cos−1 x + cos−1  + 3 − 3x2  , then:
3 5 2 2 
c. d.
5 3 2 π 2 2 π
a. f   = b. f   = 2cos−1 −
11π 3 3 3 3 3
4. The equation 2cos−1 x + sin −1 x = has:
6 1 π 1 1 π
c. f   = d. f   = 2 cos −1 −
a. No solution b. Only one solution 3 3 3 3 3
c. Two solutions d. Three solutions
x y
12. If cos −1 + cos −1 = θ , then 9 x 2 − 12 xy cos θ + 4 y 2 = ?
2π 2 3
5. If sin −1 x + sin −1 y = , then cos −1 x + cos −1 y = ?
3 a. 36sin 2 θ b. 36cos2 θ
2π π c. 36 tan 2 θ d. None of these
a. b.
3 3
π π
13. The number of solutions of sin−1 x + sin−1 2x = is:
c. d. π 3
6
a. 0 b. 1
−1 1 π
−1  c. 2 d. Infinities
6. If sin x + cot   = , then x is:
2 2
1 2 3 Inverse Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles
a. 0 b. c. d.
5 5 2 14. 2 tan −1 (cos x) = tan −1 (cosec2 x), then x = ?

7. The value of sin(cot −1 x) is: π

a. b. π
2 3/ 2 2 −3/ 2
2
a. (1 + x ) b. (1 + x )
π π
c. d.
c. (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 d. (1 + x 2 ) −1/ 2 6 3

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 263
15. The solution set of the equation sin−1 x = 2tan−1 x is: 23. If tanh x = tan θ , then cosh 2 x is equal to:
2 2

a. {1, 2} b. {−1, 2} a. − sin 2θ b. sec 2θ

1 c. cos 3θ d. cos 2θ
c. {−1, 1, 0} d. {1, , 0}
2 24. If cos( x + iy) = A + i B , then A equals:
  1 − x2  
−1 1 − x
2   a. cos x cosh y b. sin x sinh y
16. sin  tan −1   + cos    is equal to:
 2x 2
c. − sin x sinh y
   1+ x   d. cos x sinh y
a. 0 b. 1 25. cos ix + i sin ix equals:
1 a. e ix b. e −ix c. e x d. e − x
c. 2 d.
2
Period and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
1− x 2
26. The value of sinh −1 (1) is:
17. The formula cos−1 = 2 tan −1 x holds only for:
1 + x2 a. 0 b. log( 2 + 1)
a. x ∈ R b. | x |≤ 1
c. log(1 − 2 ) d. None of these
c. x ∈ (−1,1] d. x ∈ [1, + ∞ )
27. If cos(u + iv) = x + iy, then x2 + y2 +1is equal to:
2x
18. 2tan−1 x + sin −1 is independent of x , then: a. cos 2 u + sinh 2 v b. sin 2 u + cosh 2 v
1 + x2
a. x ∈ [1, + ∞ ) b. x ∈ [−1,1] c. cos2 u + cosh 2 v d. sin 2 u + sinh 2 v

c. x ∈ (−∞, − 1] d. None of these 28. If x = log( y + y 2 + 1), then y = ?

19. The number of positive integral solutions of the equation a. tanh x b. coth x
y 3
tan −1 x + cos −1 = sin −1 or tan −1 x + cot −1 y c. sinh x d. cosh x
2
1+ y 10
29. If cosh −1 x = log(2 + 3), then x = ?
= tan −1 3 is:
a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 5
a. One b. Two
c. Zero d. None of these 30. If tan −1 (α + i β ) = x + iy, then x = ?

20. α , β and γ are three angles given by α = 2tan−1 ( 2 − 1), 1  2α  1  2α 

a. tan −1   b. tan −1  
 1−α − β  1+ α + β
2 2 2 2 2 2
1  1 1  
β = 3sin −1 + sin −1  −  and γ = cos −1   . Then:
2  2  3  2α 
c. tan −1  
2 
d. None of these
a. α > β b. β > γ  1−α − β 
2

c. α < γ d. None of these π π

31. If − <x< , then the value of log sec x is:
2 2
Formulae for Hyperbolic Functions  x   x 
a. 2 coth −1  cosec2 − 1 b. 2 coth −1  cosec 2 + 1
sinh x − sinh y  2   2 
21. is equal to:
cosh x − cosh y  x   x 
c. 2cosech -1  cot 2 − 1 d. 2cosech -1  cot 2 + 1 
 x+ y  2   2 
a. 2 coth ( x + y ) b. tanh  
 2   3 i
32. Find real part of cos−1  +
 x+ y  x− y  2 2 
c. coth   d. coth    
 2   2 
π π
x a. b.
22. If cosh α = sec x, then tan =? 2 3 4
2
 3 −1 
α α α α c. log 
 2 
d. None of these
a. cos 2 b. sin 2 c. cot 2 d. tan h 2
2 2 2 2  

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264 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

33. Find imaginary part of sin −1 (cosecθ ) 39. From the top of a light house 60 metre high with its
base at the sea level the angle of depression of a boat is
 θ π
a. log  cot  b. 15º. The distance of the boat from the foot of the light
 2 2
house is:
1  θ
c. log  cot  d. None of these  3 −1   3 +1 
a. 
 3 + 1 
b. 
 3 − 1 
2  2 60 metre 60 metre
   

Some Properties Related to Circle.  3 +1 

c. 
 3 − 1 
metre d. None of these
34. The angle of elevation of a tower at a point distant d  
metres from its base is 30º. If the tower is 20 meters high, 40. A person observes the angle of deviation of a building
then the value of d is: as 30º. The person proceeds towards the building with a

a. 10 3 m b.
20
m speed of 25( 3 − 1) m / hour. After 2 hours, he observes
3 the angle of elevation as 45º. The height of the building
c. 20 3 m d. 10 m (in metres ) is:
a. 100 b. 50
35. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point
c. 50( 3 + 1) d. 50( 3 − 1)
20 meters away from its base is 45º. The height of the
tower is: 41. A man from the top of a 100 metre high tower looks a car
a. 10 m b. 20 m moving towards the tower at an angle of depression of 30º.
After some time, the angle of depression becomes 60º. The
c. 40 m d. 20 3 m
distance (in metre) travelled by the car during this time is :
36. If the angle of elevation of the top of a tower at a distance 200 3
500 m from its foot is 30º, then height of the tower is: a. 100 3 b.
3
1 500
a. b. 100 3
3 3 c. d. 200 3
3
1 42. A tower is situated on horizontal plane. From two points,
c. 3 d.
500
the line joining these points passes through the base and
37. A person standing on the bank of a river finds that the which are a and b distance from the base. The angle of
angle of elevation of the top of a tower on the opposite elevation of the top are α and 90º −α and θ is that angle
bank is 45º. Then which of the following statements is which two points joining the line makes at the top, the
correct height of tower will be:
a. Breadth of the river is twice the height of the tower a+b a−b
a. b.
b. Breadth of the river and the height of the tower are the a−b a+b
same c. ab d. (ab)1/ 3
c. Breadth of the river is half of the height of the tower
43. A tower of height b subtends an angle at a point O on the
d. None of these
level of the foot of the tower and at a distance a from the
38. A ladder 5 metre long leans against a vertical wall. The foot of the tower. If a pole mounted on the tower also
bottom of the ladder is 3 metre from the wall. If the subtends an equal angle at O, the height of the pole is:
bottom of the ladder is pulled 1 metre farther from the  a 2 − b2   a 2 + b2 
a. b  2  b. b  2 
wall, how much does the top of the ladder slide down the  a + b2  a − b2
   
wall :
a. 1 m b. 7 m  a2 − b2   a 2 + b2 
c. a  2  d. a  2 
 a + b2  a − b2
c. 2 m d. None of these    

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 265
−1
44. A vertical pole consists of two parts, the lower part being 50. If 6sin ( x − 6 x + 8.5) = π , then:
2

one third of the whole. At a point in the horizontal plane a. x = 1 b. x = 2

through the base of the pole and distance 20 metres from c. x = 3 d. x = 4
it, the upper part of the pole subtends an angle whose
 π
1 cos −1 sin  x + 
tangent is . The possible heights of the pole are: 51. Let f ( x) = e  3
, then:
2
5π 13π
 8π   8π 
a. 20m and 20 3 m b. 20 m and 60 m =e =e
18 18
a. f  b. f 
 9   9 
c. 16 m and 48 m d. None of these
π 11π
 7π  12  7π 
45. The angular depressions of the top and foot of a chimney c. f  − =e d. f  − =e
12

 4   4 
as seen from the top of a second chimney, which is 150 m
high and standing on the same level as the first are θ and
52. The greatest and least values of (sin −1 x)3 + (cos −1 x)3 are:
φ respectively, then the distance between their tops when
π3 π3
4 5 a. b. −
tan θ = and tan φ = is: 32 8
3 2
7π 3
π
150 c. d.
a. metres b. 100 3metres 8 2
3
c. 150 metres d. 100 metres a(a + b + c) b( a + b + c )
53. The value of tan −1 + tan −1 +
46. The angle of elevation of a cliff at a point A on the bc ca
ground and a point B, 100 m vertically at A are α and c( a + b + c)
tan −1 is equal to:
β respectively. The height of the cliff is: ab
100cot α 100cot β π π
a. b. a. b.
cot α − cot β cot α − cot β 4 2
100cot β 100cot β c. π d. 0
c. d.
cot β − cot α cot β + cot α
54. α , β and γ are the angles given by α = 2 tan −1 ( 2 − 1),
47. For a man, the angle of elevation of the highest point of
 1  −1  1  −1  1 
the temple situated east of him is 60º. On walking 240 β = 3sin −1   + sin  −  and γ = cos   , then:
metres to north, the angle of elevation is reduced to 30º,  2   2  3
then the height of the temple is: a. α > β b. β > γ
a. 60 6 m b. 60m c. 50 3 m d. 30 6 m c. γ > α d. none of these

48. A flag-staff of 5m high stands on a building of 25 m high. 55. Indicate the relation which is true:
At an observer at a height of 30m. The flag-staff and the a. tan | tan −1 x |=| x | b. cot | cot −1 x |=| x |
building subtend equal angles. The distance of the c. tan −1 | tan x |=| x | d. sin | sin −1 x |=| x |
observer from the top of the flag-staff is:
 1  
5 3 3 56. θ = tan −1 (2 tan 2 θ ) − tan −1   tan θ  , if:
a. b. 5  3  
2 2
a. tan θ = −2 b. tan θ = 0
2 c. tan θ = 1 d. tan θ = 2
c. 5 d. None of these
3
1
57. If cos ec −1 x = sin −1   , then x may be:
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS x
More than One Answer 1
a. 1 b. −
1 2
49. If <| x |< 1, then which of the following are real?
2 3 3
c. d. −
−1 −1 −1 −1 2 2
a. sin x b. tan x c. sec x d. cos x

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266 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

58. The value(s) of x satisfying the equation sin −1 | sin x |=

{
64. Assertion: tan −1 x + 1 + x 2 = } π 1
− cot −1 x
2 2
sin −1 | sin x | is/are given by: (n is any integer)
 1+ x 
a. nπ − 1 b. nπ Reason: sin 2  2 tan −1  = 1− x
2

 1− x 
c. nπ + 1 d. 2nπ + 1

Assertion and Reason 2 3 π

65. Assertion: tan −1 + tan −1 =
5 7 4
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
the correct option out of the options given below: x  y−x π
Reason: tan −1   + tan −1   = ( x, y > 0)
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the  
y  y+x 4
correct explanation of the assertion.
66. Assertion: If α,β are the roots of the equation 18(tan–
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
4
correct explanation of the assertion. 1
x)2 −9π tan −1 x + π 2 = 0, then α + β =
3
c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
If the assertion and reason both are false.  1  1
d. Reason: sec2  cos −1  + cosec 2  sin −1  = 41
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.  4  5
π
7  19  67. Assertion: sin −1 tan(tan −1 x + tan −1 (1 − x)) = has no non-
59. Assertion: The sum of cot −1   + cot −1   + ... + 2
4  4 
zero integral solution
4r 2 + 3
−1
cot + ... up to infinity is tan −1 2. Reason: The number of positive integral solution of the
4
y 3
n
x − xr −1 equation tan −1 x + cos −1 = sin −1 is 2.
Reason: ∑ tan −1 r = tan −1 xn − tan −1 x0 1− y 2
10
r =1 1 + x x
r −1 r

 x 3 − 3x2  π 3 3
1 68. Assertion: sin cot −1 tan cos −1 =
60. Assertion: If ≤ x ≤ 1, then cos−1 x + cos−1  + = 13 13
2  2 2  3
4 44
Reason: If α = cos −1 , then cos −1 = π − 3α .
−1  1 1  −1 5 125
Reason: sin (2 x 1 − x ) = 2sin x if x ∈  −
2
, 
 2 2
69. Assertion: A pole standing in the centre of a rectangular
3 2 1 field of area 2500 sq. units subtends angle α and β
61. Assertion: cosec −1   + cos −1   − 2 cot −1   − cot −1 7
2 3 7 respectively at the mid-points of two adjacent sides of the
is equal to cot −1 7
π
π field such that α + β = , the height of the pole is 25 sq.
−1 −1
Reason: sin x + cos x = , 2
2 units.
−1 −1 π −1 1 −1 
tan x + cot x = cos ec ( x) = sin   Reason: Area of a rectangle is equal to the product of the
2 x length of the adjacent sides.
−1 1 −1
cot x = tan   , − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≠ 0 70. Assertion: Apoorv, standing on the ground wants to
 x
observe the angle α of elevation of the top of a tower in
1− x 1+ x
62. Assertion: cos −1 x = 2sin −1 = 2 cos −1 front of him. He walks half the distance towards the foot
2 2
θ  θ  of the tower and finds the angle of elevation is π / 4. He
Reason: 1 + cos θ = 2 cos 2   , 1 − cos θ = 2sin 2  
 
2 2 observes α = tan −1 (1/ 2)

63. Assertion: If sin −1 x + cos−1 (1 − x) = sin −1 (− x), then x satisfies Reason: If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower at

the equation 2x2 – 3x = 0 three distinct points on the ground is α , the points lie on a
Reason: sin–1 (x) + sin–1 (–x) = 0 circle with centre at the foot of the tower.

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 267
71. A and B are two points in a line on the horizontal plane P

through the foot O of a tower lying on opposite sides of

the tower.
Assertion: If the angles of elevation of the top of the B a π/4
E
tower at A and B are α and 2α respectively and the
a
distance between the points is twice the height of the α
A O
D
tower, then tan α + 4 tan α = 3.
2
Reason: On the top of building a pole of height equal to
Reason: If OB = 2(OA), α β are respectively the angles of 1/3 of the height of the building is placed so that the
elevation of the top of the tower at A and B, then β = 2α . angles of elevation of the top of the pole and the top of the
building at a point on the ground are α and β respectively
72. Mansi observes that the angle of elevation of a vertical
pole of height h at two points A and B on the horizontal then α = (3 / 4) β
plane through the foot O of the pole is π / 3. AB = a. 76. Assertion: ABC is a triangular field with AC = b and
Assertion: If AB subtends an angle π / 2 at the foot of the AB = C. A pole standing at a point D on BC subtends
tower, then 2h = 3a angles α and B and β at C. If BAD = DAC then
Reason: If AB subtends and angle π / 3 at the foot of the b cot α = c cot β .
tower than h = a 3 Reason: Bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the

73. ABC in an equilateral triangle on the horizontal ground opposite side in the ratio of the side containing the
with length of each side equal to a. angle.
Assertion: If a tower standing at the centre O of the 77. Assertion: The angle of elevation of the top P of a tower
triangle makes an angle α at each corner such that OP at a point A on the ground is α , the angle of elevation
α = tan −1 9, the height of the tower is 3 3 of the mid-point Q of the tower at the mid-point B of OA
Reason: If a tower of height 2a standing at one corner of the is also α.
−1
triangle makes an α at any other corner, then a = tan 2. Reason: The line joining the mid-points of two sides of a
triangle is parallel to the third side.
74. Assertion: Three poles of height a, b, c stand at the points
A, B, C respectively and subtend to same angle α at a 78. Assertion: A tower standing at the centre of a square field
point O on the horizontal line through the feet of the subtends an angle α at each corner. If the height of the
poles. If a, b, c are in A.P., then AB = BC. tower is twice the length of a side of the square, then
Reason: O is the centre of a circular field and A is any
α = tan −1 2.
point on its boundary. Two poles standing at A and O
Reason: A, B, C are three points on the horizontal line
subtend the same angle α at a point B on the other end of
the diameter through A. Height of the pole at A is twice through the foot of a tower and the angles of elevation of
the height of the plot at O. top of the tower at these points are 30º45º and 60º
AB
75. Assertion: Rajat observes that the angle of elevation of respectively, = 3.
BC
the top P of a tower OP at a point A on the ground is α.
He travels a distance a in the direction AP and reaches the
Comprehension Based
point B. He then travels a horizontal distance a towards
the tower and reaches the point C, where the angle of Paragraph –I
π n
 x −x  n
elevation of the top of the tower is
4
, the height of the
∑
r =1
tan −1  r r −1
 1 + xr −1xr
=

∑ (tan
r =1
−1
x, − tan −1 xr −1 )

a (cos α + 1 − sin α ) −1 −1
tower is = tan xn − tan x0 , ∀ n ∈ N .
cot α − 1

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268 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
π π π π
1 < cos −1 x ≤ π 0 ≤ cos−1 x ≤ < sec−1 x ≤ π 0 ≤ sec−1 x <
79. The sum to infinite terms of the series tan −1   + tan −1 2 2 2
3 2
π π π π
≤ cos ec −1 x < 0 0 < cos ec−1x ≤
n−1  < tan −1 x < 0 0 ≤ tan −1 x <
2 −1  2
2 2
+ + + ... ? 2 2
9 ... tan 
 1 + 22n−1 
     3 π
Ex. sin −1 
 2  = 3
not
π π  
a. b.
4 2
2π π 2π
c. π d. none of these , tan −1 (− 3) = − not
3 3 3
80. The value of cos ec−1 5 + cos ec−1 65 + cos ec−1 (325) + ...  4π  −1  4π 
84. The principal value of sin −1  sin  + cos  cos  is:
to ∞ is:  3   3 

3π 8π 4π
a. π b. a. b.
4 3 3

π π 2π π
c. d. c. d.
2 4 3 3
85. The principal value of sin −1 (sin 5) − cos −1 (cos5) is:
1 −1  2
81. The sum to infinite terms of the series cot  2 +  +
 2 a. 0 b. 2π − 10
c. −π d. 3π − 10
 1  −1  4 1 
cot −1  23 + 2  + cot  2 + 3  + ... is:
 2   2    3π    3π 
86. The principal value of tan−1  tan  −   + cot −1 cot  −  is:
  4   4
π π
a. b.
4 2 π
a. b. π
−1 −1 2
c. cot 2 d. − cot 2
−3π
−1 −1 c. d. 0
82. The sum to infinite terms of the series cot 3 + cot 7 2
+ cot −1 13 + ... is: 87. The value of sin −1[cos{cos −1 (cos x) + sin −1 (sin x)}], where
π π 
a. b. cot −1 2 x ∈  , π  is:
2 2 
c. tan −1 2 d. none of these π π
a. b. −π c. π d. −
 2  2 2
83. The sum to infinite terms of the series tan −1  2 4 
 1−1 +1   x2 − 1 
88. The number of solutions of the equation cos−1  2 +
 x + 1 
 4  −1  6   
+ tan −1   + tan   + ... is:
 1 − 22 + 24   1 − 32 + 34   2x  2π
−1  2 x 
sin −1  2  + tan  2  = 3 is:
π π  x +1   x −1 
a. b.
4 2 a. 1 b. 2
3π c. 3 d. infinite
c. d. none of these
4
Match the Column
Paragraph –II π
89. Let (x, y) be such that sin −1 (ax) + cos −1 ( y) + cos−1 (bxy) = .:
Principal values for inverse circular functions: 2
x<0 x≥0 x<0 x≥0 Column I Column II
(A) If a = 1 and b = 0, 1. lies on the circle
−
π
≤ sin −1 x < 0 π π
< cot −1 x < π 0 < cot −1 x ≤
π
2 0 ≤ sin −1 x ≤ 2 2 then (x, y) x2 + y2 = 1
2

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 269
(B) If a = 1 and b = 1, 2. lies on 50
 2r 
92. If S = ∑ tan −1  4 
, then the value of 2550 cot S
 2+r + r 
2
then (x, y) ( x − 1)( y − 1) = 0
2 2
r =1

(C) If a = 1 and b = 2, 3. lies on y = x must be:

then (x, y) 93. If λ = cos 4 [tan −1{sin(cot −1 5)}], then the value of
(D) If a = 2 and b = 2, 4. lies on 3645 λ must be
then (x, y) (4 x 2 − 1)( y 2 − 1) = 0
94. If θ = cot −1 7 + cot −1 8 + cot −1 18, then the value of
a. A→ 1, B→ 2, C→ 1, D→ 4
b. A→ 2, B→ 4, C→ 3, D→ 1 81cot θ must be:
4

c. A→ 1, B→ 3, C→ 2, D→ 4
95. If sin −1 x + sin −1 y = π and, if x = λ y, then the value of
d. A→ 4, B→ 1, C→ 3, D→ 2
392λ + 5λ must be:
90. Match Column I with Column II and select the correct
answer using the code given below the lists: s − a s −b s −c  A
96. If in a triangle, = = . Then λ tan2   = 455 if
Column I Column II 11 12 13 2
 1  cos(tan −1 y) + y sin(tan −1 y) 
2
1 5 λ must be:
(A)  2   1.
−1 −1
 y  cot(sin y) + tan(sin y)  2 3
97. If p1 , p2 , p3 are the altitudes of a triangle which
4 1/ 2
+ y  takes value 16
circumscribes a circle of diameter unit, then the least
3
(B) If cos x + cos y + cos z = 0 2. 2
value of p1 + p2 + p3 must be:
= sin x + sin y + sin z, then possible
x− y 98. In a triangle ABC, right angled at A. The radius of the
value of cos is
2 inscribed circle is 2 cm. Radius of the circle touching the
π  1 side BC and also sides AB and AC produced is 15 cm. The
(C) If cos  − x  cos2x + sin x sin2x sec x 3. length of the side BC measured in cm is:
4  2

99. If in a ∆ABC , BC = 5, CA = 4, AB = 3 and D, E are the

= cos x sin 2 x sec x + points on BC such that BD = DE = EC , then
π 
cos  + x  cos 2 x, 576 tan(∠CAE ) must be:
4 
then possible value of sec x is 100. In the adjacent figure ‘P’ is any arbitrary interior point of
(
(D) If cot sin −1 2
) −1
1− x = sin[tan (x 6)],
4. 1 the triangle ABC. H a , H b and H c , are the length of
altitudes drawn from vertices A, B and C respectively.
x = 0. Then, possible value of x is
A
a. A→ 4, B→ 3, C→ 2, D→ 1
b. A→ 2, B→ 4, C→ 3, D→ 1
c. A→ 3, B→ 4, C→ 2, D→ 1
d. A→ 3, B→ 4, C→ 1, D→ 2 P

Integer B C
1 −1  7π   2π 
91. The value of 216sin  sin + 27 cos −1  cos If xa , xb and xc represent the distance of ‘P’ from sides
π 

6   3 
BC, CA and AB respectively, then the minimum value of
 5π   −π   H H 
+28tan−1  tan  + 200 cot −1  cos  must be:
H
191 a + b + c  must be:
 4   4    xa xb xc 

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270 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER 2π
5. (b) sin −1 x + sin −1 y =
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 3
b d d a b b d c d d π π 2π
⇒ − cos −1 x + − cos −1 y =
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2 2 3
a,d a b d c b d a b b,c π
⇒ cos −1 x + cos −1 y = .
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 3
c d b a d b c c a a
6. (b)
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
a b a c b b b a b b √5
2
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
b c b b d c a b a,b,d b,d 1
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
 x π  −1 1 1 
b,c a,c c,d b,c a,b,d a,b,c a,c,d a,b,c a b sin −1 x + cot −1   = ∵ cot = cos −1 
2 2  2 5
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
1 π
d a a b a b d b a b sin −1 x + cos−1 = ;
5 2
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
c d b b c a a d a d 1
Clearly, x = .
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 5
c d b d c a d b a a
 1  1
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 7. (d) sin(cot −1 x ) = sin  sin −1 = .
 1 + x2  1 + x2
139 2552 3380 6561 1526 1155 24 13 216 1719  
SOLUTION π
8. (c) tan −1 x ( x + 1) + sin −1 x 2 + x + 1 =
Multiple Choice Questions 2
−1
  π  π  π π tan x ( x + 1) is defined, when x( x + 1) ≥ 0 . . . (i)
−1
1. (b) sin −1 sin  −   = − ∵− 2 < sin x < 2 
  3   3   sin −1 x 2 + x + 1 is defined,
2π When 0 ≤ x( x + 1) + 1 ≤ 1 or 0 ≤ x ( x + 1) ≤ 0 . . . (ii)
2. (d) The principal value of sin −1[sin(π − )]
3 From (i) and (ii), x( x + 1) = 0 or x = 0 and –1.
π  π
= sin −1 sin   = . Hence, number of solutions is 2.
3 3
 3  3   −1 3 2
3.
1
(d) Put cot −1   = θ ⇒ cot θ =
1 9. (d) tan sin −1   + cos −1    = tan  tan + tan−1 
  
5  13    4 3
2 2
2  3 2 
∴ sin θ = .  −1 4 + 3   −1 17 12  17
5 = tan  tan  = tan  tan × = .
 3 2
1 − .   12 6  6
Put cos −1 x = φ then x = cos φ
 4 3
2 5
Also tan φ = , ∴ x = cos φ = . 3 12
5 3 10. (d) Given, sin −1 C = sin −1 + cos −1
11π 5 13
4. (a) Given equation is 2cos−1 x + sin −1 x = 3 5
6 ∴ sin −1 C = sin −1 + sin −1
11π 5 13
⇒ cos−1 x + (cos−1 x + sin −1 x) =
6  3 25 5 9 
= sin −1  1 − + 1− 
11π π  5 169 13 25 
⇒ cos−1 x = −
6 2
 56  56
4π = sin −1   ⇒ C = .
⇒ cos−1 x = , which is not possible as cos−1 x ∈[0, π ].  65  65
3

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 271

 1 3   π   π
16. (b) sin  − 2 tan −1 x  + 2 tan −1 x  = sin = 1.
11. (a, d) f ( x) = cos−1 x + cos−1  x + . 1 − x2 
 2 2   2   2

1 π
= cos −1 x ± (cos −1 − cos −1 x), 17. (d) If x = −1, LHS = ,
2 2
1  π
According as cos −1 > or < cos−1 x RHS = 2 ×  −  .
2  2
1 1 2 So, The formula does not hold.
= cos −1 if cos −1 > cos −1 x, which holds for x =
2 2 3 If x < −1, the angle on the LHS is in the second quadrant
1 1 while the angle on the RHS is 2 × (angle in the fourth
= 2 cos −1 x − cos −1 if cos −1 < cos −1 x,
2 2 quadrant), which cannot be equal.
1 If x > 1, the angle on the LHS is in the second quadrant
which holds for x = .
3 while the angle on the RHS is 2 × (angle in the first
quadrant) and these two may be equal.
x y
12. (a) cos −1 + cos−1 = θ If −1 < x < 0, the angle on the LHS is positive and that on
2 3
the RHS is negative and the two cannot be equal.
x y  x   2
y  2
⇒ . −  1 −  1 −  = cos θ 18. (a) Let x = tan θ
2 3  4   9 
2x 2 tan θ
Then sin −1 = sin −1 = sin −1 (sin 2θ )
∴ ( xy − 6cos θ ) = (4 − x )(9 − y )
2 2 2
1+ x 2
1 + tan 2 θ
⇒ 9 x 2 − 12 xy cos θ + 4 y 2 = 36(1 − cos2 θ ) = 36sin 2 θ . 2x
∴ 2 tan −1 x + sin −1 = 2θ + sin −1 (sin 2θ )
1 + x2
13. (b) sin −1 2 x = sin −1
3
− sin −1 x
π π 2x
If − ≤ 2θ ≤ , 2 tan −1 x + sin −1
2 2 2 1 + x2
 3 3 = 2θ + 2θ = 4tan −1 x ≠ independent of x.
= sin −1  . 1 − x2 − x 1 − 
 2 4  π π 2x
If − ≤ π − 2θ ≤ , 2 tan −1 x + sin −1
3 x 2 2 1 + x2
∴ 2x = 1 − x2 −
2 2 = 2θ + sin −1[sin(π − 2θ )] = 2θ + π − 2θ = π = independent
2
 5x  3 2 2
of x.
∴  2  = 4 (1 − x ) or 28 x = 3
   π π  π 3π 
∴ θ ∉ − ,  but θ ∈  ,  and from the principal
3 1 3 1 3  4 4 4 4 
⇒ x= = , (not − ).
28 2 7 2 7  π π
value of tan −1 x. θ ∈  − ,  .
 2 2
14. (d) 2 tan −1 (cos x) = tan −1 (cos ec2 x)
π π 
 2 cos x   1  2 cos x 1 Hence, θ ∈  , 
⇒ tan −1  2 
= tan −1  2  ⇒ 2
= 2 4 2
 1 − cos x   sin x  sin x sin x
π π 
π ∴ θ ∈ , 
⇒ 2cos x = 1 ⇒ x = . 4 2
3
2x
15. (c) sin −1 x = 2 tan −1 x ⇒ tan −1 x + sin −1 = π.
1 + x2
2x π π π π
⇒ sin −1 x = sin −1 Also at θ = ,2tan−1 x + sin−1
2x
= 2. + sin−11 = + = π.
1 + x2 4 1+ x2
4 2 2
2x π π 
⇒ = x ⇒ x3 − x = 0 ∴ The given function = π = constant if θ ∈  ,  .
1 + x2 4 2 
⇒ x( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = {−1,1, 0}.
i.e., x ∈ [1, + ∞).

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272 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 1 1 + tanh 2 x 1 + tan 2 θ
19. (b) tan −1 x + tan −1 = tan −1 3 or tan −1 = tan −1 3 − tan −1 x 23. (b) cosh 2 x = =
y y 1 − tanh 2 x 1 − tan 2 θ
1 1
1 3− x 1 + 3x = = = sec 2θ .
or tan −1 = tan −1 ⇒ y= 1 − tan 2 θ cos 2θ
y 1 + 3x 3− x
1 + tan 2 θ
As x, y are positive integers, x = 1, 2 and corresponding y
= 2, 7 24. (a) cos(x + iy) = A + iB
∴ Solutions are ( x, y ) = (1, 2), (2, 7). ⇒ cos x cos(iy) − sin x sin(iy) = A + iB
⇒ cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y = A + iB
−1 −1 π
20. (b, c) α = 2 tan ( 2 − 1) = 2 tan tan ∴ A = cos x cosh y
8
π π 1 25. (d) cos ix + i sin ix = cosh x + i.i sinh x
= 2× = = cos −1
8 4 2 e x + e −x − e x + e −x
= cosh x − sinh x =
2
π π 7π
β = 3. − = = e −x .
4 6 12
∴ β > α. 26. (b) sinh −1 1 = log(1 + 1 + 1)

1 1 = log(1 + 2 )
Also, <
3 2 27. (c) cos(u + iv) = x + iy
−1 1 1 π
⇒ cos > cos −1 = So, γ > α ⇒ cos u cos(iv) − sin u sin(iv) = x + iy
3 2 4
⇒ cos u cosh v − i sin u sinh v = x + iy
−1  1 
Again cos   belongs to the first quadrant and β is ∴ x = cos u cosh v
3
y = − sin u sinh v
in the second quadrant.
∴ β > γ. x 2 + y 2 = cos2 u.cosh 2 v + sin 2 u.sinh 2 v

x+ y x− y = (1 − sin 2 u ) cosh 2 v + sin 2 v[cosh 2 v − 1]

2 cosh sinh
sinh x − sinh y 2 2 =coth x + y  . = cosh 2 v − sin 2 v
21. (c) =  2 
cosh x − cosh y 2sinh x + y sinh x − y  
∴ x 2 + y 2 + 1 = cosh 2 v + 1 − sin 2 u
2 2
= cosh 2 v + cos2 u.
1 1
22. (d) cosh α = sec x = =
cos x 1 − tan 2 x 28. (c) x = sinh −1 ⇒ y = sinh x.
2
1 + tan 2 x 29. (a) cosh −1 x = log( x + x 2 − 1) = log(2 + 3)
2
∴ x = 2.
x
1 + tan 2 30. (a) tan −1 (α + i β ) = x + iy
cosh α 2
=
1 2 x tan −1 (α − i β ) = x − iy
1 − tan
2
2 x = x + iy + x − iy
x
2 tan 2 = tan −1 (α + i β ) + tan −1 (α − i β )
cosh α − 1 2 = tan 2 x
⇒ =
cosh α + 1 2 2 1 2α
∴ x= tan −1
α 2 1−α 2 − β 2
2sinh 2
⇒ 2 = tan 2 x 1 α + iβ + α − iβ
2α 2 = tan −1
2 cosh 2 1 − (α + i β ) (α − i β )
2
α x 1  2α 
⇒ tanh 2 = tan 2 . = tan −1   .
 1−α − β
2 2 2
2 2 

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 273
31. (a) Let log sec x = y; 34. (c)

1 ey/2
∴ = −y/2
cos x e 20
By componendo and Dividendo rule,
1 + cos x e y / 2 + e− y / 2 30°
= d
1 − cos x e y / 2 − e− y / 2
x  y d
⇒ cot 2   = coth   = cot 30º
 
2 2 20

 x  d = 20 cot 30º = 20 3m .
⇒ y = 2 coth −1  cosec 2 − 1 .
 2  35. (b)
−1
32. (b) Expression cos (cos θ + i sin θ )
= sin−1 sin θ − i log( sinθ + 1 + sinθ )
h
π
Where θ =
6 45º
 3 i 20
∴ cos−1  +
 2 2  Let, height of the tower be h.
 
h
 1 = tan 45º h = 20m .
−1 1 1 20
= sin − i log  + 1+ 
2  2 2 
 36. (b)
π  1+ 3  π  3 −1 
= − i log   = + i log  
4 
 2  4  2 
h
π
Real part = ,
4 30º
500 m
 3 −1 
Imaginary part = log 
 2 
. Let, the height be h
  h
∴ tan 30º =
33. (a) Let sin −1 (cosecθ ) = x + iy 500
∴ cosecθ = sin( x + iy ) = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y ⇒ h=
500
.
By comparing we get, sin x cosh y = cosecθ . . . (i) 3

and cos x sinh y = 0 . . . (ii) 37. (b)

A
π
From (ii), cos x = 0 ⇒ x =
2
π Tower
∴ from (i) sin .cosh y = cosecθ
2
−1 45º
or y = cosh (cosecθ ) = log[cosecθ ] C B
River
 θ
⇒ y = log[cosecθ + cot θ ] = log  cot  AB is tower and BC is river.
 2
AB
From ∆ABC,
π  θ BC
∴ sin −1 (cosecθ ) = + i log  cot 
2  2 = tan 45º
π  θ or AB = BC
Real part = , Imaginary part = log  cot  .
2  2 Height of tower = Breadth of river.

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274 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
38. (a) 42. (c) Let there are two points C and D on horizontal line
A passing from point B of the base of the tower AB. The
A
D distance of these points are b and a from B respectively
i.e., BD = a and BC = b
5m 5m
∴ Line CD, on the top of tower A subtends an angle θ ,
hence ∠CAD = θ
B B C A
3m C 4m
AB = 4m ⇒ BD = 3m θ
∴ AD = 4 − 3 = 1m.

39. (b)
15º
90 – α α
D B
C b
60 a
According to question, on point C and D, the elevation of
15º top are α and 90º −α .
x
∴ ∠BCA = α and ∠BDA = 90º −α
 3 + 1
Required distance = 60 cot15º = 60   metre In ∆ABC , AB = BC tan α = b tan α . . . (i)
 3 − 1  and in ∆ABD, AB = BD tan(90º −α ) = a cot α . . . (ii)
40. (b) Multiplying equation (i) and (ii)
30°
P ( AB)2 = (b tan α )(a cot α ) = ab,
⇒ AB = (ab).
h
43. (b)
C
30° 45° Q
R
S h
50(√3– A
PQ
In ∆PQR, tan 30º = α
QR α
A B
a
1 h
⇒ = Let AB is tower and AC is pole of height h.
3 50( 3 − 1) + h
b
From ∆ABO, = tan α . . . (i)
⇒ 3h = 50( 3 − 1) + h a
⇒ ( 3 − 1) h = 50( 3 − 1) b+h b+h 2 tan α
From ∆CBO, = tan 2α or =
⇒ h = 50 metre. a a 1 − tan 2 α
b
41. (b) P 2a
or b+h = a (Put value of tan α from (i))
b2
1− 2
a
100
b(a 2 + b 2 )
or h= .
a 2 − b2
30º 60º
A b( a 2 + b 2 )
B O Remember the result h = in which
d = AB = OA − OB = 100[cot 30º − cot 60º ] a2 − b2
b = height of tower,
 1  200 3 h = height of pole,
= 100  3 − = metre.
 3 3 a = distance of observation point from the tower.

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 275
44. (b) 47. (a)
N
2h/3
30º
240
h
60º
β W x E
h/3
θ
α
d = 20m

H
cot α = d and H cot β = d S
3
Total distance from temple = x 2 + (240) 2
H H
or = tan α and = tan β
3d d h h
where x = =
H H tan 60º 3
−
1 1 d 3d
⇒ tan( β − α ) = ⇒ = h2
2 2 H2 So, distance = + (240) 2
1+ 2 3
3d
h 1
H2
4H but =
⇒ 1+ 2 = h 2 3
3d d + (240)2
3
⇒ H 2 − 4dH + 3d 2 = 0
h2 1
⇒ H 2 − 80 H + 3(400) = 0 ⇒ 2
=
h 3
+ (240) 2
⇒ H = 20 or 60 m. 3
45. (d) After solving h = 60 6 metre.
48. (b)
x x C
h α
150 α 5m
θ
B

30 m
φ
d
d = 150cot φ = 60m Also, h = 60 tan θ = 80m A
5
Hence, x = 802 + 602 = 100 m. We have, tan α =
x
46. (c) 30
and tan 2α =
P x
30
h – 100 ∴ tan 2α =
5cot α
β ⇒ tan 2α = 6 tan α
B
C ⇒ 3 − 3 tan 2 α = 1
100 100
2
α ⇒ tan α =
A y O 3
If OP = h, then CP = h −100 3
∴ x = 5cot α = 5
Now, equate the values of OA and BC 2
h cot α = (h − 100) cot β 3 − 2(1 − cos 2α )
100 cot β AB
∴ h= . ⇒ = 1 + 2cos 2α .
cot β − cot α BC

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276 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
NCERT Exemplar Problems 3π π 2 2y
and 3(sin −1 x) 2 − sin −1 x + =
More than One Answer 2 4 π
49. (a, b, d) For sin −1 x 3π π 2 2y
⇒ 3(sin −1 x) 2 − sin −1 x + − =0
and cos −1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 2 4 π
1 1 For real, B 2 − 4 AC ≥ 0
Given, <| x |< 1 or < x < 1
2 2 9π 2  π 2 2y 
∴ − 4 ⋅ 3 − ≥0
and −1 < x < −
1 4  4 π 
2
9π 2 24 y
and tan x, x ∈ R −1 ⇒ − 3π 2 + ≥0
4 π
But, for sec−1 x, x ≥ 1 and x ≤ −1 −3π 2 24 y
⇒ + ≥0
4 π
50. (b, d) 6sin −1 ( x 2 − 6 x + 8.5) = π
π3
π ∴ y≥ . . . (iii)
∴ sin −1 ( x 2 − 6 x + 8.5) = 32
6
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii),
π 
⇒ x 2 − 6 x + 8.5 = sin   π3 7π 3
6 Least value of y is and greatest value of y is .
32 8
⇒ x 2 − 6 x + 8.5 = 0.5
⇒ x2 − 6x + 8 = 0 a +b+c 2
53. (c, d) Let =t
abc
⇒ ( x − 4) ( x − 2) = 0
∴ x = 2, 4 a(a + b + c) b(a + b + c) c(a + b + c)
∴ tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1
bc ca ab
 8π π   11π 
 8π = tan −1 at + tan −1 bt + tan −1 ct
−1
cos −1 sin 
 cos sin  +  
=e =e
 9 3  9 
51. (b, c) f 
 9   at + bt + ct − at ⋅ bt ⋅ ct 
13π 13π
= tan −1  
 1 − t (ab + bc + ca ) 
2
cos −1 cos
=e 18
=e 18

 17π   (a + b + c)t − abct ⋅ t 3 

 7π = tan −1 
−1
 cos sin  

and f  − =e
 12 
 1 − t (ab + bc + ca ) 
2

 4 
 17 π  π π  ( a + b + c )t − ( a + b + c )t 
cos−1 sin   cos −1 cos = tan −1   = tan (0) = nπ , n ∈ I
−1
=e  12 
=e 12
= e12  1 − t ( ab + bc + ca ) 
2

52. (a, c) Let y = (sin −1 x)3 + (cos −1 x)3 ∴ 0, π , 2π ,...

= (sin −1 x + cos −1 x){(sin −1 x) 2 + (cos −1 x) 2 − sin −1 x cos −1 x} 1°

54. (b, c) α = 2 tan −1 ( 2 − 1) = 2 ⋅ 22 = 45°
2
π  
2
−1 π −1  −1  π −1  
= (sin x) +  − sin x  − sin x  − sin x  
2
1  1  −1  1
2  2  2   ⇒ cos α = β = 3sin −1   + sin  − 
2  2  2
π 3π π2  π  π
= 3(sin −1 x) 2 − sin −1 x +  = 3⋅  − = 105°
2 2 4  4 6
Since, −1 ≤ sin −1 x ≤ 1 ( 3 − 1) 1
⇒ cos β = − and γ = cos −1  
π π 2 2  3
or − ≤x≤
2 2 1
⇒ cos γ =
7π 3 3
y π = . . . (i)
−
2 8 ∴ β >α
π 3
and cos β < cos γ ⇒ β > γ
yπ / 2 = . . . (ii)
8 and cos α > cos γ ⇒ α < γ

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 277
−1 −1
55. (a, b, d) tan | tan x |=| tan tan x |=| x | (non-periodic)   1  1 
= lim  tan −1  n +  − tan −1    (using Assertion)
−1 −1
cot | cot x |=| cot cot x |=| x | (non-periodic)
n →∞
  2  2 
−1 −1
sin | sin x |=| sin sin x |=| x | π 1 1
(non-periodic) = − tan −1   = cot −1   = tan −1 2
2 2 2
 1   So, Assertion is also true.
56. (a, b, c) θ = tan −1 (2 tan 2 θ ) − tan −1   tan θ 
 3  
π
1 60. (b) In Assertion, put x = cos θ then 0 ≤ θ ≤
2 tan θ −   tan θ
2 3
tan θ =  3
⇒ 1 3  π π
2 3 L.H.S = cos−1 (cosθ ) + cos−1  cosθ + sinθ  = θ + −θ =
1 +   tan θ 2 2 3 3
3  
⇒ Assertion is true.
 1 
 2 tan θ −  3   In Reason, put x = sin θ ,
tan θ    − 1 = 0
⇒
1 +  2  tan 3 θ  π π
  3   then − ≤θ ≤
  4 4
Which is true, if tan θ = 0 ⇒ L.H.S = sin (2sin θ cos θ ) = 2θ = 2sin −1 x
−1

1 ⇒ Reason is also true but does not lead to Assertion.

2 tan θ −  
or 3 =1
61. (d) Reason is true, using in Assertion
2 3
1 +   tan θ  2  2 1
3 L.H.S = sin−1   + cos−1   − (tan−1 7 + cot −1 7) − cot −1  
 3  3 7
⇒ tan 3 θ − 3 tan θ + 2 = 0
π π
⇒ (tan θ − 1) 2 (tan θ + 2) = 0 = − − tan −1 7 = − tan −1 7
2 2
Which holds, if tan θ = 1
⇒ Assertion is false.
or tan θ = −2
62. (a) Reason is true. In Assertion, put x = cos θ then
57. (a, c, d) Since, cos ec −1 x is defined iff x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
1 1 cos −1 (cos θ ) = 2 sin −1 = 2 cos −1
∴ cos ec −1 x = sin −1   is not true for x = − 2 2
 x 2
 θ  θ
Using Reason θ = 2 × sin −1  sin  = 2 cos −1  cos 
58. (a, b, c) The solution of y = y is y = 0  2  2
or y =1 Which is true
If sin −1 | sin x |= 1 ⇒ Assertion is also true.

⇒ x = 1 or π − 1 [in the interval (0, π ) ] 63 (a) Reason is true as sin −1 (− x) = − sin −1 x

But y = sin −1 | sin x | is periodic with period π , so x = nπ + 1 In Assertion cos −1 (1 − x) = sin −1 (− x) − sin −1 ( x) = −2sin −1 x
or nπ − 1. (using Reason)
Again, if sin −1 | sin x |= 0 ⇒ x = nπ . ⇒ 1 − x = cos(−2sin −1 x) = cos(2sin −1 x) = 1 − 2sin 2 (sin −1 x)
⇒ 1 − x = 1 − 2 x2
Assertion and Reason
n 1
59. (a) L.H.S in Reason ∑( tan−1 xr − tan−1 xr −1 ) = tan−1 xn − tan−1 x0 ⇒ x = 0 or x =
2
r =1
1
⇒ Reason is true. In Assertion, the given expression is equal to But x = doe not satisfy the equation.
2
 1  1
∞ ∞ ∞  r +  − r −  So, x = 0, which satisfies
= ∑tan−1 
4 1 2  2
∑
r =1
tan−1 2 = ∑tan−1
4r + 3 r=1  1  1  1  2 x 2 − 3x = 0
1+  r2 −  r=1 1+  r +  r − 
 4  2  2  ⇒ Assertion is true.

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278 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
64. (b) Put x = cosθ , then L.H.S 3
68. (b) Put cos θ = in Assertion,
1 + cosθ 3
= tan −1 cot θ + 1 + cot 2 θ  = tan −1
  sin θ π  3
L.H.S. = sin cot −1 tan θ = sin  − θ  = cos θ
 θ  π θ π θ 2  13
= tan  cot  = tan −1  tan −  = −
−1

 2   2 2 2 2 ⇒ Assertion is true.
⇒ Assertion is true 4
In Reason cos α =
1+ x 5
For Reason L.H.S. = sin 2 2θ , θ = tan −1
1− x ⇒ cos(π − 3α ) = − cos3α
 1+ x  = 3cos α − 4cos3 α =
44
4 
 2 tan θ  4 tan 2 θ  1 − x  = 1 − x2 125
=  = =
 1 + tan θ  (1 + tan θ ) ⇒
2 2 2 2
  1 + x  Reason is also true but does not lead to Assertion.
1 +  1 − x  
   69. (a) Reason is true, In Assertion if the height of the pole is
⇒ Reason is also true. h, then the length of the adjacent sides of the field are
65. (a) In Reason, L.H.S. 2h cot α and 2h cot β and the area in 4h2 cot α cot β = 4h2
x y−x π
+ as α + β =
y y+x x2 + y2 π 2
= tan −1 = tan −1 2 = tan −1 1 =
x( y − x) x + y 2
4 ⇒ cot α cot β = 1.
1−
y ( y + x)
So 4h 2 = 2500
⇒ Reason is true and which shows that Assertion is true by
⇒ h = 25 sq. units and the Assertion is true using Reason
taking x = 2, y = 5
π π 70. (b) Reason is true, because if h is the height of the tower,
66. (b) In Assertion tan −1 x = or
6 3 the points are at a distance of h cot α from the foot of the
1 tower and hence lie on a circle. In Assertion, if h is the
⇒ x= or 3
3 height of the tower then,
4 π
⇒ α +β = h cot α = 2h cot = 2h
3 4
⇒ Assertion is true. ⇒
1
α = tan −1
In Reason, L.H.S. 2
−1 −1
2
sec (sec 4) + cos ec (cos ec 5) = 16 + 25 = 41 and the
2
71. (c) If h is the height of the tower, in Assertion
Reason is true but does not lead to Assertion. OA = h cot α , OB = h cot 2α so, h ( cot α + cot 2α ) = 2h
x +1− x π  1 1
67. (d) In Assertion = sin   = 1 ⇒ + =2
1 − x(1 − x) 2 tan α tan 2α
⇒ 1 − x(1 − x) = 1 1 1 − tan 2 α
⇒ + =2
⇒ x = 1 is a non-zero solution ⇒ Assertion is false tan α 2 tan α

In Reason tan −1 x + cos −1

y
= sin −1
3 ⇒ tan 2 α + 4 tan α = 3
1 − y2 10 ⇒ Assertion is true.
1 In Reason, h cot β = 2h cot α
⇒ tan −1 x + tan −1   = tan −1 (3)
 y ⇒ cot β = 2 cot α
1 1 + 3x ⇒ β = 2α and the reason is false.
⇒ tan −1   = tan −1 3 − tan −1 x ⇒ y =
 
y 3− x π h
72. (d) OA = OB = h cot =
As x, y are positive integers x = 1,2 ⇒ y = 2, 7 3 3
and the solution are (1, 2), (2, 7) In Assertion, AOB is a right angled triangle
⇒ Reason is true. So, ( AB ) 2 = (OA) 2 + (OB )2

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 279
2h 2 h cot α = a cos α + a + h − a sin α ,
⇒ a2 =
3 h(cot α − 1) = a (cos α + 1 − sin α )
⇒ 3a = 2h and the Assertion is false.
2 2
⇒ Assertion is true.
In Reason AOB is an equilateral triangle. In Reason (see figure)
So, AB = OA OA = h cot β = (h + h / 3) cot α
h 3
⇒ a= ⇒ cot α = cot β
3 4
⇒ h = a 3 and the reason is true. 3
⇒ α= β
4
73. (b) Since ABC is an equilateral triangle. ⇒ Reason is false.
a
OA = OB = OC = . In assertion if the height of the 76. (a) BD = h cot α , CD = h cot β .
3
BD c h cot α
tower is h, h cot α = a 3 Reason is true. So using it = =
CD b h cot β
a
⇒ h= × 9 = 3 3a ⇒ b cot α = c cot β ⇒ Reason is true
3
⇒ Assertion is true. In Reason 2a cot α = a 77. (a) Reason is true. Using it BQ || AP
⇒ tan α = 2 ⇒ QBO = PAO = α and the Assertion is also true,
⇒ α = tan 2 −1 P

So, the Reason is true but does not leas to Assertion.

Q
74. (b)
a

b α α
A O
B
c
α 78. (d) Let h be the height of the tower in Assertion and x be
O C B A the side of the square, then diagonal of the square is
AB = OA − OB = (a − b) cot α 2h cot α
BC = OB − OC = (b − c) cot α ⇒ (2h cot α )2 = 2 x 2
⇒ AB = BC [ ∵ a, b, c are in A.P.
⇒ 4h 2 cot 2 α = 2 x 2
⇒ b − a = c − b ] ⇒ Assertion is True.
16 cot 2 α = 2 [∵ h = 2 x ]
In Reason is r is the radius of the circular field, then
OB = r , AB = 2r ⇒ tan α = 2 2
Height of the pole at A = 2r tan α = 2 × height of the pole ⇒ Assertion is false
at O. AB cot 30° − cot 45° 3 −1
In Reason = = = 3
⇒ Reason is also correct but does not lead to Assertion. BC cot 45° − cot 60° 1 − (1/ 3)
75. (c) Let h be the height of the ⇒ Reason is true.
tower, BD ⊥ OA; BE ⊥ OP then (from question figure)
Q Comprehension Based
n
 2 r −1 
h/3
79. (a) lim ∑ tan −1  2 r −1 
P
n →∞
r =1 1+ 2 
n
 2 r − 2r −1 
h = lim ∑ tan −1  2 r −1 
1+ 2 ⋅ 2
n →∞ r
α r =1 
β n
A
= lim ∑ {tan −1 (2 r ) − tan −1 (2r −1 )}
O
OA = AD + BC + CE n →∞
r =1

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280 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
−1 −1
= lim(tan 2 − tan 2°) n n
n →∞ = lim ∑ [tan −1 (r + 1) − tan −1 r ]
n →∞
−1 ∞ −1 r =1
= tan 2 − tan 1
π π π = lim[tan −1 (n + 1) − tan −1 1]
−1 −1 n →∞
= tan ∞ − tan 1 = − =
2 4 4 π
= tan −1 ∞ −
80. (d) cos ec −1 5 + cos ec −1 65 + cos ec −1 (325) + ...∞ 4
−1
= cot 2 + cot 8 + cot 18 + ...∞ −1 −1
π π π
= − =
n 2 4 4
= lim ∑ cot −1 (2r 2 )
n →∞
r =1 n
 2r 
83. (b) = lim ∑ tan −1  4 
n
 2   1− r + r 
= lim ∑ tan −1  2 
n →∞ 2
r =1
n →∞
r =1  4r  n
 (r 2 + r ) − (r 2 − r ) 
n
2  = lim ∑ tan −1  
= lim ∑ tan  −1
 n →∞
r =1  1 + (r + r )( r − r ) 
2 2

 1 + 4r − 1 
n →∞ 2
r =1
n
 (2r + 1) − (2r − 1)  = lim ∑ [tan −1 (r 2 + r ) − tan −1 (r 2 − r )]
n
= lim ∑ tan  −1
 n →∞
 1 + (2r + 1) (2r − 1) 
n →∞ r =1
r =1

n = lim[tan −1 (n 2 + n) − tan −1 0]
= lim ∑ {tan (2r + 1) − tan (2r − 1)}
−1 −1 n →∞
n →∞
r =1
= tan −1 ∞ − 0
−1 −1
= lim{(tan (2n + 1) − tan 1)} π π
n →∞
= −0 =
−1 −1 2 2
= tan ∞ − tan 1
π π π  4π   π π 1
= − =
2 4 4 84. (d) cos   = cos  π +  = − cos = − < 0
 3   3  3 2
n
 1  π  4π 
81. (c) = lim ∑ cot −1  2r +1 + r  ∴ < cos −1  cos ≤π
n →∞
r =1  2  2  3 
n
 2r   4π   2π  2π 2π
= lim ∑ tan −1  r +1  ⇒ cos −1  cos  = cos−1 cos  2π − −1
 = cos cos =
 1+ 2 ⋅ 2 
n →∞ r
r =1  3   3  3 3
n
 2 r +1 − 2r   4π   π π − 3
= lim ∑ tan −1  r +1 
and sin   = sin  π +  = − sin = <0
 1+ 2 ⋅ 2 
r
n →∞
r =1  3   3 3 2
n
π  4π 
= lim ∑ (tan −1 2 r +1 − tan −1 2r ) ∴ − ≤ sin −1  sin <0
n →∞
r =1 2  3 
= lim[tan −1 2 n +1 − tan −1 2]  4π  −1   4π  π
n →∞ ∴ sin −1  sin  = sin sin  π −  = −
= tan −1 ∞ − tan −1 2  3    3  3

π  4π  −1  4π  π 2π π
= − tan −1 2 = cot −1 2 Hence, sin −1  sin  + cos  cos =− + =
2  3   3  3 3 3

82. (d) 3 = 1 + 1 + 12 85. (c) 5 = 5 × 57°

7 = 1 + 2 + 2 13 = 1 + 3 + 3
2 2
= 285°
…………............................. ∴ sin 5 < 0 and cos 5 < 0
∴ cot −1 3 + cot −1 7 + cot −1 13 + .....
sin −1 (sin 5) = sin −1{sin(π − 5)} = π − 5
⇒
n
 1  n
= lim ∑ cot −1 (1 + r + r 2 ) = lim ∑ tan −1  2  and cos −1 (cos 5) = cos −1{cos(2π − 5)} = 2π − 5
n →∞
r =1
n →∞
r =1  1 + r + r 
n
 (r + 1) − r  ∴ sin −1 (sin 5) − cos −1 (cos 5) = (π − 5) − (2π − 5)
= lim ∑ tan −1  
n →∞
r =1  1 + r ( r + 1)  = −π

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 281
 3π   3π  3π π Match the Column
86. (a) tan−1 tan  −  = tan −1 tan  − + π  = − + π =
 4   4  4 4 89. (a) (A)If a = 1, b = 0, then sin −1 x + cos −1 y = 0
 3π   3π  3π π ⇒ sin −1 x = − cos −1 y ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 1.
and cot −1 cot  − −1
 = cot cot  π − =π − =
 4   4  4 4 (B) If a = 1 and b = 1, then
 3π  −1   −3π  π π π π
∴ tan −1 tan  −  + cot cot   = + = sin −1 x + cos −1 y + cos −1 xy =
 4    4  4 4 2 2
−1 −1 −1
⇒ cos x − cos y = cos xy
87. (d) sin −1[cos{cos −1 (cos x) + sin −1 (sin x)}]
π  ⇒ xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 = xy
= sin {cos)( x + π − x)} as x ∈  , π 
−1

2  ⇒ ( x 2 − 1)( y 2 − 1) = 0
= sin −1 (cos π ) (C) If a = 1, b = 2, then
π π
= sin −1 (−1) = − sin −1 x + cos −1 y + cos −1 (2 xy ) =
2 2
−1 −1 −1
⇒ cos x − cos y = cos (2 xy )
88. (b) Case (i): | x |< 1
⇒ xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 = 2 xy
or x2 < 1
  1 − x2    2x  2π ⇒ x2 + y2 = 1
−1  2x 
Wehave, cos −  2 
+ sin−1  2 
+ tan−1 −  2 
=
  1+ x   1+ x    1 − x  3 (D) If a = 2 and b = 2 then
π
 1 − x2   2x   2 x  2π sin −1 (2 x) + cos −1 ( y ) + cos −1 (2 xy ) =
⇒ π − cos  −1
2 
+ sin −1  2 
− tan −1  2 
= 2
 1 + x   1 + x  1− x  3
⇒ cos −1 (2 x) − cos −1 ( y ) = cos −1 (2 xy )
2π
⇒ π − 2 tan −1 x + 2 tan −1 x − 2 tan −1 x = ⇒ 2 xy + 1 − 4 x 2 1 − y 2 = 2 xy
3
π ⇒ (4 x 2 − 1)( y 2 − 1) = 0
⇒ 2 tan −1 x =
3
90. (a) (A) Here, innermost function is inverse.
π
∴ −1
tan x =
6
π 1 1 + x2
⇒ x = tan = y
6 3
Case (ii): | x |> 1 1 θ
2
or x2 > 1
∴ Put, tan −1 y = θ ⇒ tan θ = y
 1 
 1 − x2  −1  2 ⋅1/ x   2 ⋅1/ x  2π 1/ 2
−1
Then, cos   + sin  + tan −1  = 1  cos(tan −1 y ) + y sin(tan −1 y ) 2 
2

2  2 
 1 + 1   1 + (1/ x)   1 − (1/ x)  3 ⇒  2 ⋅ −1 −1  +y 
4

 x2  
y  cot(tan y ) + tan(sin y )  
1 1  1  2π   1 
1/ 2
⇒ 2 tan −1   + 2 tan −1   + 2 tan −1   = y2 
 x x x 3   +  
1  1+ y2 1+ y2  
1 π + y 
4
⇒  2 
∴ tan −1   = y  1− y
2
y  
x 9   y + 
2 
  1− y  
cot −1 x = 20°
∴ x = cot 20° > 1 1 2 4
1/ 2

 2 ⋅ y (1 − y ) + y  = 1 cos x + cos y = − cos z

4
⇒
1  y 
Hence, x =
2 sin x + sin y = − sin z
and cot 20° On squaring and adding, we get

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282 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
(B) cos x + sin x + cos y + sin y + 2cos x cos y + 2sin x sin y = 1
2 2 2 2 50
 (1 + r + r 2 ) − (1 − r + r 2 ) 
92. (2552) S = ∑ tan −1  2 
 1 + (1 + r + r )(1 − r + r ) 
2
⇒ 2 + 2(cos( x − y )) = 1 r =1

50
1 = ∑ tan −1 (1 + r + r 2 ) − tan −1 (1 − r + r 2 )
⇒ cos( x − y ) = − r =1
2
 x− y 1 = { at r = 50 value of tan −1 (1 + r + r 2 ) } –{at r = 1 value of
 −1 = −
2
⇒ 2 cos 
 2  2 tan −1 (1 − r + r 2 ) }
 x− y 1 = tan −1 (1 + 50 + 50 2 ) − tan −1 1
⇒ 2 cos 2  =
 2  2  1 + 50 + 50 2 − 1   2550 
= tan −1  2 
= tan −1  
 x− y 1  1 + 1 + 50 + 50   2552 
⇒ cos  =
 2  2 2550
∴ tan S =
 π  π  2552
(C) cos 2 x ⋅  cos  − x  − cos  + x   + 2sin 2 x = 2sin x ⋅ cos x ∴ 2550 cot S = 2552
  4   4 

⇒ cos 2 x ⋅ ( 2 sin x) + 2sin 2 x = 2sin x ⋅ cos x 93. (3380) λ = [cos{tan −1 (sin(cot −1 5))}]4
4
⇒ 2 sin x cos 2 x + 2 sin x − 2 cos x  = 0     1   
= cos  tan −1  sin  sin −1   
    26   
⇒ sin x = 0, (cos x − sin x) (cos x + sin x − 2) = 0
4
   1  
⇒ sec x = 1 or tan x = 1 = cos  tan −1   
   26   
1
⇒ sec x = 1 or 4
2   26  
= cos  cos −1 
  27  
(D) cot(sin −1 1 − x 2 ) = sin(tan −1 ( x 6))
4
x x 6  26   26  2
⇒ = =   =  
1 − x2 1 + 6x2  27   27 

⇒ 1 + 6 x2 = 6 − 6x2 (26) 2
∴ 3645 λ = 3645 × =3380
(27) 2
⇒ 12 x 2 = 5
5 5 94. (6561) θ = cot −1 7 + cot −1 8 + cot −1 18
x= =
12 2 3 1 1 1
= tan −1   + tan −1   + tan −1  
7 8  18 
Integer  1 1 1 1 1 1 
 + + − ⋅ ⋅ 
 7π  7π π = tan  7 8 18 7 8 18 
−1

91. (139) sin −1  sin =π − =− ,  1− 1 ⋅ 1 − 1 ⋅ 1 − 1 ⋅ 1 

 6  6 6  7 8 8 18 18 7 
 2π  2π 1
cos −1  cos = , = tan −1   = cot −1 3
 3  3 3
 5π  5π π ∴ cot θ = 3, then 81cot 4 θ = 81(3) 4 = 6561
tan −1  tan = −π =
 4  4 4
π π
  π  π 3π 95. (1526) − cos −1 π + − cos −1 y = π
−1
and cot cot  −   = π − = 2 2
  4  4 4
or cos −1 x + cos −1 y = 0
1 π 2π π 3π 
Hence, required value is 216×− + 27× + 28× + 200×  ⇒ cos −1{xy − (1 − x 2 ) (1 − y 2 )} = 0
π 6 3 4 4
= −36 + 18 + 7 + 150 = 139 ⇒ xy − (1 − x 2 )(1 − y 2 ) = 1

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Inverse, Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions and Height & Distance 283
⇒ ( xy − 1) = (1 − x )(1 − y )
2 2 2
or,
1 30
bc = a
2 13
⇒ x 2 y 2 + 1 − 2 xy = 1 − x 2 − y 2 + x 2 y 2
60
or x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy = 0 or bc = a (∵ A = π / 2) . . . (i)
13
⇒ ( x − y )2 = 0 17
Also, b + c = 2s − a = a . . . (ii)
∴ x= y 13
∴ λ =1 Solving equation (i) and (ii), we get b =
12 5
a and c = a
13 13
Then, 39 2 λ + 5λ = 392 + 5 = 1521 + 5 = 1526
bc
s −a s −b s −c ∆ 2 bc
96. (1155) Given that = = . Also, = =
11 12 13 s a +b+c a+b+c
s − a + s − b + s − c 3s − 2 s s 2
= = = 2
11 + 12 + 13 36 36 ⇒ 2= a
11s 12s 13s 13
∴ s−a = , s−b = , s−c ⇒ a = 13
36 36 36
12 s 13s 99. (216) Obviously 32 + 4 2 = 52
×
2 A ( s − b)( s − c) 36 36 13
∴ tan = = = ∴ ∠ BAC = 90°
2 s(s − a) s×
11s 33
36 5
In ∆CAE , let ∠CAE = θ and CE =
A 3
∵ λ tan 2 = 455 A
2
13
⇒ λ × = 455 θ
33 3 4
⇒ λ = 35 × 33 = 1155

2∆ 2∆ 2∆ B C
97. (24) p1 = , p2 = , p3 = D E 5/3
a b c 5

∴ p1 + p2 + p3 ≥ 3{ p1 p2 p3 }1/ 3 42 (5 / 3) 2 − AE 2 16 + 25 / 9 − AE 2
We have, cos C = =
1/ 3 1/ 3 2⋅4⋅5/3 40 / 3
 (2∆)3   1 
= 3  = 6∆   4 169 / 9 − AE 2
 (abc)   abc  ⇒ =
5 40 / 3
1/ 3 1/ 3
 1  a+b+c 1  169 4 40 32
= 6rs   = 6r   ⇒ − AE 2 = × =
 abc  2  abc  9 5 3 3
 a + b + c  1 
1/ 3
169 32 169 − 96 73
= 9r    ≥ 9r ∴ AE 2 = − = =
 3  abc  9 3 9 9

 AM  4 2 + AE 2 − (5 / 3) 2
≥ 1 Again from the ∆CAE , cos θ =
∵ 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ AE
 GM 
16 + 73/ 9 − 25 / 9 16 + 48 / 9 16 + 16 / 3 64
8 = = = =
= 9 × = 24 8 AE 8 AE 8 AE 24 AE
3
8 8 3 8
⇒ p1 + p2 + p3 ≥ 24 = = × =
3 AE 3 73 73
∆ ∆
98. (13) r = = 2 and r1 = = 15 73
s s−a ∴ secθ =
8
s−a r 2 15
Thus, = = or s = a 73 9
s r1 15 13 ⇒ tan 2 θ = sec2 θ − 1 =
−1 =
64 64
∆ 30 3 3
So, =2 ⇒ ∆= a ∴ tan θ = ⇒ 576 tan θ = 576 × = 216
s 13 8 8

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284 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
100. (1719) We have ∆ = ∆ BPC + ∆CPA + ∆ APB Now, AM ≥ HM
1 1 1 xa x x
⇒ ∆= ⋅ a ⋅ xa + ⋅ b ⋅ xb + ⋅ c ⋅ xc + b + c
2 2 2 H a Hb Hc 3
∴ ≥
1 3  Ha Hb Hc 
⇒ ∆ = (axa + bxb + cxc ) . . . (i)  + + 
2  xa xb xc 
1 1 1 1 3
Also, ∆ = aH a = aH b = aH c . . . (ii) ⇒ ≥
2 2 2 3  Ha Hb Hc 
A  + + 
 xa xb xc 
H a Hb Hc
or + + ≥9
P xa xb xc

B C H H H 
∴ 191 a + b + c  ≥ 1719
xa x x  xa xb xc 
From equations (i) and (ii), we get + b + c =1
Ha Hb Hc

***

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
Limits, Continuity and 285

13 Differentiability
QUICK LOOK
Existence of Limit: lim f ( x) exists when,
x →a

Limit of a Function
lim f ( x) and lim+ f ( x) exist i.e. L.H.L. and R.H.L. both
x→a− x →a
Let y = f ( x) be a function of x. If at x = a, f ( x) takes exists.
indeterminate form, then we consider the values of the function
lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) i.e. L.H.L. = R.H.L.
x →a x →a
which are very near to ‘a’. If these values tend to a definite
unique number as x tends to ‘a’, then the unique number so 0 ∞

If a function f ( x ) takes the form or at x = a , then we
obtained is called the limit of f ( x ) at x = a and we write it as 0 ∞
say that f ( x ) is indeterminate or meaningless at x = a.
lim f ( x).
x →a
Other indeterminate forms are ∞−∞,∞×∞,0×∞,1∞,00,∞ 0

Meaning of ‘x → a’: Let x be a variable and a be the

In short, we write L.H.L. for left hand limit and R.H.L.
constant. If x assumes values nearer and nearer to ‘a’ then
for right hand limit.
we say ’x tends to a’ and we write ' x → a '. It should be

It is not necessary that if the value of a function at some
noted that as x → a , we have x ≠ a. By ‘x tends to a’ we
point exists then its limit at that point must exist.
mean that

x≠a
Sandwich Theorem: If f ( x ), g ( x) and h( x) are any three

x assumes values nearer and nearer to ‘a’ and functions such that, f ( x) ≤ g ( x) ≤ h( x) ∀ x ∈ neighborhood

We are not specifying any manner in which x should
of x = a and lim f ( x) = lim h( x) = l (say), then lim g ( x) = l.
approach to ‘a’. x may approach to a from left or right as x→a x→a x →a

shown in figure. This theorem is normally applied when the lim g ( x) can't
x→a
x a a x
be obtained by using conventional methods as function
f ( x ) and h( x) can be easily found.

Left Hand and Right Hand Limit: Consider the values Fundamental Theorems on Limits and Expansions
of the functions at the points which are very near to a on The following theorems are very useful for evaluation of limits
the left of a. If these values tend to a definite unique if lim f ( x) = l and lim g ( x) = m (l and m are real numbers) then
number as x tends to a, then the unique number so x →0 x →0

obtained is called left-hand limit of f ( x ) at x = a and
lim( f ( x) + g ( x)) = l + m (Sum rule)

x →a
symbolically we write it as f (a − 0) = lim− f ( x)
lim( f ( x) − g ( x)) = l − m (Difference rule)
x →a x →a
= lim f (a − h)
lim( f ( x).g ( x)) = l.m (Product rule)
h →0 x→a

Similarly we can define right-hand limit of f ( x ) at
lim k f ( x) = k .l (Constant multiple rule)
x→a
x = a which is expressed as f (a + 0) = lim+ f ( x)
x→a f ( x) l

lim = , m ≠ 0 (Quotient rule)
= lim f ( a + h). x→a g ( x) m
h→0
1

If lim f ( x) = +∞ or −∞, then lim =0
x→a x→ a f ( x)

Method for Finding L.H.L. and R.H.L

For finding right hand limit (R.H.L.) of the function, we
lim log{ f ( x)} = log{lim f ( x)}
x→ a x →a
write x + h in place of x, while for left hand limit

If f ( x) ≤ g ( x) for all x, then lim f ( x) ≤ lim g ( x)
(L.H.L.) we write x – h in place of x. x →a x →a

Then we replace x by ‘a’ in the function so obtained. lim g ( x )

lim[ f ( x)]g ( x ) = {lim f ( x)}x→a

Lastly we find limit h → 0. x →a x →a

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286 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

If p and q are integers, then lim( f ( x)) p/q

=l p/q
, provided Methods of Evaluation of Limits
x→ a
We shall divide the problems of evaluation of limits in five
(l ) p / q is a real number. categories.

If lim f ( g ( x)) = f (lim g ( x)) = f (m) provided ‘f’ is continuous
Algebraic limits: Let f ( x ) be an algebraic function and
x →a x→a

at g ( x) = m. e.g . lim ln[ f ( x)] = ln(l ), only if l > 0. ‘a’ be a real number. Then lim f ( x) is known as an
x →a x →a

algebraic limit.
Some Important Expansions.
Direct Substitution Method: If by direct substitution of
In finding limits, use of expansions of following functions are the point in the given expression we get a finite number,
useful: then the number obtained is the limit of the given
n n(n − 1) 2

(1 + x) = 1 + nx + x + ..... expression.
2!

Factorisation Method: In this method, numerator and
( x log a ) 2 denominator are factorised. The common factors are

a x = 1 + x log a + + .....
2! cancelled and the rest outputs the results.
x 2 x3
Rationalisation Method: Rationalisation is followed

ex = 1 + x + + + .....
2! 3! 1 1
when we have fractional powers (like , etc.) on
2 3
x 2 x3 x 4

log(1 + x) = x − + − + .....,| x | < 1 expressions in numerator or denominator or in both.
2 3 4
After rationalisation the terms are factorised which on
x 2 x3 x 4

log(1 − x) = − x − − − − ......., where | x | < 1 cancellation gives the result.
2 3 4

Based on the form when x → ∞ : In this case
1 1 x x2
log(1+ x ) 1− +  x 11 2  expression should be expressed as a function 1/x and

(1 + x) x = ex = e 2 3 ..... = e 1 − + x − ..... 
 2 24  then after removing indeterminate form, (if it is there)
x3 x5 1

sin x = x − + − ....... replace by 0.
3! 5! x
x 2 x 4 x6 Step (i): Write down the expression in the form of

cos x = 1 − + − + ......
2! 4! 6! f ( x)
rational function, i.e., , if it is not so.
g ( x)
x3 2 x5

tan x = x + + + ..... Step (ii): If k is the highest power of x in numerator and
3 15
denominator both, then divide each term of numerator
x3 x 5

sin h x = x + + + .....
3! 5! and denominator by x k .

x2 x4 x6 Step (iii): Use the result lim

1
= 0, where n > 0.

cosh x = 1 + + + + .....
2! 4! 6! x →∞ xn

x3

tanh x = x − + 2 x5 − ..... Note
3
If m, n are positive integers and a0 , b0 ≠ 0 are non-zero real
x3 x5

sin −1 x = x + 12. + 32.12. + ..... numbers, then
3! 5!
 a0
π   b , if m = n

cos−1 x =   − sin −1 x
a x + a x + .... + am−1 x + am 
m −1 0
2 m
lim 0 n 1 n−1 =  0, if m < n
x→∞ b x + b x + ..... + bn−1 x + bn 
x3 x5 x 7 0 1
∞,if m > n

tan −1 x = x − + − + ..... 
3 5 7 

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 287

Trigonometric Limits: To evaluate trigonometric limits the To evaluate the exponential limits we use the following results
following results are very important. ex −1
sin x x
lim =1
x →0 x

lim = 1 = lim
x →0 x x →0 sin x
ax −1
tan x x
lim = log e a

lim = 1 = lim x →0 x
x→0 x x→0 tan x
eλ x − 1
sin −1 x x
lim = λ (λ ≠ 0)

lim = 1 = lim −1 x→0 x
x →0 x x →0 sin x
tan −1 x x
Based on the form 1∞ : To evaluate the exponential form

lim = 1 = lim
x →0 x x →0 tan −1 x
1∞ we use the following results.
sin x 0
π
If lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = 0, then lim{1 + f ( x)}1/ g ( x )

lim = x →a x →a x→a
x →0 x 180
f ( x)

lim cos x = 1 lim
x→0 = e x→a g ( x ) , or when lim f ( x) = 1 and lim g ( x) = ∞.
x→a x→a
sin( x − a)

lim =1 g ( x) lim ( f ( x ) −1) g ( x )
x →a x−a Then lim{ f ( x)} = lim [1 + f ( x) − 1]g ( x ) = e x→a
x→a x →a
tan( x − a)

lim =1
lim(1 + x)1/ x = e
x →a x−a x →0

lim sin −1 x = sin −1 a, | a | ≤ 1  1

x
x →a

lim 1 +  = e
x →∞  x

lim cos −1 x = cos −1 a; | a | ≤ 1
x →a

lim(1 + λ x)1/ x = eλ

lim tan −1 x = tan −1 a; − ∞ < a < ∞ x →0
x →a x
 λ
sin x cos x
lim 1 +  = eλ

lim = lim =0 x →∞  x
x→∞ x x→∞ x

sin (1/ x )

lim =1 Note
x →∞ (1/ x )
∞ ,if a > 1
lim a x =  i.e., a ∞ = ∞, if a > 1 and a ∞ = 0 if
x →∞  0 ,if a < 1

Logarithmic Limits: To evaluate the logarithmic limits we
use following formulae a < 1.

x 2 x3

log(1+ x) = x − + −...to ∞ where −1 < x ≤ 1 and
L’Hospital’s Rule
2 3
f ( x) f ′( x )
expansion is true only if base is e.
If f (a) = 0 and φ (a) = 0 then lim = lim
x→a φ ( x) x → a φ ′( x)
log(1 + x)

lim =1 If lim f ( x) = ∞ and lim φ ( x) = ∞, then
x→0 x x→a x →a

lim log e x = 1 f ( x) f ′( x )
x→e lim = lim
x→a φ ( x) x → a φ ′( x)
log(1 − x)

lim = −1
x →0 x
log a (1 + x)
Differentiability of a function at a point

lim = log a e, a > 0, ≠ 1
Right-hand derivative of f ( x) at x = a , denoted by
x →0 x
f ( a + h) − f ( a )
f '(a + 0) or f '(a +), is the lim .

Exponential Limits h→ 0 h

Based on Series Expansion
Left-hand derivative of f ( x) at x = a , denoted by
2 3
We use e x = 1 + x +
x
+
x
+ .........∞ f ( a + h) − f ( a )
f '(a − 0) or f '(a −), is the lim
2! 3! h→ 0 −h

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288 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

A function f ( x) is said to be differentiable (finitely) at Albebraic Property of Continuity and Differentiability
x = a if f '(a + 0) = f '(a − 0) = finite, i.e.,
If f(x) and f(x) are both continuous (or differentiable) at
x = a then f ( x) ± φ ( x) and f ( x) × φ ( x) are continuous (or
f ( a + h) − f ( a ) f (a − h) − f (a )
lim = lim = finite and differentiable) at x = a.
h→ 0 h h→ 0 −h
the common limit is called the derivative of f ( x) at
If f(x) is continuous (or differentiable) and φ (x) is
x = a , denoted by f '(a ). discontinuous (or non-differentiable) then f ( x) ± φ ( x) and

f ( x) − f (a) f ( x) × φ ( x) are discontinuous (or non-differentiable) at x = a.

Clearly, f ′( a ) = lim , {x → a from the left
x→a x−a
as well as from the right}. Continuity and Differentiability in an Interval

f(x) is continuous in an interval if it is continuous at each

Relation between Continuity and Differentiability point of the interval.

f(x)is differentiable (finitely) at x = a
f(x) is differentiable in an interval if it is differentiable at
⇒ f(x)is continuous at x = a each point of the interval.

f(x) is not continuous at x = a
⇒ f(x) is not differentiable (finitely) at x = a. Method of examining continuity and differentiability in an
interval:
Note
Detect all the pieces of the intervals of definition of the
While examining the continuity and differentiability of a function.
function f(x) at a point x = a, if you start with the
Apply continuity and differentiability of standard functions
differentiability and find that f(x) is differentiable then you can in each of the intervals.
conclude that the function is also continuous. But if you find
Examine the continuity and differentiability at each
f(x) is not differentiable at x = a, you will also have to check the turning point of definition of the function.
continuity separately. Instead, if you start with continuity and
find that the function is not continuous then you can conclude Some Properties of a Function Continuous Over a Closed
that the function is also non-differentiable. But if you find f(x) Interval
is continuous, you will also have to check the differentiability
If f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a, b] then the
separately. value of f(x) at all points in [a, b] will be lie between two
fixed real numbers.
Continuity and Differentiability of Some Standard Functions
In the interval [a, b], f(x) has a greatest value and a least

Polynomial functions (i.e., a0xn + a1xn–1+…+an), sin x, cos x value f(x) will obtain all the values lying between min f(x)
and ex are continuous and differentiable at all points of the and max f(x) and max f(x) for points in [a, b] the range of
set R of real numbers. f(x) = [min f(x), max f(x)] when the domain of f(x) = [a, b].

log e x is continuous and differentiable at all points of
Rough Sketch of a Function in an Interval
(0, +∞ ).

If a function f(x) is continuous at x = a, the graph of f(x) at

tan x and sec x are continuous and differentiable at all
the corresponding point {a, f(a)} will not be broken. But if
 π 3π 5π  f(x) is discontinuous at x = a, the graph will be broken at the
points of R −  , , ,..... .
2 2 2  corresponding point.

cot x and cosec x are continuous and differentiable at all Y Y
points of R − {0, π , 2π , 3π ,.....}.

| x − a | is continuous everywhere and differentiable at all
points except at x = a.
O a X O a X

[x] is continuous and differentiable everywhere except at (When continuous at x = a (When discontinuous at x = a
x = an integer. Figure: 13.1 Figure: 13.2

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 289

If a function f ( x) is differentiable at x = a , the graph of The discontinuity may arise due to any of the following
f ( x) will be such that there is only one tangent to the graph situations.

lim+ f ( x) or lim− f ( x) or both may not exist
at the corresponding point. But if f ( x) is nondifferentiable x →a x →a

at x = a , there will not be unique tangent at the
lim+ f ( x) as well as lim− f ( x) may exist, but are unequal.
x →a x →a
corresponding point of the graph.

lim f ( x) as well as lim− f ( x) both may exist, but either
Y Y x →a + x →a

of the two or both may not be equal to f (a).

Note
O a X O a X
(When differentiable at x = a

A function f is said to have removable discontinuity at
(When nodifferentiable at x = a
x = a if lim+ f (x ) = lim− f (x ) but their common value is not
Figure: 13.3 Figure: 13.4 x +a x +a

equal to f(a).
Method of drawing a rough sketch of a function in an interval: Such a discontinuity can be removed by assigning a suitable
Take the different pieces of intervals of definition of the value to the function f at x = a.
function and draw graph in each of the intervals.

If lim f ( x ) does not exist, then we cannot remove this
Examine the continuity and differentiability at each of the x →a

turning points of definition. discontinuity. So this become a non-removable discontinuity

or essential discontinuity.
Let x = a be a turning point. Let f ( x) be defined in [b, a] and
If f is continuous at x = c and g is discontinuous at x = c,
(a, c]. If f ( x) is continuous at a then the graphs for f ( x) in [b, then
f + g and f − g are discontinuous
a] and (a, c] will be joined at x = a as in Figure 13.1. If f ( x) is
f .g may be continuous
discontinuous at x = a , draw the graph of f ( x) in [b, a] and the

If f and g are discontinuous at x = c, then f + g , f − g and
graph of f ( x) in (a, c] with o at the beginning of the graph in
fg may still be continuous.
(a, c] as in Figure 13.2. If f ( x) is continuous at x = a but not

Point functions (domain and range consists one value only)
differentiable at x = a then the graph of f ( x) at x = a will be as
is not a continuous function.
shown in Figure 13.4.
Differentiation: Once again, the term differentiation is
Properties of Limits frequently not understood properly. In simple terms,

lim { f ( x) ± φ ( x)} = lim f ( x) ± lim φ ( x) differentiation is the process by which you find the derivative
x→a x→a x→a
of a function:

lim { f ( x) × φ ( x)} = lim f ( x) × lim φ ( x)
x→a x→a x→a f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0
f ( x) lim f ( x) h

lim = x→a
x→a φ ( x) lim φ ( x) f ( x − h) − f ( x)
x→a or f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0−h
lim log e f ( x )

lim f ( x) = e x→a Thus, for example, when we say something line ‘differentiate
x→a
f ( x ) = x 2 to get 2x’, we are essentially talking about carrying
{ }
lim φ ( x )
φ (x)

lim{ f ( x)} = lim f ( x) x →a

x→a x →a out the process to find the derivative of f ( x) at any x-value,

lim f {φ ( x)} = f ( lim φ ( x) ) if f ( x) is continuous which comes out to be 2x. The various rules we have made for
x→a x →a
differentiation-from the simpler standard formulae of
differentiation to the product, quotient and chain rule – all have
Discontinuous Function: A function ‘f’ which is not the same basis and meaning – finding the slope of the tangent
continuous at a point x = a in its domain is said to be tot eh curve at any x-value. The derivative off obtained at any
discontinuous there at. The point ‘a’ is called a point of point x is dependent on the value of x, and so the derivative is
discontinuity of the function. itself a function of x.

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290 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS x
10. lim is equal to:
Limit of a Function x →0 1+ x − 1− x
 x, when x > 1 a.
1
b. 2 c. 1 d. 0
1. If f ( x) =  2 , then lim f ( x) = ? 2
 x , when x < 1 x →1

a. x 2 b. x a + 2 x − 3x
11. lim equals:
c. – 1 d. 1 x→a 3a + x − 2 x
| x−2| 2a 2
2. lim =? a. b.
x→2 x−2 3 3 3 3
a. 1 b. –1 c. 0 d. None of these
c. Does not exist d. None of these
199 + 299 + 399 + .... + n99
 2 12. lim =?
 , when x < 3 n →∞ n100
3. If f ( x ) =  5 − x , then:
5 − x, when x > 3 a.
99
b.
1
c.
1
d.
1
100 100 99 101
a. lim+ f ( x) = 0 b. lim− f ( x) = 0
x →3 x →3
13. The values of constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that
c. lim+ f ( x) ≠ lim − f ( x ) d. None of these
x →3 x →3  x −1 2 
lim  − ax − b  = 2 is:

x →∞ x + 1 
 
Methods of Evaluation of Limits
a. a = 0, b = 0 b. a = 1, b = −1
4. lim (3 x 2 + 4 x + 5) = ? c. a = 1, b = −3 d. a = 2, b = −1
x →1

a. 12 b. –1
 ∑ n2 
c. Does not exist d. None of these 14. lim  3  = ?
n→∞  n 

3x / 2 − 3
5. The value of lim is: 1 1 1 −1
x →2 3x − 9 a. − b. c. d.
6 6 3 3
1 1
a. 0 b. c. d. ln 3
3 6  1 2 n 
15. lim  2
+ 2
+ ...... +  is equal to:
n →∞  1 − n 1− n 1 − n2 
xn − an
6. The value of lim is: 1
x →a x − a
a. 0 b. −
2
a. 0 b. na n −1
1
c. na n d. 1 c. d. None of these
2
7. lim(1 + x)1/ x = ? πx
x →1 16. lim(1 − x) tan  =?
a. 2 b. e x →1  2 
c. Not defined d. None of these π 2
a. b. π c. d. 0
3 2 2 π
x − x − 18
8. The value of the limit of as x tends to 3 is:
x −3 1 − cos 2( x − 1)
17. lim
a. 3 b. 9 x →1 x −1
c. 18 d. 21
a. Exists and it equal 2
3
x −8 b. Exists and it equals − 2
9. The value of the limit of as x tends to 2 is:
( x2 − 4) c. Does not exist because x − 1 → 0
3 d. Does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to
a. 3 b. c. 1 d. 0 right hand limit
2

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 291
x3 eα x − e β x
18. lim 2
=? 27. lim =?
x →0 sin x x →0 x
1 1 1
a. 0 b. c. 3 d. a. α + β b. +β
3 2 α

sin 3x + sin x c. α 2 − β 2 d. α − β
19. lim =?
x →0 x
(1 + x)1/ x − e
1 1 28. lim equals:
a. b. 3 c. 4 d. x →0 x
3 4
a. π / 2 b. 0
 1 c. 2 / e d. − e / 2
 x sin , x ≠ 0
20. If f ( x) =  x , then lim f ( x) = ?  x
m
x →0
 0, x = 0 29. lim  cos  = ?
m →∞  m
a. 1 b. 0 a. 0 b. e
c. –1 d. None of these c. 1/e d. 1
 sin[ x] n ( n −1)
 , [ x] ≠ 0  n2 − n + 1 
21. If f ( x) =  [ x] , then lim f ( x) equals: 30. lim  2  =?
 0 , [ x] = 0 x →0 n →∞  n − n − 1 
  
a. 1 b. 0 a. e b. e2 c. e−1 d. 1
c. –1 d. Does not exist
(cos x −1)(cos x − ex )
31. The integer n for which lim is a finite
 3x − x
−1
3  
−1 1− x
 2 x→0 xn
22. If f ( x) = cot   and g(x) = cos  2
, then
 1 − 3x2 
   1+ x  non-zero number is:
a. 1 b. 2
f ( x) − f ( a ) 1
lim , 0 < a < is: c. 3 d. 4
x→a g ( x ) − g (a) 2
32. Let f : R → R be such that f (1) = 3 and f ′ (1) = 6. Then
3 3
a. b. 1
2(1 + a 2 ) 2(1 + x 2 )
 f (1 + x)  x
lim   equals:
3 3 x →0  f (1) 
c. d. −
2 2
a. 1 b. e1/ 2
log e (1 + 2h) − 2 log e (1 + h)
23. lim ? c. e2 d. e3
h →0 2
h
a. –1 b. 1 c. 2 d. –2 sin α − cos α
33. lim =?
α →π / 4 α −π / 4
log{1 + ( x − a )}
24. lim =? a. 2 b. 1/ 2
x→a ( x − a)
c. 1 d. None of these
a. –1 b. 2 c. 1 d. –2
x3 − a3
log10 (1 + h) 34. lim =?
25. lim = ? x→a x2 − a2
h→0 h
a. 0 b. Not defined
a. 1 b. log10 e
3a
c. log e 10 d. None of these c. 2a d.
2
log(3 + x) − log(3 − x) (1 + x) n − 1
26. If lim = k , then the value of k is 35. lim =?
x →0 x x →0 x
1 2 2 a. n b. 1
a. 0 b. − c. d. − c. –1 d. None of these
3 3 3

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292 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

xe x − log(1 + x) Discontinuous Function

36. lim equals:
x →0 x 2 1
43. The points of discontinuity of y = 2
where
2 1 1 3 u +u −2
a. b. c. d.
3 3 2 2 1
u= is:
x −1
sin −1 x − tan −1 x
37. lim is equal to: 1 −1
x →0 x3 a. ,1, 2 b. ,1, − 2
2 2
1
a. 0 b. 1 c. – 1 d. 1
2 c. , − 1, 2 d. None of these
2
log(1 + ax) − log(1 − bx)
Continuity from Left and Right 44. The function f ( x) = is not defined
x
 x + λ, x < 3
 at x = 0. The value which should be assigned to f at x = 0
38. If f ( x) =  4, x = 3 is continuous at x = 3, then λ =?
so that it is continuous at x = 0, is:
3x − 5, x > 3
 a. a − b b. a + b
a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1 c. log a + log b d. log a − log b
 1
 x sin , x ≠ 0 45. Let f ( x ) be defined for all x > 0 and be continuous. Let
39. If f ( x) =  x is continuous at x = 0, then the
 k , x=0 x
f ( x ) satisfy f   = f ( x) − f ( y ) for all x, y and
value of k is:  y
a. 1 b. –1 c. 0 d. 2 f (e) = 1, then:
(cos x) , x ≠ 0 1/ x
a. f ( x) = In x b. f ( x ) is bounded
40. If the function f (x) =  is continuous at
 k ,x =0
1
c. f   → 0 as x → 0 d. xf ( x ) → 1 as x → 0
x = 0, then the value of k is: x
a. 1 b. –1 c. 0 d. e
 1 − sin x π
 π − 2 x , x≠
Continuity of a Function in Open and Closed Interval 46. If f ( x ) =  2 be continuous at x = π ,
 π 2
 2 π λ, x=
 x + a 2 sin x , 0 ≤ x < 4  2
 then value of λ is:
 π π
41. If the function f ( x) =  x cot x + b , ≤ x < , is a. –1 b. 1
 4 2
 π c. 0 d. 2
b sin 2 x − a cos 2 x, 2 ≤ x ≤ π
 2− x+4
47. If f ( x) = ; ( x ≠ 0), is continuous function at
continuous in the interval [0, π] then the values of (a, b) sin 2 x
are: x = 0, then f (0 ) equals:
a. (–1, –1) b. (0, 0) 1 1
c. (–1, 1) d. (1, –1) a. b. −
4 4
 1 1
1− cos 4x , when x < 0
c. d. −
 x2 8 8

42. If f (x) =  a , when x = 0 is continuous at x = 0,
 Differentiability of a Function at a Point
 x
, when x > 0 x
 (16 + x ) − 4 48. If the function f is defined by f ( x) = , then at what
 1+ | x |
then the value of ‘a’ will be: points f is differentiable:
a. 8 b. –8 a. Everywhere b. Except at x = ±1
c. 4 d. None of these c. Except at x = 0 d. Except at x = 0 or ± 1

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 293
49. The left hand derivative of f ( x ) = [ x ] sin(π x ) at x = k NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
(k is an integer), is: More than One Answer
a. (−1)k (k − 1)π b. (−1)k −1 (k − 1)π 56. If x + | y |= 2 y, then y as a function of x is:
a. defined for all real x b. continuous at x = 0
c. (−1)k kπ d. (−1)k −1 kπ
dy 1
c. differentiable for all x d. such that = for x < 0
50. The function f ( x ) =| x | + | x − 1 | is: dx 3
a. Continuous at x = 1, but not differentiable 57. The function f ( x) = 1+ | sin x | is:
b. Both continuous and differentiable at x = 1 a. continuous no where
c. Not continuous at x = 1 b. continuous everywhere
d. None of these c. differentiable at x = 0
d. not differentiable at infinite number of points.
 ax2 + b , x < −1
51. If the derivative of the function f ( x) = 58. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
2
bx + ax + 4, x ≥ −1 If f ( x) = [ x sin π x], then f(x) is:
is everywhere continuous and differentiable at x = 1 then: a. continuous at x = 0 b. continuous in (-1, 0)
a. a = 2, b = 3 b. a = 3, b = 2 c. differentiable at x = 1 d. differentiable in (-1, 1)
c. a = –2, b = – 3 d. a = – 3, b = – 2
 | x − 3 |, x ≥1

52. Let f be twice differentiable function such that 59. The function f ( x) =  x 2 3x 13 is:
 4 − 2 + 4 , x < 1
f "(x) =− f (x) and f '( x ) = g ( x ), h( x) = { f ( x )}2 + {g ( x )}2 .
a. continuous at x = 1 b. differentiable at x = 1
If h(5) = 11, then h(10) is equal to: c. discontinuous at x = 1 d. differentiable at x = 3
a. 22 b. 11
60. The following functions are continuous on (0, π ) :
c. 0 d. None of these
x 1
a. tan x b. ∫
0
t sin dt
t
Differentiability in an Open Interval
 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3π / 4  x sin x, 0 < x ≤π / 2
 
53. The set of points where the function f (x) = 1−e −x2 c.  2 3π d. π π
is
2 sin 9 x, < x<π  sin(π + x), < x <π
4 2 2
differentiable:
a. ( −∞, ∞ ) b. ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ) 61. Let h( x) = min{x, x 2 } for every real number of x, then:
c. (−1, ∞) d. None of these a. h is continuous for all x
b. h is differentiable for all x
 −  1 + 1  c. h '( x) = 1, for all x > 1

54. If f ( x ) =  xe  | x | x  , x ≠ 0 , then f ( x ) is:
d. h is not differentiable at two values of x
0 , x=0

62. If f ( x) = min{1, x 2 , x3 }, then:
a. Continuous as well as differentiable for all x
b. Continuous for all x but not differentiable at x = 0 a. f ( x) is continuous everywhere
c. Neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0 b. f ( x) is continuous and differentiable everywhere
d. Discontinuous every where c. f ( x) is not differentiable at two points
1 d. f ( x) is not differentiable at one point
55. The function f ( x) = x 2 sin , x ≠ 0, f (0) = 0 at x = 0 ?
x
63. Let f ( x) be a non-constant twice differentiable function
a. Is continuous but not differentiable
defined on (−∞, ∞) such that f (x) = f (1− x) and f '(1/ 4) = 0.
b. Is discontinuous
c. Is having continuous derivative Then:
d. Is continuous and differentiable a. f '( x) vanishes at least twice on [0, 1]

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294 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
b. f '(1/ 2) = 0 69. Le f :[a, b] →[1, ∞) be a continuous function an g : R → R be
1/ 2  1 
c. ∫
−1/ 2
f  x +  sin x dx = 0
 2 0, if x < a
 x
1/ 2 1 defined as g ( x) =  ∫ f (t )dt , if a ≤ x ≤ b. Then:
d. ∫ 0
f (t )esin π t dt = ∫1 f (1 − t )esin π t dt  b
a

 f (t )dt , if x > b
 ∫a
2

x2
a − a2 − x2 − a. g ( x) is continuous but not differentiable at a
64. Let L = lim 4 , a > 0. If L is finite, then:
x→0 4
x b. g ( x) is differentiable on R
1 1
a. a = 2 b. a = 1 c. L = d. L = c. g ( x) is continuous but not differentiable at b
64 32
d. g ( x) is continuous and differentiable at either a or b but
1
65. For the function f ( x) = x cos , x ≥ 1, ? not both
x
a. for at least one x in the interval [1, ∞), f (x + 2) − f (x) < 2
Assertion and Reason
b. lim f '( x) = 1
x →∞
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
c. for all x in the interval [1, ∞), f ( x + 2) − f ( x) > 2
the correct option out of the options given below:
d. f '( x) is strictly decreasing in the interval [1, ∞)
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
66. Let f : R → R be a function such that f (x + y) = f ( x) + f ( y), correct explanation of the assertion.
∀ x, y ∈ R. If f ( x) is differentiable at x = 0, then: b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
a. f ( x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing correct explanation of the assertion.
zero c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
b. f ( x) is continuous ∀x ∈ R d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
c. f '( x) is constant ∀x ∈ R e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
d. f ( x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
x2 + 1 − 3 x2 + 1
70. Let f ( x) = ?
 π π 4
x4 + 1 − 5 x4 + 1
− x − 2 , x ≤ − 2
 Assertion: lim f ( x) = 1
 π x →∞
67. If f ( x) =  − cos x, − < x ≤ 0, then:
 2 1
Reason: lim = 0 for n > 0
 x − 1, 0 < x ≤1 x →∞ xn
ln x, x >1

1 3
a. f ( x) is continuous at x = −π / 2 71. Let f ( x) = − , x ≠1 ?
1− x 1− x
b. f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 0
Assertion: The value of f (1) so that f is a continuous
c. f ( x) is differentiable at x = 1
function is 1.
3 x+2
d. f ( x) is differentiable at x = − Reason: g ( x) = is a continuous function.
2 1 + x + x2
68. Let f ( x) = x sin π x, x > 0. Then, for all natural numbers n,
f '( x) vanishes at: 1 − cos x cos 2 x
72. Let f ( x) = , x≠0?
x2
 1
a. a unique point in the interval  n, n +  Assertion: The value of f (0) so that f is a continuous
 2
 1  3
b. a unique point in the interval  n + , n + 1 function is.
 2  2
c. a unique point in the interval (n, n + 1) Reason: For an even function defined near a point a,
d. two points in the interval (n, n + 1) lim f ( x) = lim f ( x)
x →a + x→a

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 295
 x−a πx a Comprehension
73. Assertion: lim  sin tan = ,a≠0
x→a
 2 2a  π Paragraph-I
1− h
Reason: Trigonometric functions are continuous on their Given that for each a ∈ (0,1), lim+ ∫ t − a (1 − t ) a −1 dt
h →0 h
domain of definition.
Let this limit be g (a). In addition, it is given that the function g
x+1
(a) is differentiable on (0, 1).
1 + sin x − 1 − sin x  1 x
74. Let f ( x) = , x ≠ 0 and g(x) = 1+  80. The value of g(1/2) is:
tan x  x
a. π b. 2π
Assertion: lim f ( x) = lim g ( x)
x →0 x →∞
c. π / 2 d. π / 4
Reason: Both the limits are equal to 1.
81. The value of g '(1/ 2) is:
n
n −1 sin mx a. π / 2 b. π
75. Let f ( x) = , x ≠ 1 and g ( x) = , x ≠ 0 and n ≠ m.
n
n −1 sin nx c. −π / 2 d. 0
Assertion: lim f ( x) = lim g ( x)
x →1 x →0
Paragraph –II
n 
Reason: Both the limits are equal to .
4  a (1 − x sin x) + b cos x + 5 , x < 0
 x2
cos x − sin x π 
76. Let f ( x) = ,x≠ ? Let f ( x) =  3 , x=0
cos 2 x 4  1/ x
   cx + dx  
3

π   1 +  x 2   , x>0
Assertion: The value of f   so that f is a continuous is
4     

1 If f is continuous at x = 0
2 82. The value of a is:
a. – 1 b. ln 3
1 1
Reason: f ( x) = c. 0 d. – 4
2 sin  x + π 
 
 4 83. The value of b is:
a. – 1 b. ln 3
( x + 1) + ( x + 2 ) … + ( x + 50 )
10 10 10
c. 0 d. – 4
77. f ( x) = ?
x10 + 1010 84. The value of c is:
Assertion: lim f ( x) = 10 a. 2 b. 3
x→a

−1 c. 0 d. none of these
10 10   10 10 
Reason: f ( x) = ∑ ∑ 10
Cr x r −10
α 10 − r
 1 +    85. The value of e d is:
r =1 α
=1   x  a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
78. Let f ( x) = x if x is reactional and f ( x) = 1 − x if x is 86. The minimum value of f ( x) is:
irrational? a. 1 b. 2
Assertion: f is discontinous on [0, 1] c. 3 d. none of these
Reason: f satisfies the intermediate value property.
Match the Column
79. Let f be a continous function satisfying 87. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
 x + y  f ( x) + f ( y ) Column I Column II
f = , f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1 ?
 2  2 (A) sin(π [ x]) 1. differentiable everywhere
Assertion: There is only one function satisfying the above (B) sin{π ( x − [ x])} 2. nowhere differentiable
conditions.
3. not differentiable at 1 and -1
Reason: A continous function satisfying f ( x + y ) =
a. A→ 1, B→ 3 b. A→ 2, B→ 3
f ( x) + f ( y ) is of the form f ( x) = α x.
c. A→ 1, B→ 2 d. A→ 3, B→ 1

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296 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
88. In the following, [x] denotes the greatest integer less than Integer
or equal to x:
91. The value of lim2008 e(1+ sin π x)cotπ x must be:
Column I Column II x→1

(A) x | x | 1. continuous in (-1, 1) x + x2 + x3 +…x97 −97

92. The value of lim must be:
(B) | x| 2. differentiable in (-1, 1) x→1 (x −1)

(C) x + [ x] 3. strictly increasing (-1, 1) not ( x + 7) − 3 (2 x − 3)

93. The value of lim 529 must be:
differentiable at least at x→2 3 ( x + 6) − 2 3 (3x − 5)
(D) | x − 1| + | x + 1 | 4. one point in (-1, 1)
1/ x
 π 
a. A→ 1,2,3, B→ 2,4, C→ 3,4, D→ 1,2 94. The value of lim 27 e −2  tan  + x   must be:
b. A→ 2,4,3, B→ 2,3, C→ 3,1, D→ 1,3
x →0
 4 
c. A→ 3,2,1, B→ 3,4, C→ 1,2, D→ 3,2 ⋅ cos −1 (1 − {x})
95. Let sin −1 (1 − {x}) f ( x) = , then the value
d. A→ 4,2,3, B→ 1,4, C→ 2,4, D→ 1,4 2{x} ⋅ (1 − {x})

89. Match the following: 2008 2

of lim f ( x) must be: (where {x} denotes the
Column I Column II π x →0−

(A) y = x 2 e− x is an increasing 1. π / 3 fractional part of x)

function in the interval …  (1 − sin 3 x) π

 2
, x<
x 2. (1, 2)
(B) y = is an increasing  3cos x 2
log x  π
96. If f ( x)  a, x=
 2
function in the interval …
 b(1 − sin x) , x > π
(C) The length of the longest 3. (e, ∞)  (π − 2 x) 2 2
interval in which y = 3sin 5/3
π b
x − 4sin x is increasing is
3 is continuous at x = , then the value of   is:
2 a
4. (0, 2)
∫
(D) If f ( x) = e x ( x − 1)( x − 2)dx then
 x 4 − 256

f decreases in the interval 97. Given f ( x) =  x − 4 , x ≠ 4 .
 λ , x=4
a. A→ 2; B→ 1; C→ 4; D→ 3
b. A→ 1; B→ 3; C→ 4; D→ 2 If f is continuous at x = 4, then the value of λ must be:
c. A→ 4; B→ 3; C→ 1; D→ 2
 36 x − 9 x − 4 x + 1
d. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 4; D→ 2  , x≠0
98. If f ( x) =  2 − (1 + cos x)
90. For f to be continuous f (a ) is given by:  λ, x=0

Column I Column II is continuous at x = 0, then λ = µ ln 2 ⋅ ln 3 then the
log(1 + 4 x) 1 value of µ must be:
(A) f ( x) = 1.
x 4
log(4 + x) − log 4 2. 0  8x − 4 x − 2 x + 1x
(B) f ( x) =  , x>0
x 99. If f ( x) =  x2 is continuous at
e sin x + π x + λ ln 4, x ≤ 0
x
1 1 3. 4
(C) f ( x) = −
sin x cos x x = 0, then the value of 1000eλ must be:
1 − cos3 x 3  1
[ x +1]
(D) f ( x) = 4.
 (exp {( x + 3)ln 27})
27
−9
x sin 2 x 4 , x<3

100. If f ( x) =  3 − 27
x
a. A→ 1; B→ 4; C→ 3; D→ 2 1 − cos( x − 3)
 λ⋅ , x>3
b. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2; D→ 4  ( x − 3) tan( x − 3)
c. A→ 1; B→ 3; C→ 2; D→ 4
is continuous at x = 3, then the value of 8100 λ must be:
d. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 4; D→ 2

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 297
ANSWER 2
3. (c) lim f ( x) = 5 − 3 = 2 and lim f ( x) = =1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. x → 3+ x → 3− 5−3
d c c a c b a d a c
4. (a) lim (3 x 2 + 4 x + 5) = 3(1) 2 + 4(1) + 5 = 12.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. x →1

b b c c b c d a c b
3x / 2 − 3
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 5. (c) lim x/2 2
d d a c b c d d d b
x→ 2 (3 ) − (3)2
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. (3x / 2 − 3) 1
= lim x/2 x/2
= .
c c a d a d d d c a x→ 2 (3 − 3)(3 + 3) 6
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
b a a b a c d a a a xn − a n
6. (b) lim
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. x →a x−a
( x − a ) ( x n −1 + x n − 2 a + .. + a n −1 )
a b b b d a,b,d b,d a,b,d a,b b,c
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. = lim
x→a ( x − a)
a,c,d a,d All a,c b,c,d b,c All b,c a,c a
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. = lim ( x n −1 + x n − 2 a + .... + a n −1 ) = n . a n −1.
x →a
d b d a c b d c a a
1

( )
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. lim  
1/ x x→1 x 
d a d c d c a a c b
7. (a) lim(1 + x) = lim (1 + x) =2
x →1 x →1
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
x3 − x 2 − 18
2008 4753 782 27 1004 32 256 512 2000 1800
8. (d) Let y = lim
x →3 x−3
SOLUTION
= lim( x 2 + 2 x + 6) = 9 + 6 + 6 = 21
x →3
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) To find L.H.L. at x = 1. x3 − 8 ( x 2 + 2 x + 4)( x − 2)
9. (a) lim = lim
i.e., lim− f ( x) = lim f (1 − h) = lim(1 − h) 2
x →2 x −4
2 x→2 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
x →1 h →0 h →0 2
x + 2x + 4 4+4+4
= lim (1 + h 2 − 2h) = 1 = lim = = 3.
h →0 x →2 x+2 2+2
i.e., lim− f (x ) = 1 . . . (i)  x 
x →1 10. (c) lim  
x →0  1 + x − 1 − x 
Now, find R.H.L. at x = 1
i.e., lim f ( x) = lim f (1 + h) = 1  x 1+ x + 1− x 
x →1 + h →0 = lim  × 
x →0  1 + x − 1 − x 1 + x + 1 − x 
i.e., lim f ( x) = 1 . . . (ii) 
x →1+
From (i) and (ii), L.H.L. = R.H.L.
= lim 
(
 x 1+ x + 1− x )  = lim  ( 1+ x + 1− x 
)
⇒ lim f ( x) = 1. x→0 
 1 + x −1+ x  x →0 
 2 
x →1    

| x−2| |2−h−2| 2
2. (c) L.H.L. = lim− = lim = = 1.
x→2 x−2 h → 0 2−h−2 2

h a + 2 x − 3x
= lim = −1 . . . (i) 11. (b) lim
h →0 − h
x→ a 3a + x − 2 x

| x−2| |2+h−2| h  a + 2x − 3x   a + 2x + 3x   3a + x + 2 x 
and, R.H.L = lim+ = lim = lim = 1 . . . (ii) = lim  × × 
x→2 x − 2 h →0 2 + h − 2 h →0 h x→a  3a + x − 2 x   a + 2x + 3x   3a + x + 2 x 
From (i) and (ii) L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L.
 3a + x + 2 x  2
| x−2| = lim  = .
i.e. lim does not exist. x →a  3( a + 2 x + 3x )  3 3
x →2 x − 2

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298 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

199 + 299 + 399 + .... + n99  r 99 

n
x3 x2
12. (b) lim
n →∞ n100
= lim
n →∞
∑  n
r =1

100 

18. (a) lim
x → 0 sin x 2
= lim
x → 0 sin x2
.x

= lim
1
∑
n
r
n
99

∫
1  x100 
= x dx =  99
 =
1
.
1 
=  lim
x2
 x →0 sin x 2


( )

lim x = 1.0 = 0.
 x →0
r =1     0
n →∞ n 0 100 100
sin 3x + sin x sin 3x sin x
 x2 − 1  19. (c) lim = lim + lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
13. (c) lim  − ax − b  = 2

x →∞ x + 1 
  sin 3x sin x
= lim .3 + lim = 1.3 + 1 = 4.
⇒ lim x − 1 − ax − b = 2 x →0 3x x →0 x
x →∞

⇒ lim x(1 − a ) − (1 + b) = 2.
x →∞
x →0
1
x x → 0

 x →
( )
0
1
20. (b) lim x sin   = lim x  lim sin 
  x
Comparing the coefficient of both sides, 1 − a = 0 and
= 0 × (A number oscillating between – 1 and 1) = 0.
1 + b = − 2 ⇒ a = 1, b = −3
21. (d) In closed interval of x = 0 at right hand side [x] = 0 and
 1  1 at left hand side [ x] = −1. Also [0] = 0.
1 + n   2 + n  1
 n(n + 1) (2n + 1)     =
14. (c) lim 
n →∞  3  = nlim  sin[ x]
, (−1 ≤ x < 0)
6n  →∞ 6 3 
Therefore function is defined as f ( x) =  [ x]
Note: Students should remember that, 0
 , (0 ≤ x < 1)
∑n 1 ∑ n2 1
lim = and lim 3 = . sin[ x] sin(−1)
n →∞ n 2 2 n →∞ n 3 ∴ Left hand limit = lim f ( x) = lim = =sin1c
x →0 − x →0 − [ x ] −1
 1 2 n  Right hand limit = 0, Hence, limit doesn’t exist.
15. (b) lim  + + ...... + 
n →∞  1 − n 2 1 − n2 1 − n2 
 3x − x3  −1 
1 − x 
2

∑n 1 n +n 2
1 22. (d) f ( x) = cot −1  2  and g ( x ) = cos  2
= lim = lim =− .  1 − 3x  1 + x 
n →∞ 1 − n 2 2 n →∞ 1 − n 2 2
Put, x = tan θ in both equation
πx  3 tan θ − tan θ 
3
16. (c) lim(1 − x ) tan  ,  = cot {tan 3θ }
−1
x →1  2  f (θ ) = cot −1 
 1 − 3 tan θ 
2

Put 1 − x = y ⇒ as x → 1, y → 0
π  π
π y  f (θ ) = cot −1 cot  − 3θ  = − 3θ ⇒ f ′(θ ) = −3 . . .(i)
2  2
π (1 − y ) 2  2 
Thus, lim y tan = lim .
 1 − tan θ 
2
y →0 2 y →0 π π y  and g (θ ) = cos −1  = cos−1 (cos 2θ ) = 2θ
tan   2 
 2  1 + tan θ 
2 2 ⇒ g ′(θ ) = 2 . . .(ii)
= ×1 = .
π π
 f ( x) − f (a)   f ( x ) − f ( a)  1
1 − cos 2h
Now, lim   = lim  
x →a  g ( x) − g (a)  x →a  x−a  lim  g ( x) − g (a) 
17. (d) f (1+ ) = lim f (1 + h) = lim
h →0 h →0 h 
x →a  x−a 

sinh 1 1 3
= lim 2 = 2 = f ′( x ). = −3 × = − .
h →0 h g ′( x ) 2 2
1 − cos(−2h)
f (1−) = lim f (1 − h) = lim log e (1 + 2h) − 2 log e (1 + h)
h →0 h →0 −h 23. (a) lim
h →0 h2
sinh
= lim 2 =− 2  (2h)2 (2h)3   h 2 h3 
h →0 −h  (2h) − + − .....∞  − 2  h − + − ...... 
∴ 2 3 2 3
limit does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to = lim  2
  
right hand limit. x →a h

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 299
m
− h 2 + 2h3 − ....  x   x 
m
= lim 2 29. (d) lim  cos  = lim 1 +  cos − 1 
h →0 h m →∞  m m →∞   m 
2
h {−1 + 2h − ....} m
= lim   x 
h →0 h2 = lim 1 −  − cos + 1 
m →∞   m 
= lim {−1 + 2h + ....} = −1.
h →0  x 
lim − 2sin m 2
 x  2 m 
m
24. (c) Let x – a = y, = lim 1 − 2sin 2  = em→∞ 
m →∞  2m 
when x → a, y → 0,
2
log{1 + y}  x 
∴ The given limit = lim = 1.  sin 2 m   x2 
lim − 2    m
y →0 y m→∞  x 
2 x2
 4m  −2 lim
= e  2m  =e m→∞ 4 m
= e0 = 1.
log e (1 + h) 1
25. (b) lim . = log10 e.
h →0 h log e 10 n ( n −1) n ( n −1)
 n2 − n + 1   n(n − 1) + 1 
30. (b) lim  2  = lim  
log(3 + x) − log(3 − x) n →∞  n − n − 1  n →∞  n ( n − 1) − 1 
 
26. (c) lim
x →0 x n ( n −1)
 1 
 3+ x   1 + ( x / 3)  1 + 
n ( n − 1) 
= lim 
log   log   e
 3 − x  = lim  1 − ( x / 3)  n ( n −1)
= −1 = e 2 .
= lim n →∞
 1  e
x →0 x x →0 x 1 − 
 n ( n − 1) 
log (1 + ( x / 3) ) log (1 − ( x / 3) )
= lim − lim n ( n −1)
x →0 x x →0 x  2 
Alternative Method: lim  1 + 2 
1  1 2
n →∞  n − n −1 
= − − = .
3  3  3 lim
2 n ( n −1)
2
= e n→∞ n − n −1 = e2 .
eα x − e β x (eα x − 1) − (e β x − 1) 31. (c) n cannot be negative integer for then the limit = 0
27. (d) lim = lim
x →0 x x →0 x
x
2sin 2
eα x − 1 eβ x − 1 2 e x − cos x 1 e x − cos x
= lim − lim = α − β. Limit = lim 2 = lim
x →0 x x →0 x x → 0 2 ( x / 2) 2 xn−2 2 x→0 x n − 2

1 x2 x3 x 4  1 e x + sin x
1 1
[log(1+ x )]  x − + − +....  ( n ≠ 1 for then the limit = 0) = lim .
28. (d) (1 + x) x = ex =e
x 2 3 4  2 x →0 (n − 2) x n −3
 x x x 2 3  x x 2 x3  1
 1− + − + ....   − + − +....  So, if n = 3, the limit is which is finite. If n = 4, the
= e  2 3 4  = e.e 2 3 4  2(n − 2)

  x x 2 x3   x x2 x3   limit is infinite.
  − + − + .....   − + − + ...   1
1
 2 3 4  +.+  2 3 4  + ... lim [log f (1+ x ) −log f (1) ]
= e 1 +   32. (c) lim 
 f (1 + x )  x
 =e x
x→0
 1! 2! x →0  f (1) 

 ex 11e 2  f ′(1+ x ) / f (1+ x ) f ′(1)

= e − + x − .......... lim
 2 24  = e x→0 1 = e f (1) = e6 / 3 = e2 .
(1 + x )1/ x − e sin α − cos α 0
∴ lim 33. (a) αlim ( 0 form)
x →0 x →π / 4
α −π / 4
 ex 11e 2  cos α + sin α
 e − 2 + 24 x .......... − e  = lim
= lim   α →π / 4 1
x→0  x  (By ‘L’ Hospital rule)
 e 11e  e 1 1 2
⇒ lim  − − x + ...  = − . = + = = 2.
x→0  2 24  2 2 2 2

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300 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

x3 − a 3 0  40. (a) lim(cos x)1/ x = k ⇒ lim

1
log(cos x) = log k
34. (d) lim  0 form 
2 2 x→0 x →0 x
x→a x −a  
1
3x2 3a 2 3a ⇒ lim lim log cos x = log k
= lim (By ‘L’ Hospital rule) = = . x→0 x x→0
x→a 2 x 2a 2
1
(1 + nx + nC2 x2 + ...higher powers of x to xn ) −1 ⇒ lim × 0 = log e k ⇒ k = 1.
35. (a) lim =n x→0 x
x→0 x
Apply L- Hospital rule. π
41. (b) Since f is continuous at x = ;
x
xe − log(1 + x )  0  4
36. (d) Let y = lim  form 
x →0 x 2
 0  π  π  π 
∴ f   = f  + h = f  − h
Applying L–Hospital's rule,  4  h→0  4  h→0  4 

e x + xe x −
1 π π  π 
⇒ (1) + b =  − 0  + a 2 2 sin  − 0 
y = lim 1 + x  0 form  4 4  4 
0 
x→0 2x  
π π π
⇒ + b = + a 2 2 sin
1 1  4 4 4
y = lim  e x + e x + xe x + 
x→0 2 
 (1 + x) 2  1
⇒ b = a 2 2.
1 3 2
= lim [1 + 1 + 0 + 1] =
x→ 0 2 2 ⇒ b = a2
sin −1 x − tan −1 x 0  π
37. (d) lim 3  0 form  Also, as f is continuous at x = ;
x →0 x   2
1 1 π  π 
− ∴ f   = lim f ( x ) = lim f  − h 
1 + x2 π
 2  x→ − 0 h → 0 2 
Applying L-Hospital’s rule, = lim 1 − x2 2
x→0 3x2
π π  π π 
−1 −2 x 2x ⇒ b sin 2 − a cos 2 = lim  ( − h) cot( − h) + b 
× + 2 2 h →0  2 2 
0  2 (1 − x 2 )3/ 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2
 0 form  = xlim ⇒ b .0 − a ( −1) = 0 + b ⇒ a = b.
  →0 6x
Hence (0, 0) satisfy the above relations.
1 1 2  1
= lim  + = .  2 sin 2 2 x 
x → 0 6  (1 − x )
2 3/ 2
(1 + x )  2
2 2
42. (a) lim− f ( x) lim−  4 =8

x →0 x →0  (2 x) 2 
 
38. (d) L.H.L. at x = 3, lim− f ( x) = lim− ( x + λ )
x →3 x →3 and lim f ( x) = lim+ [( 16 + x ) + 4] = 8 Hence a = 8.
x → 0+ x →0
= lim (3 − h + λ ) = 3 + λ . . . (i)
h →0 1
43. (a) The function u = f ( x) = is discontinuous at the
R.H.L. at x = 3, lim+ f ( x) = lim+ (3x − 5) x −1
x →3 x →3
point x = 1.
= lim{3(3 + h) − 5} = 4 . . . (ii)
h →0 1 1
The function y = g ( x) = = is
Value of function f (3) = 4 . . . (iii) u 2 + u − 2 (u + 2)(u − 1)
For continuity at x = 3 discontinuous at u = −2 and u = 1
Limit of function = value of function 3 + λ = 4 ⇒ λ = 1. 1 1
when u = − 2 ⇒ = −2 ⇒ x = ,
39. (c) If function is continuous at x = 0, then by the definition x −1 2
of continuity f (0) = lim f ( x ) 1
x →0 when u = 1 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ x = 2.
x −1
 1 Hence, the composite y = g ( f ( x )) is discontinuous at
since f (0) = k . Hence, f (0) = k = lim( x )  sin 
x →0  x
1
⇒ k = 0 (a finite quantity lies between –1 to 1) ⇒ k = 0. three points = ,1, 2.
2

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 301
44. (b) Since limit of a function is a + b as x → 0, therefore (k − 1) sin(π x )
= lim [as sin(π k ) = 0 k ∈ integer]
to be continuous at x = 0, its value must be a + b at x→k (x − k)
x = 0 ⇒ f (0) = a + b. (k − 1) sin(π (k − h))
= lim [Let x = (k − h) ]
45. (a) Let f ( x) = In (x), x > 0 f ( x) = In ( x) is a continuous h→0 −h
function of x for every positive value of x. (k − 1)( −1) k −1 sin hπ
= lim
 x x h→0 −h
f   = In   = In ( x ) − In ( y ) = f ( x) − f ( y ).
 y  y sin h π
= lim (k − 1)(−1) k −1 × (−π )
h→0 hπ
π
46. (c) f ( x ) is continuous at x = , then lim f (x) = f (0) or
2 x→π /2 = (k − 1)(−1)k π = (−1)k (k − 1)π .
1 − sin x  0   −2 x + 1, x < 0
λ = lim ,  form  
x →π / 2 π − 2 x  0  50. (a) We have, f ( x) =| x | + | x − 1|=  1 , 0 ≤ x <1
 2 x − 1, x ≥ 1
− cos x 
Applying L-Hospital’s rule, λ = lim
x →π / 2 −2 Since, lim− f ( x) = lim− 1 = 1, lim+ f ( x) = lim+ (2 x − 1) = 1
x →1 x →1 x →1 x →1
cos x
⇒ λ = lim = 0. and f (1) = 2 × 1 − 1 = 1
x →π / 2 2
∴ lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (1).
47. (d) If f ( x) is continuous x →1− x →1

So, f ( x ) is continuous at x = 1.
2− x+ 4  0 
at x = 0, then, f (0) = lim f (x) = lim ,  form 
x→0 x→0 sin 2 x 0  f ( x) − f (1) f (1 − h) − f (1) 1 −1
Now, lim− = lim = lim = 0,
x →1 x −1 h→0 −h h →0 − h
 1 
−  f ( x) − f (1) f (1 + h) − f (1)
+ = lim
Using L–Hospital’s rule, f (0) = lim   = −1.
2 x 4 and lim
x →1+ x −1 h →0 h
x →0 2 cos 2 x 8
2(1 + h) − 1 − 1
= lim = 2.
 x h→0 h
1 + x , x > 0
x  ∴ (LHD at x = 1) ≠ (RHD at x = 1).
48. (a) We have, f ( x) = = 0 , x = 0;
1+ | x |  So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
x
 , x<0 Y
1 − x
−h
−0
f (−h) − f (0) y=2x–1
= lim + h
1 y = –2x+1 y=1
Lf '(0) = lim =1
h→0 −h h→0 −h
h X
lim −0 x =1/2 x =1
f ( h) − f (0) h→0 1 + h 1
Rf '(0) = lim = = lim =1
h→0 h h h →0 1 + h The graph of f ( x ) = | x | + | x − 1|
So, Lf '(0) = Rf '(0) = 1  −2 x + 1 , x < 0

So, f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0; Also f ( x ) is differentiable i.e. f ( x) =  1 , 0 ≤ x < 1 is
2 x − 1 , x ≥ 1
at all other points. Hence, f ( x) is everywhere 
differentiable. By graph, it is clear that the function is not differentiable
49. (a) f ( x) = [ x] sin(π x) at x = 0, 1 as there it has sharp edges.
If x is just less than k, [ x ] = k − 1.  ax 2 + b , x < −1
51. (a) f ( x) = 
∴ f ( x ) = (k − 1) sin(π x), when x < k ∀ k ∈ I 2
bx + ax + 4, x ≥ −1
Now, L.H.D. at x = k ,  2ax , x < −1
∴ f '( x) = 
(k − 1) sin(π x ) − k sin(π k )  2bx + a , x ≥ −1
= lim
x→k x−k To find a, b we must have two equations in a, b

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302 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Since f ( x ) is differentiable, it must be continuous at  1 1
− + 
x = −1. 54. (b) f (0) = 0 and f ( x) = xe  | x| x 
∴ R = L = V at x = −1 for f ( x ) ⇒ b − a + 4 = a + b h
R.H.L. = lim(0 + h)e−2 / h = lim =0
∴ 2a = 4 i.e., a = 2 h→0 h →0 e 2 / h

Again f '( x) is continuous, it must be continuous at 1 1

− − 
L.H.L. = lim(0 − h)e h h =0
x = −1. h→0
∴ R = L = V at x = −1 for f '( x ) − 2b + a = −2a. ∴ f ( x ) is continuous.
Putting a = 2, we get −2b + 2 = −4 f (0 + h) − f (0)
Rf ′( x) at ( x = 0) = lim
∴ 2b = 6 or b = 3. h→0 h

52. (b) Differentiating the given relation h ( x) = [ f ( x)]2 he −2 / h

= lim = e −∞ = 0
h→0 h
+ [ g ( x)]2 w.r.t x,
f (0 − h) − f (0)
Lf ′( x) at ( x = 0) = lim
We get, h '( x ) = 2 f ( x) f '( x) + 2 g ( x) g '( x) . . . (i) h →0 −h
But, we are given f ''(x) = − f (x) and f '(x) = g(x) 1 1
− − 
So, that f ''(x) = g '(x). − he  h h 
= lim = +1
h→0 −h
Then (i) may be re-written as
h '( x ) = −2 f ''( x) f '( x) + 2 f '( x) f ''( x) = 0
⇒ Lf ′( x ) ≠ Rf ′( x)

Thus h′( x ) = 0 f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0.

Whence by intergrating, we get h ( x) = constant = c (say). 1 1

55. (d) lim f ( x) = x2 sin   but −1 ≤ sin   ≤ 1 and x → 0
Hence h( x ) = c, for all x.
x→0  x  x
∴ lim f ( x) = 0 = lim− f ( x) = f (0)
In particular, h(5) = c. But we are given h(5) = 11. x → 0+ x →0

It follows that c = 11 and we have h( x ) = 11 for all x. Therefore f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0. Also, the function
Therefore, h(10) = 11. 1
f ( x) = x 2 sin is differentiable because
x
53. (b) Clearly, f ( x ) is differentiable for all non-zero values
1  1 
xe − x
2
h2 sin − 0 h2 sin  
of x, For x ≠ 0, we have f '( x) = Rf ′(x) = lim h = 0, Lf ′( x) = lim  −h  = 0.
2
1 − e− x h→0 h h→ 0 −h
Now, (L.H.D. at x = 0)
f ( x) − f (0) f (0 − h) − f (0) NCERT Exemplar Problems
= lim− = lim
x→0 x−0 h →0 −h More than One Answer
2 2 56. (a, b, d) Since,
1 − e− h 1 − e−h
= lim
h→0 −h
= lim −
h →0 h x + | y |= 2 y ⇒ { x + y = 2 y, when y > 0
x − y = 2 y, when y < 0

{
eh 2 − 1 1 y = x, when y > 0 ⇒ x > 0
= − lim × = −1 ⇒
h→0 h2 eh
2
y = x / 3, when y < 0 ⇒ x < 0
2 y
f ( x ) − f (0) 1 − e−h − 0
and, (RHD at x = 0) = lim+ = lim
x→0 x−0 h →0 h
y = x, x > 0
h2
e −1 1 1
= lim 2
× = 1. x' 2 x
h→0 h 2 O
eh 1
4
So, f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 0, Hence, the points of y'
differentiability of f ( x ) are (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ). which could be plotted as,

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 303
Clearly, y is continuous for all x but not differentiable at x = 0. ⇒ lim |1 + h − 3 |= 2
h →0

Also,
dy
= {
1, x>0
dx 1/ 3, x < 0 LHL at x = 1 = lim
h →0
(1 − h) 2 3(1 − h) 13
4
−
2
+
4
Thus, f ( x) is defined for all x, continuous at
1 3 13 14 3
= − + = − =2
dy 1 4 2 4 4 2
x = 0, differentiable for all x ∈ R − {0}, = for x < 0.
dx 3 ∴ f ( x) is continuous at x = 1
57. (b, d) We know, f ( x) = 1+ | sin x | could be plotted as, 
−( x − 3), 1≤ x < 3
(a) y = sin x . . .(i) 
y
Again, f ( x) = ( x − 3), x≥3
 2
1  x − 3 x + 13 , x < 1
 4 2 3
x' π x
–π 2π 3π y = sin x
–1 
 −1, 1≤ x < 3 RHD at x = 1 ⇒ −1 
y'  
∴ f '( x) = 1, x≥3 1 3
(b) y =| sin x | . . .(ii) x 3 LHD at x = 1 ⇒ − = −1
2 2 
y  − , x <1
2 2
1 4
3 differentiable at x = 1.
x' –2π –π x
O π 2π 3π
RHD at x = 3 ⇒ −1
Again, not differentiable at x = 3.
y' LHD at x = 3 ⇒ −1
(c) y = 1+ | sin x | . . .(iii) π
y 60. (b, c) The function f ( x) = tan x is not defined at x = ,
2
2 so f ( x ) is not continuous on (0, π ).
(2 x + 1) 40 (4 x − 1)5
lim =
1 x →∞ (2 x + 3) 45
1
x' –π O π 2π 3π
x Since, g ( x) = x sin is continuous on (0, π ) and the
x
y' integral function of a continuous function is continuous,
Clearly, y = 1+ | sin x | is continuous for all x, but not x  1
∴ f ( x) ∫ t  sin  dt is continuous on (0, π )
differentiable at infinite number of points. 0
 t
58. (a, b, d) We have, for −1 < x < 1  3π
 1, 0< x≤
⇒ 0 ≤ x sin π x ≤ 1/ 2 ∴ [ x sin π x] = 0 Also, f ( x) =  4
3π
2sin   ,
2x
Also, x sin π x becomes negative and numerically less than < x<π
  9  4
1 when x is slightly greater than 1 and so by definition of
[ x] f ( x) = [ x sin π x] = −1, when 1 < x < 1 + h  2x 
We have, lim− f ( x) = 1 , lim+ f ( x) = lim 2sin   = 1
3π
x→
3π
x→
3π x→  9 
Thus, f ( x) is constant and equal to 0 in the closed 4 4 4

interval [−1,1] and so f ( x) is continuous and differentiable So, f ( x) is continuous at x = 3π / 4.

in the open Interval (−1,1). ⇒ f ( x) is continuous at all other points.

At x = 1, f ( x) is discontinuous, since lim(1 − h) = 0 π π  π

h →0
Finally, f ( x) = sin( x + π ) ⇒ f   = −
2 2 2
and lim(1 + h) = −1,
h →0 π  π  3π  π
lim − f ( x) = lim f  − h  = lim sin  − h =
∴ f ( x ) is not differentiable at x = 1. π 
x → 
h →0
 2  h→0 2
 2  2
2
 | x − 3 |, x ≥1
 π  π  3π  π
59. (a, b) Here, f ( x) =  x 2 3x 13 and lim f ( x) = lim f  + h  = lim sin  + h = .
 4 − 2 + 4 , x < 1 x → (π / 2)+ h →0
2  h → 0 2  2  2
∴ RHL at x = 1, So, f ( x) is not continuous at x = π / 2.

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304 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
61. (a, c, d) x2
y a − a2 − x2 −
64. (a, c) L = lim 4 ,a > 0
y = min {x,x2} x→0 x4
 11  
x' x  1 x 2 2  2 − 1 x 4  x2
a − a ⋅ 1 − ⋅ 2 +   ⋅ 4 − ... −
 2 a 2 a  4
 
y' = lim 4
x →0 x
From the figure, h( x) is continuous all x, but h( x) is not
x2 1 x4 x2
differentiable at two points x = 0 and x = 1. (due to sharp + ⋅ 3 + ... −
edges). Also h '( x) = 1, ∀x > 1 = lim 2a 8 a 4 4
x →0 x
Since L is finite
62. (a, d) Here, f ( x) = min{1, x 2 , x 3 } which could be
⇒ 2a = 4 ⇒ a = 2
graphically shown as
1 1
y ∴ L = lim cos  
1 x→0 8 ⋅ a3 x
6 ln 3
65. (b, c, d) Given,
y =1
1 1 1 1
1 x f ( x) = x cos , x ≥ 1 ⇒ f '( x) = sin + cos
3 O 1 x x x x
3x / 2 − 3
lim 1 1
x→2 3 x − 9 ⇒ f "( x) = − 3
cos  
⇒ f(x) is continuous for x ∈ R and not differentiable at x = 1 x x
due to sharp edge. Now, lim f '( x) = 0 + 1 = 1 ⇒ Option (b) is correct.
x →∞

63. (a, b, c, d) Given that, f ( x) = − f (1 − x) 1

Now, x ∈ [1, ∞) ⇒ ∈ (0,1] ⇒ f "( x) < 0
x
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get f '( x) = − f '(1 − x);
Option (d) is correct.
1
Put x= As f '(1) = sin1 + cos1 > 1
2
f '( x) is strictly decreasing and lim f '( x) = 1
1 x →∞
⇒ 2 f '  = 0
2 y
4 + 3an
1 1 1 an+1 = , n ≥1
⇒ f '   = 0 Since, f '   = 0 and f '   = 0 3 + 2an
 
2  
2 4
⇒ f '( x) = 0 at two points in [0, 1]. 1
x
0 1
1/ 2  1
Now, ∫−1/ 2
f  x +  sin xdx = 0
 x
 1 So, graph of f '( x) is shown as below.
Since, f  x +  sin x is an odd function which is clear from
 2 Now, in [ x, x + 2], x ∈ [1, ∞), f ( x) is continuous and
the following explanation. differentiable so by LMVT,
 1 1  f ( x + 2) − f ( x)
Let, g ( x) = f  x +  sin x, then g (− x) = f  − x  sin(− x) f '( x) =
 2 2  2
 1  1  As f '( x) > 1
= − sin xf 1 −  − x   = − sin x f  + x 
 2  2  For all x ∈ [1, ∞)
= − g ( x) f ( x + 2) − f ( x)
⇒ > 1⇒ f ( x + 2) − f ( x) > 2
1 1/ 2 2
Moreover, ∫1/ 2
f (1 − t )esin(π t ) dt = ∫
0
f (u ) ⋅ esin π u du
For all x ∈ [1, ∞)
Where, 1 − t = u

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 305
66. (b, c) f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ), as f ( x ) is differentiable at 3 π
Also, for x = − ⇒ f ( x) = − x −
x = 0. 2 2
⇒ f '(0) = k . . .(i) 3
∴ Differentiable at x = −
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( h) − f ( x ) 2
Now, f '( x) = lim = lim 68. (b, c) Let f ( x) = tan π x and g ( x ) = −π x
h →0 h h → 0 h
f ( h) which could be plotted as,
= lim y
h →0 h
(Given, f ( x + y ) = f ( x) + f ( y ), ∀ x, y
1/2
x
∴ f (0) = f (0) + f (0), when x = y = 0 ⇒ f (0) = 0) O 1 3/2 2
f '( h) x=2
Using L’ Hospital’s Rule = lim = f '(0) = k . . .(ii)
1 h →0 f (x )
⇒ f '( x) = k , Integrating both sides, Clearly, f(x) and g(x) intersect when
1
< x <1
2
f ( x ) = kx + C , as f (0) = 0
3 5
⇒ C=0 or < x < 2 or < x < 3
2 2
∴ f ( x ) = kx
 1 
∴ f ( x ) is continuous for all x ∈ R and f '( x) = k , ie ∴ A unique point in  n + , n + 1 or (n, n + 1)
 2 
constant for all x ∈ R.
69. (a, c) Given that f :[ a, b] → [1, ∞)
 π π
− x − 2 , x≤−
2 
  x 0, x<a
π 
67. (a, b, c, d) f ( x) =  − cos x, − < x ≤ 0 an g ( x) =  ∫ f (t )dt , a ≤ x ≤ b
 2 a
 b
 x − 1, 0 < x ≤1
 ∫a f (t ) dt , x > b
 log x, x >1
π  π  π π Now, g (a − ) = 0 = g (a + ) = g (a )
Continuity at x = − f −  = − −  − = 0 x a
2  2  2 2 [as g (a + ) = lim+ ∫ f (t )dt = 0 and g (a) = ∫ f (t )dt = 0]
x →a a a
 π 
RHL, lim − cos  − + h  = 0 b
h →0
 2  g (b − ) = g (b + ) = g (b) = ∫ f (t )dt
a

∴ Continuous at x = 0 Continuity at x = 0 f (0) = −1 ⇒ g is continuous, ∀ x ∈ R.

RHL lim(0 + h) − 1 = −1  0, x<a
h →0 
Now, g '( x) =  f ( x), a < x < b , g '(a − ) = 0
∴ Continuous at x = 0 Continuity at x = 1 f (1) = 0  0, x>b
RHL lim log(1 + h) = 0
h →0 but g '(a + ) = f (a ) ≥ 1 [ ∵ Range of f(x) is [1, ∞), ∀ x ∈[a, b] ]
∴ Continuous at x = 1
⇒ g is non-differentiable at x = a and g '(b + ) = 0
 π
 −1, x≤−
2
but g '(b − ) = f (b) ≥ 1 ⇒ g is not differentiable at x = b.
 π
sin x, − < x ≤ 0 Assertion and Reason
Here, f '( x) =  2 1/ 2 1/ 3
 1, 0 < x ≤1  1   1 
x 1 + 2 
− x 2 / 3 1 + 
 1 x2 
70. (a) f ( x) = 
x  
 , x >1 1/ 4 1/ 5
 x  1  4/5  1 
x 1 +  − x 1 + 4 
Differentiable at x = 0, LHD = 0, RHD = 1  x4   x 
∴ Not differentiable at x = 0  1 1  1  1  1  1 
1 + 2 x2
+ 0  2   − 1/ 3 1 + 2 + 0  2  
Differentiable at x = 1,  x   x  3x  x 
⇒ =
LHD =1, RHD = 1  1 1  1  1  1  1 
∴ Differentiable at x = 1 1 + 4 x4
+ 0  4   − 1/ 5  1 + 4 + 0  4  
  x   x  5x  x 

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306 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 1 − 0.1 78. (c) f is discontinous at every point of [0, 1] except at
Since lim = 0 for all n > 0, so lim f ( x) = = 1.
x →∞ xn x →∞ 1 − 0.1 1
x = . Aso f is a one to one mapping of [0, 1] into
1  2
3 
71. (d) For x ≠ 1, f ( x) = 1−
1 − x  1 + x + x 2  [0, 1] and hence satisfies the intermediate value property.

=
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) = − x + 2  x  x + 0  f ( x) + (0) f ( x)
79. (a) f   = f  = =
(1 − x ) (1 + x + x 2 ) 1 + x + x 2 2  2  2 2
x+2 f ( x) + ( y )  x + y  f ( x + y)
So, f (1) = lim f ( x) = − lim = −1 ⇒ = f =
x →1 x →1 1 + x + x 2 2  2  2
cos x ⇒ f ( x) + f ( y ) = f ( x + y )
sin x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
72. (b) lim f ( x) = lim cos 2 x Using Reason-2 we get f ( x) = α x but f (1) = 1.
x →0 x →0 2x
So, f ( x) = x is the only function satisfying the given
1 sin x sin 2 x cos x
= lim lim cos 2 x + lim lim conditions.
2 x →0 x x →0 x →0 2 x x→0 cos 2 x
1 3
= +1 = Comprehension Based
2 2 1− h

 x−a π x x−a π  x 80. (a) Given, g (a ) = lim+ ∫ t − a (1 − t ) a −1 dt

= limsin cot 1 −  h →0 h
73. (d) lim  sin tan
x →a
 2 2 a x → a 2 2 a
1 1− h
∴ g   = lim+ ∫ t −1/ 2 (1 − t ) −1/ 2 dt
x−a x−a π  x  2  h→0 h
sin 1 − 
= lim 2 × 2 × 2  a  × cos π 1 − x  1
x−a π a−x π  x   1 dt 1 dt  t − 1/ 2  
x→a
sin 1 − 
2 a =∫ =∫ = sin −1

2 2 a 2 a
0
t − t2 0
1  1
2
 1/ 2   0
−t − 
a a 4  2
= 1× − × 1× 1 = −
π π = sin−1 1 − sin−1 (−1) = π
1 + sin x − 1 + sin x 1
74. (a) lim f ( x) = lim ×
x→0 x →0 tan x 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x 1 dt
81. (d) Given that, g (a ) = ∫
1 1
0 t a (1 − t )1− a
= lim 2 cos x × = 2 × 1× =1
x →0
1 + sin x + 1 − sin x 1+1 Clearly, g (a ) = g (1 − a )
1 1  a a

 1
= lim g ( x) = lim 1 + 
x× + 2 
x x 
= e =1
0
[using ∫0
f ( x) dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx ]
0
x →∞ x →∞
 x Now, differentiate w.r.t. ‘a’, we get g '(a ) = g '(1 − a )(−1)
75. (c) Use L’ Hopital rule to calculate lim f ( x), the value of −1 1 1
x →1 Now, for a = , we have − g '   = g '  
2  
2 2
m
this limit is . 1
n So, g '  = 0
sin mx sin mx mx nx m 2
Also, lim = lim × × =
x →0
sin nx x→0 mx nx sin nx n 82. (a) LHL = lim f ( x) = lim f (0 − h)
x →0 − h →0
cos x − sin x 1 1 1
76. (b) f ( x) = = = × a(1 − h sin h) + b cos h + 5
cos2 x − sin 2 x cos x + sin x 2  π = lim
sin  x +  h →0 h2
 4
10 10 10 ∵ f ( x) is continuous
 1  2  50 
1 +  +  1 +  + … +  1 +  ∴ at h → 0, Numerator must be = 0
77. (d) f ( x) =  x  x  x 
 10 
10
i.e., a + b + 5 = 0 . . .(i)
1+  
 x or b = −(a + 5)
1+… +1 a(1 − h sin h) − (a + 5) cos h + 5
So, lim f ( x ) = ( 50 times ) = 50 ⇒ LHL = lim
x →∞ 1 h →0 h2

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 307
 (a + 5) (1 − cos h) ah sin h  1 Integer
= lim  2
− 2  = (a + 5)   − a
h →0
 h h   2 91. (2008) lim (1 + sin π x)cot π x
x →1
5− a
= = V.F. = f (0) = 3(∵f (x) is continuous) lim(1+sin π x −1)cot π x lim cos π x
2 = e x→1 = e x→1 = ecos π = e−1
⇒ 5−a = 6 ∴ lim 2008 e (1 + sin π x)cot π x = 2008e ⋅ e −1 = 2008
x →1
∴ a = −1

83. (d) Now, from Eq. (i) −1 + b + 5 = 0 ( x + x 2 + x3 + … x97 ) − (1 + 1 + 1 + … + 1)

92. (4753) lim
⇒ b = −4 x →1 ( x − 1)

84. (c) Also, RHL = lim f ( x) = lim f (0 + h) ( x − 1) ( x 2 − 12 ) ( x3 − 13 ) ( x97 − 197 )

h →0 + h →0 = lim + + +… +
x →1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1) ( x − 1) ( x − 1)
1/ h 1/ h
  ch + dh3     c + dh2  
= lim 1 +  2  = lim 1 +   = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 97
  h     4  
h →0 h →0

97
∴ RHL is finite = (1 + 97) = 97 × 49 = 4753
2
∴ c=0

85. (d) Then, RHL = lim{1 + dh}1/ h = e d = 3(V.F.) ( x + 7) − 3 (2 x − 3)

h →0 93. (782) lim
x→2 3 ( x + 6) − 2 3 (3x − 5)
∴ ed = 3
( x + 7)1/ 2 − (18 x − 27 )
1/ 2
86. (c) The minimum value of f ( x) is f (0) = 3. = lim
( x + 6)1/ 3 − ( 24 x − 40 )
x →2 1/ 3

Match the Column ( x + 7)1/ 2 − (18 x − 27 )

1/ 2

87. (a) We know [ x] ∈ I , ∀ x ∈ R. Therefore, × (34 − 17 x)

( x + 7) − (18 x − 27 )
= lim
sin(π [ x ]) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R. By theory we know that sin(π [ x]) x→2
( x + 6)1/ 3 − ( 24 x − 40 )
1/ 3

× (46 − 23x)
is differentiable everywhere, therefore (A) ↔ ( p ). ( x + 6) − ( 24 x − 40 )
Again, f ( x) = sin{π ( x − [ x])} Now, x − [ x] = {x} 1
( x + 7) −1/ 2
Then π ( x − [ x]) = π {x} 2 17 3 9−1/ 2 17
= lim × = × −2 / 3 ×
x →2 1
Which is not differentiable at x ∈ I . ( x + 6) −2/ 3 23 2 8 23
3
88. (a) (A) x | x | is continuous, differentiable and strictly
3 4 17 34
increasing in (–1, 1). = × × =
2 3 23 23
(B) | x | is continuous in (–1,1) and not differentiable at x =
( x + 7) − 3 (2 x − 3)
0. ∴ lim 529
x→2 3 ( x + 6) − 2 3 (3x − 5)
(C) x + [ x] is strictly increasing in (–1,1) and discontinuous at
x=0 34
= 529 × = 23 × 34 = 782
⇒ not differentiable at x = 0. 23
(D) | x − 1| + | x + 1|= 2 in (–1, 1).
1/ x
⇒  π 
The function is continuous and differentiable in (–1, 1). 94. (27) lim 27 e −2  tan  + x  
x →0
  4 
89. (c)
lim  π  1
90. (b) For f ( x) to be continuous at x = 0 Lt f ( x) = value = 27e −2 ⋅ e x→0  tan  + x  − 1  (form 1∞ )
x →0  4  x
of f ( x) at x = 0. 2 tan x
lim

It is easy to calculate Lt f ( x ), = 27e −2 ⋅ e x→0 (1− tan x ) = 27e−2 ⋅ e 2 = 27

x →0

1 3 = 27e−2 ⋅ e2 = 27
which are (A) 4, (B) , (C) 0 and (D)
4 4

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308 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
95. (1004) lim− f ( x) = lim f (0 − h)  9h − 1  4h − 1 
x →0 h →0
   ( 2 + (1 + cos h))
 h  h  ln 9 ⋅ ln 4 ⋅ 2 2
sin −1 (1 − {0 − h}) ⋅ cos −1 (1 − {0 − h}) = lim =
= lim h →0  1 − cos h  1
h →0 2{0 − h} ⋅ (1 − {0 − h})  2   
 h  2
sin −1 (1 − (1 − h)) ⋅ cos −1 (1 − (1 − h))
= lim = 16 2 ln 2 ⋅ ln 3 = (512) ⋅ ln 2 ⋅ ln 3
h →0 2(1 − h) ⋅ (1 − (1 − h))
Hence, µ = 512
sin −1 h ⋅ cos −1 h π /2 π
= lim = 1⋅ = 99. (2000) f ( x) is continuous at x = 0
h →0 2(1 − h) ⋅ h 2 2 2
∴ V.F. = RHL f (0) = lim f (0 + h)
2008 2 2008 2 π h →0
∴ lim f ( x) = ⋅ = 1004
π x → 0− π 2 2 8h − 4h − 2h + 1h
λ ln 4 = lim
h→0 h2
96. (32) LHL = V.F. = RHL
(2h − 1)(4h − 1)
π  = lim = ln 2 ⋅ ln 4
lim
π
f ( x) = f   = lim f ( x) h →0 h⋅h
x→ −  2  x→ π2 +
2
∴ λ = ln 2
π  π  ⇒ eλ = 2
⇒ lim f  − h  = a = lim f  + h
h →0
 2  h→0
 2 
∴ 1000 eλ = 1000 × 2 = 2000
(1 − cos3 h) b(1 − cos h)
⇒ lim = a = lim
h →0 3sin 2 h h→0 4h 2 (1 − cos h)
100. (1800) RHL = lim f ( x) = lim f (3 + h) = lim λ ⋅
x →3+ h →0 h →0 h tan h
(1 − cos h)(1 + cos h + cos h) 2
b(1 − cos h)
⇒ lim = a = lim
h →0 3(1 − cos h)(1 + cos h) h → 0 4h 2 1 − cos h 1
  λ
=λ  =
3 b b 2 2
⇒ = a = or = 8 = λ lim h
h →0  tan h  1 2
3(2) 8 a
 
5/ 3  h 
b
∴   = (8)5/ 3 = 25 = 32 LHL = lim f ( x) = lim f (3 − h)
a x →3− h →0
1
[ 4− h]
97. (256) f is continuous at x = 4 (exp {(6 − h)ln 27}) 27 −9
= lim
⇒ V (4) lim f ( x) = lim f (4 + h) h →0 33−h − 27
x →4+ h →0
(exp {(6 − h) ln 27})1/ 9 − 9
(4 + h) − 256 4
(4 + h) 4 − 4 4 = lim
λ = lim = lim h →0 33 (3− h − 1)
h →0 (4 + h) − 4 h →0 (4 + h) − 4

(27 6−h )1/ 9 − 9 (3(18−3 h ) )1/ 9 − 9

= 4(4)3 = 4 × 64 = 256 = lim −
= lim
h →0 27(3 h
− 1) h →0 27(3− h − 1)
98. (512) f is continuous at x = 0 [32 (3− h / 3) − 1) /( −h / 3)] ⋅ (− h / 3) 1
= lim =
f (0) = RHL λ = lim f (0 + h) h →0 [27(3− h − 1) /(− h)] ⋅ (− h) 9
h →0

 36h − 9h − 4h + 1  ∵ f ( x) is continuous at x = 3
⇒ λ = lim   1 λ
 2 − (1 + cos h) 
h →0
∴ LHL = RHL =
9 2
(9 h − 1)(4 h − 1)( 2 + (1 + cos h)) 2
= lim ⇒ λ=
h →0 ( 2 − 1 + cos h )( 2 + 1 + cos h ) 9
(9h − 1)(4h − 1)( 2 + (1 + cos h)) 2
= lim Then, 8100λ = 1800 × = 1800
h →0 (1 − cos h) 9

***

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Differentiation 309

14 Differentiation
QUICK LOOK
Physical Interpretation at a Point: Let a particle moves in
a straight line OX starting from O towards X. Clearly, the
Derivative at a Point position of the particle at any instant would depend upon the
The rate of change of a quantity ‘y’ with respect to another time elapsed. In other words, the distance of the particle
quantity ‘x’ is called the derivative or differential coefficient of y from O will be some function f of time t.
with respect to x. The rate of change of one quantity with P Q
O X
respect to some another quantity has a great importance. For t = t0 t = t0 + h
example, the rate of change of displacement of a particle with Let at any time t = t0 , the particle be at P and after a further
respect to time is called its velocity and the rate of change of
time h, it is at Q so that OP = f (t0 ) and OQ = f (t0 + h).
velocity is called its acceleration. The derivative of a function at
Hence, the average speed of the particle during the journey
f ( a + h) − f ( a )
a point x = a is defined by f ′( a ) = lim PQ f (t 0 + h ) − f (t 0 )
h →0 h from P to Q is , i.e., = f (t0 , h).
h h
(provided the limit exists and is finite)
The above definition of derivative is also called derivative by Taking the limit of f (t0 , h) as h → 0, we get its
first principle. f (t0 + h) − f (t0 )
instantaneous speed to be lim , which is

Geometrical Meaning of Derivatives at a Point: Consider h→0 h
the curve y = f ( x). Let f ( x) be differentiable at x = c. Let simply f ′(t0 ). Thus, if f (t ) gives the distance of a moving
P(c, f (c)) be a point on the curve and Q ( x, f ( x)) be a particle at time t, then the derivative of f at t = t0 represents
neighbouring point on the curve. Then, the instantaneous speed of the particle at the point P, i.e., at
y time t = t0 .
Q[x, f(x)]

Note
f(x) – f(c)
dy d d
[c, f(c)]P
is ( y ) in which is simply a symbol of operation
ψ dx dx dx
and not ‘d’ divided by dx.
x–c

If f ′( x0 ) = ∞ , the function is said to have an infinite
ψ
x
0 derivative at the point x0. In this case the line tangent to the
curve of y = f(x) at the point x0 is perpendicular to the x-axis
f ( x ) − f (c )
Slope of the chord PQ = . Taking limit as
x−c
Definition of Differential Coefficients
Q → P, i.e., x → c,
If y = f ( x ) be a function then
f ( x ) − f (c)
We get, lim (slope of the chord PQ) = lim . . .(i)
Differential coefficient of y w.r.t. x is
Q→P x−c x →c
dy f ( x + h) − f ( x )
As Q → P, chord PQ becomes tangent at P. or f ′( x) = lim
dx h → 0 h
Therefore from (i), we have. Slope of the tangent
Differential coefficients of y w.r.t. at x = a is
f ( x) − f (c)  df ( x)  f ( a + h) − f (a )
at P = lim =  .  dy 
x →c x−c  dx  x =c   or f ′( a ) = lim
 x = a
dx h→0 h

Note
Differential Coefficients of Standard Function
Thus, the derivatives of a function at a point x = c is the slope
d ( xn )
of the tangent to curve, y = f ( x) at point (c, f (c)).
= nx n −1
dx

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310 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
d (c ) d

=0
tan h x = sec h 2 x
dx dx
d (log e x) 1 d

= where x > 0
cot h x = − cosec h 2 x
dx x dx
d (e x ) d

= ex
sec h x = − sec h x tan h x
dx dx
d
d (a x )
cosec h x = − cosec h x cot h x

= a x ·log e a where a > 0 dx
dx
d
d (sin x)
sin h −1 x = 1/ (1 + x 2 )

= cos x dx
dx
d
d (cos x)
cos h −1 x = 1/ ( x 2 − 1)

= − sin x dx
dx d
d (tan x)
tan h −1 x = 1/( x 2 − 1)

= sec2 x dx
dx d
d (sec x)
cot h −1 x = 1/(1 − x 2 )

= sec x ·tan x dx
dx d

sec h −1 x = −1/ x (1 − x 2 )
d (cot x) dx

= − cos ec 2 x
dx d

cosec h −1 x = −1/ x (1 + x 2 )
d (cos ec x) dx

= − cos ec 2 x ·cot x
dx
Differentiation by Inverse Trigonometrical Substitution: For
d (sin −1 x ) 1

= trigonometrical substitutions following formulae and
dx 1 − x2 substitution should be remembered
d (cos −1 x) −1
sin −1 x + cos −1 x = π / 2

=
dx 1 − x2
tan −1 x + cot −1 x = π / 2
−1
d (tan x ) 1

=
sec−1 x + cosec −1 x = π / 2
dx 1 + x2
d (cot −1 x ) −1
sin −1 x ± sin −1 y = sin −1  x 1 − y 2 ± y 1 − x 2 

=  
dx 1 + x2
d (sec−1 x )
cos−1 x ± cos−1 y = cos −1  xy ∓ (1 − x 2 )(1 − y 2 ) 

=
1  
dx | x | x2 − 1
 x± y 

tan −1 x ± tan −1 y = tan −1  
d (cos ec −1 x) −1 1 ∓ xy 

=
dx | x | x2 − 1

2sin −1 x = sin −1 (2 x 1 − x 2 )
Note
2cos−1 x = cos−1 (2x2 − 1)
d (sec −1 x ) d cos −1 (1/ x ) −1  1   1 − x2 
= = · − 2  , sing chain rule  2x   2x 
dx dx 1 − (1/ x)  x 
2
2 tan −1 x = tan −1  2 
= sin −1  2 
= cos −1  
 1− x   1+ x   1 + x2
 
1 |x| 1
= = = .
3sin −1 x = sin −1 (3x − 4 x3 )
x 2
1 − (1/ x ) 2
x 2
x −1
2
| x | x2 −1

3cos−1 x = cos−1 (4 x3 − 3x)
Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions  3x − x3 

3 tan −1 x = tan −1  
d
sin h x = cos h x  1 − 3x 2

 
dx
d  x + y + z − xyz 

cos h x = sin h x
tan −1 x + tan −1 y + tan −1 z = tan −1  
dx  1 − xy − yz − zx 

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Differentiation 311

sin −1 (− x) = − sin −1 x
Product Rule
d d d

cos−1 (− x) = π − cos−1 x
( f ( x ) g ( x )) = f ( x ) g ( x ) + g ( x) f ( x)
dx dx dx

tan−1 (− x) = − tan −1 x or π − tan −1 x d dw du dv

(u.v.w.) = u.v. + v.w. + u.w.
π  1− x  dx dx dx dx

− tan −1 x = tan −1  
4  1+ x  d d

Scalar Multiple Rule: (k f (x )) = k f (x )
Table 14.1: Some Suitable Substitutions dx dx
S. N. Function Substitution d d
g ( x) ( f ( x)) − f ( x) ( g ( x))
(i)
a2 − x2
x = a sin θ or a cos θ d  f ( x)  dx dx

Quotient Rule:  = ,
(ii) x = a tan θ or a cot θ
dx  g ( x)  ( g ( x))2
x2 + a2
provided g ( x) ≠ 0
(iii) 2 2 x = a sec θ or a cos ecθ
x −a
Differentiation of Composite Function: Suppose function is
(iv) a−x x = a cos 2θ
a+x
given in form of fog ( x) or f [ g ( x )]
(v) Working rule: Differentiate applying chain rule
a 2 − x2 x 2 = a 2 cos 2θ
d
a2 + x2 f [ g ( x)] = f '[ g ( x)].g '( x)
(vi)
dx
ax − x2 x = a sin 2 θ
(vii) Note
x x = a tan 2 θ
a+x d
{ f ( x)}φ ( x ) = d .c. of { f ( x )}φ ( x ) w.r.t. taking φ ( x ) as a constant
(viii) dx
x x = a sin 2 θ
a−x + d.c. of { f ( x ) as a constant = φ ( x ).{ f ( x )}φ ( x ) −1 .
(ix) ( x − a)( x − b) x = a sec2 θ − b tan 2 θ df ( x) dφ ( x )
+ { f ( x )}φ ( x ) . log f ( x). (rule of logarithmic
(x) ( x − a)(b − x) dx dx
x = a cos2 θ + b sin 2 θ
differentiation).
Theorems for Differentiation
Differentiation of Function Represented Parametrically
Let f ( x), g ( x) and u ( x) be differentiable functions
If y is a function of x such that x = φ (t ), y = ψ (t )

If at all points of a certain interval. f ′( x) = 0, then the
dy
function f ( x) has a constant value within this interval. dy dt ψ ′(t )
where t is the parameter then = , i.e., .
dx dx φ ′(t )
Chain Rule dt

If y is a function of u and u is a function of x, then Differentiation of one function w.r.t. Another Function
dy dy du dy
derivative of y with respect to x is = or dy dx φ ′( x)
dx du dx If y = φ ( x) and = ψ ( x) then = , i.e, .
dy du dz dz ψ ′( x)
y = f (u ) ⇒ = f '(u ) dx
dx dx

If y and x both are expressed in terms of t, y and x both dy dx dy dx
Relation between: and × =1
dy dy / dt dx dy dx dy
are differentiable with respect to t then = .
dx dx / dt Higher Derivatives of a Function
d du{v ( x )} dv( x ) dy

[u{v( x )}] = × (chain rule)
If y = f ( x) then the derivative of w.r.t. x is called the
dx d{v( x)} dx dx
d du[v{w( x )} dv{w( x )} dw( x) d2y
u[v{w( x )}] = × ×
dx dv{w( x )} dw( x) dx second derivative of y w.r.t. and it is denoted by .
dx 2

Sum and Difference Rule: Using linear property
d 2 y d  dy  d 3 y d  d 2 y 
d d d
=  ; =  
( f ( x ) ± g ( x )) = ( f ( x )) ± ( g ( x )) dx 2 dx  dx  dx 3 dx  dx 2 
dx dx dx

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312 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

If y is a function of x given parametrically by u ( x) v( x) w( x) u ( x ) v( x ) w( x )
y = φ (t ), x = ψ (t ) then p′( x) q′( x) r ′( x) + p ( x ) q ( x ) r ( x )
d  φ ′(t )  λ ( x) µ( x) v( x) λ ′( x ) µ′( x) v′( x)
 
d y d  dy  d  φ (t )  dt  ψ ′(t ) 
2
′ The differentiation can also be done column wise.

=   =   = .
dx 2 dx  dx  dx  ψ ′(t )  dx
Differentiation of Infinite Series: If y is given in the form of
dt
dy
th
infinite series of x and we have to find out then we remove
n Derivatives of Some Standard Functions dx
dn  nπ  one or more terms, it does not affect the series

sin(ax + b) = a n sin  + ax + b 
dx n  2 
If y = f ( x) + f ( x) + f ( x ) + ...∞ , then y = f ( x) + y
 nπ 
n
d dy dy

cos(ax + b) = a n cos  + ax + b  ⇒ y 2 = f ( x) + y 2 y = f '( x) + ,
dx n  2  dx dx
dn m! ′
∴ dy = f ( x )

(ax + b)m = a n (ax + b)m − n , where m > n dx 2 y − 1
dx n ( m − n)!
f ( x )... ∞

If y = f ( x) f ( x ) f ( x )
then y = f ( x ) y
Particular Cases 1 dy y. f ′( x) dy
∴ log y = y log f ( x) = + log f ( x ). ,

When m = n; When a = 1, b = 0, then y = x n y dx f ( x) dx

D n {( ax + b ) n } = a n .n ! dy y 2 f ′( x )
∴ =
dx f ( x )[1 − y log f ( x )]
m!
∴ D n ( x m ) = m(m − 1).......( m − n + 1) x m − n = x m−n 1 dy yf ′( x )
(m − n)!
If y = f ( x) + then =
f ( x) +
1 dx 2 y − f ( x )
When m < n, D n {( ax + b ) m } = 0 f ( x) + ...∞

When a = 1, b = 0 and m = n,
Differentiation of Integral Function
1

When m = −1, y = then y = x n If g1 ( x ) and g 2 ( x) both functions are defined on [a, b] and
(ax + b)
differentiable at a point x ∈ (a, b) and f (t ) is continuous for
D n ( y ) = a n ( −1)( −2)( −3)........( − n )( ax + b ) −1− n
g1 (a) ≤ f (t ) ≤ g 2 (b)
a n (−1)n n !
∴ D n ( x n ) = n ! = a n (−1)n (1.2.3......n)(ax + b)−1− n = d g2 ( x )
(ax + b) n +1
dx ∫g1 ( x )
Then f (t ) dt = f [ g 2 ( x )] g 2′ ( x ) − f [ g1 ( x )] g1′ ( x )
dn (−1) n −1 ( n − 1)!a n

log(ax + b) = d d
dx n
(ax + b) n = f [ g 2 ( x )] g 2 ( x ) − f [ g1 ( x )] g1 ( x ).
dx dx
d n ax d n (a x )

n
(e ) = a n e ax ; = a x (log a) n Leibnitz’s Theorem
dx dx n
G.W. Leibnitz, a German mathematician gave a method for
d n ax evaluating the nth differential coefficient of the product of two

e sin(bx + c) = r n eax sin(bx + c + nφ )
dx n functions. This method is known as Leibnitz’s theorem.
b Statement of the theorem – If u and v are two functions of x
where r = a 2 + b 2 ; φ = tan −1 , y = e ax sin(bx + c )
a such that their nth derivative exist then
d n ax D (u.v.) = C ( D u )v + C D u.Dv + C D u.D v + ............
n n n n n−1 n n − 2 2

e cos(bx + c) = r n e ax cos(bx + c + nφ ) 0 1 2

dx n + C D u.D v + ......... + u.( D v ).

r
n − r r n

Differentiation of a Function Given in the Form of a The success in finding the nth derivative by this theorem lies in
Determinant the proper selection of first and second function. Here first
u ′( x) v′( x) w′( x) function should be selected whose nth derivative can be found
u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x )
dy by standard formulae. Second function should be such that on
If y = p ( x ) q ( x ) r ( x ) then = p( x) q ( x) r ( x) +
dx successive differentiation, at some stage, it becomes zero so that
λ ( x ) µ( x ) v ( x ) λ ( x ) µ( x ) v ( x )
we need not to write further terms.

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Differentiation 313
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS dy
8. If ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 , then =?
Derivative at a Point dx
ax + hy + g ax + hy + g
1. If f (a) = 3, f ′(a) = −2, g (a) = −1, g ′(a) = 4, then a. − b.
hx − by + f hx − by + f
g ( x) f (a) − g (a) f ( x)
lim =? ax − hy − g
x→a x−a c. d. None of these
hx − by − f
a. – 5 b. 10 c. – 10 d. 5
1
9. If f ( x) = , then the derivative of the composite
1  dy  1− x
2. If 5 f ( x) + 3 f   = x + 2 and y = xf ( x) then   is function f [f {f (x)}] is equal to:
x  dx  x =1
1
equal to: a. 0 b.
2
7
a. 14 b. c. 1 d. 2
8
c. 1 d. None of these 1
10. Let g(x) be the inverse of the function f (x) and f '(x)=
1 + x3
Differentiation of implicit Function, Parametric and Then g ′( x) is equal to:
Composite Functions, Logarithmic Differentiation 1 1
a. b.
1− t2 2at dy 1 + ( g ( x))3 1 + ( f ( x))3
3. If x = and y = , then =?
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
dx c. 1 + ( g ( x))3 d. 1 + ( f ( x))3
a (1 − t )
2
a (t − 1)
2
a. b. 11. The differential coefficient of f [log( x)] when
2t 2t
a (t 2 + 1) a (t 2 − 1) f ( x) = log x is:
c. d.
2t t x
a. x log x b.
2t 2t dy log x
4. If tan y = and sin x = , then =?
1− t 2
1+ t 2
dx 1 log x
c. d.
2 1 x log x x
a. b.
1+ t2 1+ t2
1 1 d2y
c. 1 d. 2 12. If x = t + , y = t − , then is equal to:
t t dx 2
d 2y
5. If x = at 2 , y = 2at , then =? a. −4t (t 2 − 1) −2 b. −4t 3 (t 2 − 1) −3
dx 2
1 1 c. (t 2 + 1)(t 2 − 1) −1 d. −4t 2 (t 2 − 1) −2
a. − b.
t2 2at 3
dy 2π
1 1 13. If y = | cos x | + | sin x | then at x = is:
c. − d. − dx 3
t3 2at 3
1 2 dy 1− 3
6. If y = u 4 , u = x 3 + 5 , then = ? a. b. 0
4 3 dx 2
1 2 2 1
a. x (2 x 3 + 15)3 b. x(2 x3 + 5)3 c. ( 3 − 1) d. None of these
27 27 2
2 2 14. If f ( x) = log x (log x), then f ′( x) at x = e is:
c. x (2 x 3 + 15)3 d. None of these
27 a. e b. 1/e
x dy c. 1 d. None of these
7. If sin( xy ) + = x 2 − y, then =?
y dx 15. If f ( x) =| log x |, then for x ≠ 1, f ′( x) equals:
y[2 xy − y cos( xy ) − 1]
2
[2 xy − y cos( xy ) − 1]
2
1 1
a. b. a. b.
xy 2 cos( xy ) + y 2 − x xy 2 cos( xy ) + y 2 − x x |x|
y[2 xy − y 2 cos( xy ) − 1] −1
c. − d. None of these c. d. None of these
xy 2 cos( xy ) + y 2 − x x

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314 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Differentiation of Infinite Series
d  2  1 − x 
16. sin cot −1   equals: dy
dx   1 + x  26. If y = log x + log x + log x + ...∞ , then =?
dx
1 1 x x 1 1
a. −1 b. c. − d. 1 a. b. c. d.
2 2 2 y −1 2 y +1 x(2 y − 1) x(1 − 2 y )

 5cos x − 12sin x   π dy dy
17. If y = cos −1   , x ∈  0, 2  , then is 27. If y = x x , then =?
 13    dx dx
equal to: x 2 + log x x 2 + log x
a. x b. x
a. 1 b. – 1 2 x x
c. 0 d. None of these 2 + log x
c. d. None of these
2 x
d
18. cosh −1 (sec x ) = ?
dx dy
28. If x p y q = ( x + y ) p + q , then =?
a. sec x b. sin x c. tan x d. cos ecx dx
y y x x
dy a. b. − c. d. −
2 4 2n
19. If y = (1 + x)(1 + x )(1 + x ).......(1 + x ) then at x = 0 is: x x y y
dx
a. 1 b. – 1 (sin x )... ∞ dy
29. If y = (sin x)(sin x ) , then =?
c. 0 d. None of these dx
y 2 cot x y 2 cot x
a. b.
Methods of Differentiation 1 − y log sin x 1 + y logsin x

dy y cot x y cot x
20. If xe xy = y + sin 2 x, then at x = 0, = ? c. d.
dx 1 − y log sin x 1 + y logsin x
a. – 1 b. – 2 c. 1 d. 2 dy
30. If y = ( x x ) x , then =?
dy dx
21. If sin( x + y ) = log( x + y ), then =?
dx a. ( x x ) x (1 + 2log x) b. ( x x ) x (1 + log x)
a. 2 b. – 2 c. 1 d. – 1 c. x( x x ) x (1 + 2log x) d. x ( x x ) x (1 + log x)

22. If ln( x + y ) = 2 xy, then y′(0) = ? 31. The differential equation satisfied by the function
a. 1 b. – 1 c. 2 d. 0 y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ...∞ , is:
dy dy dy
23. If xm y n = 2( x + y)m+ n , the value of is: a. (2 y − 1) − sin x = 0 b. (2 y − 1)cos x + =0
dx dx dx
dy dy
a. x + y b.
x c. (2 y − 1)cos x − =0 d. (2 y − 1)cos x + =0
y dx dx
x
y  1 dy
c. d. x − y 32. If y = 1 +  , then =?
x  x dx
x
 1   1 1 
24. If cos x =
1
and sin y =
t
, then
dy
=? a.  1 +  log  1 + x  − 1 + x 
2 2 dx  x    
1+ t 1+ t
x
1− t  1   1 
a. – 1 b. c.
1
d. 1 b.  1 +  log  1 + x  
1+ t2 1+ t2  x   
x

1− t2  1  x 
2t
dy c.  x +  log( x − 1) − x + 1 
25. If x = and y = , then =?  x
1+ t2 1+ t2 dx
x
−y y −x x  1   1 1 
a. b. c. d. d.  1 +  log  1 + x  + 1 + x 
x x y y  x    

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Differentiation 315
d loge x Differentiation of a Function with Respect to another
33. (x ) = ?
dx Function
a. 2 x (loge x −1) .log e x b. x (log e x −1) 2x 2x
41. The differential coefficient of tan −1 w.r.t. sin −1
1 − x2 1 + x2
2
c. log e x d. x (loge x −1) .log e x is:
x
a. 1 b. –1
dy
34. If x = y , then
y x
=? c. 0 d. None of these
dx
  1+ x  x 
y ( x log e y + y ) y ( x log e y − y ) 42. The first derivative of the function  cos −1 sin + x 
a.
x( y log e x + x)
b.
x( y log e x − x)   2  
x( x log e y − y ) x( x log e y + y ) with respect to x at x =1 is:
c. d.
y ( y log e x − x) y ( y log e x + x) 3
a. b. 0
4
x dy 1 1
35. If y = x ( x ) , then =? c. d. −
dx 2 2
a. y[ x x (log ex).log x + x x ] b. y[ x x (log ex).log x + x]
Successive Differentiation or Higher Order Derivatives
c. y[ x x (log ex).log x + x x −1 ] d. y[ x x (log e x).log x + x x−1 ]
f '(1)
43. If f ( x) = x n , then the value of f (1) − +
dy 1!
36. If y = xsin x , then =?
dx f ''(1) f '''(1) (−1) n f n (1)
− + ...... + is
x cos x.log x + sin x sin x y[ x cos x.log x + cos x] 2! 3! n!
a. .x b.
x x a. 2n b. 2n −1
c. y[ x sin x.log x + cos x] d. None of these c. 0 d. 1
  e 
37. If y = x + x + x + ........to ∞ then
dy
= ?  log     3 + 2log x  dny
  x2  
−1
dx 44. If f ( x) = tan  2 
+ tan −1   , then
 log(ex )   1 − 6log x  dx n
x 2
a. b.  
2 y −1 2 y −1
is (n ≥ 1)
−1 −1
c. d. a. tan −1{(log x ) n } b. 0
2 y −1 2 y −1
c. 1/2 d. None of these
x ..... ∞ dy
38. If y = x x , then x (1 − y log e x ) is: x4
dx 45. If y = , then for n > 2 the value of yn is equal to
x − 3x + 2
2

a. x2 b. y 2 a. (−1) n n ![16( x − 2) − n −1 − ( x − 1)− n −1 ]

c. xy 2 d. None of these b. (−1) n n ![16( x − 2) − n −1 + ( x − 1) − n −1 ]

39. If f ( x) = | x − 2 | and g ( x) = f ( f ( x)), then for x > 20, c. n ![16( x − 2) − n −1 + ( x − 1) − n −1 ]

d. None of these
g ′( x ) equals:
a. –1 b. 1 dy
46. If y = sin(2 sin −1 x ), then =?
c. 0 d. None of these dx
2 − 4x2 2 + 4x2
1 a. b.
40. If g is inverse of f and f ′( x) = , then g ′( x) equals: 1− x2 1− x2
1 + xn
2 − 4x2 2 + 4x2
a. 1 + x n b. 1 + [ f ( x)]n c. d.
1+ x2 1+ x2
c. 1 + [ g ( x)] n
d. None of these

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316 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

2x 1+ x2
dy 1
55. A curve is given by the equations x = a cosθ + b cos 2θ ,
47. If y = sin −1 + sec −1 , then =?
1 + x2 1 − x2 dx 2
4 1 1 d2y
a. b. y = a sin θ + b sin 2θ , then the points for which = 0,
1 − x2 1 + x2 2 dx 2
4 −4 is given by:
c. d.
1 − x2 1 + x2 2a 2 + b 2 3a 2 + 2b 2
a. sin θ = b. tan θ =
2x π dy 5ab 4ab
48. If y = sin −1 , where 0< x <1 and 0 < y < , then =?
1 + x2 2 dx − ( a 2 + 2b 2 ) (a 2
− 2b 2 )
c. cosθ = d. cosθ =
2 2x 3ab 3ab
a. b.
1 + x2 1 + x2
−2 −x 56. The nth derivative of xe x vanishes when:
c. d. a. x = 0 b. x = −1
1 + x2 1 + x2
d  3a 2 x − x3  c. x = −n d. x = n
49. tan −1  2 
at x = 0 is:
 a(a − 3x ) 
2
dx
Differentiation of Determinants
1 3
a. b. x 3 sin x cos x
a a
c. 3a d. 3 57. Let f ( x ) = 6 −1 0 where p is a constant. Then
1 p2 p3
d
50. sin −1 (2ax 1 − a 2 x 2 ) = ?
dx d3
[ f ( x)] at x = 0 is:
2a a dx 3
a. b.
a − x2
2
a − x2
2 a. p b. p + p2
2a a c. p + p3 d. Independent of p
c. d.
1− a x2 2
1 − a2 x2
Leibnitz’s Theorem
51. If f ( x) = x + 2, then f '( f ( x)) at x = 4 is:
58. If y = x log x, then value of yn is:
2

a. 8 b. 1
c. 4 d. 5 (−1) n −1 (n − 3)! (−1) n −1 (n − 3)!
a. b. .2
  xn −2 xn−2
52. If y = tan −1 
x  , then dy = ?
  dx (−1)n −1 (n − 2)!
1 + 1 − x
2
 c. d. None of these
1 xn−2
a. b. 1 − 1 − x 2

2 1 − x2 Partial Differentiation
1 1
c. d.
2 1 − x2 ( x 4 + y 4 )1/ 3 ∂z ∂z
59. If z = , then x + y = ?
( x3 + y 3 )1/ 4 ∂x ∂y
1− x
53. Differential coefficient of sin −1 w.r.t x is: 1 1
1+ x a. z b. z
12 4
1 x
a. b. 1 7
2 x 1− x c. z d. z
3 12
c. 1 d. None of these
x+ y ∂u ∂u
1 − x2 60. If u = , then + = ?
54. Differential coefficient of tan −1 w.r.t. cos −1 ( x 2 ) is: x− y ∂x ∂y
1 + x2
1 2
1 1 a. b.
a. b. − x− y x− y
2 2
1 2
c. 1 d. 0 c. d.
( x − y )2 ( x − y)2

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Differentiation 317
 y ∂u (1 + t 2 ) − (1 − t ) 2 dy
61. If u = sin −1   , then is equal to: 70. If and x = (1 − t 4 ) , then is equal to:
 x ∂x (1 + t ) + (1 − t )
2 2 dx
y x
a. − 2 b. −1 { (1 − t 4 ) − 1}
x + y2 1− y2 a. b.
t 2 {1 + (1 − t 4 )} t6
−y −y
c. d.
x2 − y2 x x2 − y2 1 1 − (1 − t 4 )
c. d.
t 2 {1 + (1 − t 4 )} t6
x +y 3 3
 ∂u ∂u
62. If u = tan −1   , then x + y =?
 x− y  ∂x ∂y xn sin x cos x
a. sin 2u b. cos 2u c. tan 2u d. sec 2u 71. If f ( x) = n ! sin(nπ / 2) cos(n π / 2) , then the value of
a a2 a3
 ∂u ∂u ∂u 
63. If u =log( x 3+ y 3+z 3−3 xyz ), then  + +  ( x + y+ z ) =? dn
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ( f ( x )) at x = 0 for n = 2 m + 1 is:
  dx n
a. 0 b. 1 a. –1 b. 0
c. 2 d. 3
c. 1 d. independent of a
 y ∂u ∂u 2 2
64. If u = log e ( x 2 + y 2 ) + tan −1   , then + =?
72. If f ( x ) = sin −1 
2x 
x ∂x 2 ∂y 2 2 
, then:
1+ x 
a. 0 b. 2u
c. 1/u d. u a. f is derivable for all x, with | x | < 1

 y b. f is not derivable at x = 1
65. If u = xy 2 tan −1   , then xu x + yu y = ?
x c. f is not derivable at x = − 1
a. 2u b. u
d. f is derivable for all x, with | x | > 1
c. 3u d. u/3
∂u ∂u
66. If u = tan −1 (x + y ), then x +y =? 73. Let f ( x ) = x 2 + xg ′(1) + g ′′(2) and g ( x ) = x 2 + x f ′(2) + f ′′(3),
∂x ∂y
then:
1
a. sin 2u b. sin 2u c. 2 tan u d. sec 2 u a. f ′(1) = 4 + f ′(2) b. g ′(2) = 8 + g ′(1)
2
y x ∂ 2u c. g ′′(2) + f ′′(3) = 4 d. none of these
67. If u = x 2 tan −1 − y 2 tan −1 , then =?
x y ∂x ∂ y
( x) d
x2 + y2 x2 − y 2 x2 + y2 x2 y2 74. If f n ( x) = e fn−1 for all n ∈ N and f 0 ( x ) = x , then { f n ( x)} is
a. 2 b. 2 c. 2 d. − 2 dx
x − y2 x + y2 x − y2 x + y2
equal to:
∂2 z ∂2 z d
68. If z = sec ( y − ax) + tan( y + ax), then 2 − a 2 2 = ? a. f n ( x). { f n−1 ( x)} b. f n ( x ). f n −1 ( x )
∂x ∂y dx
a. z b. 2z n

c. 0 d. –z c. f n ( x ). f n −1 ( c )... f 2 ( x ). f1 ( x ) d. ∏ f ( x)
i =1
i

NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

More than One Answer
75. Let f ( t ) = ln t . Then
d
dx {∫x2
x3
f (t ) dt ? }
dy a. has a value of 0 when x = 0
69. If y = log 2 {log 2 x}, then is equal to:
dx
4
log 2 e 1 b. has a value 0 when x = 1, x =
a. b. 9
x log e x x log e x log e 2
c. has a value 9e 2 − 4e when x = e
1
c. d. none of these d. has a different coefficient 27 e − 8 when x = e
log e (2 x) x

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318 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
−1
76. If f ( x ) = sin (sin x ), then: 82. Suppose that x = t − t 4 , y = t 2 − t 3 ?
3π 5π
a. f ′  
b. f ′   dy 1
 =1  = −1 Assertion: at (0, 0) is equal to or 0.
 4   4  dx 3
π dy 2t − 3t 2
c. f ′   does not exist d. f ′(π ) does not exist. Reason:
dx
=
1 − 4t 3
.
2
83. If y = sin ( 3sin −1 x ) ?
77. If F ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) and f ′( x ) g ′( x ) = c , then:
Assertion: y ′′(0) = 0.
 f g ′′ ′′ ′′
a. F ′ = c  +  b. F = f + g + 2 c Reason: y ′(0) = 3.
 f ′ g ′ F f g fg
′′′ ′′′ ′′′ ′′′ ′′′ ′′′
c. F = f + g d. F = f + g Comprehension Based
F f g F ′′ f ′′ g ′′
Paragraph –I
78. Differential coefficient of sin −1 x w.r.t. sin −1 (3 x − 4 x 3 ) is:
f 2 ( x + h) − f 2 ( x)
1 π π −π π If D * f ( x ) = lim where f 2 ( x ) = { f ( x )}2
a. if − < x < b. 3 if <x< h→ 0 h
3 8 8 8 8
84. If u = f ( x ), v = g ( x ), then the value of D * ( u .v ) is:
1 π π −π π
c. if − < x < d. 3 if <x<
3 9 9 9 9 a. ( D * u ) v + ( D * v ) u b. u 2 D *v + v 2 D *u
c. D *u + D *v d. u vD * ( u + v )
Assertion and Reason
85. If u = f ( x ), v = g ( x ) then the value of D*   is:
u
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark v 
the correct option out of the options given below:
a. u D v −4 v D u b. uD v −2 vD u
2 * 2 * * *

a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the v v
correct explanation of the assertion. v D u −u D v
2 * 2 *
vD u − uD *v
*
c. d.
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the v4 v2
correct explanation of the assertion.
86. D* (tan x) is equal to:
c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
d. If assertion is false but reason is true. a. sec 2 x b. 2sec2 x
c. tan x sec 2 x d. 2 ta n x se c 2 x
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.

1 x +1 1 2x −1 87. The value of D* f ( x) at the point on the curve y = f ( x )

79. Let y = log + tan −1 ?
3 x − x +1
2
3 3 such that tangent to it are parallel to x-axis, then:
dy a. f ( x ) b. zero
Assertion: at x = 0 is 1
dx c. 2 f ( x ) d. xf ( x )
dy 2
Reason: = 88. The value of D c , where c is constant is:
*

dx x3 + 2
a. non-zero constant b. 2 constant
1 c. does not exist d. zero
80. Let y = log ?
1+ x
Paragraph –II
Assertion: y ′(1) = − 1 / 2 .
If y = f ( x ) be a differentiable function of x such that whose
Reason: xy ′ + x = e y .
second, third,…, nth derivatives exist. ie., nth derivative of y is
81. Suppose that cos( xy ) = x ? dny n
denoted by y n , , Dy y, y n , f n ( x)
dx n
Assertion: dy = 1 + y sin( xy ) n −1
dny f ( x + h ) − f n −1 ( x )
dx x sin( xy ) ⇒ = lim
dx n h → 0 h
dy
Reason: < 0 for x, y > 0 such that 0 < xy < π .
dx

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Differentiation 319
3 x+7
89. If y = e , then the value of: 95. Observe the following columns:
a. 1 b. 3 n Column I Column II

(A) If y = sin −1  
n
c. 3 , e 7 n
d. 3 .e .7! 7
2x 2
 , then 1. ,| x | <1
 1 + x2  1 + x2
ln x
90. If y = , then the value of y n (1) is: dy
2 − 3x is
dx
a. 0 b. ( − 1) n .3 n
 1 − x2  2
c. ( −1) n .3n.n ! d. none of these (B) If y = cos −1  2 
, then 2. ,| x | ≠1
1+ x  1 + x2

ln x dy
91. If y = , then the value of y ′′( e ) is: is
x dx
1
(C) If y = tan −1 
b. − 2x  2
a. 1
2 
, then 3. − , x<0
e −
 x 
1 1 + x2
1 1
c. − 2 d. − 3 dy
e e is
dx
92. If x = sin t , y = sin kt , then the value of (1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 is: 2
4. − , x >1
a. k 2 y b. −k y 2 1+ x2

c. ky 2 d. − ky 2 5. Non-existent, | x| =1
a. A→ 1,5; B→ 2; C→ 3,5
93. If n = 4 p + 3, p ∈ I and y = tan − 1 x , then y n (0) is: b. A→ 1,4; B→ 3; C→ 1,2,5
a. 0 b. n ! c. A→ 2,4,5; B→ 3; C→ 1,5
c. − ( n − 1)! d. ( n − 1)! d. A→ 1,4,5; B→ 3; C→ 2,5

Match the Column

Integer
94. Observe the following columns:
Column I Column II  ax − b  dy
96. If y = tan −1   then the value of (2008) must
(A) y = sin −1 (3 x − 4 x 3 ), 3  1 1   bx + a  dx x = −1
1. , x∈ − , 
dy 1 + x2  3 3 be:
then is
dx
97. If x = a(cost + t sin t); y = a(sin t − t cos t), then the value of
(B) y = cos −1 (4 x 3 − 3 x ), 3  1 
2. , x∈ , ∞
dy 1+ x 2
 3  d2y
then is 120) must be:
dx dx 2 t =π / 3
 3x − x3  3  1 1
(C) y = tan −1  2 
, 3. , x∈− ,  sin x cos x π 
 1 − 3x  (1 − x ) 2
 2 2 98. If f ( x) = , then the value of −256 2 f ′  
tan x cot x 4
dy
then is must be:
dx
 1  d 17 y
4.
3
, x ∈  −∞, − 99. If y = sin x − cos x and if f ( x) = , then the value of
1+ x 2  dx17
 3
3  1  1   1024   π 
5. , x∈ −1, −  ∪ ,1   f   must be:
1− x2
 2  2   2  4
a. A→ 3,5; B→ 3,5; C→ 1,2 n
 d 2 y   dy 
b. A→ 3,5; B→ 3,5; C→ 1,2,4 100. If x = 2 + t 3 , y = 3t 2 and  2  /   is a constant then
c. A→ 3,5; B→ 2,3; C→ 1,4  dx   dx 
d. A→ 1,3; B→ 3,5; C→ 1,2 the value of 343n must be:

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320 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER 1
2. ∵ 5 f ( x) + 3 f   = x + 2
(b) . . .(i)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. x
b b b c d c a a c c
1 1 1
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Replacing x by in (i), 5 f   + 3 f ( x) = + 2 . . .(ii)
x x x
c b c b d b a a a c
On solving equation (i) and (ii),
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
3
d a c d c c a a a c We get, 16 f ( x) = 5 x − +4
x
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
3
d a a b c a d b b c ∴ 16 f ′( x ) = 5 +
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. x2
a a c b a a c a b c ∵ y = xf ( x)
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. dy
⇒ = f ( x) + xf ′( x)
b a d a c c d b d b dx
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 1 3 1 3
d
= (5 x − + 4) + x. (5 + 2 )
a d a c b b c a,b a,b 16 x 16 x
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
dy 1 1 7
b,d all a,b,c a,c,d b,c,d b,c a,b,c a,c c a at x = 1, = (5 − 3 + 4) + (5 + 3) = .
dx 16 16 8
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
d a b b c d b d c d 1 − t2 2 at
3. (b) x = and y =
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 1 + t2 1 + t2
d b c b d 1004 2880 512 1024 1372 Differentiating with respect to t, we get
dx (1 + t 2 )(0 − 2 t) − (1 − t 2 )(0 + 2t) 4t
SOLUTION = =−
dt (1 + t )
2 2
(1 + t 2 )2
Multiple Choice Questions
dy (1 + t 2 )2a − 2at(2 t) 2a(1 − t 2 )
g ( x) f (a ) − g (a) f ( x) and = =
1. (b) lim . dt (1 + t 2 )2 (1 + t 2 )2
x→a x−a
dy dy / dt a(1 − t 2 ) dy a(t 2 − 1)
We add and subtract g(a) f (a) in numerator ⇒ = = ; ∴ = .
dx dx / dt − 2t dx 2t
g ( x) f (a) − g (a) f ( a) + g (a) f (a) − g (a) f ( x )
= lim 2t
x→a x−a 4. (c) tan y = . . . (i)
1 − t2
 g ( x) − g (a)   f ( x) − f (a)  2t
= lim f (a)   − xlim g (a )   and sin x = . . . (ii)
x→a  x − a  → a  x−a  1 + t2

 g ( x) − g (a)   f ( x) − f (a)  From (i), differentiating w.r.t. t of y, we get,

= f (a ) lim   − g (a ) lim  
x→a  x−a  x → a  x−a  dy 2(1 + t 2 ) dy 2(1 + t 2 ) 1
sec 2 y = and = .
dt (1 − t )
2 2
dt (1 − t 2 )2 (1 + tan 2 y )
f (a) g '(a) − g (a) f '(a)
dy 2(1 + t 2 ) 1 2
[by using first principle formula] or = . = . . . (iii)
dt (1 − t 2 )2   2 t  2  1 + t 2
= 3.4 − (−1)(−2) = 12 − 2 = 10 1 +  2 

  1 − t  
g ( x) f ( a) − g (a) f ( x)
lim and from (ii), differentiating w.r.t. t of x, we get
x→a x−a
dx 2(1 − t 2 )
Using L–Hospital’s rule, cos x =
dt (1 + t 2 )2
g '( x) f ( a) − g ( a) f '( x)
Limit = lim dx 2(1 − t 2 ) 1 2
x→a 1 or = = . . . (iv)
dt (1 + t 2 )2 (2 t )2 1 + t2
Limit = g '(a ) f ( a ) − g ( a ) f '(a ) 1−
(1 + t 2 )2
= (4)(3) − (−1)(−2) dy
Hence, =1.
= 12 − 2 = 10. dx

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Differentiation 321
dy dy / dt 2a dy 1 2a dx 1 dy 1
5. (d) = = ⇒ = = 12. (b) We have =1− 2 , =1+ 2
dx dx / dt 2at dx t y dt t dt t
dy d 2 y  dy 
2
dy t 2 + 1  2  d 2y d  dy  dt
⇒ y = 2a ⇒ y 2 +   = 0 ∴ = 2 =  1 + 2  and =  .
dx dx  dx  dx t − 1  t − 1  dx 2
dt  dx  dx

d 2 y −(dy / dx) 2 1 −1 t2 4 t3
⇒ = =− . = 2. .2t × 2 =− 2 .
dx 2
y 2at 3 (t − 1)
2 2
t −1 (t − 1)3

dy dy du 2π
6. (c) = . = u 3 .2 x 2 13. (c) Around x = , | cos x | = − cos x and | sin x | = sin x
dx du dx 3
2 
3
2 2 3 ∴ y = − cos x + sin x
=  x3 + 5  .2 x 2 = x (2 x + 15)3 .
 3  27 dy
∴ = sin x + cos x
dx
x
7. (a) sin( xy ) + = x2 − y
y 2π dy 2π 2π 3 1 1
At x = , = sin + cos = − = ( 3 − 1).
 1 dy 1 3 dx 3 3 2 2 2
d
Differentiating both sides, cos( xy ) ( xy )+ x− 2  +
dx  y dx y log(log x)
14. (b) f ( x) = log x (log x) =
dy log x
= 2x −
dx 1 1
− log(log x)
x dy 1
⇒ [ x cos( xy ) − 2 + 1] = 2 x − − y cos( xy ) ⇒ f ′( x) = x x
y dx y (log x) 2
dy  2 xy 2 − y − y 3 cos( xy )  1
⇒ = . −0
dx  xy 2 cos( xy ) − x + y 2  1
⇒ f ′(e) = e =
1 e
8. (a) ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
− log x , if 0 < x < 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, we get 15. (d) f ( x) =| log x |= 
 log x , if x ≥ 1
 dy  dy dy
2 ax + 2 h y + x  + 2by + 2g + 2 f =0
 dx  dx dx  1
 − x , if 0 < x < 1
dy ⇒ f ′( x) = 
∴ (2hx + 2by + 2 f ) = −(2ax + 2hy + 2 g ) .
dx  1 , if x > 1
dy (ax + hy + g)  x
or =− .
dx (hx + by + f ) Clearly f ′(1− ) = −1 and f ′(1+ ) = 1,
1 1−x ∴ f ′( x) does not exist at x = 1
9. (c) f ( x ) = ⇒ f { f (x )} =
1−x −x
−x  1 − x 
⇒ f [ f { f ( x )}] = =x 16. (b) Let y = sin 2 cot −1  
− x −1 + x  1 + x 
∴ Derivative of f [ f { f ( x )}] = 1 .
Put, x = cos θ ⇒ θ = cos −1 x
10. (c) Since g(x ) is the inverse of f (x ) , therefore
 1 − cos θ  −1  θ
f ( x ) = y ⇔ g(y) = x ⇒ y = sin 2 cot −1  2
 = sin cot  tan 
 1 + cos θ   2
1
Now, g' ( f (x )) = , ∀x ⇒ g ' ( f ( x )) = 1 + x 3 , ∀x
f ' (x ) π θ  θ
⇒ y = sin 2  −  = cos2
⇒ g ' (y ) = 1 + (g(y )) 3
[using f ( x ) = y ⇔ x = g(y )]  2 2  2
⇒ g ' (x ) = 1 + (g(x )) 3
(replacing y by x). 1 1
= (1 + cos θ ) = (1 + x)
11. (c) f ( x) = log x ; ∴ f [log x ] = log log x 2 2
dy 1
f ' [log x ] =
1
.
d
log x =
1
. ∴ =
log x dx x log x dx 2

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322 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
5 12 22. (a) ln( x + y ) = 2 xy
17. (a) Let cos α = . Then sin α = .
13 13 (1 + dy / dx)  dy 
⇒ = 2 x + y
So, y = cos−1{cos α .cos x − sin α .sin x} (x + y)  dx 
∴ y = cos−1{cos( x + α )} = x + α dy 1 − 2 xy − 2 y 2
⇒ =
(∵ x + α is in the first or the second quadrant) dx 2 x 2 + 2 xy − 1
dy 1− 2
∴ = 1. ⇒ y ′(0) = = 1, at x = 0, y = 1.
dx −1

18. (a) We know that

d
cosh −1 x =
1
, 23. (c) xm y n = 2( x + y)m+n
dx x −12
⇒ m log x + n log y = log 2 + (m + n) log( x + y )
d 1
cosh −1 (sec x) = sec x tan x Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides
dx sec2 x − 1 m n dy m + n  dy 
+ = 1+
sec x tan x x y dx x + y  dx 
= = sec x.
tan x dy y
2 2n 2n+1
⇒ = .
(1 − x) (1 + x) (1 + x ).....(1 + x ) 1 − x dx x
19. (a) y = =
1− x 1− x
1 t
n+1 n+1 24. (d) Obviously x = cos −1 and y = sin −1
dy −2n +1.x 2 −1 (1 − x) + 1 − x 2 1+ t 2
1+ t2
∴ = ,
dx (1 − x)2
⇒ x = tan −1 t and y = tan −1 t
n +1
dy −2 0.1 + 1 − 0
∴ At x = 0, = = 1. dy
dx 12 ⇒ y=x ⇒ = 1.
dx
20. (c) We are given that xe xy = y + sin 2 x
1− t2 2t
When x = 0, we get y = 0 25. (c) x = 2
and y =
1+ t 1+ t2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, Put, t = tan θ in both the equations,
 dy  dy 1 − tan 2 θ 2 tan θ
We get, e xy + xe xy  x + y  = + 2sin x cos x We get, x = = cos 2θ and y = = sin 2θ .
 dx  dx 1 + tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ
dy Differentiating both the equations,
Putting, x = 0, y = 0, we get = 1.
dx dx dy
We get = −2sin 2θ and = 2 cos 2θ .
21. (d) sin( x + y ) = log( x + y ) dθ dθ
Differentiating with respect to x, dy cos 2θ x
Therefore =− =− .
 dy  1  dy  dx sin 2θ y
cos( x + y ) 1 +  = 1 + 
 dx  x + y  dx 
26. (c) y = log x + y ⇒ y 2 = log x + y
 1   dy 
 cos( x + y ) −  1+ =0 dy 1 dy dy 1
 x + y   dx  ⇒ 2y = +
dx x dx
⇒ =
dx x(2 y − 1)
1
∵ cos( x + y ) ≠ for any x and y.
x+ y 27. (a) y = x x
⇒ log e y = x log x

So, 1 +
dy
= 0,
dy
= −1. 1 dy 1 1 dy  2 + log e x 
⇒ = x + log x or =x x
 
dx dx y dx x 2 x dx  2 x 
Short Trick: It is an implicit function,
1 28. (a) Taking log both sides, p log x +q log y =(p+q )log( x + y )
cos( x + y ) −
dy ∂f / ∂x x+ y p q dy p + q  dy  dy y
So, =− =− = −1. ⇒ + =
dx ∂f / ∂y 1 1 +  ⇒ = .
cos( x + y ) − x y dx x + y  dx  dx x
x+ y

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Differentiation 323
(sin x )..... ∞
29. (a) y = (sin x )(sin x ) 36. (a) y = x sin x
⇒ log e y = sin x log e x
∴
⇒ y = (sin x ) y ⇒ log e y = y log sin x
dy  sin x 
1 dy dy ∴ = x sin x  + cos x log e x
⇒ = [log sin x + y cot x ] dx  x 
y dx dx
 sin x + x cos x log e x 
= x sin x  .
dy y 2 cot x  x 
∴ = .
dx 1 − y log sin x
37. (d) y = x + x + x + ........to ∞
30. (c) y = (x x )x ⇒ log e y = x log e ( x )x
= x 2 . log e x ⇒ y = x+ y
1 dy 1 ⇒ y2 = x + y
⇒ = x 2 . + 2 x . log e x
y dx x dy dy
⇒ 2y = 1+
dy dx dx
∴ = x( x x ) x [1 + 2log e x] .
dx dy
⇒ (2 y − 1) = 1
dx
31. (d) y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ..... ∞
dy 1
⇒ =
⇒ y = sin x + y ⇒ y 2 = sin x + y dx 2 y − 1
On differentiating both sides, we get x ......∞

dy dy dy 38. (b) y = x x ⇒ y = xy
2y = cos x + ⇒ (2 y − 1) = cos x .
dx dx dx ⇒ log e y = y log e x
x
1 dy y dy
32. (a) y =  1 +
1  1
 ⇒ log y = x log  1 +  ⇒ ⋅ = + log e x
 x  x y dx x dx
1 dy  1 1 1  dy y
⇒ = log 1 +  −
y dx  x  1+ x ⇒  − log e x =
y  dx x
x
dy  1   1 1 
⇒ =  1 +  log  1 +  − . dy
dx  x   x  1+ x ⇒ x(1 − y log e x) = y2
dx
33. (a) Let y = x log e x 39. (b) For x > 20, we have f ( x) = | x − 2 |= x − 2
⇒ log e y = log e x log e x = (log e x ) 2
and g ( x) = f ( f ( x)) = f ( x − 2) = x − 2 − 2 = x − 4
1 dy 1 ∴ g ′( x) = 1
⇒ = 2 log e x .
y dx x
dy 40. (c) Since g is inverse of f. Therefore,
∴ = 2 x (loge x −1) log e x .
dx d
fog ( x) = x for all x ⇒ { fog ( x )} = 1 for all x
dx
34. (b) x y = y x ⇒ y log e x = x log e y
1
Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, we get ⇒ f ′( g ( x)).g ′( x) = 1 ⇒ f ′{g ( x)} =
′
g ( x)
dy y 1 dy
log e x + = log e y + x
dx x y dx 1 1  1 
⇒
1 + [ g ( x)]n
=
g ′( x) ∵ f ′( x) = 1 + x n 
dy y ( x log e y − y )  
∴ = .
dx x( y log e x − x) ⇒ g ′( x ) = 1 + [ g ( x )]n
x
35. (c) y = x ( x ) ⇒ log y = x x log x 2x 2x
41. (a) Let y1 = tan −1 and y2 = sin −1
1 dy dz 1 1 − x2 1 + x2
⇒ = . log x + .z , (where x x = z )
y dx dx x Putting x = tanθ
dy x  dz  ∴ y1 = tan −1 tan 2θ = 2θ = 2 tan −1 x
⇒ = x ( x )  x x (log ex).log x + x x −1  , ∵ = x x log ex  .
dx  dx  and y2 = sin −1 sin 2θ = 2 tan −1 x

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324 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
dy1 d 2 47. (c) Putting x = tan θ
Again = [2 tan −1 x ] = . . . (i)
dx dx 1 + x2  2 tan θ   1 + tan 2 θ 
y = sin −1   + sec −1  

 1 + tan θ   1 − tan θ
2 2
dy2 d 2 
and = [2 tan −1 x ] = . . . (ii)
dx dx 1 + x2 = 2θ + 2θ = 4 tan −1 x .
dy1
Hence =1  2 tan θ   1 + tan 2 θ 
dy2 y = sin −1   + sec −1  

 1 + tan θ   1 − tan θ
2 2

 π 1 + x  π 1+ x ⇒
dy
=
d
(4 tan −1 x ) =
4
.
42. (a) f ( x) = cos −1 cos  −   + x = −
x
+ xx dx dx 1+ x2
   2 2   2 2
2x
1 1 48. (a) y = sin −1 Put x = tan θ
∴ f ′( x) = − . + x x (1 + log x) 1 + x2
2 2 1+ x
2 tan θ
∴ ∴ y = sin −1 = sin −1 sin 2θ
1 3 1 + tan 2 θ
⇒ f ′(1) = − + 1 =
4 4 y = 2θ = 2 tan −1 x (∵ θ = tan −1 x )
43. (c) f ( x ) = x n ⇒ f (1) = 1, f ′( x ) = nx n −1 ⇒ f ′(1) = n Differentiating with respect to x, we get
f ′′( x ) = n( n − 1) x n − 2 ⇒ f ′′(1) = n ( n − 1).... dy 2  π
=  Since 0 < x < 1 and 0 < y <  .
dx 1 + x 2  2
f n ( x ) = n ! ⇒ f n (1) = n !,
f ′(1) f ′′(1) ( −1) n f n (1) d  3a2 x − x 3 
∴ f (1) − + ...... + 49. (b) tan −1  2 2 
1! 2! n! dx  a(a − 3 x ) 
n n( n − 1) n( n − 1)( n − 2) n! d  3 a 3 tan θ − a 3 tan 3 θ 
= 1− + − + ..... + ( −1) n Put x = a tan θ ⇒ tan − 1  
 a − 3 a tan θ 
3 3 2
1! 2! 3! n! dx
= n C0 − n C1 + n C 2 − n C3 + ...... + ( −1) n n Cn = 0. d d 3a
= tan −1 (tan 3θ ) = (3θ ) = 2
dx dx x + a2
 log e − log x 2  −1  3 + 2log x 
44. (b) We have y = tan −1   + tan   d  3a2 x − x 3  3
If x = 0 , then tan −1  2 2 
= .
 log e + log x  1 − 6log x 
2
 dx  a(a − 3 x )  a
 1 − 2log x  −1  3 + 2log x 
= tan −1   + tan   d
sin −1 (2ax 1 − a 2 x 2 )
 1 + 2 log x   1 − 6log x  50. (c)
dx
= tan −1 1 − tan −1 (2 log x ) + tan −1 3 + tan −1 (2 log x ) d
Putting ax = sin θ , we get = sin −1[2sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ ]
dy dny dx
⇒ y = tan −1 1 + tan −1 3 ⇒ = 0 ⇒ n = 0. d 2a
dx dx = sin −1 sin 2θ =
dx 1 − a2 x2
x4 15 x − 14
45. (a) y = = x 2 + 3x + 7 + 51. (b) f ( x ) = x + 2 ⇒ f ′( x ) = 1
x − 3x + 2
2
( x − 1) ( x − 2)
∴ f ′( f ( x )) = f ′( x + 2 ) = 1 at x = 4 .
1 16
= x + 3x + 7 −
2
+  
( x − 1) ( x − 2) 52. (a) y = tan −1 
x  Put x = sin θ
 
1+ 1− x
2
∴ yn = Dn ( x 2 ) + Dn (3x) + Dn (7) − Dn [( x −1)−1 ] + 16Dn [( x − 2)−1 ] 

= ( −1) n n ![ − ( x − 1) − n −1 + 16( x − 2) − n −1 ]  sin θ  −1  sin θ 

∴ y = tan −1   = tan  
= ( −1) n ![16( x − 2)
n − n −1
− ( x − 1) − n −1
].  1 + 1 − sin θ
2
  1 + cos θ 
θ θ
2 sin cos
46. (a) Let x = sin θ ⇒ 2 sin −1 x = 2θ 2 2 = tan −1 tan θ = θ
= tan −1
⇒ y = sin 2θ θ 2 2
2 cos 2
2
dy dy / d θ 2 cos 2θ 2(1 − 2 sin θ ) 2 − 4 x 2 2
⇒ = = = = . sin x−1
dy 1
dx dx / d θ cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ 1 − x2 So, y= ⇒ = .
2 dx 2 1 − x 2

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Differentiation 325
1− x dy −1 d3 3 d3 d3
53. (d) Let y = sin −1 ⇒ = . . . (i) x sin x cos x
1+ x dx x (1 + x ) dx 3 dx 3 dx3
3
d
dz 1 ∴ f ( x) = 6 −1 0
and z = x ⇒ = . . . (ii) dx3
dx 2 x 1 p2 p3
dy dy / dx −2
Therefore by (i) and (ii) = = . dn n dn nπ
dz dz / dx 1 + x We know that x = n !, sin x = sin( x + )
dx n dx n 2
1− x2 dn nπ
54. (a) Let y = tan −1 and z = cos −1 ( x 2 ) and cos x = cos( x + )
1 + x2 dx n
2
2 sin 2 θ  3π   3π 
Put x 2 = cos 2θ ; ∴ y = tan −1 = θ and z = 2θ 3! sin  x +  cos  x + 
2 cos 2 θ  2   2 
d3
dy dy / dθ 1 Using these results, f ( x) = 6 −1 0
∴ = = . dx3
dz dz / dθ 2 1 p2 p3

55. (c) x = a cos θ +

1 1
b cos 2θ , y = a sinθ + b sin 2θ
6 −1 0
2 d3
2 f ( x ) = 6 − 1 0 = 0 i.e., independent of p.
dy dx dx3 at x = 0
= a cos θ + b cos 2θ , = −a sin θ − b sin 2θ 1 p 2 p3
dθ dθ
dy dy / d θ a cos θ + b cos 2θ 58. (b) Applying Leibnitz’s theorem by taking x2 as second
∴ = =
dx dx / dθ − a sinθ − b sin 2θ function, we get, D n y = D n (log x.x 2 )
d  dy  d  dy  d θ
 = . . = n C0 D n (log x ). x 2 + n C1 D n −1 (log x ).D ( x 2 )
dx  dx  d θ  dx  dx
+ n C2 D n − 2 (log x ) D 2 ( x 2 ) + ...........
 (a sin θ + b sin 2θ )(a sin θ + 2b sin 2θ )
=  (−1) n −1 (n − 1)! 2 (−1) n − 2 (n − 2)!
 (a sin θ + b sin 2θ )2 = .x + n. .2 x
x n
x n −1
(a cos θ + b cos 2θ )(a cos θ + 2b cos 2θ )  d θ d 2y
+ . but =0
(a sin θ + b sin 2θ )2
 dx dx 2 n(n − 1) (−1) n −3 (n − 3)!
+ .2 + 0 + 0.........
2! xn−2
⇒ a 2 + 2b 2 + 3 ab[sin 2θ sin θ + cos 2θ . cos θ ] = 0
(−1)n−1 (n − 1)! 2n(−1)n− 2 (n − 2)! n(n − 1)(−1)n −3 (n − 3)!
⇒ a 2 + 2b 2 = −3 ab cos( 2θ − θ ) = + +
xn− 2 xn− 2 xn− 2
 a 2 + 2b 2 
∴ cos θ = − .

(−1) n −1 ( n − 3)!
 3 ab  = × {( n − 1)(n − 2) − 2n(n − 2) + n(n − 1)}
xn −2
56. (c) f (x ) = xe x (−1)n −1 (n − 3)!
= .2
f ′( x ) = e x + xe x xn−2

f ′′(x ) = e x + e x + xe x = 2e x + xe x 4 3 7
59. (d) Clearly z is homogeneous is x, y of order − =
3 4 12
f ′′′( x ) = 2e + e + xe = 3 e + xe
x x x x x
∂z ∂z 7
……………………………………… ∴ By Euler’s Theorem x +y = z.
∂x ∂y 12
………………………………………
f n (x ) = ne x + xe x . Now, f n (x ) = 0 x+ y
60. (b) u =
x− y
⇒ ne x + xe x = 0
⇒ x = −n . ∂u ( x − y ).1 − ( x + y ).1 −2 y
∴ = =
∂x ( x − y) 2
( x − y)2
x3 sin x cos x ∂u ( x − y ).1 − ( x + y)(−1) 2x
57. (d) Given f ( x) = 6 − 1 0 , 2nd and 3rd rows are = =
∂y ( x − y) 2
( x − y)2
1 p 2 p3 ∂u ∂u 2( x − y ) 2
∴ + = = .
constant, so only 1st row will take part in differentiation ∂x ∂y ( x − y ) 2 x − y

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326 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

61. (d) u = sin −1

y  y
66. (b) tan u = x + y = x . 1 + 
x  x
∂u 1  y  y ∴ tan u is homogeneous in x, y of order 1.
∴ = . − 2 =− .
∂x 2 
y  x  x x − y2
2
∂ ∂
1− 2 ∴ x (tan u) + y (tan u) = tan u
x ∂x ∂y

62. (a) tan u is homogeneous in x, y of degree 2. ∂u ∂u

∴ x sec 2 u + y sec 2 u = tan u
∂ ∂ ∂x ∂y
∴ x (tan u) + y (tan u) = 2(tan u)
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂u 1
∴ x +y = tan u. cos 2 u = sin u cos u = sin 2u .
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂y 2
∴ x sec 2 u + y sec 2 u = 2 tan u
∂x ∂y
67. (b) u = x 2 tan −1 y − y 2  π − tan −1 y  = (x 2 + y 2 ) tan −1 y − π y 2
∂u ∂u tan u x 2 x x 2
⇒ x +y =2 = 2 sin u cos u = sin 2u .
∂x ∂y sec 2 u ∂u 1 1 y
∴ = (x 2 + y 2 ) . + 2 y tan −1 − πy
∂y y 2
x x
63. (d) u = log(x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3 xyz ) 1+ 2
x
∂u 3 x 2 − 3 yz y
∴ = 3 = x + 2 y tan −1 − πy
∂x x + y 3 + z 3 − 3 xyz x
∂u 3 y 2 − 3 zx ∂ 2u 1 −y 2y 2 x2 − y2
= 3 = 1 + 2y . =1 − = .
∂y x + y 3 + z 3 − 3 xyz ∂x ∂y y2 x2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2
1+
∂u 3 z 2 − 3 xy x2
= 3
∂z x + y 3 + z 3 − 3 xyz ∂z
68. (c) = −a sec( y − ax ) tan( y − ax ) + a sec 2 (y + ax )
∂u ∂u ∂u 3 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx ) ∂x
∴ + + =
∂x ∂y ∂z (x + y + z )(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx ) ∂2z
= a 2 sec 3 (y − ax ) + a 2 sec( y − ax ) tan 2 (y − ax )
3 ∂x 2
= .
x +y+z + 2 a 2 sec 2 (y + ax ) tan( y + ax )
 ∂u ∂u ∂u  ∂z
∴ (x + y + z )  + +  = 3 . = sec(y − ax ) tan( y − ax ) + sec 2 (y + ax )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y
∂2z
y −1  = sec 3 (y − ax ) + sec( y − ax ) tan 2 (y − ax )
64. (a) u = log e (x + y ) + tan  
2 2
∂y 2
x
∂u 2x 1  y  2x − y + 2 sec 2 (y + ax ) tan( y + ax )
= + . − 2  = 2
∂x x 2 + y 2 2
y  x  x + y2 ∂2z ∂2z
1+ 2 ∴ − a2 2 = 0
x ∂x 2
∂y
∂ 2 u (x 2 + y 2 ).2 − (2 x − y )2 x 2 y 2 − 2 x 2 + 2 xy
= =
∂x 2
(x + y )
2 2 2
(x 2 + y 2 )2 NCERT Exemplar Problems
∂u 2y 1 1 2y + x More than One Answer
= + . = dy 1 1
∂y x 2 + y 2 y2 x x2 + y2 69. (a, b) y = log 2 (log 2 x ) = × log 2 e × log 2 e
1+ 2 dx log 2 x x
x
∂ 2 u (x 2 + y 2 ).2 − (2 y + x )2 y 2 x 2 − 2 y 2 − 2 xy 1
= = =
∂y 2
(x + y )
2 2 2
( x 2 + y 2 )2 x log 2 x.log e 2.log e 2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1 log 2 e
∴ + =0. = =
∂x 2 ∂y 2 x log e x log e 2 x log e x

( 1 + t 2 − 1 − t 2 )2
2 70. (a, b) y =
 y  y ( 1 + t 2 )2 − ( 1 − t 2 ) 2
65. (c) u =x 3  tan −1  is homogeneous in x, y of degree 3.
x x
2 − 2 1− t4 1− 1− t4
∴ xu x + yu y = 3u . = =
2t 2 t2

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Differentiation 327
 
( x)
1 74. (a, c, d) f n ( x) = e fn −1 . . .(i)
t 2 0 − × −4t 3  − {1 − 1 − t 4 }2t
2 1− t 4
=  
dy d d
∴
(x)
∴ { f n ( x)} = e fn−1 . f n −1 ( x)
dt t4 dx dx
2t 5 d
− 2t{1 − 1 − t 4 } = f n ( x). ( f n−1 ( x)) Alternate (a))
1− t 4
2{1 − 1 − t 4 } dx
= =
t4 t 3 (1 − t 4 ) d
= f n ( x). f n −1 ( x)..... f 2 ( x). f1 ( x) ( f 0 ( x))
dx −2t 3 dx
= = f n ( x). f n −1 ( x)..... f 2 ( x). f1 ( x).1 = 1) (∵ f 0 ( x) = 1)
dt 1− t4
n
 alternate (c) 
dy 1 − t 4 −1 −1 = ∏ fi ( x)  
∴ = = i =1 alternate (d) 
dx t6 t {1 + 1 − t 4 }
2

d x3
dx ∫x2
dn n dn dn 75. (b, c, d) f (t ) dt = f ( x3 ).3 x 2 − f ( x 2 ).2 x
x sin x − cos x
dx n dx n dx n
dn = ln x 3 .3x 2 − ln x 2 .2 x = 9 x 2 ln x − 4 x ln x = x ln x(9 x − 4)
71. (b, d) [ f ( x)] = n ! sin(nπ / 2) cos(nπ / 2)
dx n Let, z = x ln x(9 x − 4)
a a2 a3
dz
Then, = (1 + ln x)(9 x − 4) + 9 x ln x
dx
 nπ   nπ 
n ! sin  + x  cos  + x dz
 2   2  At, x = e, = 2 (9e − 4) + 9e = 27e − 8
= n! sin nπ / 2 cos nπ / 2 dx
a a2 a3 π π
76. (b, c) y = sin −1 (sin x) = x, − ≤x≤
∴ At x = 0 [ R1 = R 2 ] = 0 2 2
π 3π
 2x  −1
= π − x, <x≤
72. (a,b,c,d) f ( x) = sin  2 
2 2
1+ x  dy π π π 3π
∴ = 1, − < x < , = −1, < x <
1 (1 + x 2 )(2 − 2 x)2 x dx 2 2 2 2
f ′( x) = .
 2x 
2 (1 + x 2 ) 2
1−  77. (a, b, c) Given, F ( x) = f ( x).g ( x) . . .(i)
2 
 1+ x  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1 2(1 − x 2 ) F ′( x) = f ′( x).g ( x) + g ′( x). f ( x)
= .
1 + x 4 − 2 x 2 (1 + x )
2
 f ( x) g ( x) 
0 ⇒ F ′( x) = f ′( x) g ′( x)  + 
For x = 1 ie, x = ±1 f ′( x) = not defined
2
 f ′( x) g ′( x) 
0
 f g
−2 ⇒ F ′ = c′  + 
For x 2 < 1 or | x | < 1 f ′( x) = and for x 2 > 1  f ′ g′ 
1 + x2
2 ⇒ (a) is correct
or | x | > 1 f ′( x) =
1 + x2 Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
73. (a, b, c) f ( x) = x 2 + xg ′(1) + g ′′(2) F ′′( x) = f ′′( x) g ( x) + g ′′( x). f ( x) + 2 f ′( x).g ′( x)

and g ( x) = x 2 + xf ′(2) + f ′′(3) f ′( x) = 2 x + g ′(1), f ′′( x) = 2 ⇒ F ′′( x) = f ′′( x).g ( x) + g ′′( x). f ( x) + 2c . . .(ii)

g ′( x) = 2 x + f ′(2), g ′′( x) = 2 At x = 1, f ′(1) = 2 + g ′(1) Dividing both sides by F ( x) = f ( x).g ( x) {∵ f ′( x).g′(x) = c}

and g ′(1) = 2 + f ′(2) F ′′( x) F ′′( x) g ′′( x) 2c

Then = + +
F ( x) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x ) g ( x)
⇒ f ′(1) = 4 + f ′(2)
F ′′ f ′′ g ′′ 2c
Putting x = 2, f ′(2) = 4 + g ′(1), g ′(2) = 2 + f ′(2) or = + + ⇒ (b) is correct.
F f g fg
∴ g ′(2) = 4 + 4 + g ′(1) = 8 + g ′(1) Again given, f ′( x) g ′( x) = c
and g ′′(2) + f ′′(3) = 2 + 2 = 4 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

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328 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
f ′( x) g ′′( x ) + g ′( x) f ′′( x) = 0 3
83. (b) y′( x) = cos(3sin −1 x)
From eq. (ii) F ′′( x) f ′′( x).g ( x) + g ′′( x). f ( x) + 2c 1 − x2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get ⇒ y′(0) = 3 (1 − x 2 ) y′2 = 9cos 2 (3sin −1 x) = 9(1 − y 2 )
F '''( x) = f "( x ).g '( x ) + f "'( x).g ( x) + g "( x). f '( x ) f ( x).g "'( x) + 0 2(1 − x 2 ) y′′y′ − 2 xy′2 = −18 yy′
= f ′′′( x).g ( x) + g ′′′( x). f ( x) + 0
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) y′′ − xy′ + 9 y = 0
Now, dividing both sides by F ( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
Putting x = 0, y′′(0) = −9 y (0) = 0
F ′′′( x) f ′′′( x) g ′′′( x)
Then, = +
F ( x) f ( x) g ( x) Comprehension Based
F ′′′ f ′′′ g ′′′ 84. (b) D* (u.v) = D* ( f ( x).g ( x))
or = +
F f g
f 2 ( x + h) g 2 ( x + h ) − f 2 ( x ) g 2 ( x )
⇒ (c) is correct. = lim
h →0 h
−1
78. (a, c) u sin x  g 2 ( x + h) − g 2 ( x)  2 { f 2 (x + h) − f 2 ( x)}
= lim f 2 (x + h)   + g (x)
 1 h→0
 h  h
−π − 3sin x, −1 ≤ x ≤ − 2
−1

 = f 2 ( x) D* g ( x) + g 2 ( x) D* f ( x) = u 2 D*v + v 2 D*u
 1 1
v = sin −1 (3x − 4 x 3 ) = 3sin −1 x, − ≤x≤ 2 2
2 2  f ( x + h)   f ( x ) 
   − 
 1 u   f ( x) 
85. (c) D*   = D*  =  g ( x + h)   g ( x ) 
π − 3sin x,
−1
≤ x ≤1  lim
 2 v   g ( x )  h →0 h
 1 1 f 2 ( x + h) g 2 ( x ) − g 2 ( x + h ) f 2 ( x )
− 3 , −1 ≤ x ≤ − 2 = lim
h →0 h g 2 ( x + h) g 2 ( x )

du  1 1 1
∴ = , − ≤x≤ { f 2 ( x + h) − f 2 ( x)} {g 2 ( x + h) − g 2 ( x)}
dv  3 2 2 g 2 ( x) − f 2 ( x)
= lim h h
 1 1
− 3 , 2 ≤ x ≤ 1
h→0 g 2 ( x + h) g 2 ( x)

g 2 ( x ) D* f ( x ) − f 2 ( x) D* g ( x) v 2 D*u − u 2 D*v
= =
g 4 ( x) v4
Assertion and Reason
2 tan 2 ( x + h) − tan 2 x
dy 1  1 1 3 − 3x  1 1 86. (d) D* (tan x) = lim
79. (c) = × + 3 =
x →0 h
dx 3  x + 1 2 x2 − x + 1 3  2x − 1 
2
x +1
3
tan( x + h) − tan x
1+   = lim lim(tan( x + h) + tan x)
 3  h →0 h h→0

1 = sec2 x.2 tan x = 2 tan x sec 2 x

80. (a) y = − log(1 + x) ⇒ y′ = −
1+ x 87. (b) Given, f ′( x) = 0
⇒ (1 + x) y ′ = −1
f 2 ( x + 4) − f 2 ( x)
1 Now, D* f ( x ) = lim
xy′ = −1 − y′ = −1 + = −1 + e y h →0 h
1+ x
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
Since y (1) = − log 2, so, putting x = 1 in xy′ + 1 = e y = lim lim( f ( x + h) + f ( x))
h →0 h h →0

We get y′(1) + 1 =
1
⇒ y′(1) = −
1 = f ′( x ).2 f ( x) = 0
2 2
c2 − c2
88. (d) d *c = lim =0
dy 1 + y sin( xy ) h→ 0 h
81. (d) =−
dx x sin( xy )
89. (c) y = e3 x+ 7
dy 2t − 3t 2 ∴ y1 = 3e3 x + 7 , y2 = 32 e3 x + 7 ...
82. (a) = but ( x, y ) = (0,0) if and only if t = 0
dx 1 − 4t 3
∴ yn ( x ) = 3n.e3 x + 7 Then, yn (0) = 3n.e7
or t =1.

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Differentiation 329
−1
90. (d) y = (2 − 3 x) Match the Column

∴ y1 = (−1)(2 − 3 x ) −2 (−3) 94. (b) (A) y = sin −1 (3x − 4 x3 )

y2 = (−1)(−2)(2 − 3 x ) −3 (−3) 2  1
 −π − 3sin x , −1 ≤ x ≤ − 2
−1

y3 = (−1)(−2)(−3)(2 − 3 x ) −4 .(−3)3 
 1 1
…………………………………. =  3sin −1 x , − ≤x≤
 2 2
yn = (−1) n .n!(2 − 3x) − n −1 ( −3) n  1
 π − 3sin x ,
−1
≤ x ≤1
∴ yn (1) = (−1)n .n!(−1) − n −1 (−3) n = (−1) n+1.3n.n!  2

ln x  3 1
91. (d) y = − , −1 ≤ x ≤ −
x  1 − x2 2

∴ y′ =
(1 − ln x) dy  3 1 1
∴ .=  , − ≤ x ≤ (R, T)
x2 dx  1 − x 2 2 2
 1  3 1
x 2  −  − (1 − ln x )2 x − , ≤ x ≤1
y′′ = 
x
∴  (1 − x 2 ) 2
x4
−e − 0 1 y = cos −1 (4 x 2 − 3 x )
∴ y′′(e) = =− 3 (B)
e4 e
 1
3cos x − 2π , −1 ≤ x ≤ − 2
−1
 dy 
dy  dt  k cos kt 
 1 1
92. (b) = = =  2π − 3cos −1 x , − ≤ x ≤
dx  dx  cos t 2 2
  
 dt   −1 1
 3cos x , ≤ x ≤1
y1 =
k cos kt
On squaring both sides,  2
cos t
 −3 1
We get, (1 − sin 2 t ) y12 = k 2 (1 − sin 2 kt )  , −1 ≤ x ≤ −
 1 − x2 2
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) y12 = k 2 (1 − y 2 )
dy  3 1 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, then ∴ = , − ≤ x ≤ (R, T)
dx  1 − x 2 2 2
(1 − x 2 )2 y1 y2 + y12 (−2 x ) = 0 − 2k 2 yy1  −3 1
 , ≤ x ≤1
Dividing by 2n, then (1 − x ) y2 − xy1 = −k y
2 2
 (1 − x 2 ) 2

93. (c) y = tan −1 x

 3x − x3 
(C) y = tan −1  2 
1 1 1 1  1 −1 −1  1 − 3x 
⇒ y1 = =  −  = {( x − i ) − ( x + i ) }
(1 + x 2 ) 2i  x − i x + i  2i
 −1 1 1
∴ yn ( x) = (n − 1)th derivative of y1  3tan x , − <x<
 3 3
1  (−1) n −1 (n − 1)! (−1) n −1 (n − 1)!  1
=  −  =  π + 3tan −1 x , x<−
2i  ( x − i ) n ( x + i)n  3

(−1) n−1.(n − 1)!  1 1   1
 −π + 3tan x ,
−1
∴ yn (0) =  − n  but n = 4 p + 3 x>
2i  ( − i ) n
( i )   3

(−1) 4 p + 2 (4 p + 2)!  3 1 1
then yn (0) = 1 + x 2 , − <x<
2i  3 3
 1 1  1 1 1  dy  3 1
 − 4 p +3  = .(4 p + 2)! +  ∴ = , x<−
4 p+3 dx 1 + x 2 3
 ( −i ) (i )  2i i i 
 3 1
= −(4 p + 2)! = −(n − 1)!  , x>
1 + x
2
3

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330 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

 2 tan −1 x , | x | ≤1 2
d y d d dt
 2x   −1 −1
⇒ = (tan t ) = (tan t ) ⋅
95. (d) (A) y = sin  2 
=  π − 2 tan x , x >1 dx 2 dx dt dx
 1+ x   −1
−(π + 2 tan x ) , x < −1 = sec 2 t
1
=
sec3 t d 2 y
=
8
=
24
at cos t at dx 2 t =π / 3 π a / 3 π a
 2
 1 + x2 , | x | <1
d2y
∴ dy  ∴ 120 π a = 120 × 24 = 2880
=  non-existent , x = 1 dx 2 t = π / 3
dx 
2
 − , x >1 cos x − sin x sin x cos x
 1 + x2 98. (512) f ′( x) = +
tan x cot x sec 2 x −cosec 2 x
 1 − x 2  2 tan −1 x , x ≥ 0
(B) y = cos −1  2 
= 1 1 1 1
 1 + x  −2 tan
−1
, x<0 π  − −
f ′  = 2 2 + 2 2
4 1 1 2 −2
 2
 1 + x2 , x>0
dy  2 2 2
∴ = non-existent , x = 0 (R) = − − = − 2 −256 2 f ′(π / 4)
dx  2 2 2
2
 − , x<0 = −256 2 × − 2 = 512
 1 + x2
 2 tan −1 x , | x | <1 99. (1024) Differentiation of sin x and cos x repeat after
 2x  
−1 −1 fourth order
(C) y = tan  2 
=  π + 2 tan x , x < −1
1− x   −1 d 16 y
 − (π − 2 tan x ) , x >1 ∴ = sin x − cos x
dx16
 2
dy  , | x | ≠1 d 17 y
∴ = 1 + x 2 ⇒ f ( x) = = cos x + sin x
dx  dx17
non-existent , | x | = 1
π  π π 1 1
⇒ f   = cos + sin = + = 2
Integer 4 4 4 2 2

 b   1024   π   1024 
∴  f  =  ( 2) = 1024
−1  ax − b  −1
 x− a  
 2  4  2 
96. (1004) y = tan   = tan  
 bx + a   1+ b ⋅ x  dy dy / dt 6 t 2
 a  100. (1372) = = =
dx dx / dt 3t 2 t
b d 2 y d  dy  d  2  d  2  dt
= tan −1 x − tan −1   ∴ =   =   =  ⋅
a dx 2 dx  dx  dx  t  dt  t  dx
dy 1  2  1  −2
∴ = −0 =  − 2  2  = 4
dx 1 + x 2  t  3t  3t
dy 1 1 1  d2y 
∴ = = =  2 − 4
2
dx x = −1 1 + (−1) 2 1 + 1 2  dx  = 3t = − 2 t n −4 For n = 4
⇒ n n
dy 1  dy  2 3(2 n )
⇒ (2008) = 2008 × = 1004    
dx x = −1 2  dx  t
 d2y 
dy dy / dt  2
97. (2880) = ⇒  dx  is constant.
dx dx / dt n
 dy 
a (cos t − t (− sin t ) − cos t  
= = tan t  dx 
a ( − sin t + t cos t + sin t ) ∴ 343n = 343 × 4 = 1372

***

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Applications of Derivatives 331

15 Applications of Derivatives
QUICK LOOK Tangent and Normal

Slope of the tangent: If tangent is drawn on the curve
Rectilinear Motion y = f ( x) at point P( x1 , y1 ) and this tangent makes an angle
The velocity of a moving particle is defined as the rate of ψ with positive x-direction then,
change of its displacement with respect to time and the
y
acceleration is defined as the rate of change of its velocity with Tangent
respect to time. Normal
V V+δV
∆s
s
O A (t) B (t+∆t)
ψ
x
Let a particle A moves rectilinearly as shown in figure. O
Figure: 15.1
Let s be the displacement from a fixed point O along the path at  dy 
time t; s is considered to be positive on right of the point O and   = tanψ = slope of the tangent
 dx ( x1 , y1 )
negative on the left of it.
Also, ∆s is positive when s increases i.e., when the particle  dy 

If tangent is parallel to x-axis ψ = 0 ⇒   =0
moves towards right.  dx ( x1 , y1 )
Thus, if ∆s be the increment in s in time ∆ t . The average π  dy 

If tangent is perpendicular to x-axis ψ = ⇒  =∞
∆s 2  dx ( x1 , y1 )
velocity in this interval is and the instantaneous velocity
∆t
∆s ds Can a Tangent Cross the Curve: A tangent to a curve will not
i.e., velocity at time t is v = lim = . If the velocity varies,
∆t dt
∆t → 0 cross the curve in most cases, but it is possible? For example,
then there is change of velocity ∆v in time ∆ t . consider the function y = x 3 . the tangent at x = 0 has slope 0
∆v dv and crosses the curve, as shown below. If you consider this
Hence, the acceleration at time t = lim =
∆t → 0 ∆t dt figure carefully, the reason that the tangent crosses the curve is
because the concavity of the graph is changing (from concave
Derivative as the Rate of Change
downwards to concave upwards) at x = 0. technically, x = 0 is
If a variable quantity y is some function of time t i.e., y = f (t), then
a point of inflexion. At any point of inflexion for a given curve,
small change in time ∆ t have a corresponding change ∆y in y. the tangent will cross the curve.
∆y y y=x
3
Thus, the average rate of change =
∆t
When limit ∆t → 0 is applied, the rate of change becomes
instantaneous and we get the rate of change with respect to t. x
0
∆y dy Tangent at x = 0
i.e. lim =
∆t →0 ∆t dt
Hence, it is clear that the rate of change of any variable with
respect to some other variable is derivative of first variable with Figure 15.2
respect to other variable.
Equation of the tangent: We know that the equation of a line
dy
The differential coefficient of y with respect to x i.e, is passing through a point P( x1 , y1 ) and having slope m is
dx
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
nothing but the rate of increase of y relative to x.

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332 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
y
 dy 
Slope of the tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) is =  
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) Normal
Tangent

The equation of the tangent to the curve y = f ( x) at point

 dy  P (x, y)
P( x1 , y1 ) is y − y1 =   ( x − x1 )
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) ψ
ψ

Slope of the normal: The normal to a curve at P( x1 , y1 ) is a C
x
O A B
line perpendicular to the tangent at P and passing through P
Figure: 15.3
and slope of the normal
2
−1  dy 
= 1+  
Slope of tangent  dx 

Length of tangent PA = y cos ecψ = y
 dy 
−1  dx   
= = −   dx 
 dy   dy  P ( x1 , y1 )
 
  P ( x1, y1 )
dx  dy 
2

Length of normal PB = y secψ = y 1 +  

If normal is parallel to x-axis  dx 
 dx   dx  y
⇒ −  = 0 or   =0
Length of subtangent AC = y cotψ =
  ( x1 , y1 )
dy  dy  ( x1 , y1 )  dy 
 

If normal is perpendicular to x-axis (for parallel to y-axis)  dx 
 dy   dy 
⇒ −  =0
Length of subnormal BC = y tanψ = y  
 dx ( x1 , y1 )  dx 

−1 Length of Perpendicular from Origin to the Tangent.

Equation of the normal: Slope of the Normal =
 
dy
Length of perpendicular from origin (0, 0) to the tangent
 
 dx ( x1 , y1 )
drawn at point P(x1, y1) of the curve y = f (x)
Thus equation of the normal to the curve y = f ( x) at point
 dy 
−1 y1 − x1  
P( x1 , y1 ) y − y1 = ( x − x1 )  dx ( x1 , y1 )
 dy  p=
2
   dy 
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) 1+  
 dx 

If at any point P( x1 , y1 ) on the curve y = f ( x), the tangent
π Increasing and Decreasing Functions
makes equal angle with the axes, then at the point P, ψ =
4
Strictly increasing function: A function f(x) is said to be a
3π dy strictly increasing function on (a, b), if x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) <
or . Hence, at P tanψ = = ±1.
4 dx f (x2) for all x1,x2 ∈ (a, b). Thus, f (x) is strictly increasing on
(a, b), if the values of f (x)increase with the increase in the
Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent and Subnormal
values of x.

Let the tangent and normal at point P ( x , y ) on the curve
y
y = f (x ) meet the x-axis at points A and B respectively.
Then PA and PB are called length of tangent and normal
y = f(x)
respectively at point P. If PC be the perpendicular from P
on x-axis, the AC and BC are called length of subtangent
f(x1) f(x2)
and subnormal respectively at P. If PA makes angle ψ with
a x1 x2 b x
dy O
x-axis, then tan ψ = from fig., we find that Figure: 15.4
dx

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Applications of Derivatives 333

Strictly Decreasing Function: A function f(x) is said to be
A function f(x) is said to have a local maximum (minimum)
a strictly decreasing function on (a,b), if x1 < x2 ⇒ at x = a if for a − h < x < a + h, f (a) is the greatest (least)
f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) for all x1 , x2 ∈ (a, b) . Thus, f (x) is strictly where h is an arbitrary positive number (which may be
decreasing on (a, b), if the values of f (x) decrease with the taken very small).
increase in the values of x. ∴ f ( a ) > f ( x ), x ∈ ( a − h , a + h )
y
⇒ f(x) has a local maximum at x = a and
f ( a ) < f ( x ), x ∈ ( a − h , a + h )
⇒ f(x) has a local minimum at x = a.
f(x1) f (x2)

Note
x′ x
a O x1 x2 b
A function may have local maximum (minimum) at more
than one point.
Figure: 15.5

Monotonic Function: A function f(x) is said to be
The value of the function at a local maximum may be less
monotonic on an interval (a, b) if it is either increasing or than the value of the function at a local minimum.
decreasing on (a, b).

Monotonic Increasing Function: A function is said to Global Maximum and Minimum
be a monotonic increasing function in defined interval
A function f ( x) is said to have a global maximum
if,
(minimum) at a point x = a if f (a ) is the greatest (least)
y y
among the values of f ( x) at all the points of the interval of
values of x.

Determination of Points of Local Maximum of Minimum

x x
O O
If the function f ( x ) is differentiable in R then at the points
Figure: 15.6
of extremum, i.e., local maximum or minimum, the
x1 > x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≥ f ( x2 )
dy
or x1 > x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) following will hold : f ′( x), i.e., =0
dx
or x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≤ f ( x2 )
If at x = α , f '(α ) = 0 and f'' (á) < 0 then at x = á the
or x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) function f(x) has a local maximum and the maximum value

Monotonic Decreasing Function: A function is said to is f(á).
be a monotonic decreasing function in defined interval, f'' (á) > 0 then at x = á, f(x) has a local minimum and the
if x1 > x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≤ f ( x2 ) minimum value is f(á).
y y

Note
If f ''(α ) = 0, nothing can be concluded. In this case we have to
take help of other methods.
x
O
x
O
If at x = α , f '(α ) = 0 and
Figure: 15.7
f '(α − ∈) > 0, f '(α + ∈) < 0
or x1 > x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 )
then x = α is a point of local maximum.
or x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≥ f ( x2 )
f '(α − ∈) < 0, f '(α + ∈) > 0
or x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )
then x = α is a point of local maximum.
Maximum and Minimum
f '(α − ∈) and f '(α + ∈) both have the same sign then
Relative (Local) Maximum and Minimum of Functions of
one Variable x = α is a point of neither maximum nor minimum.

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334 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Note Greatest and Least Values of a Function in a given Interval
The above knowledge points give the method of finding If a function f ( x) is defined in an interval [a, b], then greatest
maximum or minimum value of a function of one variable. If a or least values of this function occurs either at x = a or x = b
student is required to find the maximum or minimum value of a or at those values of x where f ′( x) = 0.
function of two or more variables, where the variables are
connected by one or more relations, then change the function Remember that a maximum value of the function f ( x) in any
into a function of one variable by using the relation(s), and then interval [a, b] is not necessarily its greatest value in that
work with the resulting function of one variable. interval. Thus greatest value of f(x) in interval [a, b] = max.
[ f (a ), f (b), f (c)]
Critical Points, Point of Inflection Least value of f ( x) interval [a, b]= min. [ f (a ), f (b), f (c)]

The function y = f ( x) has a critical point at x = α if
Where x = c is a point such that f ′(c) = 0
f '(α ) = 0 or f '(α ) does not exist.

A function can have maximum or minimum at critical Rolle’s Theorem
points. Let f be a real valued function defined on the closed interval [a,

The function y = f ( x) has a point of inflection at x = α if b] such that,

f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a, b]
f ''(α ) = 0 or does not exist and

f (x ) is differentiable in the open interval ]a, b[ and
f ' (á) exists and f ''(α − ∈), f ''(α + ∈) have opposite signs.

f (a) − f (b)
Then there is atleast one value c of x in open interval ]a, b[ for
Maximum or Minimum Value of a Function in a Closed
which f ( x) = 0 .
Interval

The maximum or minimum value of a function in a closed
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem
interval is generally used in the global sense of the term.
If a function f (x )
For the function y = f ( x), x ∈ [a, b]

Is continuous in the closed interval [a, b] and

max f ( x) = greatest among f ( a ), f (b ), f (α )
Is differentiable in the open interval (a, b)
min f ( x) = least among f ( a ), f (b ), f (α ) Then there is atleast one value c ∈ (a, b ) ,
where α is a critical point of f ( x ) over [a, b]. f (b ) − f (a)
such that; f ′(c) =
b −a
Convexity and Concavity of a Curve

If f ''( x) < 0, x ∈ (a, b) then the curve y = f ( x) is convex in (a,b). Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Theorems
If f ( x ) be a continuous function in [a, b] and f ( x ) is

If f ''( x) > 0, x ∈ ( a, b) then the curve y = f (x) is concave in (a,b).
differentiable in (a, b) then

f ( a ) = f (b ) ⇒ f '( c ) = 0 where a < c < b (Rolle’s Theorem)
Properties of Maxima and Minima

If f ( x) is continuous function in its domain, then at least one f (b ) − f ( a )

= f ′(c) where a < c < b (Lagrange’s Theorem)
b−a
maxima and one minima must lie between two equal values of
x. Use of Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Theorems in Equations

Maxima and minima occur alternately, that is, between two
If the equation f ( x ) = 0 has two unequal real roots α and
maxima there is one minimum and vice-versa. β (α < β ) then f '( x ) = 0 will have a real root γ such that

If f ( x) → ∞ as x → a or b and f ′( x) = 0 only for one α < γ < β.
value of x (say c) between a and b, then f (c) is necessarily
If α , β are real such that f (α ) and f ( β ) are of opposite
the minimum and the least value. signs then f ( x ) = 0 has a real root lying between α and β .
If f ( x) → −∞ as x → a or b, then f (c) is necessarily the
If f ( x) = 0 has two real roots α , α (repeated root) then
maximum and the greatest value. f '( x) = 0 will have a root α .

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Applications of Derivatives 335
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 7. A particle moves in a straight line in such a way that its
Rectilinear Motion velocity at any point is given by v 2 = 2 − 3 x , where x is
measured from a fixed point. The acceleration is:
1. The position of a point in time 't' is given by
a. Uniform b. Zero
x = a + bt − ct 2 , y = at + bt 2 . Its acceleration at time 't' is: c. Non-uniform d. Indeterminate
a. b − c b. (b + c)
8. The radius of a sphere is measured to be 20 cm with a
c. 2b − 2c d. 2 b + c
2 2 possible error of 0.02 of a cm. The consequent error in the
surface of the sphere is:
2. If the path of a moving point is the curve x = at a. 10 .5 sq cm b. 5.025 sq cm
y = b sin at , then its acceleration at any instant: c. 10.05 sq cm d.None of these
a. Is constant
9. The equation of motion of a particle is given by
b. Varies as the distance from the axis of x
s = 2 t 3 − 9 t 2 + 12 t + 1 ,where s and t are measured in cm
c. Varies as the distance from the axis of y
and sec. The time when the particle stops momentarily i:s
d. Varies as the of the point from the origin a. 1 sec b. 2 sec
3. A stone thrown vertically upwards from the surface of the c. 1, 2 sec d.None of these
moon at velocity of 24 m/sec. reaches a height of 10. The equation of motion of a stone thrown vertically
s = 24t − 0.8t 2 m after t sec. The acceleration due to upward from the surface of a planet is given by
gravity in m/sec2 at the surface of the moon is: s = 10 t − 3 t 2 , and the units of s and t are cm and sec
a. 0.8 b. 1.6 respectively. The stone will return to the surface of the
c. 2.4 d. 4.9 planet after:
10 5
a. sec b. sec
Derivative as the Rate of Change 3 3
4. If the volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at the 20 5
c. sec d. sec
rate of 900 cm2/sec. then the rate of change of radius of 3 6
balloon at instant when radius is 15 cm: [in cm/sec]
11. The equations of motion of two stones thrown vertically
22 upwards simultaneously are s = 19.6t − 4.9t 2 and
a. b. 22
7
s = 9.8t − 4.9t respectively and the maximum height
2

7 attained by the first one is h. When the height of the first

c. d. None of these
22 stone is maximum, the height of the second stone will be:
5. A man of height 1.8 m is moving away from a lamp post a. h/3 b. 2h
at the rate of 1.2 m/sec. If the height of the lamp post be c. h d. 0
4.5 meter, then the rate at which the shadow of the man is
lengthening: Tangent and Normal
a. 0.4 m/sec b. 0.8 m/sec. 12. The slope of the tangent to the curve x2 + y 2 = 2c2 at point
c. 1.2 m/sec. d. None of these (c, c) is:
a. 1 b. – 1 c. 0 d. 2
6. A 10 cm long rod AB moves with its ends on two mutually
perpendicular straight lines OX and OY. If the end A be 13. The tangent to the curve y = 2x2 − x + 1 at a point P is
moving at the rate of 2 cm/sec. then when the distance of parallel to y = 3 x + 4, the co-ordinate of P are:
A from O is 8 cm, the rate at which the end B is moving, a. (2, 1) b. (1, 2) c. (– 1, 2) d. (2, – 1)
is:
14. The equation of the tangent at (−4, − 4) on the curve
8 4
a. cm/sec b. cm / sec x2 = −4 y :
3 3
a. 2 x + y + 4 = 0 b. 2 x − y − 12 = 0
2
c. cm / sec. d. None of these c. 2 x + y − 4 = 0 d. 2 x − y + 4 = 0
9

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336 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
πx π
15. The equation of the normal to the curve y = sin at 23. The equation of tangent to the curve y = 2 cos x at x =
2 4
(1, 1) is: is:
a. y = 1 b. x = 1 π π
a. y − 2 = 2 2  x −  b. y + 2 = 2  x + 
 4  4
−2
c. y = x d. y − 1 = ( x − 1) π π
π c. y − 2 = − 2  x −  d. y − 2 = 2  x − 
 4  4
16. The point (s) on the curve y + 3x = 12 y where the
3 2

24. For the curve by 2 = (x + a)3 the square of subtangent is

tangent is vertical (parallel to y-axis), is are:
proportional to:
 4   11 
a. ± , − 2 b.  ±
 3 
,1 a. (Subnormal )1 / 2 b. Subnormal
 3    3/2
c. (Subnormal ) d. None of these
 4 
c. (0, 0) d.  ± , 2
 3  25. The sum of intercepts on co-ordinate axes made by
x y tangent to the curve x + y = a is:
17. At which point the line + = 1 touches the curve
a b a. a b. 2a
−x/ a
y = be :
c. 2 a d. None of these
a. (0, 0) b. (0, a) 26. The normal of the curve x = a(cos θ + θ sin θ )
c. (0, b) d. (b, 0) y = a(sin θ − θ cos θ ) at any θ is such that:
18. The abscissa of the point, where the tangent to curve a. It makes a constant angle with x-axis
y = x3 − 3x2 − 9x + 5 is parallel to x-axis are: b. It passes through the origin
a. 0 and 0 b. x = 1 and −1 c. It is at a constant distance from the origin
d. None of these
c. x = 1 and–3 d. x = −1 and 3

19. The angle of intersection between curve xy = 6 and 27. The tangent drawn at the point (0, 1) on the curve y = e 2 x
meets x-axis at the point:
x2 y = 12 ?
a. (1 / 2, 0) b. (−1 / 2, 0)
3 −1 3 −1
a. tan   b. tan   c. (2, 0) d. (0, 0)
4  11 
28. The equation of the tangent to the curve x = 2 cos 3 θ and
c. tan −1  
11
d. 0°
3 y = 3 sin 3 θ at the point θ = π / 4 is :
20. For the curve y n = a n −1 x, the sub-normal at any point is a. 2 x + 3 y = 3 2 b. 2 x − 3 y = 3 2
constant, the value of n must be:
c. 3 x + 2 y = 3 2 d. 3 x − 2 y = 3 2
a. 2 b. 3
c. 0 d. 1
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
21. The sum of intercepts on co-ordinate axes made by
2
tangent to the curve x + y = a is: 29. On the interval (1,3) the function f ( x ) = 3 x + is:
x
a. a b. 2a a. Strictly decreasing
c. 2 a d. None of these b. Strictly increasing
22. The length of perpendicular from (0, 0) to the tangent c. Decreasing in (2, 3) only
drawn to the curve y 2 = 4( x + 2) at point (2, 4) is: d. Neither increasing nor decreasing

1 3 30. For which value of x, the function f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x is

a. b.
2 5 decreasing:
6 a. x > 1 b. x > 2
c. d. 1
5 c. x < 1 d. x < 2

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Applications of Derivatives 337
31. 2 x + 18 x − 96 x + 45 = 0 is an increasing function:
3 2
39. The interval of increase of the function f ( x)
a. x ≤ −8, x ≥ 2 b. x < −2, x ≥ 8  2π 
= x − e x + tan   is:
c. x ≤ −2, x ≥ 8 d. 0 < x ≤ −2  7 
a. (0, ∞) b. (−∞, 0)
32. The function x x is increasing, when:
c. (1, ∞) d. (−∞, − 1)
1 1
a. x > b. x <
e e 40. f ( x) = xe x (1− x ) then f ( x ) is:
c. x < 0 d. For all real x
 −1 
a. Increasing on  , 1 b. Decreasing on R
33. The function f ( x) = cos x − 2 px is monotonically decreasing 2 
for:  −1 
c. Increasing on R d. Decreasing on  ,1
1 1 2 
a. p < b. p >
2 2 41. x tends 0 to π then the given function f ( x)
c. p < 2 d. p > 2
= x sin x + cos x + cos x is:2

34. If f ( x) = x5 − 20 x3 + 240 x , then f ( x) satisfies which of a. Increasing

b. Decreasing
the following:
c. Neither increasing nor decreasing
a. It is monotonically decreasing everywhere
d. None of these
b. It is monotonically decreasing only in (0, ∞ )
42. The function sin 4 x + cos 4 x increase if:
c. It is monotonically increasing everywhere
π π 3π
d. It is monotonically increasing only in (−∞, 0) a. 0 < x < b. <x<
8 4 8
35. The value of a for which the function 3π 5π 5π 3π
c. <x< d. <x<
(a + 2) x − 3ax + 9ax − 1
3 2
decrease monotonically 8 8 8 4
throughout for all real x, are:
Maximum and Minimum
a. a < −2 b. a > −2 x
c. −3 < a < 0 d. −∞ < a ≤ −3 1
43. Maximum value of   is:
 x
λ sin x + 6 cos x
36. Function f ( x ) = is monotonic increasing a. (e)e b. (e)1/ e
2 sin x + 3cos x
e
if: 1
c. (e )− e d.  
a. λ > 1 b. λ < 1 e
c. λ < 4 d. λ > 4 44. Maximum slope of the curve y = − x3 + 3x 2 + 9 x − 27 is:
ln(π + x) a. 0 b. 12 c. 16 d. 32
37. The function f ( x) = is:
ln(e + x ) x
45. The function f ( x) = ∫ t (et − 1) (t − 1) (t − 2)3 (t − 3)5 dt has
1
a. Increasing on [0, ∞)
a local minimum at x = ?
b. Decreasing on [0, ∞)
a. 0 b. 1
 π π 
c. Decreasing on  0,  and increasing on  , ∞  c. 2 d. 3
 e   e 
46. The maximum and minimum values of x3 − 18x 2 + 96 in
π π
d. Increasing on  0,  and decreasing on  , ∞  interval (0, 9) are:
 e e 
a. 160, 0 b. 60, 0
38. Which of the following is not a decreasing function on the c. 160, 128 d. 120, 28
π
interval  0,  47. The minimum value of the function 2 cos 2 x − cos 4 x in
 2
0 ≤ x ≤ π is:
a. cos x b. cos 2x
3
c. cos3x d. cot x a. 0 b. 1 c. d. – 3
2

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338 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
48. x and y be two variables such that x > 0 and xy = 1. Then 3 x 2 + 12 x − 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 2
56. If f ( x) =  , then:
the minimum value of x + y is:  37 − x, 2< x≤3
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 0 a. f ( x) is increasing on [−1, 2]
49. The real number which most exceeds its cube: b. f ( x) is continuous on [−1,3]
1 1 c. f '(2) does not exist
a. b.
2 3 d. f ( x) has the maximum value at x = 2
1
c. d. None of these
2 57. Let h( x) = f ( x) − ( f ( x)) 2 + ( f ( x))3 for every real number
x. Then:
50. The adjacent sides of a rectangle with given perimeter as
a. h is increasing whenever f is increasing
100 cm and enclosing maximum area are:
b. h is increasing whenever f is decreasing
a. 10 cm and 40 cm b. 20 cm and 30 cm
c. h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing
c. 25 cm and 25 cm d. 15 cm and 35 cm
d. nothing can be said in general
51. The radius of the cylinder of maximum volume, which x
58. The function f ( x) = ∫ t (et − 1) (t − 1) (t − 2)3 (t − 3)5 dt has
can be inscribed a sphere of radius R is: −1

2 2 3 3 a local minimum at x equals to:

a. R b. R c. R d. R
3 3 4 4 a. 0 b. 1
c. 2 d. 3
Rolle’s Theorem
59. On the ellipse 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 1, the point at which the tangents
52. The function f (x ) = x (x + 3)e −1 / 2 x satisfies all the are parallel to the line 8 x = 9 y , are:
condition of Rolle's theorem in [– 3, 0]. The value of c is:  2 1  2 1
a. 0 b. 1 c. – 2 d. – 3 a.  ,  b.  − , 
 5 5  5 5
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem  2 1 2 1
c.  − , −  d.  , − 
f (b ) − f (a)  5 5  5 5
53. In the mean-value theorem = f ′(c ) , if a = 0 ,
b−a
60. If f ( x) is cubic polynomial which has local maximum at
1
b= and f ( x) = x( x − 1)( x − 2), the value of c is:
2 x = −1. If f (2) = 18, f (1) = −1 and f ′( x) has local minimum

15 at x = 0, then:
a. 1 − b. 1 + 15
6 a. the distance between (−1, 2) and (a, f ( a)) where x = a is
21 the point of local minima, is 2 5.
c. 1 − d. 1 + 21
6
b. f ( x ) is increasing for x ∈ 1, 2 5 
54. The abscissae of the points of the curve y = x 3 in the
interval [–2, 2], where the slope of the tangent can be c. f ( x ) has local minima at x = 1
obtained by mean value theorem for the interval [– 2, 2] d. the value of f (0) = 5
are:
ex , 0 ≤ x ≤1 x
2 3 
a. ± b. ± 61. If f ( x) = 2 − e x−1
, 1 < x ≤ 2 and g ( x) = ∫ f (t )dt , x ∈[1,3],
3 2
x − e , 2< x ≤3 0

c. ± 3 d. 0
then:
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS a. g ( x) has local maxima at x = 1 + log e 2 and local minima
More than One Answer at x = e
55. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the curve xy = 1, then: b. f ( x) has local maxima at x = 1 and local minima x = 2

a. a > 0, b > 0 b. a > 0, b < 0 c. g ( x) has no local minima

c. a < 0, b > 0 d. a < 0, b < 0 d. g ( x) has no local maxima

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Applications of Derivatives 339
62. Let f be a real-valued function defined on the interval Assertion and Reason
x

(0, ∞), by f ( x ) = ln x + ∫ 1 + sin tdt . Then which of the Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
0 the correct option out of the options given below:
following statement(s) is(are) true? a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
a. f ′′( x) exists for all x ∈ (0, ∞) correct explanation of the assertion.
b. f ′( x) exists for all x ∈ (0, ∞) and f ′ is continuous on b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of the assertion.
(0, ∞), but not differentiable on (0, ∞)
c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
c. there exists α > 1 such that f ′(x) < f (x) for all x ∈ (0, ∞) d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
d. there exists β > 0 such that f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) ≤ β from

all x ∈ (0, ∞) 1
67. Let f ( x) = 2 x and g ( x) = 3 − , x > 1 ?
x
x
Assertion: f ( x) > g ( x)( x > 1)
63. If f ( x ) = ∫ et (t − 2)(t − 2)(t − 3)dt , ∀x ∈ (0, ∞ ), then:
2

0 Reason: f ( x) − g ( x) increases on (1, ∞ )

a. f has a local maximum at x = 2
68. Let f ( x) = x − 2x + 5 be defined on [ −2, 2] ?
4 2
b. f is decreasing on (2, 3)
c. there exists some c ∈ (0, ∞) such that f ′′(c) = 0 Assertion: The rang of f ( x ) is [2, 13]
Reason: The greatest value of f is attained at x = 2
d. f has a local minimum at x = 3

64. A rectangular sheet of fixed perimeter with sides having a2

69. Let y = x + ( a > 0) ?
their lengths in the ratio 8 : 15 is converted into an open x

rectangular box by folding after removing squares of Assertion: ymax = −2a (local mix)
equal area from all four corners. If the total area of Reason: ymin = 2a (local min)
removed squares is 100, the resulting box has maximum
 tan x
volume. The lengths of the sides of the rectangular sheet  , if x ≠ 0
70. Let f be a function defined by f ( x) =  x ?
are:  1 , if x = 0
a. 24 b. 32 Assertion: x = 0 is point of maxima of f
c. 45 d. 60
Reason: f ′(0) = 0
65. The function f ( x ) = 2 x + x + 2 − x + 2 − 2 x has a local 71. Let a , b ∈ R be such that the function f given by f ( x )
minimum or a local maximum at x is equal to: = log x + bx2 + ax, x ≠ 0 has extreme values at x = − 1 and
−2 x = 2.
a. –2 b.
3 Assertion: f has local maximum at x = − 1 and at x = 2.
2
c. 2 d. 1 1
3 Reason: a = and b =
2 4
x  1
− 1+  dt
66. Let f : (0, ∞) → R be given by f ( x ) = ∫ e  t
. Then: 72. Assertion: eπ > π e
1/ x
t
Reason: The function x1/ x ( x > 0) has local maximum at
a. f ( x) is monotonically increasing on [1, ∞ )
x = e.
b. f ( x) is monotonically decreasing on [0,1)
 π π
73. Assertion: cot x − cot ≤ x − y for all x, y ∈  − , 
1  2 2
c. f ( x ) + f   = 0, for all x ∈ (0, ∞)
x Reason: If f is differentiable on an open interval and
d. f (2 x ) is an odd function of x on R f ′( x) ≤ M then f ( x) − f ( y ) ≤ M x − y

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340 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
74. Assertion: The function f ( x ) = 2sin x + cos 2 x(0 ≤ x ≤ 2π ) b. g ′( x) is negative on (−∞, 0) and positive on (0, ∞)
π 5π c. g ′( x) changes sign on both (−∞, 0) and (0, ∞)
has minimum at x = and maximum at .
3 3 d. g ′( x) does not change sign (−∞, ∞)
 π
Reason: The function f ( x ) above decreases on  0,  ,
 3 Paragraph –II
 π 5π   5π  x  2(t −1) 
increases on  ,  and decreases on  , 2π  Let f (x) = (1− x)2 sin2 x + x2 for all x ∈ R and let g(x) = ∫  − ln t 
3 3   3  1
 t +1 
f (t )dt for all x ∈ (1, ∞).
1− x
75. Let f ( x) = tan −1 ?
1+ x 80. Which of the following is true?
Assertion: The difference between the greatest and a. g is increasing on (1, ∞)
π b. g is decreasing on (1, ∞)
smallest value of f ( x) on [0, 1] is.
4
c. g is increasing on (1, 2) and decreasing on (2, ∞ )
Reason: If a function g decrease on [ a, b] then the greatest
d. g is decreasing on (1, 2) and increasing on (2, ∞ )
value of g = g ( a) and least value of g is g (b) .
81. Consider the statements:
x
76. Let f ( x) = ? A.There exists some x ∈ R such that f ( x ) + 2 x = 2(1 + x 2 )
log x
B. There exists some x ∈ R such that 2 f ( x ) + 1 = 2 x(1 + x)
Assertion: The minimum value of f ( x) is e.
Then,
Reason: log x > 1 for x > e and < 1 for x < e.
a. Both A and B are true b. A is true and B is false
c. A is false and B is true d. Both A and B are false
Comprehension Based
Paragraph –I Paragraph –III
Consider the function f : (−∞, ∞) → ( −∞, ∞) defined by f ( x) Let f : [0,1] → R (the set of all real numbers) be a function.

x 2 − ax + 1 Suppose the function f is twice differentiable, f (0) = f (1) = 0

= ;0 < a < 2
x 2 + ax + 1 and satisfies f "( x ) − 2 f '( x) + f ( x) ≥ e x , x ∈ [0,1].
77. Which of the following is true? 82. Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1?
a. (2 + a ) 2 f "(1) + (2 − a ) 2 f "(−1) = 0 1 1
a. 0 < f ( x ) < ∞ b. − < f ( x) <
b. (2 − a ) 2 f "(1) − (2 + a ) 2 f "(−1) = 0 2 2
c. f '(1) f '(−1) = (2 − a ) 2 c. −1/ 4 < f ( x ) < 1 d. −∞ < f ( x ) < 0

d. f '(1) f '(−1) = −(2 + a ) 2 83. If the function e − x f ( x ) assumes its minimum in the

78. Which of the following is true? interval [0,1] a x = 1/ 4, which of the following is true?
a. f (x) is decreasing on (–1, 1) and has a local minimum 1 3 1
a. f '( x) < f ( x), < x < b. f '( x) > f ( x), 0 < x <
at x = 1. 4 4 4
b. f (x) is increasing on (–1, 1) and has a local maximum 1 3
c. f '( x) < f ( x), 0 < x < d. f '( x) < f ( x), < x <1
at x = 1. 4 4
c. f (x) is increasing on (–1, 1) but has neither a local
maximum nor a local minimum at x = 1. Match the Column
d. f (x) is decreasing on (–1, 1) but has neither a local 84. Let the functions defined in Column I have domain
maximum nor a local minimum at x = 1. (−π / 2, / π 2) :
ax f '(t ) Column I Column II
79. Let ( x) = ∫ dt. Which of the following is true?
0 1+ t0 (A) x + sin x 1. increasing
a. g '( x) is positive on (−∞, 0) and negative on (0, ∞) (B) sec x 2. decreasing

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Applications of Derivatives 341
3. neither increasing nor 90. If the approximate value of log10 (4.04) 0 abcdef, It is
decreasing
given that log 4 4 = 0.6021 and log10 e = 0.4343, then the
a. A→1; B→3 b. A→2; B→1
value of abcd must be:
c. A→3; B→1 d. A→2; B→3
85. A line L : y = mx + 3 meets y-axis at E(0, 3) and the arc of 91. If the greatest and least values of the function
f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 1 on [0, 2] are λ and µ , then the
the parabola y 2 = 16 x, 0 ≤ y ≤ 6 at the point F ( x0 , y0 ).
The tangent to the parabola at F ( x0 , y0 ) intersects the y- value of λ 4 + µ 8 must be:

axis at G (0, y1 ). The slope m of the line L is chosen such 92. The three sides of a trapezium are equal each being 6 cm
that the area of the ∆EFG has a local maximum. long. If area of trapezium when it is maximum is A, then
Match Column I Column II and select the correct answer
the value of 4 3A must be:
using the code given below the lists:
Column I Column II 93. When travelling at x km / h, a truck burns diesel at the rate
(A) m = 1. 1/2 1  900 
(B) Maximum area of 2. 4 of  + x  L / km. If the diesel oil costs 40 paise/L
300  x 
∆ EFG is
and driver is paid Rs 1.50 per h, if the steady speed that
(C) y0 = 3. 2
will minimize the total cost of the trip of 500 km is
(D) y1 = 4. 1 λ km / h, then the value of 50 λ must be:
a. A→4; B→1;C→2; D→3
b. A→1; B→4;C→2; D→3 94. If the value maximum slope of f ( x) = x3 + 8 x 2 − 13x − 18
c. A→1; B→2;C→3; D→4 is λ, then the value of 15λ must be:
d. A→4; B→1;C→3; D→2
95. The number of critical points of the function f ( x) = x e− x
Integer must be:
86. The curve y = ax + bx + cx + b touches
3 2
the x-axis
 x 3 − x 2 − 10 x − 5, x ≤ 1
P( −2, 0) and cuts the y-axis at a point Q where its gradient 96. Let f ( x)  . If f ( x) has greatest
−2 x + log 2 (b − 2), x > 1
2

is 3, then the value of −10a − 100b + 1000c must be

value at x = 1, then [b 2 ∈ (2, λ )]. Then, λ must be:
87. Tangent at a point P1 (other than (0, 0)) on the curve
97. Rolle’s theorem holds for the function f (x) = x3 + bx2 + cx,
y = x meets the curve again at P2 . The tangent at P2 meets
3

the curve again at P3 and so on, then we get 4

1≤ x ≤ 2 at the point , then the value of
3
P1 , P2 , P3 …, Pn are is GP, then the ratio
100c − 500b must be:
area (∆P1 P2 P3 ) λ 251 λ
= , then the value of ⋅ must be
area (∆P2 P3 P4 ) µ 2 µ 98. Let f ( x) = x3 + 6 x2 + ax + 2. If the largest possible interval

88. The indicated horse power I of an engines is calculated in which f ( x) is a decreasing function in (−3, −1), then the
PLAN π value of a must be:
from the formula I = where, A = d 2 . Assuming
33000 4
99. If f ( x) = tan −1 (sin x + cos x)3 is an increasing function, then
that error of 10% may have been made in measuring P, L, N
and d. If the greatest possible in I is λ % then λ must be:  aπ bπ   cπ d π 
the value of x in (0, 2π ) is x ∈  , ∪ , .
 4 4   4 4 
89. A balloon is in the form of right circular cylinder of radius
Then, the value of a + 10b + 100c + 1000d must be:
1.5m and length 4m and is surmounted by hemispherical
ends. If the radius is increased by 0.01 m and the length 100. If f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) and a = 0, b = 4, then c the
by 0.05 m, the percentage change in the volume of the
using LMVT is 2 ± λ. Then value of 450 2λ must be:
balloon is a. bcd%, then the value of abcd must be:

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342 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER 4
4. (c) V = π r 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 3
d c b c b a a c c a dV 4 dr
Differentiate with respect to t = π 3r 2 .
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. dt 3 dt
d b b d b d c d b a dr 1 dV
⇒ ⇒ .
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. dt 4π r 2 dt
a c c a a c b c b c
dr 1 1 7
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. = × 900 = = .
dt 4 × π ×15 ×15 π 22
a a b c d d b c b,d a
dy 2
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 5. (b) = 1.2 According to the figure, x = y
dt 3
b b b b b,d c d a b c
A
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
b c c a b,c All a,c b,d b,d b,c
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
P
b,c b,c all a,c a,b a,c,d a d b b 4.5
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 1.8
a d d a a a a a b b
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. C x Q y B
c d a a a 3080 2008 50 2389 1 dx 2 dy
⇒ = .
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. dt 3 dt
626 324 2250 125 2 130 3300 9 8 600
dx
⇒ Rate of length of shadow = 0.8 m / s. .
SOLUTION dt
Multiple Choice Questions 6. (a)
y
2
d x
1. (d) Acceleration in x-direction = = −2c B
dt 2
d2 y 10 cm
and acceleration in y-direction = = 2b y
dt 2
Resultant acceleration is A
x
O x
= (−2c) + (2b) = 2 b + c
2 2 2 2

By figure, x 2 + y 2 = 100 . . . (i)

2
dx d x
2. (c) = vx = a ⇒ 2 = 0 = a x ⇒ 2x
dx
+ 2y
dy
=0 . . . (ii)
dt dt dt dt
d2y x=8
ax is acceleration in x-axis = −ba 2 sin at
dt 2 dy 16 8
Therefore by (i) and (ii), = − = − cm / sec.
⇒ a y = −a 2 y. dt 6 3

Hence, ay changes as y changes. 8

∴ B is moving at the rate cm / sec.
3
ds 7. (a) Velocity, v 2 = 2 − 3 x
3. (b) = velocity
dt Differentiating with respect to t, we get
= 24 = 24 – 1.6 t dv dx dv dv 3
2v = −3 . ⇒ 2v = −3 v ⇒ =−
dt dt dt dt 2
 d 2s 
So acceleration at t, is  2  = −1.6 Hence acceleration is uniform.
 dt 
8. (c) S = 4π r 2
As stone is thrown upwards, so acceleration due to gravity
∴ δ S = 8π rδ x = 8π × 20 × .02 = 10.05 sq.cm.
(which acts downwards) = 1.6.

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Applications of Derivatives 343

9. (c)
ds
= 6t 2 − 18t + 12 = velocity = 0 16. (d) y + 3x = 12 y
3 2

dt
dy dy
(when particle stopped) ⇒ 3y2 . + 6 x = 12.
dx dx
⇒ 6t 2 − 18t + 12 = 0 ⇒ (t − 1)(t − 2) = 0
dy
Hence time 1, 2 sec. ⇒ (3 y 2 − 12) + 6 x = 0
dx
ds dy 6x
10. (a) = 10 − 6 t = v ⇒ =
dt dx 12 − 3 y 2
10
But v = 0 (at maximum height), ∴ t = dx 12 − 3 y 2
6 ⇒ =
dy 6x
10 10
Therefore, the stone will return in 2 × = sec .
dx
6 3 Tangent is parallel to y-axis, =0
dy
11. (d) The time taken by first stone to secure maximum
u 19 .6 ⇒ 12 − 3y 2 = 0 or y = ±2.
height = t = = = 2 sec .
g 9 .8 4
Then x = ± , for y = 2
The time taken by second stone to secure maximum 3
9.8 y = −2 does not satisfy the equation of the curve,
height is, t = = 1sec. Therefore, in 2 sec, second stone
9.8
will come back to the ground. Hence height = 0 .
 4 
∴ The point is  ± , 2
 3 
12. (b) Given x2 + y 2 = 2c2 17. (c) Let the point be (x 1 , y1 )
dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, 2 x + 2 y =0 ∴ y1 = be− x1 / a . . . (i)
dx −x/a
Also, curve y = be
dy dy − x  dy 
⇒ 2y = −2 x ⇒ = ⇒  = −1 dy −b − x / a  dy  −b − x1 / a − y1
dx dx y  dx (c , c ) ⇒ = e   = e = (by (i))
dx a  dx ( x1 , y1 ) a a
13. (b) Given y = 2 x2 − x + 1 Now, the equation of tangent of given curve at point
 dy  − y1
Let the co-ordinate of P is (h, k) then   = 4h − 1 ( x1 , y1 ) is y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
 dx ( h, k ) a
x y x1
Clearly 4h − 1 = 3 h = 1 ⇒ k = 2. P is (1, 2). ⇒ + = +1
a y1 a
14. (d) x2 = −4 y x y
Comparing with + =1
dy dy − x  dy  a b
⇒ 2 x = −4 ⇒ = ⇒   =2.
dx dx 2  dx  (−4 , − 4 ) x1
We get, y1 = b and 1 + =1
We know that equation of tangent is a
 dy  ⇒ x1 = 0
(y − y 1 ) =   (x − x 1 )
 dx  ( x 1 , y1 ) Hence, the point is (0, b).
⇒ y + 4 = 2( x + 4) ⇒ 2 x − y + 4 = 0. 18. (d) y = x3 − 3 x 2 − 9 x + 5

πx dy π π ⇒
dy
= 3 x 2 − 6 x − 9.
15. (b) y = sin ⇒ = cos x
2 dx 2 2 dx
We know that this equation gives the slope of the tangent
 dy 
⇒   =0 dy
 dx (1,1) to the curve. The tangent is parallel to x-axis =0
dx
1
∴ Equation of normal is y − 1 = ( x − 1) Therefore, 3 x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 0
0
⇒ x = −1,3 .
⇒ x = 1.

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344 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

19. (b) The equation of two curves are xy = 6 and x y = 12 2 22. (c) Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. x ,
dy dy 1
6 2y = 4 at point (2, 4) =
from (i) we obtain y = putting this value of y in dx dx 2
x
6  dy  1
y1 − x1   4 − 2 
equation (ii) to obtain x 2   = 12 ⇒ 6 x = 12 ⇒ x = 2   =
dx 2 = 6 .
 x P=
2
 dy  1 5
Putting x = 2 in (i) or (ii) we get, y = 3. Thus, the two 1+   1+
 dx  4
curves intersect at P(2, 3)
dy 23. (c) y = 2 cos x
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get x +y=0
dx π 2
At x= , y= = 2
dy − y  dy  3 4 2
⇒ = ⇒  = − = m1
dx x  dx ( 2, 3) 2 dy
and = −2 . sin x
dy dx
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we get x 2 + 2 xy = 0
dx  dy 
∴   =− 2
dy −2 y  dy   dx  x =π / 4
⇒ = ⇒   = −3 = m2
π π
dx x  dx ( 2,3) ∴ Equation of tangent at  , 2  is y − 2 = − 2  x −  .
4   4
 −3    −3 
m1 − m2  3
⇒ tan θ = = + 3   1 +   ( −3)  = 24. (a) For curve y 2 = 4 x
1 + m1 m2  2    2   11
dy 4
3 −1
⇒ =
⇒ θ = tan . dx 2 y
11
 dy 
∴   = 1 and for curve x 2 + y 2 = 5
20. (a) y n = a n −1 x  dx (1, 2)
dy dy − x
⇒ ny n −1 = a n −1 ⇒ =
dx dx y
n −1
 dy  a  dy  −1
⇒   = n −1 ∴   =
 dx  ny  dx (1, 2) 2

dy ya n −1 a n −1 y 2 − n ∴ Angle between the curves is

∴ Length of the subnormal = y = =
dx ny n −1 n −1
−1
We also know that if the subnormal is constant, then θ = tan −1 2 = tan −1 (3) .
 −1 
a n −1 2− n 1+  
. y should not contain y.  2 
n
Therefore, 2 − n = 0 or n = 2. 25. (a) x + y =a

x+ y= 1 1 dy
21. (a) a + =0,
2 x 2 y dx
1 1 dy dy y
⇒ + =0 ⇒ =− dy y
2 x 2 y dx dx x ∴ =−
dx x
y
Hence tangent at (x, y) is Y − y = − ( X − x) Hence tangent at (x, y) is Y − y = −
y
(X − x )
x x
or X y + Y x = xy ( x + y ) = axy or X y +Y x = xy ( )
x + y = axy
X Y X Y
or + =1. or + =1.
a x a y a x a y

Clearly its intercepts on the axes are a x and a y. Clearly its intercepts on the axes are a x and a y.

Sum of the intercepts = a( x + y) = a . a = a . Sum of the intercepts = a ( )

x + y = a. a = a .

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Applications of Derivatives 345
26. (c) y = a(sinθ − θ cos θ ), x = a(cos θ + θ sin θ ) 30. (c) f ( x) = ( x −1) −1 2

dy
= a[cos θ − cos θ + θ sin θ ] = aθ sin θ y
dθ
dx
= a(− sin θ + sin θ + θ cos θ ) = aθ cos θ y = f(x)
dθ (1, 0)
x
O
dy dy / dθ aθ sin θ
∴ = = = tan θ
dx dx / dθ aθ cos θ (1, –1)
⇒ Slope of the tangent = tan θ
Hence decreasing in x < 1 f ′( x ) = 2 x − 2 = 2( x − 1)
∴ Slope of the normal = − cot θ
To be decreasing, 2( x − 1) < 0
Hence, equation of normal
cos θ ⇒ ( x − 1) < 0 ⇒ x < 1.
[y − a sin θ + aθ cos θ ] = −
sin θ
[ x − a cos θ − aθ sin θ ]
31. (a) f ′( x) = 6 x2 + 36 x − 96 > 0, for increasing
⇒ f ′( x ) = 6( x + 8)( x − 2) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 2, x ≤ −8.
⇒ y sin θ − a sin 2 θ + aθ sin θ cos θ
= − x cos θ + a cos 2 θ + aθ sinθ cos θ 32. (a) Let y = x x
⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) dy dy
⇒ = x x (1 + log x); For > 0 x x (1 + log x) > 0
⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a dx dx
a ⇒ 1 + log x > 0
∴ Distance from origin = = a constant
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 1
⇒ log e x > log e
dy e
27. (b) y = e 2 x ⇒ = 2e 2 x
dx 1
For this to be positive, x should be greater than .
 dy  e
⇒   =2
 dx  (0 , 1) 33. (b) f ( x ) will be monotonically decreasing, if f ′( x ) < 0.
∴ Equation of tangent is, y − 1 = 2( x − 0 ) ⇒ y = 2 x + 1 ⇒ f ′( x) = − sin x − 2 p < 0
This tangent meets x-axis, ∴ y = 0 1
⇒ sin x + p > 0
⇒ 0 = 2 x + 1 ⇒ x = −1 / 2 2
1
Co-ordinates of the point  − , 0  .
1
∴ ⇒ p> [∵ − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1]
 2  2
2 1 34. (c) f ′( x) = 5 x 4 − 60 x 2 + 240
28. (c) x θ=
π = = ,
4 2 2 2 = 5( x 4 − 12 x 2 + 48) = 5[( x 2 − 6)2 + 12]
3
dy 9 sin θ cos θ
2
−3 ⇒ f ′( x) > 0 ∨ x ∈ R
y θ=
π = , = .
4 2 2 dx θ=
π − 6 cos θ sin θ 2
θ=
π 2
4 4 i.e., f ( x) is monotonically increasing everywhere.
 3  − 3  1  35. (d) If f ( x) = (a + 2) x 3 − 3ax 2 + 9ax − 1 decreases
∴ Equation of tangent is  y − = x − 
 2 2 2  2 monotonically for all x ∈ R , then f ′( x ) ≤ 0 for all x ∈ R
⇒ 3 2 x + 2 2y = 6 ⇒ 3(a + 2) x2 − 6ax + 9a ≤ 0 for all x ∈ R
⇒ 3 x + 2y = 3 2 . ⇒ (a + 2) x2 − 2ax + 3a ≤ 0 for all x ∈ R
2 ⇒ a + 2 < 0 and discriminant ≤ 0
29. (b) f ( x ) = 3 x +
x ⇒ a < −2 and −8a 2 − 24a ≤ 0
⇒ f ′( x ) = 3 −
2 ⇒ a < −2 and a ( a + 3) ≥ 0
x2 ⇒ a < −2 and a ≤ −3 or a ≥ 0
Clearly f ′( x ) > 0 on the interval (1, 3)
⇒ a ≤ −3
∴ f ( x ) is strictly increasing. ⇒ −∞ < a ≤ −3

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346 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
36. (d) The function is monotonic increasing if, f ′( x ) > 0 41. (b) f ( x) = x sin x + cos x + cos2 x
(2sin x + 3cos x) (λ cos x − 6sin x) ∴ f ′( x) = sin x + x cos x − sin x − 2 cos x sin x
⇒ –
(2sin x + 3cos x)2 = cos x( x − 2sin x)
(λ sin x + 6 cos x) (2 cos x − 3sin x) Hence x →0 to π ,
>0
(2sin x + 3cos x)2
then f ′( x) ≤ 0, i.e., f (x) is decreasing function.
⇒ 3λ (sin 2 x + cos2 x) − 12(sin 2 x + cos2 x) > 0
42. (b) f ( x) = sin 4 x + cos4 x
⇒ 3λ − 12 > 0
⇒ λ > 4. = (sin 2 x + cos2 x)2 − 2sin 2 x cos2 x
4sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 2 x 1
ln(π + x) = 1− = 1− = 1 − (2 sin 2 2 x)
37. (b) Let f ( x) = 2 2 4
ln(e + x )
 1 − cos 4 x  3 1
1 1 = 1−   = + cos 4 x
ln(e + x) × − ln(π + x )  4  4 4
∴ f ′( x ) = π +x e+ x
ln 2 (e + x ) Hence function f (x ) is increasing when f ′( x) > 0

(e + x) ln(e + x) − (π + x) ln(π + x) f ′( x) = − sin 4 x > 0 ⇒ sin 4 x < 0

=
{ln(e + x)}2 × (e + x)(π + x) 3π π 3π
Hence π < 4 x < or < x < .
⇒ f ′( x ) < 0 for all x ≥ 0 {∵π > e}. 2 4 8
Hence, f ( x ) is decreasing in [0, ∞ ). x
1
43. (b) f ( x) =  
 π x
38. (c) Obviously, here cos3x in not decreasing in  0,  x
 2 1  1 
⇒ f ′( x) =    log − 1 f ′( x ) = 0
d  x  x 
because cos 3 x = −3sin 3 x.
dx 1 1 1
⇒ log = 1 = log e ⇒ = e ⇒ x = .
But at x = 75°, −3sin 3x > 0. Hence the result. x x e
Therefore, maximum value of function is e1 / e . .
 2π 
39. (b, d) We have f ( x ) = x − e + tan  
x

 7  44. (b) y = f ( x) = − x3 + 3x2 + 9 x − 27

⇒ f ′( x) = 1 − ex The slope of this curve f ′( x) = −3x2 + 6 x + 9
For f ( x ) to be increasing, we must have f ′( x ) > 0 Let g ( x) = f ′( x) = −3x2 + 6 x + 9
⇒ 1 − ex > 0 Differentiate with respect to x, g ′( x) = −6 x + 6
⇒ e <1
x
Put g ′( x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1
⇒ x<0 Now, g ′′( x) = −6 < 0 and hence at x = 1, g ( x)
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 0) ⇒ (−∞, − 1) ⊆ (−∞, 0)
(Slope) will have maximum value.
40. (a) f ′( x ) = e x (1− x ) + x . e x (1− x ) .(1 − 2 x ) ∴ [ g (1)]max . = −3 × 1 + 6 + 9 = 12
x
= e x (1− x ) {1 + x (1 − 2 x )} = e x (1− x ) .( − 2 x 2 + x + 1) 45. (b, d) f ( x) = ∫ t (et − 1)(t − 1)(t − 2)3 (t − 3)5 dt ,
−1
Now by the sign-scheme for −2 x 2 + x + 1 ∴ f ′( x ) = x ( e x − 1) ( x − 1) ( x − 2) 3 ( x − 3) 5
– + –
For local minima, slope
– 1/2 1 i.e., f ′( x) should change sign from – ve to +ve f ′( x ) = 0
 1  ⇒ x = 0,1, 2,3
f ′( x ) ≥ 0 , if x ∈  − ,1 , because e x (1− x ) . is always
 2  If x = 0 − h, where h is a very small number, then

positive. So, f ( x) is increasing on  − ,1 . f ′( x) = (−)(−)(−1)(−1)(−1) = −ve

1
 2 
If x = 0 + h, f ′( x) = (+ )(+)(−)(−1)( −1) = −ve

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Applications of Derivatives 347
Hence at x = 0 neither maxima nor minima. 49. (b) Let number = x, then cube = x 3

If x = 1 − h, f ′( x) = (+)(+)( −)(−1)(−1) = −ve Now f (x ) = x − x 3 (Maximum)

If x = 1 + h, f ′( x) = (+)(+)( +)(−1)(−1) = +ve ⇒ f ′( x) = 1 − 3x2
Hence, at x = 1 there is a local minima. Put f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ 1 − 3 x 2 = 0
If x = 2 − h, f ′( x) = (+ )(+1)(+)(−)( −) = +ve 1
⇒ x=±
If x = 2 + h, f ′( x) = (+ )(+ )(+ )( + )( −1) = −ve 3
Hence at x = 2 there is a local maxima. Because f ′′( x) = −6 x = −ve. when x = +
1
.
If x = 3 − h, f ′( x) = (+)(+)(+)(+)(−) = −ve 3
50. (c) 2 x + 2y = 100
If x = 3 + h, f ′( x) = (+)(+)( +)(+)(+) = +ve
⇒ x + y = 50 . . . (i)
Hence at x = 3 there is a local minima.
Let area of rectangle is A,
46. (c) Let y = x 3 − 18 x 2 + 96 x ∴ A = xy

dy A A
⇒ = 3 x 2 − 36 x + 96 = 0 ⇒ y= From (i), x + = 50
x x
dx
⇒ A = 50 x − x 2
∴ x 2 − 12 x + 32 = 0
dA dA
⇒ ( x − 4)( x − 8) = 0, x = 4,8 ⇒ = 50 − 2 x for maximum area =0
dx dx
d2y d2y ∴ 50 − 2 x = 0
Now, = 6 x − 36 at x = 4, = 24 − 36 = −12 < 0
dx 2 dx 2 ⇒ x = 25 and y = 25
∴ at x = 4 function will be maximum and ∴ adjacent sides are 25 cm and 25 cm.
[ f ( x)]max . = 64 − 288 + 384 = 160 at
51. (b) D C
L
d2y
x = 8 2 = 48 − 36 = 12 > 0
dx
∴ at x = 8 function will be minimum and [ f ( x)]min . = 128. O
R
47. (d) y = 2 cos 2 x − cos 4 x
θ
= 2 cos 2 x(1 − cos 2 x) + 1 A r M B

= 4 cos 2 x sin x + 1
2
If r be the radius and h the height, the from the figure,
Obviously, sin 2 x ≥ 0 2
h
Therefore, to be least value of y, cos 2x should be least r2 +   = R 2
2
i.e., – 1. Hence least value of y is – 4 + 1 = –3.
⇒ h 2 = 4 (R 2 − r 2 )
1
48. (a) xy = 1 ⇒y= and let z = x + y Now, V = πr 2h = 2πr 2 R 2 − r 2
x dV 1 (−2r)
∴ = 4πr R 2 − r 2 + 2πr 2 .
1 dz 1 dr 2 R 2 − r2
z = x+ ⇒ = 1− 2
x dx x
dV
For max. or min., =0
dz 1 dr
⇒ =0 ⇒ 1− 2 = 0
dx x 2πr 3
2 ⇒ 4πr R 2 − r 2 = ⇒ 2(R 2 − r 2 ) = r 2
d z 2 R −r2 2
⇒ x = −1, + 1 and 2 = 3
dx x
2
⇒ 2 R 2 = 3r 2 ⇒ r = R
 d 2z  2 3
 2  = = 2 = + ve,
 dx  x =1 1 d 2V
⇒ = −ve .
∴ x = 1 is point of minima. x = 1, y = 1, dr 2
2
∴ minimum value = x + y = 2. Hence V is max. when r = R.
3

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348 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
52. (c) To determine 'c' in Rolle's theorem, f ′(c) = 0 56. (a, b, c, d) For −1 ≤ x ≤ 2, we have f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 12 x − 1

Here f ′(x ) = (x 2 + 3 x )e −(1 / 2 ) x . −  + (2 x + 3 )e −(1 / 2 )x

1 ⇒ f ' ( x ) = 6 x + 12 > 0, ∀− 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
 2
Hence, f ( x ) is increasing in [–1, 2]
= e −(1 / 2 ) x  1 2  1 −( x / 2) 2
− ( x + 3 x ) + 2 x + 3  = − e x − x −6 { } Again function is a algebraic polynomial therefore, it is
 2  2
continuous at x ∈ ( − 1, 2) and (2, 3) and for continuity at x
∴ f ′(c) = 0 ⇒ c 2 − c − 6 = 0 ⇒ c = 3, − 2 .
= 2 lim− f ( x ) = lim− f ( 3 x 2 + 12 x − 1)
But c = 3 ∉ [−3, 0 ] , Hence c = –2. x→2 x→2

f (b ) − f (a) = lim 3 ( 2 − h ) + 12 ( 2 − h ) − 1
2
53. (c) From mean value theorem f ′(c) = h →0  
b −a
= lim 3 ( 4 + h 2 − 4h ) + 24 − 12h − 1
2
1 3
a = 0 , f (a) = 0 ⇒ b = , f (b ) = 
h →0  
2 8
f ′(x ) = (x − 1)(x − 2) + x (x − 2) + x (x − 1) , = lim (12 + 3h 2 − 12h + 24 − 12h − 1)
h →0
f ′(c) = (c − 1)(c − 2) + c(c − 2) + c(c − 1)
= lim ( 3h 2 − 24h + 35 ) = 35
h →0
= c − 3c + 2 + c − 2c + c − c, f ′(c) = 3c − 6c + 2
2 2 2 2

and lim+ f ( x) = lim+ (37 − x) = lim [ 37 − (2 + h) ] = 35

According to mean value theorem x→2 x→2 h →0

f (b ) − f (a) and f (2) = 3 ⋅ 2 + 12 ⋅ 2 − 1 = 12 + 24 − 1 = 35

2
⇒ f ′(c) =
b −a
Therefore, LHL = RHL = f (2)
3
 −0 3 ⇒ function is continuous at x = 2
3c − 6c + 2 =  
8
⇒ 2
= ⇒ function is continuous in −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 .
1 4
 −0 f ( x) − f (2) f (2 + h) − f (2)
2 Now, Rf '(2) = lim+ = lim
x→2 x−2 h →0 h
5 6 ± 36 − 15 6 ± 21 21
⇒ 3c 2 − 6c + =0 c= = = 1± . 37 − (2 + h) − (3 × 22 + 12 × 2 − 1)
4 2×3 6 6 = lim
h →0 h
54. (a) Given that equation of curve y = x 3 = f (x ) −h f ( x) − f (2)
= lim = −1 and Lf '(2) = lim−
So f (2) = 8
h →0 h x→2 x−2
and f (−2) = −8 f (2 − h) − f (2)
= lim
h →0 −h
Now f ′(x ) = 3 x 2
 3 ( 2 − h )2 + 12(2 − h) − 1 − (3 × 22 + 12 × 2 − 1) 
8 − (−8)  
⇒ f ′( x ) =
f (2) − f (−2)
⇒ = 3x 2 ; . = lim  
2 − (−2) 4 h →0 −h
2 12 + 3h 2 − 12h + 24 − 12h − 1 − 35
∴ x=± . = lim
3 h →0 −h
3h 2 − 24h + 35 − 35 3h − 24
NCERT Exemplar Problems = lim = lim = 24
h →0 −h h → 0 −1
More than One Answer Since, Rf '(2) ≠ Lf '(2), f '(2) does not exist.
55. (b, c) Given, xy = 1 Again f ( x) is increasing on [–1, 2] and is decreasing on
1 dy 1 (2, 3), it shows that f ( x) has a maximum value at x = 2.
⇒ y= ⇒ =− 2.
x dx x 57. (a, c) Given h( x) = f ( x) − ( f ( x)) 2 + ( f ( x))3
Thus, slope of normal = x (which is always positive) and
2
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
a
it is given ax + by + c = 0 is normal whose slope = . h '( x) = f '( x) − 2 f ( x) ⋅ f '( x) + 3 f 2 ( x) ⋅ f '( x)
b
a a = f '( x) 1 − 2 f ( x) + 3 f 2 ( x) 
⇒ − > 0 or < 0 ,
b b  2 1
= 3 f '( x) ( f ( x)) 2 − f ( x) + 
∴ a and b are of opposite sign.  3 3

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Applications of Derivatives 349
 1  1 1
2
⇒ 25k 2 = 1
1
k2 =
⇒ k =±
1
= 3 f '( x)  f ( x) −  + −  ⇒
25 5
 3  3 9 
Thus, the point where the tangents are parallel to 8x = 9y
 1  3 − 1
2
 2 1 2 1
= 3 f '( x)  f ( x) −  +  are  − ,  and  , −  .
 3 9   5 5  5 5
 60. (b, c) Since, f ( x ) has local maxima at x = − 1 and f ′( x )
1  2
2

= 3 f '( x)  f ( x) −  +  has local minima at x = 0.

 3  9 
∴ f "( x) = λ x
Note that h ′( x ) < 0 if f ′( x ) < 0 and h ′( x ) > 0 if f ′( x ) > 0.
x2
Therefore, h ( x ) is increasing function if f ( x ) is increasing On integrating, we get f '( x) = λ + c [∵ f '(−1) = 0]
2
function, and h ( x ) is decreasing function if f (x) is
λ
decreasing function. ⇒ + c = 0 ⇒ λ = −2c . . .(i)
2
x
x3
58. (b, d) f ( x) = ∫ t (et − 1)(t − 1)(t − 2)3 (t − 3)5 dt Again integrating both sides, we get f '( x) = λ + cx + d
−1
6
8
– – + – + ⇒ f (2) = λ   + 2c + d = 18 . . .(ii)
6
–∞ 0 1 2 3 ∞
λ
d
x
and f (1) = + c + d = −1 . . .(iii)
dx −∫1
f '( x) = t (et − 1)(t − 1)(t − 2)3 (t − 3)5 dt 6
integrating both sides, we get
= x(e x − 1)( x − 1)( x − 2)3 ( x − 3)5 ×1 ∴ From Eqs.(i), (ii) and (iii) we get
 d ψ (x)  1
f ( x) = (19 x 3 − 57 x + 34)
∵ ∫ f (t )dt = f {ψ ( x)}ψ '( x) − f {φ ( x)}φ '( x)  4
 dx φ ( x )  1 57
For local minimum, f '( x) = 0 ∴ f ( x) = (57 x 2 − 57) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)
4 4
⇒ x = 0, 1, 2, 3 . From maxima or minima, put f '( x) = 0
Let f '( x) = g ( x) = x(e x − 1)( x − 1)( x − 2)3 ( x − 3)5 1
⇒ x = 1, − 1 Now f "( x) = (114 x)
Using sign scheme rule, 4
– + – + At x = 1, f "( x) > 0, minima
1 2 3 At x = −1, f "( x) < 0, maxima
This shows that f ( x ) has a local minium at x = 1 and
∴ f ( x) is increasing for 1, 2 5  .
x = 3 and maximum at x = 2.
∴ f ( x ) has local maximum at x = − 1 and f ( x ) has local
59. (b, d) Given 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 1 . . .(i)
34
dy minimum at x = 1. Also, f ( x) =
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 8 x + 18 y =0 4
dx
ex , 0 ≤ x ≤1
dy 8x 4x 
⇒ =− =− 61. (b, c) Given, f ( x) = 2 − e x−1
, 1< x ≤ 2
dx 18 y 9y
x − e , 2< x≤3
The tangent at point (h, k) will be parallel to 8x = 9y, then 
x
4h 8
− = and g ( x) = ∫ f (t )dt ⇒ g ′( x ) = f ( x )
9k 9 0

⇒ h = −2k Put g '( x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 + log e 2 and x = e.

Point (h, k) also lies on the ellipse.
e x , 0 ≤ x ≤1
∴ 4h 2 + 9k 2 = 1 . . .(ii) 
Also, g "( x) = −e x −1 , 1 < x ≤ 2
On putting value of h in Eq.(ii), we get 4(−2k ) 2 + 9k 2 = 1 1
 , 2< x≤3
⇒ 16k 2 + 9k 2 = 1

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350 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
At x = 1 + log e 2, of cuboid. i.e., to form a function of volume, say f ( x ) find
g ′′(1 + log e 2) = − e log e 2
< 0, g ( x ) has a maximum. f ′( x ) and f ′′( x ).
Also, at x = e Put f ′( x ) = 0 and check f ′′( x ) to be +ve or –ve for minimum
g "(e) = 1 > 0, g ( x) has a local minima. and maximum, respectively.
∵ f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 1, then we get local maxima at Here, l = 15 x − 2a, b = 8 x − 2a h = a
x = 1 and local minima at x = 2. ∴ Volume = (8 x − 2a )(15 x − 2a )a
Hence, (a) and (b) are correct answers. V = 2a ⋅ (4 x − a)(15 x − 2a) . . .(i)
1 dv d 2v
62. (b, c) Here, f '( x) = + 1 + sin x , x > 0 but f ( x ) is not = 6a 2 − 46ax + 60 x 2 = 12a − 46 x
x da da 2
differentiable in (0, ∞ ) as sin x may be –1 and then
1 cos x
f "( x) = − 2
+ will not exists.
x 2 1 + sin x
a
⇒ f ′( x ) is continuous for all x ∈ (0, ∞ ) but f ′( x ) is not
8x – 2a
differentiable on (0, ∞ ).
15x – 2a
∴ Option (b) is true.
Also, f '( x) ≤ 3 , if x > 1 and f ( x) > 3 , if x > e 3  dv 
Here,   = 0
∴ Option (c) is true.  da 
(d) is not possible as f ( x) → ∞ when x → ∞ . ⇒ 6 x 2 − 23x + 15 = 0 at a = 5
63. (a, b, c, d) Concept Involved 5  d 2v 
⇒ x = 3,   = 2(30 − 23 x)
Use of Newton Leibnitz formula 6  da 2 
d  
x
 d 2v 
 ∫ φ (t )dt  = φ ( g ( x)) ⋅ g '( x) − φ ( f ( x)) ⋅ f '( x) at x = 3,  2  = 2(30 − 69) < 0 ,
dx  0   da 
x
Here, f ( x) = ∫ et (t − 2)(t − 3)dt
2
5  d 2v 
∴ Maximum when x= 3, also at x = ⇒  2 >0
0 6  da 
+ – +
5
2 3 ∴ at x = , volume is minimum.
6
2
⇒ f '( x) = e x ( x − 2)( x − 3) Thus, sides are 8x = 24 and 15x = 45.
∴ maximum at x = 2; minimum at x = 3
65. (a, b) Concept Involved
decreasing on (2, 3)
x , x≥0
Also, f '( x) = 0 has two roots x = 2 and x = 3 We know, x = 
− x , x < 0
i.e., f '(2) = f '(3) = 0
Thus, by Rolle’s theorem f "(c) = 0 must have atleast one x − a , x≥a
⇒ x−a =
 − ( x − a ) , x<a
root ∈ (2, 3) .
a and for non-differentiable continuous function the maximum
64. (a, c) or minimum. Can be checked with graph as.
a
y y

8x – 2a 8x
15x –

15x x x
Concept Involved O x=a O x=a
minimum at x = a maximum at x = a
The problem is based on the concept to maximise volume

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Applications of Derivatives 351
y  1
− x + 
 1
− x + 
 1
− x + 
 1
− x + 
e  x
 −1  e  x
e  x
e  x
f ( x) = 1 ⋅ − 2  = +
x  x  1/ x x x
 1
− x + 
 x
2e
x =
O x=a x
neither maximum As, f '( x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞)
nor minimum at x
=a ∴ f ( x) is monotonically increasing on (0, ∞) .
Here, f ( x) = 2 x + x + 2 − x + 2 − 2 x
⇒ Option (a) is correct and (b) is wrong.
 −2 x − ( x + 2) + ( x − 2) , when x ≤ −2 x
 1
− t + 
1/ x
 1
− t + 
 1 e t
e  t

 −2 x + x + 2 + 3 x + 2 2 Now, f ( x) + f   = ∫ dt + ∫ dt = 0, ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞)
, when − 2 < x ≤ −  x  1/ x t t
 3 x

= 2  1
− t + 
 −4 x , when − <x≤0 2x  t
e
Now, let g ( x) = f (2 ) = ∫ dt g (− x) = f (2 − x )
x
3
 t
4 x , when 0 < x ≤ 2 2 −x

 2 x + 4 , when x > 2  1
− t + 
2− x  t
e
 −2 x − 4 , x ≤ −2 = ∫ t
dt = − g ( x)
 2
2x

2 x + 4 , −2 < x ≤ − ∴ f (2 x ) is an odd function.

 3

= 2
 −4 x , − <x≤0
3 Assertion and Reason

4 x , 0<x≤2 x 3/ 2 − 1
 2 x + 4 67. (a) f ′( x) − g ′( x) = > 0 for x > 1
, x>2 x2
Graph for y = f(x) is shown as Hence f ( x) − g ( x) > f (1) − g (1) = 0, x > 1
Therefore f ( x) > g ( x), x > 1
2x + 4
8 68. (d) f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 4 x = 4 x( x − 1)( x + 1)
–2x – 4
2x + 4 8/3 The circical points of f are 0, −1,1 but f (0) = 5, f (1) = 4,
4x
–4x
f ( − 1) = 4 f ( − 1) = 4, f (2) = 13
0
–2 –2/3 2 So, the range of f is [4,13] and grea, test value of f is at x = 2.
66. (a,c,d) Plan a 2 ( x − a)( x + a)
ψ 69. (b) y′( x) = 1 − =
d x2 x2
(a) If I ( x) = ∫ f (t )dt , then [ I ( x)]
φ dx ⇒ y ′( x ) > 0 for x ∈ ( a , ∞ ) ∪ ( −∞ , a ) and y ′( x ) < 0 for
d  d  x ∈ ( − a , a ). Therefore y is local maximum at x = − a and
= f {ψ ( x )}  ψ ( x )  − f {φ ( x )}  φ ( x) 
 dx   dx  loval minimum at x = a .
(b) If f ′( x ) > 0, ∀x ∈ [ a , b ], then f ( x ) is monotonically
increasing on [a, b]. π x
70. (b) Let g ( x) = tan x − x, − <x<
b a 2 2
(c) ∫ f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
a b ⇒ g ′( x) = sec 2 x − 1 = tan 2 x > 0 for −
π
< x<
π
2 2
(d) If f ( − x ) = − f ( x ), ∀ x ∈ R ,
 π π
then f ( x ) is an odd function of x on R. ⇒ g, increases on  − , 
 2 2
 1
x
− t + 
 t π π
e ⇒ tan x < x for − < x <
Given, f ( x) = ∫
1/ x
t
dt 2 2

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352 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
tan x π π Now determine the sign of f ′( x) on [0, 2π ] .
Thus f ( x) = < 1 for − < x < , x ≠ 0 and f ( x) = 1,
x 2 2 π
∴ x = 0 in point of maxima.
75. (a) f ( x) = − tan −1 x
4
Also 1
f ( x ) − f (0) tan x − x
⇒ f ′( x) = − < 0 for all x,
lim = lim 1 + x2
x→0 x−0 x→0 x2 π
So, the greatest value is f (0) = has least value is f (1) = 0.
sec 2 x − 1 1 tan 2 x 4
= lim = lim =0
x →0 2x 2 x →0 x
1 − log x
Hence f ′(0) = 0 Thus, both are true. 76. (a) f ′( x) =
(log x) 2
However Assertion is not a correct explanation of reason.

1 Comprehension Based
71. (a) f ′( x) = + 2bx + a, x ≠ 0
x ( x 2 + ax + 1) − 2ax
77. (a) f ( x) =
As x = − 1 and x = 2 are extreme value of f , f ′( − 1) = 0 and x 2 + ax + 1
f ′(2) = 0 2ax
= 1−
1 x + ax + 1
2
⇒ 1 − 2b + a = 0 and + 4b + a = 0
2  ( x 2 + ax + 1) ⋅ 2a − 2ax(2 x + a) 
1 1 f '( x) = −  
Solving these equations, we get a = , b =  ( x 2 + ax + 1) 2 
2 4
1 1 1 1  −2ax 2 + 2a   ( x 2 − 1) 
Thus, f ′( x) = − x + = − ( x + 1)( x − 2) = − 2 2 
= 2a  2 2 
. . .(i)
x 2 2 2x  ( x + ax + 1)   ( x + ax + 1) 
We have f ′( x) > 0, if x < −1;  ( x 2 + ax + 1)2 (2 x) − 2( x2 − 1)( x2 + ax + 1)(2x + a) 
f ′′( x) = 2a  
f ′( x) < 0, if −1 < x < 0;  ( x2 + ax + 1)4 
f ′( x) > 0, if 0 < x < 2 and f ′( x) < 0, if x > 2 .  2 x( x 2 + ax + 1) − 2( x 2 − 1)(2 x + a) 
= 2a   . . .(ii)
Therefore, f ( x ) has a local maximum at x = − 1 and x = 2.  ( x 2 + ax + 1)3 
Thus assertion and reason are true and reason is a correct 4a (a + 2) 4a
explanation for assertion. Now, f "(1) = =
(a + 2)3 (a + 2) 2
 1 − log x  4a (a − 2) −4a
72. (d) Consider f ( x) = x1/ x ⇒ f ′( x) = x1/ x  2  and f (−1) = =
 x  (2 − a )3 (a − 2) 2
⇒ f has local maximum at x = e ∴ (2 + a ) 2 f "(1) + (2 − a ) 2 f "(−1) = 4a − 4a = 0.
Since π > e and f decreases on (e, ∞)
78. (a) When x ∈ (−1,1)
So f (π ) < f (e)
x2 < 1 ⇒ x2 −1 < 0
⇒ π e < eπ
∴ f '( x) < 0 f ( x) is decreasing
73. (d) Applying Lagrange’s mean value on [ x, y ], we have 4a
Also, at x = 1, f "(1) =
f ( y ) − f ( x) (a + 2) 2 > 0
c ∈ ( x, y ) such that f ′(c) =
y−x (∵ 0 < a < 2)
f ( y ) − f ( x) = f ′(c) y − x ≤ M y − x (if f ′( x) ≤ M ) f (x) has local minimum at x = 1
and f ′( y ) − f ( x) ≥ M y − x (if f ′( x) ≥ M )
f '(e x ) x  e2 x − 1   ex 
79. (b) g '( x) = ⋅ e = 2a  2 x 2  2x 
Putting f ( x) = cot x, f ′( x) = −cosec x, f ′( x) ≥ 1
2
1 + (e )
x 2
 (e + ae + 1)   1 + e 
x

Hence, cot x − cot y ≥ x − y g '( x) = 0, if e2 x − 1 = 0,

ie, x=0
74. (a) f ′( x) = 2cos x − 2sin 2 x = 2cos x(1 − 2sin x)
If x < 0, e 2 x < 1 ⇒ g '( x) < 0.

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Applications of Derivatives 353
 1
80. (b) Here, f ( x) = (1 − x) 2 ⋅ sin 2 x + x 2 ≥ 0, ∀ x. 83. (a) Here, φ '( x) < 0, x ∈  0, 
 4
x  2(t − 1) 
and g ( x) = ∫  − log t  f (t ) dt 1 
1
 t +1  and φ '( x) > 0, x ∈  ,1
4 
 2( x − 1) 
⇒ g '( x) =  − log x  ⋅ 
f ( x) . . .(i)  1
 ( x + 1)  + ve ⇒ e− x f '( x) − e− x f ( x) < 0, x ∈  0, 
 4
For g '( x ) to be increasing or decreasing
1
⇒ f '( x ) < f ( x), 0 < x < .
2( x − 1) 4
Let φ ( x) = − log x
( x + 1)
4 1 −( x − 1) 2 Match the Column
φ '( x) = − = d x
( x + 1) 2 x x( x + 1) 2 84. (a) ( x + sin x) = 1 + cos x = 2cos 2 > 0
dx 2
φ '( x ) < 0, for x > 1
π π
⇒ φ ( x) < φ (1) ⇒ φ ( x) < 0 . . .(ii) for − <x< .
2 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get g '( x) < 0 for x ∈ (1, ∞) Therefore, x + sin x is increasing in the given interval.
∴ g(x) is decreasing for x ∈ (1, ∞) Therefore, ( A ) → (1) is the answer.

81. (c) Here, f ( x) + 2 x = (1 − x) 2 ⋅ sin 2 x + x 2 + 2 x d

. . .(i) Again (sec x) = sec x tan x which is > 0 for 0 < x < π / 2
dx
Where, P: f ( x) + 2 x = 2(1 + x) 2
−π
∴ 2(1 + x 2 ) = (1 − x) 2 sin 2 x + x 2 + 2 x and < 0 for <x<0
2
⇒ (1 − x) 2 sin 2 x = x 2 − 2 x + 2 Therefore, sec x is neither increasing nor decreasing in the
given interval.
⇒ (1 − x) 2 sin 2 x = (1 − x) 2 + 1 ⇒ (1 − x) 2 cos 2 x = −1
Which is never possible. 85. (a)
∴ P is false. Again, let h( x) = 2 f ( x) + 1 − 2 x(1 + x)
(4t 2 ,8t )
E (0,3)
where, h(0) = 2 f (0) + 1 − 0 = 1
h(1) = 2 f (1) + 1 − 4 = −3 as, h(0) h(1) < 0 O
x
fy
⇒ h(x) must have a solution.
∴ Q is true Here, y 2 = 16 x, 0 ≤ y ≤ 6
82. (d) Here, f "( x) − 2 f '( x) + f ( x) ≥ e x Tangent at F, yt = x + at 2
−x −x −x −x
⇒ f "( x)e − f '( x)e − f '( x)e + f ( x)e ≥0 at x = 0, y = at = 4t
d d Also, (4t 2 ,8t ) satisfy y = mx + c
⇒ ( f '( x)e− x ) − ( f ( x)e − x ) ≥ 1
dx dx
⇒ 8t = 4mt 2 + 3
d
⇒ ( f '( x)e − x − f ( x)e − x ) ≥ 1 ⇒ 4mt 2 − 8t + 3 = 0
dx
0 3 1
d 2 −x 1
⇒ (e f ( x)) ≥ 1 for all x ∈ [0,1] ∴ Area of ∆ = 0 4t 1
dx 2 2 2
4t 8t 1
∴ φ ( x) = e − x f ( x) is concave nφ.
1 2
f (0) = f (1) = 0 = ⋅ 4t (3 − 4t )
2
⇒ φ (0) = 0 = φ (1)
A = 2[3t 2 − 4t 3 ]
⇒ φ ( x) < 0
dA
∴ = 2[6t − 12t 2 ]
⇒ e − x f ( x) < 0 dt
∴ f ( x) < 0 = −12t (2t − 1)

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354 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 ∴ t2 = −2t1 (t2 ≠ t1 )
∴ Maximum at t =
2 Similarly the tangent at P2 will meet the curve at the point
and 4mt 2 − 8t + 3 = 0 P3 (t3 , t33 ) when t 3 = − 2 t 2 = 4 t1 and so on.
⇒ m−4+3 = 0
The abscissas of P1 , P2 , P3 , ... are t1 , − 2 t1 , 4 t1 , ... in GP
⇒ m = 1 G (0, 4 t )
t 2 t3 t 4
⇒ G (0, 2) y1 = 2 ∴ = = = … = −2 (r say)
t1 t2 t3
( x0 , y0 ) = (4t 2 ,8t ) = (1, 4)
∴ t2 = t1r , t3 = t2 r , t4 = t3 r
y0 = 4
t1 t13 1 t1 t13 1
3 1 1 1
t23 1 | t23 1 |
Area = 2  −  = | t2 | t2
4 2 2 2
area ( ∆P1 P2 P3 ) t3 t33 1 t3 t33 1
= =
area ( ∆P2 P3 P4 ) t2 t23 1 t2 r t23 r 3 1
Integer 1 3
| t3 t 3 1| | t3 r t23 r 3 1 |
dy 2
86. (3080) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c . . .(i) t4 t 3
4 1 t4 r t33 r 3 1
dx
Since, the curve y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + 5 touches x-axis at 1 1 1 λ
= = = =
r 4
( − 2) 4
16 µ
P ( −2, 0), then x-axis is the tangent at (−2,0) the curve
meets y-axis in (0, 5) 251 λ 251
∴ ⋅ = × 16
2 µ 2
dy
∴ = 0 + 0 + c = 3 (given) . . .(ii) = 251 × 8 = 2008
dx (0, 5)
π 
dy PL  d 2  N
and = 0 ⇒ 12a − 4b + c = 0 88. (50) I =
PLAN
= 4 
dx ( −2, 0) 33000 33000
⇒ 12a − 4b + 3 = 0 ∆I ∆P ∆L 2∆d ∆N
∴ = + + +
[from equation (ii)] . . .(iii) I P L d N
and (−2, 0) lies on the curve, then 0 = −8a + 4b − 2c + 5 ⇒  ∆I   ∆P   ∆L   ∆d   ∆N 
 ×100  =  ×100  +  ×100  + 2  ×100  +  ×100 
⇒ −8a + 4b − 1 = 0  I   P   L   d   N 

(∵ c = 3 ) = 10% + 10% + 2 ×10% + 10% = 50%

⇒ 8a − 4b + 1 = 0 . . .(iv) ∴ λ = 50
1 3 89. (2389) If r be the radius and h be the height of the cylinder.
From equation (iii) and (iv) we get a = − , b = −
2 4
∴ 1.5 m
−1 −3
−10a + 100b + 1000c = −10 × − 100 × + 1000 × 3 1.5 m
2 4
= 5 + 75 + 3000 = 3080
2 2 4
87. (2008) Let P1 (t1 , t13 ) is a point on the curve y = x 3 Volume V = π r 2 h + π r 3 + π r 3 = π r 2 h + π r 3
3 3 3
dy 4
∴ = 3t12 ∴ ∆V = (π r 2 ) ∆h + h(2π r ∆r ) + π ⋅ 3tr 2 ∆r
dx (t1 , t13 ) 3
Tangent at P1 is y − t13 = 3t12 ( x − t1 ) . . .(i) = π r 2 ∆h + 2π rh∆r + 4π r 2 ∆r

The intersection of equation (i) and y = x3 ∆V π r ( r ∆h + 2h∆r + 4r ∆r ) r ∆h + 2h∆r + 4r ∆r

∴ = =
V  4 2 4
rh + r 2
⇒ x3 − t13 = 3t12 ( x − t1 ) π r  rh + r 
 3  3
⇒ ( x − t1 ) 2 ( x + 2t1 ) = 0 1.5 × 0.05 + 2 × 4 × 0.01 + 4 × 1.5 × 0.01 0.215
= =
If P2 (t2 , t23 ), then (t2 − t1 ) 2 (t2 + 2t1 ) = 0 4 9
1.5 × 4 + (1.5) 2
3

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Applications of Derivatives 355
∆V 0.215 = −4(6 + x) ( x − 3) = 4(− x − 6) (3 − x)
2 2
⇒ × 100 = × 100
V 9 ⇒ y is maximum at x = 3
21.5
= = 2.389%
9 + +

∴ abcd = 2389 –6 3
–

90. (1) Let f ( x) = log10 x Then, S is also maximum at x = 3

1 ∴ A = (6 + 3) (36 − 9) = 9 27 = 27 3
⇒ f ′( x) = ⋅ log10 e
x
Let x = 4, δ x = 0.04 Then, 4 3 A = 4 3 ⋅ 27 3 = 27 ×12 = 324

∴ f ( x + δ x) = f ( x) + δ x ⋅ f ′( x) 93. (2250) Speed of the truck is x km / h

1  500 
log10 ( x + δ x) = log10 x + (0.04) × log10 e ∴ Time taken to cover 500 km is t =  h
x  x 
1 Total cost for a trip of 500 km (in Rs) is = cost of diesel +
log10 4.04 = log10 4 + (0.04) × × log10 e Payment to the driver
x
= 0.6021 + (0.01)(0.4343) 1  900  400 500
C (say) =  + x  × 500 × + × 1.5
= 0.6021 + 0.004343 = 0.606443 ≈ 1 300  x  100 x
1350 2
⇒ C= + x
91. (626) Given f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 1 x 3
∴ f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 x + 9 = 3( x − 1)( x − 3 ∴
dC 1350 2
= − 2 + ; for max or min of C =
dC
=0
For maxima or minima f ′( x) = 0 dx x 3 dx
d 2C 2700
∴ x = 1, 3 but 3 ∉ [0, 2] ⇒ x = 45 km / h Now, = 3
dx 2 x
∴ Only one critical point in [0, 2] is x = 1
d 2C 2700
∴ Greatest value λ= max { f (0), f (1), f (2)} = max ∴ = >0
dx 2 x = 45
(45)3
{1, 5, 3} = 5 and least value
Total cost C is maximum where x = 45km/h
µ = min{ f (0), f (1), f (2)} = m in{1, 5, 3} = 1
∴ λ − 45
∴ λ 4 + µ 8 = 54 + 18 = 625 + 1 = 626 Then, 50λ = 50 × 45 = 2250
92. (324) D 6 C 94. (125) Slop f ′( x) = −3x 2 + 16 x − 13 = u (say)
du
∴ = −6 x + 16
6 6 dx
du
For max or min of u , =0
A x x B dx
M N
Let ABCD be the given trapezium. 8
⇒ x=
3
Let AM = BN = x Then DM = CN = (36 − x 2 )
d 2u
∴ Area of trapezium ABCD is ⇒ = −6 < 0
dx 2
1 2
S = (6 + x + x + 6) × (36 − x 2 ) = (6 + x) (36 − x 2 ) 8 8 8
2 ∴ Slope is maximum u at x = is −3   + 16   − 13
3 3  3
or S 2 = (6 + x) 2 (36 − x 2 ) = (6 + x)3 (6 − x)
−64 128 64 − 39 25
= + − 13 = =
Let y = S 2 = (6 + x)3 (6 − x) 3 3 3 3
dy 25
∴ (6 + x)3 ⋅ (−1) + (6 − x) ⋅ 3(6 − x) 2 ∴ λ=
dx 3
= (6 + x)2 {−6 − x + 18 − 3 x} = (6 + x) 2 (−4 x + 12) 25
Then, 15λ = 15 × = 125
3

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356 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
∴ α = −3, β = −1
 xe − x , x ≥ 0
95. (2) f ( x) =  −x a a
− x e , x < 0 Then, αβ = ⇒ (−3) ( −1) =
3 3
 e − x (1 − x), x > 0 ∴ a=9
∴ f ′( x) =  − x
− e (1 − x), x < 0
99. (8) Since, sin −1 (sin x + cos x )3 and (sin x + cos x )3 are both
⇒ f ′( x) is not defined at x = 0 and f ′( x) = 0 at x = 1
increasing functions.
So, x = 0,1 are critical points
∴ f ( x ) is increasing function when sin x + cos x is an increasing
Hence, number of critical points = 2.
function.
96. (130) For x ≤ 1 f ′( x ) = 3 x − 2 x + 10
2
Let g ( x) = sin x + cos x or g ′( x) = cos x − sin x
 1  29 
2
 π  π
 x −  +  > 0 = 2 cos  x +  > 0 or cos  x +  > 0
 3 3   4  4
π π π
∴ f ( x) is increasing function for x ≤ 1 Now, for x > 1, or 2nπ − < x + < 2nπ + , n ∈ I
2 4 2
f ′( x) = −2 < 0
3π π 3π π
⇒ 2nπ − < x < 2nπ + − < x<
So, f ( x) is decreasing function, for x > 1 4 4 4 4
Now, f ′( x) will have greatest value at x = 1 if lim+ f ( x) ≥ f (1) 5π 9π
x →1 and <x< But x ∈ (0, 2π )
4 4
⇒ lim f (1 + h) ≤ 5
h →0  π   5π 
∴ x ∈  0,  ∪  , 2π 
⇒ lim − 2(1 + h) + log 2 (b − 2) ≤ 5
2
 4  4 
h →0

⇒ −2 + log 2 (b 2 − 2) ≤ 5 Then, a = 0, b = 1, c = 5, d = 8
∴ a + 10 b + 100 c + 1000 d = 0 + 10 + 500 + 8000 = 8510
⇒ log 2 (b 2 − 2) ≤ 7 ⇒ b 2 − 2 ≤ 27
100. (600) We have, f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
⇒ b 2 ≤ 130 But b 2 − 2 > 0
= x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6
∴ 2 < b 2 ≤ 130 Hence, λ = 130
∴ f (a) = 0 − 0 + 0 − 6 = 6
97. (3300) Now, f (1) = f (2)
∴ f (b) = 43 − 6 ⋅ 4 2 + 11 ⋅ 4 − 6 = 64 − 96 + 44 − 6 = 0
⇒ 1 + b + c = 8 + 4b + 2c ⇒ 3b + c = −7 . . .(i)
f (b) − f (a) 6 − (−6)
4 4
2
4 ∴ = =3
and f ′   = 0 ⇒ 3   + 2b   + c = 0 b−a 4−0
3 3 3 Also, f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 12 x + 11
⇒ 16 + 8b + 3c = 0 . . .(ii)
∴ f ′(c) = 3c 2 − 12c + 11
From equation (i) and (ii), we get b = −5, c = 8
f (b) − f ( a)
∴ 100c − 500b = 800 + 2500 = 3300 From LMVT, = f ′(c)
b−a

98. (9) f ′( x) = 3x 2 + 12 x + a ⇒ 3 = 3c 2 − 12c + 11

∵ Coefficient of x2 is positive, therefore f ′( x ) can be negative, ∴ 3c 2 − 12c + 8 = 0

only when two roots of the equation f ′( x ) = 0 are real and 12 ± (144 − 96) 2 2
∴ c= = 2±
equal. 6 3
As both of the values of c lie in the open interval (0, 4)
Let roots of f ′( x ) = 0 are α and β (α < β ), in this case the
2 2
largest interval in which f (x) is a decreasing function will ∴ λ=
3
be (α , β ). But according to question largest interval is
2 2
( − 3, − 1) Then, 450 2 λ = 450 2 × = 600
3

***

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Indefinite Integration 357

16 Indefinite Integration
QUICK LOOK 1

∫ x dx = log e x (where x is positive)

Integartion and Comparison with Differentiation

∫ e dx = e
x x


A function φ ( x) is called a primitive or an antiderivative of a
ax
function f ( x) if φ '( x) = f ( x). ∫ a dx =
x


log e a
x5 d  x5 
is a primitive of x 4 because  =x ∫ sin xdx = − cos x
4
For example,

5 dx  5 
Let φ ( x ) be a primitive of a function f ( x) and let c be any

∫ cos xdx = sin x
constant.
∫ tan xdx = log sec x
d
Then
dx
[φ ( x ) + c ] = φ '( x ) = f ( x ) [∵ φ '( x) = f ( x)]
∫ cot xdx = log sin x
⇒ φ ( x ) + c is also a primitive of f ( x). π x

∫ sec xdx = log(sec x + tan x) or log tan  4 + 2 
Thus, if a function f ( x) possesses a primitive, then it possesses
x
infinitely many primitives which are contained in the expression
∫ cos ec x dx = log tan 2 or − log ( cos ecx + cot x )
φ ( x) + c, where c is a constant.
x 5 x5 x5

∫ sec x ·tan xdx = sec x
For example , + 2, − 1 etc. are primitives of x 4 .
5 5 5
∫ cos ec x · cot xdx = − cos ec x
∫ sec xdx = tan x
2


Primitive Functions, Antiderivatives, Indefinite Integration
∫ cos ec xdx = − cot x
2
df ( x)


If = F ( x) then the derivative of f ( x) is F ( x), i.e.
dx dx
f ′( x) = F ( x). Equivalently, f ( x) is the primitive function or

∫ 1− x 2
= sin −1 x

antiderivative of F ( x ). dx

The indefinite integration of f ′( x) is f ( x) + c, symbolically,

∫ 1+ x 2
= tan −1 x

dx
∫ f '( x)dt = f ( x) + c, when c is an arbitrary constant, called
∫x x −1 2
= sec −1 x

constant of integration. ∫ φ ( x)dx is an integral and φ ( x) is the Derivative of Indefinite Integral, Integral of Derivative
integrand. d
dx ∫

f ( x ) dx = f ( x )

Note d

∫ f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + c
If F1 ( x) and F2 ( x) are two anti-derivatives of a dx

function f ( x) on an interval [a, b], then the difference between
∫ { f ( x)·φ ′( x) + f ′( x)·φ ( x)}dx = f ( x)·φ ( x) + c
them is a constant. f ′( x)·φ ( x) − f ( x)·φ ′( x) f ( x)

∫ {φ ( x)}2
dx =
φ ( x)
+c

Standard Integrals of Elementary Functions Properties of Integrals

Standard integrals are as follows (without writing the constant
The differentiation of an integral is the integrand itself or
of integration): the process of differentiation and integration neutralize each
x n+1 d 
∫ x dx = (n ≠ −1)
dx  ∫
f ( x ) dx  = f ( x ).
n

other, i.e.,
n +1 

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358 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

The integral of the product of a constant and a function is
equal to the product of the constant and the integral of the
∫ f ( x, x 2 − a 2 ) dx substitute x = a secθ or a cosecθ

function, i.e., ∫ c f ( x) dx = c ∫ f ( x)dx. ∫ f ( x, x 2 + a 2 ) dx substitute x = a tan θ or a cot θ

Integral of the sum or difference of two functions is equal to

∫ f (x , a 2 − x 2 ) dx substitute x 2 = a 2 cos 2θ
2

the sum or difference of their integrals,

i.e., ∫ { f1 ( x) ± f2 ( x)} dx = ∫ f ( x) dx ± ∫ f
1 2 ( x) dx Choice of u, v in “by Parts”

In the general form, du
The method of “by parts” ∫ uvdx = u ∫ vdx − ∫  ∫ vdx  dx, is
  dx
∫ {k . f ( x) ± k . f ( x) ± k . f ( x) ± .....} dx
1 1 2 2 3 3
used when the integrand is through of as a product of two
= k ∫ f ( x)dx ± k ∫ f ( x)dx ± k ∫ f ( x) dx ± .......
1 1 2 2 3 3 functions. While using this method, one has to take care of the
following:
Methods of Integration The second part v must be a standard integrand or can be easily
Given the integrand our primary objective is to change the integrated by simplification or substitution.
integrated into algebraics sum of standard integrands. This du
The integral ∫  ∫ vdx  dx must not be more complicated than
objective can be achieved in any of the following three   dx
methods: the original integrand.

Simplification or transformation – We change the integrated Using integration by parts, we can in principle calculate the
into algebraic sum of standard integrands by simplification, integral of the product of any two arbitrary functions. You
using algebraic or trigonometrical simplifications. should be very thorough with the use of this technique, since it

Substitution – We make suitable substitution for the given will be extensively required in solving integration problems.
variable in terms of some other variable so that the Let u = f ( x) and v = g ( x) be two arbitrary functions. We need
integrated changes into a standard integrated or algebraic
to evaluate ∫ f ( x) g ( x)dx. The rule for integration by parts says
sum of standard integrands in the new variable.

By parts – ∫ f ( x)·φ ( x)dx = f ( x)·∫ φ ( x)dx − ∫ [∫ φ ( x)dx]· f ′( x)dx that: ∫ f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x)∫ g ( x)dx −∫ { f ′( x)∫ g ( x)dx}dx
This method is applicable when the integrated can be put as
Translated into words (which makes it easier to remember!),
the product of two functions of which one can be integrated
this rule says that: The integral of the product of two functions
easily.
= (First function) × (Integral of second function) – Integral of
(Derivative of the first function) × (Integral of the second
Forms of Integrands Suitable for Specific Substitution
function)}.
There is no fixed rule for selecting a function as the new
variable. While selecting it, we always remember that the Theoretically, we can choose any of the two functions in the
resulting integrand after substitution must change the original product as the first function and the other as the second
integrand in algebraic sum of standard integrands in the new function. However, a little observation of the expression above
variable. However, there are certain forms of the integrand will show you that since we need to deal with the integral of the
which indicate the appropriate substitution.
second function ( ∫ g ( x) dx, above)), we should choose the

Form ∫ f {φ ( x)}·φ ′( x) dx substitute φ ( x ) = z
second function in such a way so that it is easier to integrate;
φ ′( x)
∫ φ ( x) dx substitute φ ( x) = z consequently, the first function should be the one that is more
difficult to integrate out of the two functions. We can thus

Form ∫ sin p x ·cos 2 n −1 xdx, n∈ N substitute sin x = z define a priority list pertaining to the choice of the first
function, corresponding to the degree of difficulty in
∫ cos x ·sin 2 n −1 xdx, n∈ N substitute cos x = z
p
integration:

∫ sin x ·cos q xdx, where p + q = negative even integer I – inverse trigonometric functions
p

L – logarithmic function
substitute than x = z
A – algebraic functions

Form ∫ f ( x, a 2 − x 2 ) dx substitute x = a sin θ or a cosθ T – trigonometric functions
E – exponential function

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Indefinite Integration 359
Decreasing order of difficulty in carrying out integration. For a x

∫ a .sin(bx + c) dx = (log a)
x
example, inverse trigonometric functions are the most difficult
2
+ b2
to integrate while exponential functions are the easiest. Thus,
we should choose the first function in this order.
[ (log a) sin(bx + c) − b cos(bx + c)] + k
ax
The boxed letters should make it clear to you why this rule of
∫ a .cos(bx + c) dx = (log a)
x
[(log a)cos(bx + c) + b sin(bx + c)] + k
2
+ b2
thumb for the selection of the first function is referred to as the
ILATE rule. It is important to realize that the ILATE rule is just
a guide that serves to facilitate the process of integration by Integration of Some Standard Rational and Irrational
parts; it is not a rule that always has to be followed; you can Functions (Fractions)
choose your first function contrary to the ILATE rule also if Standard integrals are as follows (without writing the constant
you wish to (and if you are able to integrate successfully with of integration):
your choice). However, the ILATE rule works in most of the dx 1 x

∫ 2 = tan −1
cases and is therefore widely used. x + a2 a a
dx 1 x−a

∫x = log , ( x > a)
∫
Integral is of the form e x { f ( x ) + f '( x )}dx 2
− a 2 2a x+a
dx 1 a+x
∫ e { f ( x) + f ′( x)}dx = e · f ( x) . ∫a = , ( x < a)
x x


log
2
− x 2 2a a−x
∫ e [ mf ( x) + f '( x)] dx = e f ( x) + c
mx mx
dx


∫ x −a2 2
= log( x + x 2 − a 2
 f '( x)  emx f ( x)

fe mx  f ( x) +  dx = +c
 m  m dx x
∫ a −x2 2
= sin −1
a
Integral is of the form [ x f ′( x ) + f(x )] dx : If the integral is
dx
of the form ∫ [ x f '( x) + f ( x)] dx then by breaking this integral ∫ a2 + x2
= log( x + a 2 + x 2 )

into two integrals, integrate one integral by parts and keeping x 2 a2

other integral as it is, by doing so, we get,
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx =
2
x + a 2 + log( x + x 2 + a 2 )
2
∫ [ x f '( x) + f ( x)] dx = x f ( x) + c a2 x x a2 − x2
∫ a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
sin −1 +
a 2
∫ ∫
Integrals of the form e ax sin bxdx , e ax cos bx dx
x 2 a2
e ax ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
x − a 2 − log( x + x 2 − a 2 )
2

fe ax .sin(bx + c)dx = [a sin(bx + c] − b cos(bx + c) + k
a 2 + b2
e ax   b  Standard Substitutions
= sin  (bx + c) − tan −1    + k
a +b
2 2
  a  S.No Integrand form Substitution
x = a sin θ ,
ax
e (i) 1
∫ e .cos(bx + c) dx = a 2 + b2 [ a cos(bx + c) − b sin(bx + c)] + c
ax

a2 − x2 , , a2 − x2
a −x
2 2 x = a cos θ
e ax  −1  b   x = a tan θ
= cos (bx + c) − tan    + k (ii) 1
a2 + b2   a  x2 + a2 , , x2 + a2
x +a
2 2 or x = a sinhθ
x eax
∫ x e sin(bx + c) dx = a 2 + b2 [ a sin(bx + c) − b cos(bx + c)] x = a sec θ
ax

(iii) 1
x2 − a2 , ,
x − a2
2 or x = a cosh θ
ax
e
− 2 (a 2 − b2 )sin bx(bx + c) − 2ab cos bx(bx + c)  + k x2 − a2
(a + b 2 ) 2 
(iv) x a+x x = a tan 2 θ
x . eax x(a + x),
2 [ ] , ,
∫ + = + + +
ax

x . e cos(bx c ) dx a cos( bx c ) b sin( bx c ) a + x x
a +b
2

1
e ax
− 2 [( a 2
− b 2
) cos( bx + c ) + 2 ab sin( bx + c )] + k x ( a + x)
(a + b 2 )2

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360 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
(v) a−x x = a sin θ
2
px + q
∫ ax
x
, , x(a − x), Integral of the form dx : The integration of
a−x x 2
+ bx + c
1 px + q
the function is effected by breaking px + q into
x(a − x) ax 2 + bx + c
(vi) x = a sec 2 θ two parts such that one part is the differential coefficient of the
x x−a
, , denominator and the other part is a constant.
x−a x
If M and N are two constants, then we express px + q as
1
x( x − a ),
x( x − a) d
px + q = M ( ax 2 + bx + c ) + N
dx
(vii) a−x a+x x = a cos 2θ
, = M .(2ax + b) + N = (2aM ) x + Mb + N .
a+x a−x
(viii) x −α x =α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ Comparing the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides,
, (x −α)(β − x), (β > α)
β −x P
we have, p = 2aM ⇒ M = and q = Mb + N
2a
Integartion of Various forms by use of Standard Results P
⇒ N = q − Mb = q − b.
dx 2a

Integrals of the form ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
, where ax 2 + bx + c Thus, M and N are known. Hence, the given integral is
cannot be resolved into factors. p  p 
(2ax + b) +  q − b 
 b c px + q 2a  2a 
We have, ax 2 + bx + c = a  x 2 + .x + 
 a a 
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx = ∫ ax 2 + bx + c
dx

 b   b2 c  
2
 b   b 2 − 4ac  
2 p 2ax + b  p  dx
= a  x +  −  2 −   = a  x +  −  
= ∫
2a ax + bx + c
2
dx +  q − b  ∫ 2
 2a  ax + bx + c
 2a   4a a    2a   4a 2  
p  p  dx
Case (i): When b 2 − 4ac > 0 = log | ax 2 + bx + c | +  q − b  ∫ 2 +C
2a  2a  ax + bx + c
dx 1 2ax + b − b 2 − 4ac
∴ ∫ ax 2 + bx + c = b 2 − 4ac
log
2ax + b + b 2 − 4ac
+c
The integral on R.H.S. can be evaluated by the method
discussed in previous section.
Case (ii): When b 2 − 4ac < 0
px + q p
dx 2  2ax + b 
If b 2 − 4ac < 0, then ∫ dx = log | ax 2 + bx + c |
ax + bx + c
∫ ax 2 + bx + c =
−1 2
tan  +c 2a
4ac − b 2  4ac − b
2
 (2aq − bp ) 2ax + b
+ tan −1 +k
a 4ac − b 2
4ac − b 2
dx
Working rule for evaluating ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
: To evaluate

If b 2 − 4ac > 0, then ∫ ax
px + q
2
+ bx + c
dx =
p
2a
log | ax 2 + bx + c |
this form of integrals proceed as follows:
(2aq − bp ) 2ax + b − b 2 − 4ac

Make the coefficient of x 2 unity by taking ‘a’ common from + log +k
ax 2 + bx + c. 2a b 2 − 4ac 2ax + b + b 2 − 4ac

Express the terms containing x 2 and x in the form of a
dx
perfect square by adding and subtracting the square of half
of the coefficient of x.
Integral of the form ∫ ax 2 + bx + c
: To evaluate this

Put the linear expression in x equal to t and express the
integrals in terms of t. form of integrals proceed as follows:
dx dx
Make the coefficient of x 2 unity by taking a common

The resultant integrand will be either in ∫ 2 or ∫ 2
x + a2 x − a2 from ax + bx + c .
2

dx dx 1 dx
or ∫ 2 Then, ∫
a − x2
standard form. After using the standard
ax + bx + c
2
=
a
∫ b c
.
formulae, express the results in terms of x. x2 + x+
a a

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Indefinite Integration 361
b c Putting ax + bx + c ⇒ (2ax + b)dx = dt , we have,
2

Put x 2 + x + , by the method of completing the square in
a a
p −1/ 2 p t 1/ 2 p
the form, A − X or X + A or X − A where, X is a
2 2 2 2 2 2
I1 =
2a ∫ t dt =
2a 1
. + C1 =
a
ax 2 + bx + c + C1 and

linear function of x and A is a constant. 2

After this, use any of the following standard formulae I 2 is calculated as in the previous section.
according to the case under consideration
dx  x Note
∫ a −x2
= sin −1   + c
2
a px + q
dx
dx ax 2 + bx + c
∫ = log | x + x + a | + c and
2 2
⇒
x2 + a2 p 2aq − bp dx
dx
=
a
ax 2 + bx + c +
2a ∫ ax + bx + c
2
.

∫ x − a2
2
= log | x + x 2 − a 2 | + c.

f(x)
Note
Integrals of the form ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx, where f(x) is a
dx

If a < 0, b 2 − 4ac > 0, then ∫ ax + bx + c
2
polynomial of degree 2 or greater than 2
To evaluate the integrals of the above form, divide the
1  2ax + b  numerator by the denominator. Then, the integrals take the
= sin −1   + k .
−a  b − 4ac 
2
f ( x) R( x)
form given by = Q( x) + 2 dx
dx ax + bx + c
2
ax + bx + c
If a > 0, b 2 − 4ac < 0, then ∫ ax + bx + c
2 where, Q(x) is a polynomial and R(x) is a linear polynomial in x.

 2ax + b  f ( x) R( x)
=
1
sinh −1  +k
Then, we have ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx = ∫ Q( x)dx + ∫ 2
ax + bx + c
dx
 4ac − b
2
a 
The integrals on R.H.S. can be obtained by the methods
dx 1 2ax + b
∫
−1

If a > 0, b − 4ac > 0
2
= cosh +k discussed earlier.
ax2 + bx + c a b2 − 4ac

px + q x2 +1 x2 −1
Integral of the form ∫ ax 2 + bx + c
dx : To evaluate this Integrals of the form ∫ x4 +kx2 +1
dx and ∫
x4 + kx2 +1
dx : To

d x2 + 1
form of integrals, first we write, px + q = M ( dx 2+ bx + c )+ N evaluate the integral of the form I = ∫ dx, proceed as
dx x + kx 2 + 1
4

⇒ px + q = M (2ax + b) + N follows
Where M and N are constants. By equating the coefficients of x
Divide the numerator and denominator by x2 to get
p
and constant terms on both sides, we get p = 2aM ⇒ M = 1+
1
2a x2
I =∫ dx.
bp 1
and q = bM + N ⇒ N = q − x +k + 2
2

2a x
In this way, the integral breaks up into two parts given by 1  1  1

Put x − = t ⇒  1 + 2  dx = dt and x 2 + 2 − 2 = t 2
px + q p 2ax + b  bp  x  x  x
∫ ax + bx + c
2
dx =
2a ∫ ax + bx + c
2
dx +  q − 
 2a  1
⇒ x2 + = t 2 + 2.
dx x2
∫ ax 2 + bx + c
= I1 + I 2 , (say)
dt
Then, the given integral reduces to the form I = ∫ ,
p 2ax + b t + 2+k
2

Now, I1 =
2a ∫ ax 2 + bx + c
dx
which can be integrand as usual.

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362 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
x −1 2 Note

To evaluate I = ∫ dx, we divide the numerator
x + kx 2 + 1
4

∫ ax 2 + bx + c
1
1−
x2 (2ax + b) ax 2 + bx + c 4ac − b 2 dx
and denominator by x 2 and get I = ∫ dx dx = + ∫
1 4a 8a ax + bx + c
2
x2 + k + 2
x
1
Then, we put x +
x
=t Integrals of the form (px + q)∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx : To

 1  evaluate this form of integral, proceed as follows:

⇒ 1 −  dx = dt
 x2  First express ( px + q )

1 d
and x 2 + + 2 = t2 as px + q = M ( ax 2 + bx + c ) + N
x2 dx
1 ⇒ px + q = M (2ax + b) + N
⇒ x2 + 2
= t 2 − 2.
x Where, M and N are constant.
dt
Thus, we have t = ∫ , which can be evaluated as usual.
t2 − 2 + k
Compare the coefficients of x and constant terms on both
p
Note sides, will get p = 2a M ⇒ M =
2a
2 x2 x2 + 1 x2 − 1 and q = Mb + N

Algebraic twins: ∫ x4 + 1 dx = ∫ x 4 + 1 ∫ x4 + 1 dx
dx +

⇒ N = q − Mb = q − p b.
2 x2 + 1 x2 − 1
∫ x4 + 1 dx = ∫ x 4 + 1 ∫ x 4 + 1 dx,
dx − 2a

Now, write the given integral as ∫ ( px + q) ax2 + bx + c dx

2
∫ ( x 4 + 1 + kx2 ) dx p  p 
=
2a ∫ (2ax + b) ax2 + bx + c dx +  q − b  ∫ ax2 + bx + c dx
 2a 
x2 + 1
We know the result of I1 = ∫ dx and
x4 + 1 p  p 
= I1 +  q − b  I 2 , (say).
x2 − 1 x2 dx 2a  2a 
I2 = ∫ dx, so for ∫ x + 1 dx and for ∫x , we can
x4 + 1 4 4
+1
To evaluate I1 , put ax 2 + bx + c = t and to evaluate I 2 ,
I1 + I 2 I −I follows the method discussed in
use the result of and 1 2 .
2 2
dx

Trigonometric twins: ∫ tan x dx, ∫ cot x dx,
dx
∫ (sin4 x+cos4 x) ,
Integrals of the form ∫P Q
, (where P and Q and linear or

quadratic expressions in x)
dx ± sin x ± cos x
∫ sin 6 x + cos6 x , ∫ a + b sin x cos dx To evaluate such types of integrals, we have following
substitutions according to the nature of expressions of P and Q
in x:
Integrals of the forms ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx : To evaluate this

When Q is linear and P is linear or quadratic, we put Q = t 2 .
form of integrals, express ax2 +bx +c in the form a (x +α)2 + β 2  1

When P is linear and Q is quadratic, we put P = .
t
by the method of completing the square and apply the standard
result discussed in the above section according to the case as 1

When both P and Q are quadratic, we put x = .
may be. t

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Indefinite Integration 363

∫x
2 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS −3 1/ x
8. 5 dx = k .51/ x + c, then k is:
Fundamental Integration Formulae
1 2 −2
a. − b. −2 log 5 c. d.
( x + 1) 2 2 log 5 log 5 log 5
1. ∫ x( x 2
+ 1)
dx is equal to:

a. log e x b. log e x + 2 tan −1 x

9. ∫ tan(3x − 5) sec(3x − 5)dx = ?
1
1 a. sec(3 x − 5) + c b. sec(3 x − 5) + c
c. log e 2 d. log e {x( x + 1)}
2
3
x +1
c. tan(3 x − 5) + c d. None of these
 x
2. ∫ 1 + sin   dx = ?
4 10. ∫a
sin 2 x
dx is equal to:
2
sin x + b 2 cos 2 x
2

 x x  x x
a. 8  sin − cos  + c b.  sin + cos  + C 1
 8 8  8 8 a. log( a 2 sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x) + c
b − a2
2

1 x x  x x 1
c.  sin − cos  + c d. 8  cos − sin  + c b. log( a 2 sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x) + c
8 8 8  8 8  a 2 − b2
1 c. log( a 2 sin 2 x − b 2 cos 2 x) + c
3. If ∫ (sin 2 x − cos 2 x ) dx =
2
sin(2 x − a) + b , then:
d. None of these
π π
a. a = ,b =0 b. a = − ,b =0 x
4 4 11. The value of the integral ∫ 1 + x tan x dx is equal to:
5π 5π
c. a = , b = any constant d. a = − , b = any constant a. log | x cos x + sin x | + c b. log | cos x _ + x | + c
4 4
c. log | cos x + x sin x | +c d. None of these
4. ∫ x 51 (tan −1 x + cot −1 x ) dx = ?

52
a. x (tan −1 x + cot −1 x ) + c b.
x 52
(tan −1 x − cot −1 x ) + c
12. ∫x 1 + x 2 dx = ?
52 52
1 + 2x2
a. +c b. 1 + x2 + c
πx 52
π x52
π 1 + x2
c. + +c d. + +c
104 2 52 2
1
c. 3(1 + x 2 )3 / 2 + c d. (1 + x 2 )3 / 2 + c
cosec θ − cot θ
5. ∫ cosec θ + cot θ
dθ = ? 3

a. 2cosec θ − 2 cot θ − θ + c b. 2 cosec θ − 2 cot θ + θ + c

13. ∫ 2 + sin 3 x .cos 3 x dx = ?

c. 2 cosec θ + 2 cot θ − θ + c 2 2
d. None of these a. 2 + sin 3 x + c b. (2 + sin 3 x ) 2 / 3 + c
9 3
Integration by Substitution 2 2
c. (2 + sin 3 x ) 3 / 2 + c d. (2 + sin 3 x ) 3 / 2 + c
dx 3 9
6. ∫2 x (1 + x)
=?
tan x
1
14. ∫ sin x .cos x dx ?
a. tan −1 ( x ) + c b. tan −1 ( x ) + c
2 2 2
−1
a. 2 sec x + c b. 2 tan x + c c. + c d. +c
c. 2 tan ( x ) + c d. None of these tan x sec x
dx
x 2 tan −1 x3 15. ∫ (a is equal to:
∫ 1 + x6 dx is equal to: + x 2 )3 / 2
2
7.
x x
1 a. +c b. +c
a. tan −1 ( x3 ) + c b. (tan −1 x 3 ) 2 + c (a 2 + x 2 )1/ 2 a 2 (a 2 + x 2 )1/ 2
6
1 1 1
c. − (tan −1 x3 ) 2 + c d. (tan −1 x 3 ) 2 + c c. +c d. None of these
2 2 a 2 (a 2 + x 2 )1/ 2

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364 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

1− x x + sin x
16. ∫ 1+ x
dx = ? 23. ∫ 1 + cos x dx = ?

1 1 a. − x tan x / 2 + c b. x tan x / 2 + c
a. sin −1 x − 1 − x2 + C b. sin −1 x + 1 − x2 + C
2 2 1
c. x tan x + c d. x tan x + c
2
c. sin −1 x − 1 − x 2 + C d. sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + C
24. If u = ∫ e ax cos bx dx and v = ∫ e ax sin bx dx, then
Integration by Parts (a 2 + b 2 ) (u 2 + v 2 ) = ?
17. If I n = ∫ (log x) n dx, then I n + nI n −1 = ? a. 2eax b. (a 2 + b 2 )e 2 ax c. e 2ax d. (a 2 − b 2 )e 2 ax

a. x(log x)n b. ( x log x) n

Integartion of Various forms by use of Standard Results
c. (log x)n −1 d. n(log x)n
cos x
25. ∫ sin 2
x + 4 sin x + 5
dx equals:
sin −1 x − cos −1 x
18. ∫ sin −1
x + cos −1 x
dx is equal to: a. tan −1 (sin x) + c b. tan −1 (sin x + 2) + c

2 c. tan −1 (sin x + 1) + c d. None of these

−1
a. [(2 x − 1) sin x + x (1 − x )] − x + c
π
2sin 2θ − cos θ
b.
2
[(2 x − 1) sin −1
x − x (1 − x )] + x + c
26. ∫ 6 − cos 2
θ − 4sin θ
dθ = ?
π
a. 2 log | sin 2 θ − 4sin θ + 5 | +7 tan −1 (sin θ − 2) + c
π
c. (2 x − 1)sin −1 x + x(1 − x)  − x + c b. 2 log | sin 2 θ − 4sin θ + 5 | −7 tan −1 (sin θ − 2) + c
2
d. None of these c. −2 log | sin 2 θ − 4 sin θ + 5 | +7 tan −1 (sin θ − 2) + c
d. −2 log | sin 2 θ − 4sin θ + 5 | −7 tan −1 (sin θ − 2) + c
x 2 dx
19. ∫ ( x sin x + cos x)2 = ? dx
sin x + cos x x sin x − cos x
27. ∫ 2 − 3x − x 2
equals:
a. b.
x sin x + cos x x sin x + cos x  2x + 3   2x + 3 
a. tan −1  +c b. sec −1  +c
sin x − x cos x  17   17 
c. d. None of these
x sin x + cos x
 2x + 3   2x + 3 
c. sin −1  +c d. cos −1  +c
2 tan −1 x
e (1 + x) 2
 17   17 
20. ∫ 1 + x2
dx = ?
dx
a. x e tan
−1
x
+c b. x e2 tan
−1
x
+c
28. ∫ x − 4x + 2
2
=?
−1
c. 2 x etan x
+c d. None of these a. log | x − 2 + x 2 + 2 − 4 x | +c

( x + 3)e x b. log | x − 2 − x 2 + 2 − 4 x | + c
21. ∫ ( x + 4)2 dx is equal to:
c. log | x − 2 + x 2 + 2 + 4 x | +c
x x
e e
a. +c b. +c d. log | x − 2 − x 2 + 2 + 4 x | +c
x+4 x +3
1 ex 5 − 2x
c.
( x + 4)2
+c d.
( x + 4)2
+c 29. ∫ 6 + x − x2
dx =?

d  2x −1 
22. If f ( x ) = x cos x + sin x and f (0) = 2, then f ( x) = ? a. 2 6 + x − x 2 − 4sin −1  +c
dx  5 
a. x sin x b. x cos x + sin x + 2  2x −1 
b. 2 6 + x − x 2 + 4sin −1  +c
c. x sin x + 2 d. .x cos x + 2  5 

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Indefinite Integration 365
 2x −1 
c. −2 6 + x − x 2 − 4sin −1  +c
35. ∫ 2ax − x 2 dx = ?
 5 
1 1  x−a
 2x −1 −1
a. ( x − a) 2ax − x 2 + a 2 sin −1  +c
d. −2 6 + x − x + 4sin 
2
+c 2 2  a 
 5 
1 1  x−a
( x 3 + 8) ( x − 1) b. ( x − a) 2ax − x 2 − a 2 sin −1  +c
30. dx equals: 2 2  a 
x2 − 2 x + 4
1 1  x−a
 x3   x2  c. ( x − a) 2ax − x 2 + a 2 cos −1  +c
a.  +  − 2x + c b. x + x − 2 x + c
3 2 2 2  a 
 3   2  1 1  x−a
d. ( x − a) 2ax − x 2 − a 2 cos −1  +c
( x 3 + x 2 − x) 2 2  a 
c. +c d. None of these
3
2 x3 − 3x 2 + 5 x + 6
36. ∫ (2 x + 3) x 2 + 4 x + 3 dx = ?
31. The value of ∫ dx is:
x 2 + 3x + 2 a. log | ( x + 2) + ( x 2 + 4 x + 3) | +c
x +1
a. x 2 + 3 x + 4 ln | x 2 + 3 x + 2 | +12 ln +c b. log | ( x + 2) + ( x 2 + 4 x + 3) | + c
x+2
b. x + 3 x 2 + 4 ln | x + 1| −12 ln( x + 2) + c c. log | ( x − 2) + ( x 2 + 4 x + 3) | +c
d. None of these
| x +1
c. ( x 2 + 3 x ) + 8 ln +c dx
( x + 2) 2 37. ∫ ( x − 3) x +1
=?
d. None of these
x2 − 1 1  x +1 + 2  1  x +1 + 2 
32. ∫ x4 + x2 + 1 dx = ? a.
2
log   + c
 x +1 − 2 
b.
2
log   + c
 x +1 − 2 
1  x 2 + x + 1 1  x2 − x − 1 1  x +1 − 2 
a. log  2 +c b. log  2 +c c. log   + c d. None of these
2  x − x + 1 2  x + x + 1 2  x +1 + 2 
 x2 − x + 1 1  x2 − x + 1
c. log  2 +c d. log  2 +c dx dx
 x + x + 1 2  x + x + 1 Integrals of the form ∫ a + b cosx and ∫ a + b sin x
33. ∫( tan x + cot x dx ? ) dx
38. ∫ 3 + 4 cos x = ?
 tan x − cot x 
a. 2 tan −1   + c  tan( x / 2) − 7 
1
 2  a. log   + c
 tan x + cot x 
7  tan( x / 2) + 7 
b. 2 tan −1   + c  tan( x / 2) + 7 
1
 2  b. log   + c
 tan x + cot x 
7  tan( x / 2) − 7 
c. tan −1   + c  7 + tan( x / 2) 
1
 2  c. log   + c
d. None of these 7  7 − tan( x / 2) 
 7 − tan( x / 2) 
34. ∫ x 2 + 8 x + 12 dx ? d.
1
log   + c
7  7 + tan( x / 2) 
1
a. ( x + 4) x2 + 8x + 12 + 2log| x + 4 + x2 + 8x + 12 | + c dx
2 39. ∫ 5 + 4 cos x = ?
1
b. ( x + 4) x 2 + 8x + 12 − 2log| x + 4 + x2 + 8x + 12 | + c 2 1  1 −1  1 
2 a. tan −1  tan x  + c b. tan  tan x  + c
3 3  3 3 
c. ( x + 4) x 2 + 8 x + 12 + log | x + 4 + x 2 + 8 x + 12 | + c
2 −1  1 x 1 −1  1 x
d. ( x + 4) x 2 + 8 x + 12 − log | x + 4 + x 2 + 8 x + 12 | + c c. tan  tan  + c d. tan  tan  + c
3 3 2 3 3 2

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366 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
dx dx dx
Integrals of the form ∫ a+bcos x+csinx , ∫ asinx+bcos x 45. ∫ 1 + cot x = ?
dx 1 1
x + log | sin x + cos x | +c
40. ∫ sin x + cos x = ? a.
2 2
a. log tan (π / 8 + x / 2) + c b. log tan (π / 8 − x / 2) + c 1 1
b. x − log | sin x + cos x | +c
2 2
1
c. log tan (π / 8 + x / 2) + c d. None of these −1 1
2 c. x + log | sin x + cos x | +c
2 2
d. None of these
dx dx
Integrals of the form ∫
a + bcos 2 x ∫ a + bsin 2 x
, ,
Integration of Rational Functions by using Partial Fractions
dx dx dx
∫ asin2 x + bcos 2 x , ∫ (asinx + bcosx)2 , ∫ a + bsin2 x + ccos 2 x cos x
46. ∫ (1 + sin x) (2 + sin x) dx = ?
dx
41. ∫ 1 + 3sin 2
x
=? a. log[(1 + sin x) (2 + sin x)] + c

1 1  2 + sin x 
a. tan −1 (3 tan 2 x ) + c b. tan −1 (2 tan x ) + c b. log  +c
3 2  1 + sin x 
c. tan −1 (tan x) + c d. None of these  1 + sin x 
c. log  +c
 2 + sin x 
dx
42. ∫ 4 sin 2
x + 5 cos 2 x
? d. None of these

1  2 tan x  1  tan x  3x + 1
tan −1  +c tan −1  +c
a.
5  5 
b.
5  5 
47. ∫ ( x − 2) 2
( x + 2)
=?

1  2 tan x  5 x+2 7
c. tan −1  +c d. None of these a. log + +c
2 5  5  16 x − 2 4( x − 2)
5 x−2 7
dx b. log + +c
43. ∫ 4sin 2 x + 4sin x .cos x + 5cos2 x equals: 16 x + 2 4( x − 2)
16 x−2 7
 1 1 −1  1 c. log − +c
a. tan −1  tan x +  + c b. tan  tan x +  + c 5 x + 2 4( x − 2)
 2 4  2
d. None of these
 1
c. 4 tan −1  tan x +  + c d. None of these
 2 dx
48. ∫ x( x n
+ 1)
=?

a sinx+b cosx a sinx+ bcos x+ q 1 xn xn + 1

Integrals of the form ∫ and ∫ a. log n +c b. n log +c
c sinx+ d cosx c sinx+ d cosx+ r n x +1 xn
−1 xn xn + 1
3cos x + 3sin x c. log n +c d. −n log +c
44. ∫ 4 sin x + 5 cos x dx = ? n x +1 xn

27 3 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

a. x − log(4sin x + 5cos x) + c
41 41
∫ sin
3
49. x cos 2 x dx ?
27 3
b. x + log(4sin x + 5cos x) + c
41 41 cos 2 x cos3 x cos5 cos3
a. − +c b. + +c
27 3 5 3 5 3
c. x − log(4sin x − 5cos x) + c
41 41 sin 5 sin 3 sin 5 sin 3
c. − +c d. + +c
d. None of these 5 3 5 3

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Indefinite Integration 367
dθ 57. ∫ sin h
−1
x dx equals:
50. ∫ sin θ .cos 3
θ
=?
a. x cos h −1 x − x 2 + 1 + c b. x cos h −1 x + x 2 + 1 + c
1
a. log tan θ + tan 2 θ + c b. log tan θ − tan 2 θ + c
2 c. x sin h−1 x + x 2 + 1 + c d. x sin h −1 x − x 2 + 1 + c
1
c. log tan θ + tan 2 θ + c d. None of these
2 Integral of the type f [ x, (ax + b )m1 /n1 , (ax + b )m2 /n2 ...] where f
sin 3 2 x is a rational function and m1 ,n1 ,m2 ,n2 are Integers
51. ∫ cos 5
2x
dx = ?
∫x (2 + x1/ 2 ) dx ?
1/ 3
58. Evaluate
a. tan x + c4
b. tan 4 x + c
7 7/3
c. tan 4 2 x + x + c d.
1
tan 4 2 x + c a. 3 x 4 / 3 + x +c
8 3
5
sin nx b. x 4 / 3 + x 5 / 3 + c
52. If I n = ∫ dx, where n > 1, then I n − I n − 2 = ? 3
sin x
3
2 2 c. 3 x 4 / 3 + x 5 / 3 + c
a. cos(n − 1) x b. sin( n − 1) x 5
(n − 1) n −1
3 7 / 3 24 11/ 6
d. 3 x 4 / 3 + x + x +c
2 2 7 11
c. cos n x d. sin n x
n n
59. Evaluate p ∈ .∫ x −2 / 3 (1 + x 2 / 3 ) −1 dx ?
∫ tan θ dθ = ?
5
53.
a. 3 tan −1 ( x1/ 3 ) + c b. 3 tan −1 x + c
tan θ tan θ
4 2
a. − + log sec θ + c c. 3 tan −1 ( x 2 / 3 ) + c d. None of these
4 2
∫x
−2 / 3
tan 4 θ tan 2 θ 60. Evaluate (1 + x1/ 3 )1/ 2 dx ?
b. − − log sec θ + c
4 2 a. 2(1 + x1/ 3 ) 2 / 3 + c b. 2(1 + x1/ 3 )3 / 2 + c
tan θ tan θ
4 2
c. 2(1 + x 2 / 3 )3 / 2 + c d. 2 (1 + x 2 / 3 ) 2 / 3 + c
c. − + log | sec θ | +c
4 2
∫x
−11
d. None of these 61. Evaluate (1 + x 4 ) −1/ 2 dx ?

1  t 5 2t 3 
∫ cosec x dx ? 1 5 3
4
54. a. (t + t + t ) + c b. −  − + t + c
2 25 3 
cot 3 x tan 3 x
a. cot x + +c b. tan x + +c
3 3 1  t 4 2t 3 
c.  + + t + c d. None of these
24 3 
cot 3 x tan 3 x
c. cot x − +c d. − tan x − +c
3 3 Integrals using Euler's Substitution
dx
Integration of Hyperbolic Functions 62. Evaluate ∫ x+ x2 − x + 1
−1  1
55.
∫ cos   dx = ?
x
1 3
a. 2 log e | t | − log e | t − 1 | − log e | t + 1 | +
2 2
3
(t + 1)
+c

a. x sec −1 x + cos h −1 x + c b. x sec −1 x − cos h −1 x + c 1 3 3

b. 2log e | t | + log e | t − 1| + log e | t + 1| + +c
c. cos h −1 x − x sec −1 x + c d. None of these 2 2 (t + 1)

cos x − sin x
1 3 3
c. 2log e | t | − log e | t − 1| + log e | t + 1| + +c
56.
∫ sin 2 x
dx equals: 2 2 (t + 1)

a. cos h −1 (sin x + cos x ) + c b. sin h −1 (sin x + cos x ) + c  x2 − x + 1 + 1 

d. None of these  Where t = 
c. − cos h −1 (sin x + cos x ) + c d. − sin h −1 (sin x + cos x ) + c  x 
 

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368 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
x dx (t − | t |)2
∫
x
63. Evaluate
(7 x − 10 − x 2 )3
? 70. The value of ∫0 (1 + t 2 )
dt is equal to:

−2  −5  2  −5  a. 4( x − tan −1 x), if x < 0 b. 0, if x > 0

a.  + 2t  + c b.  − 2t  + c
9  t  9 t  c. ln (1 + x 2 ), if x > 0 d. none of these
−1  5 
c.  + 2t  + c d. None of these f ( x)
9 t  71. If f ( x) = lim e x tan(1/ n)ln(1/ n) and
n →∞ ∫ 3 11
(sin x cos x)
dx = g ( x) + c,

NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

then:
More than One Answer
π  3
a. g   =
 4e x + 6e − x  4 2
64. If ∫  x −x 
dx = Ax + B log e (9e 2 x − 4) + C , then:
 9e − 4 e  b. g ( x) is continuous for all x
a. A = 3/ 2 b. B = 35 / 36
π  15
19 c. g   = −
c. C is indefinite d. A + B = −  
4 8
36
d. g ( x) is non differentiable at infinitely many options
x1/ 2 2
65. Let ∫ (1 − x )
3
dx = gof ( x) + c, then:
3 72. If the primitive of sin(ln x) is f ( x){sin g ( x) − cosh( x)} (c
being the constant of integration), then:
a. f ( x) = x b. f ( x) = x 3/ 2
g ( x)
c. f ( x) = x 2 / 3 d. g ( x) = sin −1 x a. lim f ( x ) = 1 b. lim =1
x→2 x →1 h( x )

sin x c. g (e3 ) = 3 d. h(e5 ) = 5

66. If ∫ sin( x − α ) dx = Ax + B ln sin ( x − α ) + C , then:
a. A = sin α b. B = cos α c. A = cos α d. B = sin α
∫ (cos
−1
73. If x + cos−1 (1− x2 ))dx = Ax + f (x)sin−1 x −2 (1− x2 )

67. If ∫ cosec 2 x dx = f {g ( x)} + C , then +c∀x ∈ [−1, 0], then:

a. range of g ( x) = (−∞, ∞) a. f ( x) = x b. f ( x) = −2 x

b. domain of f ( x) = (−∞, ∞) − {0} π π

c. A = d. A =
4 2
c. g ′( x) = sec 2 x
d. f ′( x) = 1/ x for all x ∈ (0, ∞) Assertion and Reason
x
xe Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
68. If ∫ (1 + e x )
dx = f ( x) (1 + e x ) − 2 ln g ( x) + c, then:
the correct option out of the options given below:
(1 + e x ) − 1 a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
a. f ( x) = x − 1 b. g ( x) = correct explanation of the assertion.
(1 + e x ) + 1
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
(1 + e x ) + 1 correct explanation of the assertion.
c. g ( x) = d. f ( x) = 2( x − 2)
(1 + e x ) − 1 c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
69. A primitive of sin 6x is: d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
1 e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
a. (sin 6 x − sin 3 x) + c
3 xe x
74. Let f ( x) = , x ≠ −1 ?
1 (1 + x) 2
b. − cos 2 3x + c
3 Assertion:The antiderivative of
F f ( x) satisfying
1 2
c. sin 3x + c 1 x
3 F (0) = 1 is e
1  π  π 1+ x
d. sin  3 x +  sin  3 x −  + c
3  7  7 Reason: f ( x) is of the form ( g ( x) + g ′( x))e x , for some g ( x)

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Indefinite Integration 369
2 − sin x
∫ xe
2 2

75. Let f ( x) = ? 83. If x

( x 2 + 1)dx = f ( x)e x + C ?
2 + cos x
Assertion: The antiderivative of f is a periodic function of xn
Assertion: f ( x) is of the form for some n
period π 2
Reason: f is an even function
Reason: The period of the function g ( x) = log(2 + cos x) +
A tan −1 (B tan x / 2) + C, A, B, C being constant is 2π . Comprehension Based
1
76. Let f ( x) = and F be an antiderivative of f. Paragraph –I
1 − sin 4 x
If an integral cannot be evaluated, then it is connected to
1
Assertion: F ( x) = tan x +
2
1
2 2
tan −1 2 tan x + C ( ) another integral of lower degree but of same type. This is called
reduction formula, we can derive reduction formulas for the
Reason: F is a one-one function of tan x.
integral of the form ∫ sin n xdx, ∫ cos n xdx, ∫ tan n xdx, ∫ cot
n
xdx,
1
77. Let f ( x) = 6 and F be a antiderivative of f such that
x + x4 ∫ sec ∫ cos ec
n n
xdx, xdx, by using integration by parts, In term
π 2 these reduction formulas can be used to compute integral of
F (1) = + ?
4 3 sin x, cos x, tan x etc.
 1  π
Assertion: F  = sin 4 x cos x
∫ sin xdx = + A sin 2 x cos x + B cos x + c then
5
 3 6 84. If
5
1 1 A + B is equal to:
Reason: F ( x) = tan −1 x + −
3x x 3 2 3
a. − b. −
78. Let F ( x) = ∫ e − x x 5 dx ?
2
3 4
4 5
5
Assertion: If F (0) = 0, then F (1) = 1 − e −1 c. − d. −
e 5 6
Reason: F increases on (0, ∞) 1
∫ sec
x dx = tan 5 x + B tan 3 x + C tan x + D then B + C
6
85. If
e x
dx 5
79. Let I = ∫ dx and J = ∫ then? is equal to:
x e x
1 − e −2 x
7 5 11 13
Assertion: I + J = 2e x
− sin −1 e − x + C a. b. c. d.
3 3 3 3
Reason: Suitable substitution is x = t in I + J
tan 5 x
∫ tan x dx =
+ A tan 3 x + B tan x + Cx + D, then
6
86. If
1 5
80. Let f ( x) = and F be the antiderivative of satisfying
x − x2 A + B + C is equal to:
F (0) = 0 ? 1 1 1 1
a. − b. − c. − d. −
Assertion: F (1) = π 2 4 3 5
cos n−1 x sin x
Reason: F ( x) = 4 tan −1 x ∫ cos x dx = + f (n) ∫ cos n −2 x dx, then f (5)
n
87. If
n
81. Assertion: I = ∫
( x + 1) dx = log
xe x
+C
is equal to:
x (1 + xe x ) 1 + xe x 1 2 3 4
a. b. c. d.
Reason: Suitable substitution for compurintg I is xe x = t. 5 5 5 5
cosecn−2 cot x
1
∫ cosec x dx = − + f (n) ∫ cosecn −2 x dx then
n
82. Let f ( x) = and F ( x) be an antiderivative 88. If
sin 2 x − 2sin x (n – 1)
of f ( x) : f ( n + 1) is equal to:
Assertion: F ( x) is a periodic function with period 2π n −1 n−2
a. b.
1 1 n n −1
Reason: F ( x) = C − log cos x +
4 x n−3
8sin 2 c. d. none of these
2 n−2

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370 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Paragraph –II dx 1
(B) ∫ ; n∈ N 2. ln | x | − |1 + x n | + c
Repeated application of integration by parts gives us, the x ( x + 1)(n−1)/ n
2 n
n
reduction formula if the integrand is dependent of n, n ∈ N .
(C) ∫
dx
; n∈ N (1 + x n )1−1/ n .x1−n
n −1 3. +c
tan x (1 + x n )1/ n
n
(1 − n)
89. If I n = ∫ tan n x dx and I n = + λ I n −2 then λ is equal to:
(n − 1) 1
4. − ln |1 + x − n | + c
1 1 n
a. b.
(n − 1) (n − 2) 5. −(1 + x − n )1/ n + c
1 a. A→1,4; B→5; C→2,3 b. A→2; B→4,5; C→1,3
c. d. none of these
n c. A→1,5; B→2; C→1,3 d. A→2,4; B→5; C→1,3
sinm−1 x cosn+1 x 95. Observe the following columns:
90. If Im−2,n+ 2 = ∫ sinm−2 x cosn−2 x dx and I m,n = −
(n +1) Column I Column II
+ f (m, n) I m−2, n+2 , then f (2,3) is equal to: dx
(A) ∫ 2 x 1. ln(e x + (e 2 x + 1)) + c
e +1
1 1
a. b. e x dx 1 1 1 
2 3 (B) ∫ 2. x − ln(1 + e 2 x ) +  2 x +c
1 1 (e + 1)
2x 2 2  e +1
c. d.
4 5 1 1
(C) ∫ dx 3. − ln(1 + e −2 x ) + c
(e2 x + 1) 2 2
x m +1 (a + bx n ) p
91. If I m, p = ∫ x m ⋅ (a + bx n ) p dx and Im, p =
( m + 1) 4. x + ln(1 + (1 + e −2 x )) + c
− f (m, n, p, b) I m + n, p −1 , then the value of f (1, 2,3, 4) is 1
5. x − ln(1 + e 2 x ) + c
equal to: 2
a. 8 b. 10 a. A→3,5; B→1,5; C→2 b. A→1,5; B→3,5; C→2
c. 12 d. none of these c. A→1,5; B→3,4; C→2 d. A→3,5; B→1,2; C→5

x sin n −1 x cos x sin n x

92. If I n = ∫ x sin n x dx and I n = − + 2 Integer
n n dx x 
+ f ( n) I n − 2 , then the value of f (n) is equal to: 96. If ∫ (1 + sin x) = tan  2 + a  + b, then the value of

n −1 n−2
a. b. 2048a
n n −1 − must be:
π
n +1 n +1
c. d.  
2x + 2 2x + 2 
n n −1
97. If ∫ sin −1  dx = ( x + 1) tan −1  
eax sin n −1 x(a sin x − cos x)  (4 x 2 + 8 x + 13)   3 
 
93. If I n = ∫ eax ⋅ sin n x dx and I n =
(n + a 2 ) +λ ln(4 x 2 + 8 x + 13) + c, then the value of − 4λ must be:
− A sin n x + BI n − 2 , then is A + B equal to:
 tan x − 1 
a.
a (n 2 + 1)
b.
a ( n 2 − 1) 98. If ∫( tan x + cot x )dx = a tan −1 
 b tan x 
 + c, then the
n( n + a 2 ) n( n + a 2 )
value of a 4 + b5 must be:
a (n 2 + 1) a ( n 2 − 1)
c. d.
n( n 2 + a 2 ) n( n 2 + a 2 )
 cos8 x − cos 7 x  sin 3x sin 2 x
99. If ∫  1 + 2cos5 x 
=
a
−
b
+ c, then the value
Match the Column
94. Observed the following columns: of (a b ) 4 must be:
Column I Column II
∫ sin 4 x ⋅ e
tan 2 x 2
100. If dx = a cos b x ⋅ e tan x + c, then the value of
dx 1
(A) ∫ ; n∈ N 1. ( x − n + 1)1−1/ n + c
x( x n + 1) (1 − n) a 2b must be:

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Indefinite Integration 371
ANSWER  5π 
⇒ sin  2 x +  = sin(2 x − a ) + b 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.  4 
b a d a a b b a b b −5π
⇒ b is any constant and a = .
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 4
c d d b b d a a c b
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 4. (a) ∫ x 51 (tan −1 x + cot −1 x ) dx = ∫ x 51 . π dx
2
a c b c b a c a b a
 −1 −1 π
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. ∵ tan x + cot x = 
 2
c d a b a d c b c c
π x 52 x 52
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. = +c = (tan −1 x + cot −1 x ) + c .
104 52
b c b a b c b a a c
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. cosec θ − cot θ
∫ dθ = ∫ (cosec θ − cot θ ) dθ
2
5. (a)
d b c c b a d d a b cosec θ + cot θ
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
b a a b,c,d b,d c,d a,b,c b,c,d b,d a,b
= ∫ cosec 2θ d θ + ∫ cot 2 θ d θ − 2 ∫ cosec θ cot θ d θ

∫ (2cosec θ − 1) dθ − 2 ∫
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
= 2
cosec θ cot θ d θ
c,d All b,d a d b c b c c
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. = 2 cosec θ − 2 cot θ − θ + c.
a c b c b c d a d c
dx
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 6. (b) I = ∫ , put x =t
2 x (1 + x)
c a b d a 512 3 36 6561 256
1
SOLUTION ⇒ dx = dt
2 x
Multiple Choice Questions
dt
∴ I=∫ = tan −1 t + c = tan −1 x + c
( x + 1) 2
x + 1 + 2x
2
1+ t2
1. (b) ∫ x( x 2
+ 1)
dx = ∫
x(( x 2 + 1)
dx
1
x2 + 1 x 7. (b) Put tan −1 x 3 = t .3 x 2 dx = dt
=∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx 1 + x6
x ( x 2 + 1) x( x 2 + 1)
x2 dt
dx dx ⇒ dx =
=∫ + 2∫ 2 = log e x + 2 tan −1 x 1 + x6 3
x x +1
1 1 t 2 (tan −1 x3 )2
3∫
⇒ tdt = . = +c
x
2. (a)
∫ 1 + sin dx
4
8.
3 2
(a) Put x −2 = t
6

 2 x x  x x  ⇒ −2 x −3 dx = dt
=
∫  sin
 8
+ cos 2  +  2 sin . cos  dx
8   8 8  dt
⇒ x −3 dx = −
 x x 2
=
∫  sin 8 + cos 8  dx 1 t 1 5t
∫x ∫
−3 1/ x 2
5 dx = − 5 dt = − +c
− cos x / 8 sin x / 8  x x 2 2 log e 5
= + = 8  sin − cos  + c
1/ 8 1/ 8  8 8 1 2
= .51/ x + c.
1 2 log e 5
3. (d)
∫ (sin 2 x − cos 2 x ) dx = 2
sin(2 x − a) + b
1
On comparing, k = −
1 1 2 log e 5
⇒ − (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) = sin(2 x − a) + b
2 2 9. (b) ∫ sec x tan xdx = sec x + c
 1 1 
⇒ − sin 2 x + cos 2 x  = sin(2 x − a ) + b 2 sec(3x − 5)
 2 2  ∴ ∫ sec(3x − 5) tan(3x − 5)dx =
3
+c

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372 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
10. (b) Put a sin x + b cos x = t
2 2 2 2
16. (d) Put x = cos 2θ , then θ = cos −1 x
1
⇒ (a .2sin x cos x − b .2 cos x sin x) dx = dt
2 2 2
⇒ dx = −2sin 2θ dθ
⇒ sin 2 x(a 2 − b 2 )dx = dt
1 − cos 2θ
sin 2 x 1 ∴ I = −2 ∫ .sin 2θ dθ
∫ a 2 sin 2 x + b2 cos2 x dx = (a 2 − b2 ) 1 + cos 2θ

dt 1 ⇒ I = −2∫ 2sin 2 θ / 2 cos 2 θ .sin 2θ .dθ

∫ t = a 2 − b 2 log t + c
⇒ I = −2∫ tan θ .2sin θ cos θ dθ
1
= 2 log( a 2 sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x ) + c ⇒ I = −2.2∫ sin 2 θ dθ
a − b2

x x cos x ⇒ I = −2 ∫ (1 − cos 2θ )dθ

11. (c) I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
1 + x tan x cos x + x sin x  sin 2θ 
⇒ I = −2 θ − + C1
Put (cos x + x sin x) = t  2 
⇒ (− sin x + x cos x + sin x)dx = dt ⇒ x cos x dx = dt ⇒ I = −2θ + sin 2θ + C1
dt ⇒ I = − cos −1 x + 1 − x 2 + C1
I =∫ = log | t | +c = log | cos x + x sin x | +c
t
π
⇒ I =− + sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + C1
2
12. (d) Put 1 + x = t ⇒ 2 xdx = dt , ∫x 1 + x dx
2 2

π
1 1 t3/ 2 1 ⇒ I = sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + C [where C = C1 − ]
= ∫ t 1/ 2 dt = . + c = (1 + x 2 )3 / 2 + c 2
2 2 3/ 2 3
Rationalization of denominator and put 1 − x 2 = t 2 .
13. (d) Put (2 + sin 3 x) = t ⇒ 3cos 3 x dx = dt
17. (a) I n = ∫ (log x) n dx
1
∫ 2 + sin 3 x .cos 3 x dx = ∫ t dt
3 ∴ I n −1 = ∫ (log x) n −1 dx

1 t3/ 2 2 1
= . + c = .(2 + sin 3 x )3 / 2 + c. Now I n = ∫ (log x) n .1 dx = (log x ) n . x − n ∫ (log x ) n −1 . . x dx
3 3/ 2 9 x
= (log x) n . x − n ∫ (log x) n −1 dx I n = x(log x) n − n I n −1
tan x tan x
14. (b) ∫ dx = ∫ dx
sin x .cos x tan x .sin x cos x ∴ I n + n I n −1 = x(log x) n

sin x .sec x sec 2 x sin −1 x − cos −1 x

= dx = ∫ dx Put t = tan x
tan x sin x cos x tan x
18. (a) ∫ sin −1
x + cos −1 x
dx

⇒ dt = sec 2 x dx, then it reduces to 2  π

sin −1 x dx − ∫ cos−1 x dx 
−1 −1

π ∫ ∵sin x + cos x = 2 
=
  
1
∫ t
dt = 2t1/ 2 + c = 2 tan x + c
Now we solve first and second expressions separately. For first
expression, ∫ sin −1 x dx Put x = sin 2 θ
dx
15. (b) I = ∫ 2 Put x = a tan θ cos 2θ = 1 − 2x
(a + x 2 )3 / 2 ⇒
⇒ dx = sin 2θ dθ
⇒ dx = a sec 2 θ dθ
−θ cos 2θ 1
∴ I =∫ 2
a sec2 θ dθ a sec 2 θ dθ
=∫ 3
1 sec 2 θ dθ
= 2∫ ∫ θ .sin 2θ dθ = 2
+ ∫ cos 2θ dθ
2
(a + a tan θ )
2 2 3/ 2
a (sec θ )
2 3/ 2
a sec3 θ
−θ cos 2θ sin 2θ
1 dθ 1 = + + c1
a 2 ∫ sec θ a 2 ∫
⇒ I= = cos θ dθ 2 4
(2 x − 1) −1 1
1 x = sin x+ x(1 − x) + c1
⇒ I= sin θ + c ⇒ 2 2 +c 2 2
a 2
a ( x + a 2 )1/ 2

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Indefinite Integration 373

For second expression, ∫ cos −1 x dx ( x + 3)e x

( x + 4 − 1)ex
21. (a) ∫ ( x + 4) 2
dx = ∫
( x + 4)2
dx
Put x = cos 2 θ
⇒ dx = −2 cos θ sin θ dθ = − sin 2θ dθ ( x + 4)e x ex
=∫ dx − ∫ dx
( x + 4) 2
( x + 4)2
θ cos 2θ sin 2θ
∫ cos xdx = − ∫ θ .sin 2θ dθ =
−1
− + c2 ex ex
2 4 =∫ dx − ∫ dx
2  (2 x − 1) ( x + 4) ( x + 4)2

Therefore, I = {sin −1 x − cos−1 x} + x(1 − x)  + c
π  2   ex ex  ex
= +∫ dx  − ∫ dx + c
 ( x + 4) ( x + 4) ( x + 4) 2
2
2 (2 x − 1) π 
I= (2 x − 1) sin −1 x − . + x(1 − x )  + c
π 2 2 ex
= +c
2 x+4
⇒ I= (2 x − 1) sin −1
x + x(1 − x)  − x + c
π
d
22. (c) f ( x ) = x cos x + sin x
19. (c) Differentiation of x sin x + cos x is x cos x. Then, dx
x 2 dx x cos x x ⇒ f ( x) = ∫ ( x cos x + sin x) dx = x sin x + c
I =∫ =∫ . dx
( x sin x + cos x) 2 ( x sin x + cos x) 2 cos x
Since f (0) = 2
 1 1 ⇒ c = 2, ∴ f ( x) = x sin x + 2
Integrate by parts, ∵ ∫ 2 dt = − 
 t t
−1 x + sin x 1 x x
 x  1
∫ 1 + cos x dx = 2 ∫ x sec dx + ∫ tan dx
2
23. (b)
( x sin x + cos x)  cos x  ∫ ( x sin x + cos x)
∴ I= . + . 2 2
1 x tan x / 2 x x x
cos x .1 − x(− sin x) = − ∫ tan dx + ∫ tan dx = x tan + c
dx 2 1/ 2 2 2 2
cos 2 x
d  x 
−1 x By inspection,  x tan + c 
x sin x + cos x cos x ∫
⇒ I= . + sec 2 x dx dx  2 
x x 1 x 2sin x / 2 
−1 x sin x = x sec2 + tan =  2 +
I= . + 2 2 2  cos x / 2 cos x / 2 
x sin x + cos x cos x cos x
x + sin x
− x + x sin 2 x + sin x cos x = Hence the result.
⇒ I= 1 + cos x
( x sin x + cos x) cos x
24. (c) u = ∫ e ax cos bx dx
sin x cos x − x(1 − sin 2 x) sin x − x cos x
⇒ I= =
( x sin x + cos x) cos x x sin x + cos x sin bx a ax e ax sin bx a
= eax − ∫ e . bx dx = − v
b b b b
20. (b) Put tan −1 x = t
⇒ bu + av = e ax sin bx . . . (i)
1
⇒ dx = dt Similarly, bv − au = −e cos bx ax
. . . (ii)
1 + x2
Squaring (i) and (ii) and adding.
−1
e2 tan x (1 + x)2 We get, (a 2 + b 2 ) (u 2 + v 2 ) = e 2 ax .
∴ I =∫ dx = ∫ e 2t (1 + tan t )2 dt
1 + x2
cos x
= ∫ e 2t (sec2 t + 2 tan t ) dt 25. (b) I = ∫ dx
sin 2 x + 4 sin x + 5
 e2 t e 2t  =∫
cos x
I = ∫ e2 t sec 2 t dt + 2  tan t − ∫ sec 2 t. dt  dx
 2 2  (sin x + 2) 2 + 1
Put sin x + 2 = t
⇒ I = ∫ e2 t sec 2 t dt + e 2t tan t − ∫ e 2 t sec 2 t dt + c
⇒ cos x dx = dt
I = e 2 t tan t + c
dt
−1 I= ∫t = tan −1 t + c = tan −1 (sin x + 2) + c.
⇒ I = x e 2 tan x
+c 2
+1

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374 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
2(2sin θ cos θ ) − cos θ 5 − 2x
26. (a) I = ∫ dθ 29. (b) I = ∫ dx
6 − (1 − sin 2 θ ) − 4sin θ 6 + x − x2
(4sin θ − 1) cos θ d
⇒ I =∫ dθ Let 5 − 2 x = M (6 + x − x 2 ) + N
sin 2 θ − 4sin θ + 5 dx
Put sin θ = t ⇒ cos θ dθ = dt , ⇒ 5 − 2 x = M (1 − 2 x) + N
4t − 1 Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both
∴ I =∫ dt
t − 4t + 5
2
sides, we get −2 = −2 M ⇒ M = 1 and 5 = M + N
d 2 ⇒ N = 5 −1 = 4
Let 4t − 1 = M (t − 4t + 5) + N
dt (1 − 2 x) + 4
∴ 5 − 2 x = (1 − 2 x) + 4 Hence, I = ∫ dx
⇒ 4t − 1 = M (2t − 4) + N 6 + x − x2
Comparing the coefficient of t and constant terms on both 1− 2x dx
=∫ dx + 4 ∫
side, then M = 2, N = 7 6+ x− x 2
6 + x − x2
2(2t − 4) + 7 = I1 + 4 I 2 , (say)
∴ I =∫ dt
t 2 − 4t + 5 1 − 2x
Now, I1 = ∫ dx
2t − 4 7dt 6 + x − x2
⇒ I = 2∫ 2 dt + ∫ 2
t − 4t + 5 t − 4t + 5
Putting 6 + x − x 2 = t
dt
⇒ I = 2 log | t − 4t + 5 | +7 ∫
2
dt
(t − 2)2 + 1 ⇒ (1 − 2 x)dx = dt , we have, I1 = ∫ = 2 t + C1
t
⇒ I = 2 log | t 2 − 4t + 5 | +7 tan −1 (t − 2) + c
dx dx
= 2 log | sin 2 θ − 4sin θ + 5 | +7 tan −1 (sin θ − 2) + c = 2 6 + x − x 2 + C1 and I 2 = ∫ =∫
6+ x−x 2
6 − ( x 2 − x)
dx dx dx
27. (c) I = ∫ 2 − 3x − x 2
I =∫
 1 1
=∫
2
6 −  x2 − x +  + 25  1
−x − 
dx  4 4 4  2
=∫
2
 17   3
2
du  1
  −  x +  =∫  where, u = x − 
 2   2 5
2
 2
  −u
2

Put x + 3 / 2 = t ⇒ dx = dt 2

 t   u  −1  2  1  −1  2x −1 
I =∫
dx
= sin −1  = sin−1   + C2 = sin   x −  + C2 = sin   + C2
+c  5/ 2   5  2    5 
 17 
2
 17 / 2 
 2  − t I = I1 + 4 I 2
2
∴
 
 2x −1 
 2x + 3  = 2 6 + x − x 2 + 4sin −1  +C
= sin −1
+c  5 
 17  (where, C = C1 + 4C2 )
dx ( x 3 + 8) ( x − 1)
28. (a) I = ∫
( x − 2) − 2 2 30. (a) ∫ x2 − 2 x + 4
dx

dt ( x + 2) ( x 2 − 2 x + 4) ( x − 1)
⇒ I =∫ =∫
t 2 − ( 2) 2 x2 − 2 x + 4
Put x−2 = t = ∫ ( x + 2) ( x − 1) dx
⇒ dx = dt = ∫ ( x 2 + x − 2) dx
⇒ I = log | t + t 2 − 2 | + c
x3 x 2
= + − 2x + c
⇒ I = log | x − 2 + x 2 − 4 x + 2 | + c 3 2

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Indefinite Integration 375
2 x − 3x + 5 x + 6
3 2
34. (b) Let I = ∫ x 2 + 8 x + 12 dx
31. (c) ∫ x2 + 3x + 2
dx
= ∫ ( x 2 + 8 x + 16) − 4 dx
 8x 
= ∫  (2 x + 3) − 2  dx
 x + 3 x + 2  = ∫ ( x + 4) 2 − 22 dx = ∫ t 2 − 22 dx = ∫ t 2 − 22 dt.
(2 x + 3) dx dx
= ∫ (2 x + 3) − 4∫ x 2
+ 3x + 2
+ 12 ∫
( x + 1) ( x + 2)
(putting x + 4 = t ⇒ dx = dt )
1 1
dx dx = t t 2 − 22 − .22 log | t + t 2 − 2 2 | + c
= ( x + 3 x) − 4 ln | x + 3 x + 2 | +12 ∫
2 2
− 12 ∫ 2 2
x +1 x+2
1
x +1 = ( x + 4) ( x + 4) 2 − 4 − 2 log | x + 4 + ( x + 4) 2 − 4 | +c
= ( x 2 + 3x) − 4 ln( x + 1) − 4 ln( x + 2) + 12 ln +c 2
x+2
1
= x 2 − 3x + 8ln( x + 1) − 16 ln( x + 2) + c = ( x + 4) x 2 + 8 x + 12 − 2 log | x + 4 + x 2 + 8 x + 12 | +c .
2
| x + 1|
= ( x 2 − 3 x) + 8ln + c.
( x + 2) 2 35. (a) ∫ 2ax − x 2 dx

1−
1
1−
1
=
∫ a 2 − a 2 + 2 ax − x 2 dx
x2 x2
32. (d) ∫
x2 + 1 +
1
dx =
∫  1
2
dx = ∫ a 2 − ( x 2 − 2ax + a 2 ) dx
 x +  −1
x2  x
= ∫ a 2 − ( x − a) 2 dx
1
x + −1 1 1 ( x − a)
1 x 1 x2 + 1 − x = ( x − a) 2ax − x 2 + a 2 sin −1 +c
= log + c = log 2 +c 2 2 a
2 1
x + +1 2 x +1+ x
x d 2
36. (d) Let 2 x + 3 = M ( x + 4 x + 3) + N
1 x2 − x + 1 dx
= log 2 +c
2 x + x +1 ⇒ 2 x + 3 = M (2 x + 4) + N
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both
33. (a) I = ∫ ( tan x + cot x )dx sides, we get 2 = 2M ⇒ M = 1 and 3 = 4M + N
Put tan x = t 2 ⇒ N = 3 − 4 × 1 = −1
⇒ sec x dx = 2t dt
2 ∴ 2 x + 3 = (2 x + 4) − 1

2t  1  2t Hence, I = ∫ [(2 x + 4) − 1] x 2 + 4 x + 3dx

⇒ dx = dt I = ∫  t +  . dt
1+ t4  t  1+ t
4

= ∫ (2 x + 4) x 2 + 4 x + 3 dx − ∫ x 2 + 4 x + 3 dx
 1  1
1 + 2  1 + 2  dt = I1−I 2,(say)
= 2∫  dt = 2∫  2 
t  t
1  1 
( ) Now, I1 = ∫ (2 x + 4) x 2 + 4 x + 3 dx
2
t + 2 +2−2
2

t t −  + 2
 t
Putting x 2 + 4 x + 3 = t
1
Put t − = p t3/ 2
t ⇒ (2 x + 4)dx = dt , we have I1 = ∫ t1/ 2 dt = + c1
3/ 2
 1  dp
⇒ 1 + 2  dt = dp = ∫ 2 2 2
( )
2
 t  p + 2 = ( x + 4 x + 3)3 / 2 + c1
3
 1 I 2 = ∫ x 2 + 4 x + 3 dx = ∫ ( x + 2) 2 − 12 dx
t − 
+ c = 2 tan −1 
2 p t
= tan −1 +c 1 1
2 2 2 = (x + 2) (x + 2)2 −12 − .12 log x + 2 + ( x + 2)2 −12 + c2
2 2
 tan x − cot x 
= 2 tan −1   + c 1 1
2 = ( x + 2) x 2 + 4 x + 3 − log x + 2 + x 2 + 4 x + 3 + c2
  2 2

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376 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
2 2 1 1 1
∴ I = I1 − I 2 = ( x + 4 x + 3)3 / 2 −  ( x + 2) x 2 + 4 x + 3 ⇒ I= log tan(π /8 + x / 2) + c1 where c1 = log( 2 −1) + c
3 2 2 2
1 1 dx 1 dx
− log x + 2 + x 2 + 4 x + 3  + c, (where, c = c1 − c2 ), I= ∫ = ∫
2  2 1 1 2 sin(π / 4 + x)
sin x + cos x
2 2
37. (c) Put x + 1 = t 2
1 1
⇒ dx = 2t dt ∫ ( x − 3)
dx
=∫
2t dt =
2
∫ cosec (π / 4 + x) dx =
2
log tan (π / 8 + x / 2) + c .
x +1 (t 2 − 4)t
(∵ x + 1 = t ⇒ x = t 2 − 1 ⇒ x − 3 = t 2 − 4)
2 sec 2 x dx sec2 x dx
41. (b) ∫ sec 2
x + 3 tan x
2
=∫
1 + 4 tan 2 x
dt 1 t−2
= 2∫ = 2. log  +c dt
t 2 − 22 2.2 t+2 Put 2 tan x = t sec 2 x dx =
2
1  x +1 − 2 
= log   + c.
1 dt 1
2  x +1 + 2 
∴ I= ∫
2 1+ t 2
= tan −1 t + c
2
38. (b) If b > a then, ⇒ I=
1
tan −1 (2 tan x) + c .
 x  2
dx 1  b − a tan 2 + b + a 
∫ a + b cos x = b2 − a 2 log  +c
∫ 4 tan
sec2 x dx  Put 2 tan x = t 
 b − a tan x − b + a  42. (c)
x+5
 
 2sec x dx = dt 
2 2
 2 
 x  1 dt 1  2 tan x 
1  tan 2 + 7 
⇒ ∫
2 t + ( 5)
2 2
=
2 5
tan −1 
 5 
+c
⇒ I= log  +c
7  tan x − 7 
 2  43. (b) I = ∫
dx
4sin 2 x + 4sin x .cos x + 5cos 2 x
39. (c) If a > b, then
sec2 x dx 1 sec 2 x dx
dx 2  a −b x =∫ = ∫
∫ a + b cos x = .tan  −1
tan  + c 4 tan x + 5 + 4 tan x
2
4  1
2

a −b
2 2
 a + b 2   tan x +  +1
 2
dx 2 1 x
∫ 5 + 4 cos x = 3 tan
−1
∴  tan  + c. Put tan x +
1
=t
 3 2  2
dx 1 dt 1
40. (c) ∫ 2 tan x / 2 1 − tan 2 x / 2
⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt = ∫ = tan −1 t + c
4 t +1 4
2

+
1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2 1  1
4∫
⇒ I = tan −1  tan x +  + c.
sec x / 22
 2
⇒ ∫ 2 tan x / 2 + 1 − tan 2
x/2
dx
d
1 44. (a) 3cos x + 3sin x = M (4 sin x + 5cos x)
Put tan x / 2 = t ⇒ sec 2 x / 2 dx = dt dx
2
+ N (4sin x + 5cos x)
dt dt
∴ I = 2∫ = 2∫ ⇒ 3cos x + 3sin x = M (4 cos x − 5sin x) + N (4sin x + 5cos x)
2t + 1 − t 2
2 − (t − 2t + 1)
2

⇒ Comparing the coefficient of sin x and cos x on both sides.

dt 2 2 + t −1
⇒ I = 2∫ = log +c ⇒ −5M + 4 N = 3 and 4 M + 5 N = 3
( 2) 2 − (t − 1)2 2 2 2 − t +1
−3 27
⇒ M = ,N=
1 [( 2 − 1) + tan x / 2][ 2 − 1] 41 41
⇒ I= log +c
2 [( 2 + 1) − tan x / 2][ 2 − 1] −3 27
(4 cos x − 5sin x) + (4sin x + 5cos x)
1 tan π / 8 + tan x / 2 1 ∴ I =∫ 41 41 dx
⇒ I= log + log ( 2 − 1) + c 4sin x + 5cos x
2 1 − ( 2 − 1) tan x / 2 2

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Indefinite Integration 377
27  −3  4 cos x − 5sin x 5 7 1 5
⇒ I =∫ dx +   ∫ dx = log( x − 2) − − log( x + 2) + c
41  41  4sin x + 5cos x 16 4 ( x − 2) 16
27 3 5 x−2 7
⇒ I= x − log(4sin x + 5 cos x) + c . = log − +c
41 41 16 x + 2 4( x − 2)
dx dx sin x
45. (b) Here, I = ∫ =∫ =∫ dx dx x n −1
1 + cot x 1+
cos x sin x + cos x 48. (a) Let I = ∫ x( x n
+ 1)
=∫ n n
x ( x + 1)
dx
sin x
d Putting x n = t
Let sin x = M (sin x + cos x ) + N (sin x + cos x )
dx 1 dt
⇒ sin x = M (cos x − sin x) + N (sin x + cos x)
⇒ nx n −1 dx = dt , we have I = ∫
n t (t + 1)
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x of both the 1 1 1 
n ∫  t t + 1 
= − dt , (by resolving into partial fractions)
sides, we have 1 = − M + N and 0 = M + N
−1 1 1
Solving these equations, we have M = and N = = [log t − log (t + 1)] + c
2 2 n
1 1 1 t 1 xn
∴ sin x = − (cos x − sin x) + (sin x + cos x) = log + c = log n + c.
2 2 n t +1 n x +1
−1 1
(cos x − sin x) + (sin x + cos x) 49. (a) I = ∫ sin x(1 − cos 2 x) cos 2 x dx
Hence, I = ∫ 2 2 dx
sin x + cos x Put cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt
1 cos x − sin x 1
=− ∫ dx + ∫ 1 dx t5 t3 cos5 x cos3 x
2 sin x + cos x 2 ⇒ I = − ∫ (t 2 − t 4 ) dt = − +c= − + c.
5 3 5 3
1 1
= − log | sin x + cos x | + x + c.
2 2 dθ sec 2 θ dθ
50. (c) ∫ sin θ cos 3
θ
=∫
sin θ cos θ
46. (c) Put sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt
sec 2 θ (1 + tan 2 θ ) dθ
cos x dx dt =∫
∫ (1 + sin x) (2 + sin x) = ∫ (1 + t ) (2 + t ) tan θ dθ
Put t = tan θ
 1 1 
= ∫ − dt = log(t + 1) − log(t + 2) + c dt = sec 2 θ dθ then it reduces to
 t + 1 t + 2  ⇒

 t +1   1 + sin x  1+ t2 1 
= log 
t + 2
 + c = log  2 + sin x  + c.
 
⇒ ∫ t dt = ∫  t + t  dt
t2
3x + 1 = log t + +c
47. (b) We have, 2
( x − 2) 2 ( x + 2)
1
A B C = log tan θ + tan 2 θ + c.
= + + 2
( x − 2) ( x − 2) 2
( x + 2)
sin 3 2 x
3 x + 1 = A( x − 2) ( x + 2) + B ( x + 2) + C ( x − 2)2 . . . (i) 51. (d) Given, I = ∫ dx.
cos5 2 x
Putting x = 2 and − 2 successively in equation (i), we get The given equation may be written as
7 −5 sin 3 2 x 1
B= ,C= ∫ cos3
. dx = ∫ tan 3 2 x .sec 2 2 x dx.
4 16 2 x cos 2 2 x
5 3x + 1 Put tan 2 x = t
Now, we put x = 0 and get A =
16 ∫ ( x − 2)
2
( x + 2)
dx
and 2sec2 2 x dx = dt
5 dx 7 dx −5 dx 1 3 t4 tan 4 2 x
16 x − 2 4 ( x − 2) 16 ∫ x + 2
∫ + ∫
2∫
= 2 I =− t dt = + c = + c.
8 8

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378 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

52. (b) I n = ∫
sin nx
dx 58. (d) I = ∫ x1/ 3 (2 + x1/ 2 ) 2 dx
sin x
Since P is natural number, I = ∫ x1/ 3 (4 + x + 4 x1/ 2 ) dx
sin( n − 2) x
I n −2 =∫ dx
sin x = ∫ (4 x1/ 3 + x 4 / 3 + 4 x5 / 6 ) dx
sin nx − sin( n − 2) x
⇒ In − I n−2 = ∫ dx 4 x 4 / 3 x 7 / 3 4.x11/ 6
sin x = + + +c
4 / 3 7 / 3 11/ 6
2 cos( n − 1) x .sin x
=∫ dx 3 7 / 3 24 11/ 6
sin x = 3x4 / 3 + x + x + c.
7 11
2sin(n − 1) x
In − I n−2 = 59. (a) If we substitute x = t 3
(n − 1)
(as we know P ∈ negative integer)
tan 4 θ ∴ Let x = t k , where k is L.C.M. of denominator m and n.
∫ tan θ dθ = I5 = − I3
5
53. (c)
4
∴ x = t3
tan θ tan θ
4 2
= − + I1 3t 2 dt dt
dx = 3t 2 dt or I = ∫
t 2 (1 + t 2 ) ∫ t 2 + 1
4 2 ⇒ =3 = 3 tan −1 (t ) + c
tan 4 θ tan 2 θ
= − + log | sec θ | + c. ⇒ I = 3 tan −1 ( x1/ 3 ) + c.
4 2

∫ cosec ∫ cosec x(1 + cot 2 x)dx

2
54. (c) 4
x dx = 1
60. (b) If we substitute 1 = x1/ 3 = t 2 then, dx = dt
3x 2 / 3
= ∫ cosec 2 x dx + ∫ cot 2 x cosec 2 x dx
t .6t dt
∴ I =∫ = 6 ∫ t 2 dt = 2t 3 + c
(cot x)3 1
= − cot x + + c.
3 or I = 2(1 + x1/ 3 )3 / 2 + c.
−1  1
55. (b)
∫ cos   dx = sec −1 x dx
x ∫  m +1
61. (b) Here 
  −11 + 1 1 
+ P =  +  = −3
1  n   4 2
= x sec −1 x −
∫x x 2 −1
x dx
If we substitute then 1 +
1 −4
= t 2 and 5 dx = 2t dt
4
x x
= x sec −1 x − cos h −1 x + c.
dx dx
cos x − sin x ⇒ I =∫ = ∫ 11 2
56. (a) I =
∫ sin 2 x
dx x (1 + x )
11 4 1/ 2
x . x (1 + 1/ x 4 )1/ 2

cos x − sin x dx 1 2t dt
=∫ dx I =∫ = ∫ 8
x (1 + 1/ x )
13 4 1/ 2
4 xt
1 + sin 2 x − 1
cos x − sin x 1 2 −1 4
=
∫ dx =−
2 ∫ (t − 1) 2 dt =
2 ∫
(t − 2t 2 + 1) dt
(cos x + sin x ) 2 − 1
Put cos x + sin x = t −1  t 5 2t 3  1
=  − + t  + c, where t = 1 + 4
2 5 3  x
⇒ (cos x − sin x) dx = dt
dt 62. (a) Since here c = 1, we can apply the second Euler
⇒ ∫ t −1
2
= cos h −1t + c
substitution x 2 − x + 1 = tx − 1
−1
= cos h (sin x + cos x) + c. 2t − 1
Hence (2t − 1) x = (t 2 − 1) x 2 ; x =
t 2 −1
57. (d) ∫ sin h −1 x .1 dx
I II 2(t 2 − t + 1)dt 1
∴ dx = and x + x 2 − x + 1 =
1 (t − 1)
2 2
t −1
= x sin h −1 x − ∫ .x dx
1 + x2 dx −2t 2 + 2t − 2
∴ I =∫ =∫ dt
= x sin h −1 x − 1 + x 2 + c. x + x2 − x + 1 t (t − 1) (t + 1) 2

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Indefinite Integration 379
Using partial fractions, we have, 19 35
Then, we get l = − ,m=
−2t + 2t − 2 A B
2
C D 36 36
= + + + or (−2t + 2t − 2)
t (t − 1) (t + 1)2 t t − 1 (t + 1) (t + 1)2  4e x + 6e − x 
∴ ∫  9e x − 4e− x  dx

= A(t − 1)(t + 1) 2 + B(t + 1)2 + C (t − 1)(t + 1)t + Dt.
We get A = 2, B = 1/ 2, C = −3 / 2, D = −3. l (9e x − 4e − x ) + m(9e x + 4e − x )
=∫ dx
(9e x − 4e − x )
dt 1 dt 3 dt dt
Hence I = 2∫ − ∫ − ∫ − 3∫
t 2 t − 1 2 (t + 1) (t + 1) 2 = lx + m ln (9e x − 4e− x ) + n

1 3 3  9e 2 x − 4 
= 2 log e | t | − log e | t − 1 | − log e | t + 1 | + +c = lx + m ln  x +n
2 2 (t + 1)  e 
 = (l − m) x + m ln(9e 2 x − 4) + n
x2 − x + 1 + 1 
 Where t = 
 x  3 35
  = − x + ln (9e 2 x − 4) + n
2 36
63. (a) In this case a < 0 and c < 0. Therefore neither (i) nor On comparing, we get
(ii) Euler substitution is applicable. But the quadratic 3 35
A = − ,B = ,
7 x − 10 − x has real roots α = 2, β = 5.
2
2 36
19
∴ We use the (iii) i.e., 7 x − 10 − x 2 C = n = (indefinite) and A + B = −
36
= ( x − 2) (5 − x) = ( x − 2) t
65. (b,d) Put x3/ 2 = t ,
where (5 − x) = ( x − 2) t 2 or 5 + 2t 2 = x(1 + t 2 )
3 1/ 2
∴ x dx = dt
5 + 2t 2 2
∴ x=
1+ t2 x1/ 2 2 dt
∴ C=n=∫ dx = ∫
 5 + 2t 2  3t −6t (1 − x )3
3 (1 − t 2 )
⇒ ( x − 2) t =  − 2t = , ∴ dx = dt
 1 + t 2
 1 + t 2
(1 + t 2 )2
2 dt 2
= sin −1 ( x 3/ 2 ) + c
3 ∫ (1 − t 2 ) 3
=
 5 + 2t 2  −6t
 . dt
1 + t 2  (1 + t 2 ) 2
=∫
x dx
Hence, I = ∫ 3
2
= ( gof )( x) + c
( 7 x − 10 − x 2 )3  3t  3
 2 
1+ t  ⇒ f ( x) = x3/ 2 , g ( x) = sin −1 x
−6 5 + 2t −2  5
2
 −2  −5  sin{x − α } + α }
27 ∫ t 2
= dt = sin x
 + 2  dt = + 2t  + c
∫ sin( x − α ) = dx = ∫
9  t2  9  t 
66. (c,d)
sin( x − α )
dx

x dx −2  −5  sin( x − α )cos α + cos( x − α )sin α

∴ ∫( 7 x − 10 − x ) 2 3
=  + 2t  + c,
9  t 
=∫
sin( x − α )
dx

7 x − 10 − x 2 = ∫ cos α dx + sin α ∫ cos( x − α ) dx

where t =
x−2 = x cos α + sin α ln sin( x − α ) + c
67. (a,b,c) ∫ cosec 2 x dx = f {g ( x)} + c
NCERT Exemplar Problems
⇒ cosec 2 x = f ′{g ( x)}g ′( x)
More than One Answer
1
d ⇒ × sec2 x = f ′{g ( x)}g ′( x)
64. (b,c,d) Numerator = l (Denominator) + m (Denominator) 2 tan x
dx
1
⇒ 4e x + 6e − x = l (9e x − 4e− x ) + m(9e x + 4e− x ) ⇒ f ( x) = , g ′( x) = sec 2 x
2x
On comparing coefficients of e x and e− x , then Domain f ( x) = (−∞, ∞) − {0}, g ′( x) = tan x + c
4 = 9l + 9m and 6 = − 4l + 4m
Range g ( x) = (−∞, ∞)

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380 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 1 71. (c,d) lim tan(1/ n) ln (1/ n)
68. (b,c,d) ∫ sin 6 x dx = − cos 6 x + c = − (1 − 2 sin 2 3 x) + x n →∞
6 6
tan(1/ n) ln(n)
1 1 1 lim .
= − + sin 2 3x + c = sin 2 3x + d n →∞ (1/ n) ( n)
6 3 3
tan(1/ n) ln(n)
1 1
or − cos 6 x + c = − (2cos 2 3x − 1) + c = − lim .
n →∞ (1/ n) ( n)
6 6
1 1/ n
= − cos 2 3x + c = −1.lim =0
n→∞ 1
3
1  π  π Then f ( x) = e0 = 1
Also, derivative of sin  3 x +  sin  3 x −  is sin 6 x
3  7  7 f ( x) 1
∴ ∫ 3 11
(sin x cos x)
dx = ∫
sin11/ 3 x cos1/ 3 x
dx
x ex ex
69. (b,d) Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ x. dx
(1 + e x ) (1 + e x ) = ∫ sin −11/ 3 x.cos −1/ 3 x dx

= x.2 (1 + e x ) − ∫ 1.2 (1 + e x ) dx = ∫ (tan x) −11/ 3 cos −4 x dx = ∫ (tan x) −11/ 3 .sec4 x dx

= 2 x (1 + e x ) − 2∫ (1 + e x ) dx = ∫ (tan x) −11/ 3 .(1 + tan 2 x).sec 2 x dx

−11
In second integral Put 1 + e x = t 2 (tan x) 3
+1
(tan x) −2/ 3
2t dt = + +c
∴ dx =  −11  (−2 / 3)
t 2 −1  + 1
 3 
t 2 −1+ 1
Then, = 2 x (1 + e x ) − 4∫ dt 3 3
= − (tan x) −8/ 3 − (tan x) −2 / 3 + c
(t 2 − 1) 8 2
 1  3 3
= 2 x (1 + e x ) − 4∫ 1 + 2  dt ∴ g ( x) = − (tan x) −8/ 3 − (tan x) −2/ 3
 t −1  8 2
 1  t − 1  3 3 15
= 2 x (1 + e x ) − 4 t + ln  ∴ g (π / 4) = − − = −
 + c 8 2 8
 2  t + 1 
and g ( x) is non differentiable at tan x = 0
 (1 + e x ) − 1 
= 2 x (1 + e x ) − 4 (1 + e x ) − 2ln  +c or x = nπ , n ∈ I
 (1 + e x ) + 1 
 
 (1 + e x ) − 1  72. (a,b,c,d) Let I = ∫ sin(ln x) dx
= (2 x − 4) (1 + e x ) − 2ln  +c
 (1 + e x ) + 1  Put ln x = t
 
∴ x = et
(1 + e x ) − 1
On comparing f ( x) = 2 x − 4, g ( x) = ⇒ dx = et dt
(1 + e x ) + 1
et
Then I = ∫ et sin t dt = (sin t − cos t ) + c
x (t − | t |) 2 2
70. (a,b) Let I = ∫ dt
0 (1 + t 2 ) x
= {sin(ln x) − cos(ln x)} + c
Case (i): x > 0, then 0 < t < x, | t | = t 2
x
(t − t ) 2
x On comparing, we get f ( x) , g ( x) = ln x, h( x) = ln x
∴ I =∫ dt = 0 2
0 1+ t2
x 2
Case (ii): x < 0, then x < t < 0 (a) lim f ( x) = lim = = 1
x→2 x→2 2 2
⇒ | t | = −t g ( x) ln x
(b) lim = lim =1
x →1 f ( x ) x →1 ln x
x 4t 2 x 1 
∴ I =∫ dt = 4 ∫ 1 −  dt
0 1+ t2 + t2  (c) g (e3 ) = ln e3 = 3ln e = 3
0
 1
= 4( x − tan −1 x) + c (d) h(e5 ) = ln e5 = 5ln e = 5

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Indefinite Integration 381
73. (b,d) x ∈ [ −1,0) or −1 ≤ x < 0 For −1 ≤ x < 0 1 1 1 1
77. (c) f ( x) = = 4− 2+ 2
x ( x + 1) x
4 2
x x +1
cos −1 (1 − x 2 ) = − sin −1 x
1 1 2 π
So, F ( x) = − + + tan −1 x + C F (1) = + + C
∫{cos
−1 −1
∴ x + cos (1 − x )}dx
2
3x 3
x 3 4
1 1
π  So C = 0 F ( x) = tan −1 x + − 3
= ∫ (cos −1 x − sin −1 x) dx = ∫  − 2 sin −1 x  dx x 3x
2 
 1  π
π  x  ⇒ F =
= x − 2 sin −1 x.x − ∫ dx   3 6
2  (1 − x 2 ) 
1 −t 2
78. (b) Put x 2 = t , ∫ e − x x 5 dx =
2∫
2

=
π
2
−1
{
x − 2 x sin x + 2 1 (1 − x ) + c 2
} e t dt

1 2
π = C − e − x ( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 2) F (0) = 0 ⇒ C = 1
On comparing, we get A = f ( x) = −2 x 2
2
Hence F ( x) = 1 − e − x ( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 2 )
1 2
Assertion and Reason 2
2
xe x F ′( x) = e − x x5 > 0 x ∈ (0, ∞)
74. (a) F ( x) = ∫ dx
(1 + x) 2
79. (c) Put x = t in I and e− x = t in J.
 1 1  x 1 x
= ∫ − 2 
e dx = e +C
 1 + x (1 + x)  1+ x 80. (c) Put x = sin 2 u
1 x
F (0) = 1 ⇒ C = 0 So, F ( x) = e. 81. (a) Put x e x = t
1+ x
dx 1 x 1 x
75. (d) F ( x) = 2 I1 + I 2 , I1 = ∫ and 82. (c) Put F ( x) = C − log tan + (Put tan = t )
2 + cos x 4 2 8sin 2 x 2
sin x 2
I2 = −∫ dx = log(2 + cos x) + constant.
2 + cos x 1
∫ xe ( x 2 + 1) dx =   ∫ et (t + 1)dt (t = x 2 )
x
83. (b)
2dt dt 2
I1 = ∫ = 2∫ ( t = tan( x / 2) )
 − 2
 3 + t2
(1 + t )  2 + 1 + t 2 
2 1 t
1 2 x
=   et ⋅ t + C = e x ⋅
2
+C
  2 2
2  1 
= tan −1  tan ( x / 2 )  + C Comprehension Based
3  3 
84. (c) Let I = ∫ sin 5 x dx = ∫ sin 4 x.sin x dx
 1 4  −1
Hence F ( x) = log(2 + cos x) + tan  tan( x / 2)  + C
3  3  = sin 4 x(− cos x) − ∫ 4sin 3 x.cos x.(− cos x)dx
which is periodic with period 2π.
= − sin 4 x cos x + 4 ∫ sin 3 x(1 − sin 2 x) dx
1 sec x(1 + tan x) 2 2
76. (b) f ( x) = = ⇒ 5 I = − sin 4 x cos x + 4 ∫ 1 − cos 2 x )sin x dx
cos 2 x(1 + sin 2 x) 1 + 2 tan 2 x
= − sin 4 x cos x + 4 ∫ cos 2 x(− sin x) dx + 4 ∫ sin x dx
1+ t2
So, F ( x) = ∫ dt (t = tan x)
1 + 2t 2 4
= − sin 4 x cos x + cos3 x − 4cos x + c
1 1 1  3
= ∫ + 2  dt
 2 4 t + 1/ 2  sin 4 x cos x 4 4 c
or I =− + cos3 x − cos x +
5 15 5 5
1 1
= t+
2 4
(
2 tan −1 2 tan x + C ) sin 4 x cos x 4 4
=− − cos x(1 − sin 2 x) − cos x + c1
1
= tan x +
2 2 2
1
tan −1 2 tan x + C( ) 5 15
sin 4 x cos x 4 8
5

=− − sin 2 x cos x − cos x + c

Which is a 1–1 function of tan x. 5 15 15

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382 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
−4 −8 −12 4 n−2
∴ A= ,B= ⇒ A+ B = = Here, f (n) =  
15 15 15 5  n −1 
85. (b) Let I = ∫ sec6 x dx = ∫ sec 4 x.sec 2 x dx  n −1 
∴ f (n + 1) =  
 n 
= ∫ (1 + tan 2 x) 2 .sec 2 x dx Put tan x = t
tan n−1 x
∴ sec 2 x dx = dt 89. (d) I n = ∫ tan n −2 x.(sec 2 x − 1) dx = − I n−2
(n − 1)
t 5 2t 2 ∴ λ = −1
Then, I = ∫ (1 + t 2 ) 2 dt = ∫ (t 4 + 2t 2 + 1)dt + +t +D
5 3
1 2 90. (c) Let P = sin m−1 x.cos n+1 x
= tan 5 x + tan 3 x + tan x + D
5 3 dp
∴ = sin m−1 x(n + 1)cos n x(− sin x)
2 dx
Here, B = , C = 1
3 + cos n +1 x.(m − 1)sin m−2 x.cos x
5 = −(n + 1)sin m x cos n x + ( m − 1)sin m −2 x cos n + 2 x
∴ B+C =
3 On integrating both sides, we get
86. (c) Let I = ∫ tan x dx ∫ tan x.(sec x − 1) dx
6 4 2
(n + 1) I m ,n = − sin m−1 x cos n +1 x + (m − 1) I m−2, n + 2

= ∫ tan 4 x sec2 x dx − ∫ tan 2 x(sec 2 − 1)dx sin m−1 x cos n +1 x (m − 1)

or I m, n = − + I m− 2, n+ 2
(n + 1) (n + 1)
= ∫ tan 4 x sec 2 x dx − ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x dx + ∫ (sec 2 x − 1)dx
(m − 1) 1
Here, f (m, n) = ∴ f (2, 3) =
5
tan x tan x 3
( n + 1) 4
= − + tan x − x + D
5 3
91. (c) Let P = x m +1 (a + bx n ) p
1
Here A = − ,B = 1, C = −1
3 dP
∴ = x m+1. p (a + bx n ) p −1.(bnx n −1 ) + (a + bx n ) p .(m + 1) x m
1 dx
∴ A+ B +C = −
3 = bpnx m+ n .( a + bx n ) p −1 + (m + 1) x m (a + bx n ) p
On, integrating both sides, we get P = bpnI m+ n , p −1 + (m + 1) I m. p
87. (d) Let I n = ∫ cos n −1 x cos x dx
x m +1.(a + bx n ) p bnp
= cos n −1 x.sin x − ∫ (n − 1)cos n −2 x.(− sin x) sin x dx or I m, p = − I m +n , p −1
(m + 1) ( m + 1)
= cos n −1 x.sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos n −2 x(1 − cos 2 x) dx bnp
∴ f (m, n, p, b) =
(m + 1)
= cos n −1 x.sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos n −2 x dx − ( n − 1) I n
2 × 3× 4
cos n −1 x sin x (n − 1) ⇒ f (1, 2,3, 4) = = 12
1+1
n ∫
∴ In = + cos n −2 x dx
n
n −1 4 92. (a) I n = ∫ ( x sin n −1 x) sin x dx
∴ f ( n) = Then, f (5) =
n 5 = x sin n−1 x(− cos x) − ∫ {x(n −1)sinn −2 x.cos x + sinn−1 x.1}(− cos x)dx

88. (a) Let I n = ∫ cosecn −2 x.cosec 2 x dx = cosecn −2 x.(− cot x) = − x sin x n −1 x cos x

− ∫ (n − 2)cosec n −3 x(−cosec x cot x) (− cot x) dx sin n x 

+ (n − 1) ∫ x sin n −2 x(1 − sin 2 x) dx + 
n 
= −cosec n −2 x cot x
sin n x
−(n − 2) ∫ cosec n −3 x.cosec x(cosec 2 x − 1)dx] n I n = − x sin n −1 x cos x + + (n − 1) I n −2
n
= −cosec n −2 x.cot x − (n − 2) I n + ( n − 2) I n −2 x sin n −1 x cos x sin n x (n − 1)
or In = − + 2 + I n−2
cosec n −2 x cot x (n − 2) n n n
∴ In = − + I n−2
(n − 1) ( n − 1) n −1
∴ f ( n) =
n

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Indefinite Integration 383

93. (b) I n = ∫ sin n −1 x.(e ax sin x) dx dx 1 dt 1

= − ∫ ( n −1) / n = − ∫ t − ( n −1) / n dt
Then, ∫x 2
( x + 1)
n ( n −1) / n
n t n
 e ax 
= sin n −1 x. (a sin x − cos x)  − ( n −1)
+1
+ 2 1/ n
 (1 a )  −1 t n  1 
= . + c = − 1 + n  + c = −(1 + x − n )1/ n + c (5)
1 n − ( n − 1)  x 
+1
(1 + a 2 ) ∫
− (n − 1)sin n −2 x cos x [e ax (a sin x − cos]dx n
dx dx
e ax sin n −1 x(a sin x − cos x) (C) ∫ n =∫
= x (1 + x )n 1/ n
 1 
1/ n

(1 + a 2 ) x n +1  n + 1
x 
(n − 1)
(1 + a 2 ) ∫
− (a sin n −1 x cos x − sin n −2 x(1 − sin 2 x))dx] 1
Put +1 = t
xn
e ax sin n−1 x(a sin x − cos x) (n − 1)a sin n x n
= − . ∴ − n+1 dx = dt
(1 + a 2 ) (1 + a 2 ) n x
(n + 1) (n − 1) dx 1 dt 1
+ I n−2 − In Then, ∫ n = − ∫ 1/ n = − ∫ t −1/ n dt
(1 + a 2 ) (1 + a 2 ) x (1 + x )n 1/ n
n t n
or I n (n + a 2 ) = e ax sin n −1 x( a sin x − cos x) 1
− +1
1 t n 1 1−1/ n
a sin n x =− . +c = t +c
−(n − 1) + (n − 1) I n −2 n  1  (1 − n)
n  − + 1 
 n 
e ax sin n −1 x(a sin x − cos x) 1
or In = = ( x − n + 1)1−1/ n + c (1)
(n + a 2 ) (1 − n)
(n − 1)a sin n x (n − 1) x1− n
− + I n−2 1  (1 + x n )1−1/ n 
n( n + a 2 ) (n + a 2 ) =   + c = (1 + nn )1−1/ n + c (3)
(1 − n)  x n −1  (1 − n )
(n − 1)a (n − 1)
Here, A = ,B=
n( n + a 2 ) (n + a 2 ) dx e −2 x 1
95. (a) (A) I = ∫ −∫ −2 x
dx = − ln(1 + e −2 x ) + c (3)
( n − 1)a + n(n − 1)a a (n 2 − 1) e +1 1+ e
2x
2
∴ A+ B = =
n( n + a 2 ) n( n + a 2 ) 1  1 + e2 x  1
= − ln  2 x  + c = − {ln (1 + e 2 x ) − 2 x} + c
2  e  2
Match the Column
1
94. (d) (A) ∫
dx dx = x − ln(1 + e 2 x ) + c
x( x n + 1) ∫
= 2
 1 
x n +1  1 + n 
 x  e x dx
(B) I= Put e x = t ⇒ e x dx = dt
1 −n (e + 1)
2x

Put 1 + = t ∴ n −1 dx = dt
xn x dt
Then, I = ∫ = ln{t + t 2 + 1} + c
dx 1 dt 1 1 1 (t 2 + 1)
Then, = − ∫ = − ln | t | = − ln 1 + n + c (4)
x( x n + 1) n t n n x
= ln{e x + e2 x + 1} + c (1)
1 1
= − {ln |1 + x n | − n ln | x |} + c = ln x − ln 1 + x n + c (2)
n n = ln{e x (1 + 1 + e −2 x )} + c
dx dx = x + ln(1 + (1 + e−2 x )) + c (5)
(B) ∫x 2
( x n + 1) ( n −1) / n ∫
=
 1 
( n −1) / n

x 2 .x n −1. 1 + n  dx e x dx
(C) I = ∫
(e 2 x + 1)2 ∫ e x (2 2 x + 1) 2
 x  =
dx 1
=∫ ( n −1) / n
Put 1 + n = t Put e x = tan θ
 1  x
x n +1 1 + n  ∴ e x dx = sec 2 θ dθ
 x 
−n sec2 θ dθ dθ
Then, I = ∫
tan θ .sec 4 θ ∫ tan θ .sec 2 θ
⇒ dx = dt =
x n −1

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384 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

cos θ dθ
3
(1 − sin θ )cos θ dθ
2 (sin x + cos x)
=∫ =∫ Put sin θ = t 98. (36) Let I = ∫ ( tan x + cot x )dx = ∫ dx
sin θ sin θ (sin x cos x)
(1 − t 2 )dt t2 Put sin x − cos x = t
⇒ cos dθ = dt Then, I = ∫ = ln t − + c
t 2 ⇒ 1 − sin 2 x = t 2
sin θ
2
 e  1 e
x 2x
∴ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt
= ln sin θ − + c = ln   − . 2x +c
2  e + 1  2 (e + 1)
2 x
dt  t 
1 1 1  Then, I = ∫ = 2 sin −1 t = 2 tan −1  +c
 1− t   1− t 
2
= x − (1 + e2 x ) +  2 x  + c (2)
2

2 2  e +1   
 2 
Integer  sin x − cos x  −1  tan x − 1 
= 2 tan −1   + c = 2 tan  +c
dx  sin 2 x   2 tan x 
96. (512) Let I = ∫
1 + sin x
We, get a = 2, b = 2
dx sec2 x / 2dx x
=∫ =∫ Put tan + 1 = t Then, a 4 + b5 = 4 + 32 = 36
 2 tan x / 2   x  2
1+    tan + 1 
 1 + tan x / 2 
2
 2   cos8 x − cos 7 x 
99. (6561) Let I = ∫   dx
∴
1 2x x
sec dx = dt ⇒ sec2 dx = 2dt  1 + 2cos5 x 
2 2 2  15 x   − x   15 x   x 
2dt −2 2 2sin   sin   dx 2sin   sin  
∴ I =∫ 2 = +c =− +c =∫  2   2  =∫  2   2  dx
t t (1 + tan x / 2)   5x    2 5x 
1 + 2  1 − 2sin 2     3 − 4sin 
  x    2   2 
 tan  2  − 1 
=1−
2
+ c −1 =     + c −1  15 x   x 
(1 + tan x / 2)   x  2sin   sin  
 2  2  5x   x 
 tan  2  + 1  =∫ dx = − ∫ 2sin   sin   dx
     15 x   
5 x  2  2
sin   / sin  
π π   2   2 
= tan  −  + c − 1
2 4 sin 2 x sin 3 x
= − ∫ (cos 2 x − cos3 x ) dx = − + +c
π 2 3
Then, we get a = − , b = c − 1 = an arbitrary constant.
4 ∴ a = 3 and b = 2
−2048 −2048 −π ∴ (a b ) 4 = (32 ) 4 = 38 = 6561
∴ a= × = 512
π π 4
100. (256) I = ∫ sin 4 x ⋅ e tan x dx
2
 2x + 2 
97. (3) Let I = ∫ sin  −1
 dx
 (4 x 2 + 8 x + 13) 
= ∫ 2sin 2 x cos 2 x ⋅ e tan x dx
2
 
 2x + 2   1 − tan 2 x  tan 2 x
I = ∫ sin −1   dx Put 2 x + 2 = 3tan θ = 4 ∫ sin x cos x ⋅   ⋅ e dx
 (2 x + 2) 2 + 32   1 + tan x 
2
 
= 4 ∫ tan x sec 2 x cos 6 x(1 − tan 2 x) ⋅ e tan x dx
2
∴ 2dx = 3sec 2 θ dθ
3sec 2 θ dθ 3 Put tan 2 x = dt 2 tan x sec 2 x dx = dt
Then I = ∫ θ ⋅ = {θ ⋅ tan θ − ln secθ } + c
2 2
(1 − t )et dt {(t + 1) − 2}et dt
Then, I = 2 ∫ = −2 ∫
3  2 x + 2   (1 + t ) (t + 1)3
2 3
−1  2 x + 2   2x + 2 
=   ⋅ tan   − ln 1 +   +c
2  3   3   3   1 2 
  = 2 ∫ et  − dt = −
2e t
+c
3 
 (1 + t ) (1 + t )  (1 + t ) 2
2
 2x + 2  3
= ( x + 1) tan −1   − ln(4 x + 8 x + 13) + c
2
2
 3  4 = −2cos 4 x ⋅ e tan x + c
3 ∴ a = −2, b = 4, then a 2b = ( −2)8 = 256
Hence λ = − ; Then, −4λ = 3
4
***

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves
Definite Integration and Area 385

17 under Curves
QUICK LOOK b b b

∫
a
f ( x)dx ≥ ∫ f ( x)dx ≥ ∫ g ( x)dx,
a a
equality holding if
Properties of Definite Integral
b b
f ( x) = g ( x) at all points of [a, b].

∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( z)dz
a a

If minimum f(x) = m, maximum f(x) = M, in [a,b] then
b

∫ f ( x)dx ≤ M (b − a),
b a
m (b − a ) ≤ equality holding for

∫ f ( x)dx = −∫ f ( x)dx
a b
a

b c b
constant functions.

∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx, where
a a c
a < c < b.
Average Value of a Function over an Interval
Note: This property must be used for integrating functions o The average value of f(x) over the interval
b
piecewise definition. 1
b − a ∫a
[ a, b] = f ( x) dx
a a

∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 0
a a Definition of Definite Integral

∫
−a
f ( x)dx = 2∫ f ( x)dx if even, i.e., f ( − x ) = f ( x )
0
The definite integral of f(x) over the interval [a, b], denoted by
b

0 if f(x) is odd, i.e., f(– x) = – f(x) ∫ f ( x)dx, is defined as the limit of a sum as follows:
a
na a

∫ f ( x)dx = n ∫ f ( x)dx if f ( x ) is a periodic function of the b n n −1

lim ∑ hf ( a + rh),
0 0 ∫ f ( x)dx = lim ∑ hf (a + rh)
n →∞
r =1
or
n →∞
r =0
where
period a, i.e., f(a + x = f (x). a

na a nh = b − a f(x) is said to be integrable over [a,b] if the above

∫
ma
f ( x)dx = (n − m) ∫ f ( x)dx if f ( x ) is a periodic function
0
two limits exist and are equal.

of the period a.
Fundamental Theorem of Definite Integration
n n −1
Derivative of Indefinite Integral lim ∑ hf ( a + rh) or lim ∑ hf ( a + rh) = F (b) − f ( a )
n →∞ n →∞
x r =1 r =0
dy 

If y = ∫ f (t )dt then = f (t )  = f ( x) Where nh = b − a and F '( x) = f ( x).
a
dx  t =x
b
φ ( x)
 ∫ f ( x)dx = F (b) − F (a), i.e., [ F ( x)]
x =b
dy Consequently,

If y = ∫
a
f (t ) dt then
dφ
= f (t ) 
 t =φ ( x )
= f {φ ( x )}
a
x=a

Where F '( x ) = f ( x ), i.e, F ( x ) is the primitive function of f(x)

Inequalities in Definite Integrals
b Note

If f ( x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b] then ∫ f ( x)dx ≥ 0, equality holding b
a In computing a definite integral ∫ f ( x ) dx where f ( a ) = f (b), it
if f ( x) = 0 at all points of [a, b]. a

b b is convenient to break the interval in two parts and use

∫
a
f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx
a
b
a+b
2 b

If f ( x ) ≥ g ( x) for all x ∈ [a , b] then

∫a
f ( x)dx = ∫
a
f ( x) dx + ∫
a +b
f ( x) dx.
2

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386 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Evaluation of Integral from the First Principle where x is to be expressed in terms of y from the equation
b
of the curve x = φ ( y ).

To find the value of ∫ f ( x ) dx from the first principle i.e.,
a
The area bounded by a curve y = f ( x ) and the x-axis is
n n −1 b b b
definition, obtain lim ∑ hf ( a + rh) or lim ∑ hf (a + rh)
n →∞
r =1
n →∞
r =0
given byarea = ∫ ydy = ∫ ( y ) y = f ( x ) dx
a a
∫ f ( x ) dx
a
where nh = b − a. where y = f ( x ) cuts the x-axis at (a, 0) and (b, 0)
1 n −1
n
1 r 1 r
The area bounded by a curve x = φ ( y ) and the y-axis is

∫ f ( x ) dx = lim ∑ f   or lim ∑ f  
0
n →∞
r =1 n  
n n →∞
r =0 n n q q q

given by area = ∫ xdy = ∫ ( x) x =φ ( y ) dy = ∫ φ ( y)dy

Limit of a Sum as Definite Integral p p p

n
b−a  b−a where x = φ ( y ) cuts the y-axis at (0, p) and (0, q)

lim ∑ f  a + r· 
n →∞
r =1 n  n  Y
x = φ ( y)
b−a  b−a
n −1 b
Or lim ∑
n  ∫a
f a + r·  = f ( x ) dx x
n →∞
r =0 n  dy (x, y)
n −1 1
n
1 r 1 r

lim ∑ f   or lim ∑ f   = ∫ f ( x ) dx p
n →∞
r =1 n n n →∞
r =0 n n 0 O X
β Figure 17.3
pn
1 r

lim ∑ f   = ∫ f ( x)dx
n →∞
r =1 n n α Nonstandard Areas
r r An area may be bounded by two curves, or a curve and a line,
where α = lim when r = 1, β = lim when r = pn
n →∞ n n →∞ n
or two curves and a line etc. such areas are not standard areas.
In order to compute such areas, do the following :
Standard Areas
Y Y

The area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis, E (b,µ) y = f(x)
y = φ ( x)
B C y = f ( x)
(i.e., y = 0) the ordinates x = a, x = b (b > a ) is given by area (λ , µ )
y =φ(x) F
b

∫ ydx
= A (a,λ)
a
Y y = f (x) A B
(x, y) O a D b X
O D dx C X
Figure 17.4 Figure 17.5
y
x =a x =b
Divide the whole area into a number of standard areas whose
X
O a dx b algebraic sum (i.e., addition/substraction/or both) gives the
Figure 17.1 required area. Some nonstandard areas are given below.
where y is to be expressed in terms of x from the equation of Observe their computation.
the curve y = f(x) The area bounded by the curve y = f(x) and y = φ ( x ) is given by

The area bounded by the curve x= φ (y), the y-axis (i.e., x=0) b

the lines (abscissae) y = p, y = q, ( q > p ) is given by area area = ∫ { f ( x ) − φ ( x )}dx =ar(AEBCDA)– ar (AFBCDA), where
a
q
the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the curves
= ∫ xdy
p y = f ( x ) and y = φ ( x) are a and b. The area bounded by the
Y
y=q x = φ ( x) curves y = f ( x ) and y = φ ( x ), and the x-axis is given by area
q
λ b
x
dy
p
(x, y) = ∫
a
f ( x ) dx + ∫ φ ( x ) dx ar(ACDA) + ar(CDBC), where the points
λ
y=p
of intersection of the curve with the x-axis are (a, 0) and (b, 0)
O X
Figure 17.2 respectively and the two curves intersect at ( λ , µ)

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 387
Sketches of Curves: Clearly, in order to decide the limits of When the curve represented by the equation is not a known curve
integration and sum or difference of standard areas to compute we take the following steps to get a rough sketch of the curve.
nonstandard areas, it is essential to have a rough idea about the Y Y
shape and orientation of the given curves.

Sketches of standard curves
Y
x 2 + y 2 = a2 O X O X
Figure 17.17 Figure 17.18
0,
b a Y Y +∞

O a X
Figure 17.7 O
Figure 17.6
−∞ O ∞ X
Y Y
y 2 = 4ax x2 = 4by Figure 17.19 −∞
(a > 0) (b > 0)
Figure 17.20
Y
y 2 = −4ax Y y > 0 for a < x < b
O X X

X
x2 = −4by O a b X O a b
Figure 17.8 Figure 17.9
Y y < 0 for a < x < b
Y x2 / a2 − y2 / b2 = 1
x2 / a2 + y2 / b2 = 1 Figure 17.21 Figure 17.22

O X
Symmetry about the axes– If the equation of the curve

O X
contains only even powers of x then the curve is
Figure 17.10 symmetrical about the y-axis, Again, if only even powers of
Figure 17.11 y appear in the equation then the curve is symmetrical about
y = tan x the x-axis.
Y y = cot x Y

Points of intersection with the axes – Solve the equation
of the curve and y = 0 to find the points of intersection of
1 y = ex
the curve with the x-axis. If we get only one value of x, say
π a, the curve will cut the x-axis at one point only. If x→∞
O π /2 −∞ O X
when y = 0 then the curve will meet the x-axis at infinity.
y = cot x Figure 17.13
This fact is shown in the sketch by drawing the end part of
Figure 17.12
the sketch parallel to the positive side of the x-axis.
X
Y Similarly on the other side of x→∞ when y = 0. Solve the
Y
xy = c2 1
y = sin x equation of the curve and x = 0 to find the points of
π 3π /2 intersection of the curve with the y-axis. If x→∞ (or x→–∞)
O −π / 2 O π /2 X where x = 0 then the curve will meet the y-axis at infinity.
– y = cot x
Trend of values – Observe the effect on values of y when x
Figure 17.14 Figure 17.15 changes. See the sign of y for values of x in different
Y intervals. If y > 0 for a < x < b, the curve will be above the
x-axis between the points (a, f(a)) and (b, f(b)). Instead, if y
y = loge x
< 0 then the curve will be below the x-axis. If y goes on
O X
increasing when a < x < b, then portion of the graph in [a, b]
1
will be rising lower to higher. But if y goes on decreasing in
−∞ a < x < b, the graph will be falling higher to lower. Observe
Figure 17.16 the effect on values of x when y changes and make similar

Sketches of non-standard curves conclusions.

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388 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 2
9. ∫−2
|1 − x 2 | dx is equal to:
Definite Integral and Definite Integral as the Limit of a a. 2 b. 4
Sum c. 6 d. 8
 −1 x
3
−1 x + 1 
2
π

∫−1  +  dx = ? ∫
2
1. tan tan 10. esin x cos3 xdx =
x2 + 1 x  0

a. π b. 2π c. 3π d. 4π OR
π
∫
2

π For any integer n, esin x cos3 (2n + 1) xdx = ?

2. ∫0
sin 2 x dx is equal to:
a. –1 b. 0
0

c. 1 d. 2
a. π b. π/2
2a f ( x)
c. 0 d. 1 11. ∫0 f ( x ) + f (2 a − x )
dx is equal to:
b log x
3. ∫a x
dx = ? a. a b. a/2
c. 2a d. 0
 log b  b
a. log   b. log(a b) log   π
∫ π (1 − x )sin x cos
2 2
 log a  a 12. The value of
−
xdx is:
1 b 1 a a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
c. log(a b) log   d. log(a b) log  
2 a 2 b π
13. If n is any integer, then ∫ ecos x cos3 (2n + 1) x dx is equal to:
2

π /2 0
4. ∫π /4
cosθ cosec2θ dθ = ? a. x b. 0
a. 2 −1 b. 1 − 2 c. 1 d. 2
3π π
c. 2 +1 d. None of these 14. If I1 = ∫ f (cos 2 x) dx and I 2 = ∫ f (cos 2 x) dx then:
0 0
π /2
a. I1 = I 2 b. I1 = 2 I 2
5. The correct evaluation of ∫ sin x sin 2 x
0
is:
c. I1 = 3I 2 d. I1 = 4 I 2
4 1
a. b.
3 3 π π

3 2
15. If ∫0
x f (sin x)dx = k ∫
0
f (sin x) dx , then the value of k
c. d.
4 3 will be:
a. π b. π/2
Evaluation of Definite Integral by Substitution c. π/4 d. 1
π /2 dx x sin 2 n x
∫
2π
6. equals: 16. For n > 0, ∫ dx is equal to:
0 1 + sin x 0 sin 2 n x + cos 2 n x
a. 0 b. 1
a. π 2
b. 2π 2
c. –1 d. 2
c. 3π 2 d. 4π 2
Properties of Definite Integral 17. If f(x) is a continuous periodic function with period T,
a +T
6 1 then the integral I = ∫
7. ∫ 3 x +1
dx is equal to: a
f ( x) dx is:
a. Equal to 2 a b. Equal to 3a
a. [log( x + 1)] 36 b. [log(t + 1]36 c. Independent of a d. None of these
c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these π

8. Suppose f is such that f(–x) = –f(x) for every real x and

18. ∫0
x f (sin x) dx = ?
1 0 π π π
a. π ∫ f (sin x) dx
∫ ∫ 2 ∫0
f ( x) dx = 5 , then f (t ) dt = ? b. f (sin x) dx
0 −1 0

a. 10 b. 5 π π /2

2∫
c. f (sin x) dx d. None of these
c. 0 d. –5 0

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 389
π /2 cot x 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
p p p p
19. ∫0
cot x + tan x
dx = ? 27. lim
n →∞ n p +1
=?

π a.
1
b.
1
a. π b. p +1 1− p
2
π π c.
1
−
1
d.
1
c. d. p p −1 P+2
4 3
π
x
20. If f ( x ) = ∫ t 3et dt , then
d
f ( x) = ? 28. The correct evaluation of ∫
0
sin 4 x dx is:
a dx
8π 2π 4π 3π
a. e ( x + 3 x 2 )
x 3
b. x3e x a. b. c. d.
3 3 3 8
c. a3ea d. None of these
∞ x 2 dx
π /2
29. ∫0 ( x + a 2 )( x 2 + b 2 )
2
=?
21. ∫0
log tan x dx = ?
π π
a. b.
π π 2(a − b ) 2(b − a)
a. log e 2 b. − log e 2
2 2 π π
c. d.
c. π log e 2 d. 0 (a + b ) 2(a + b )

2− x π /2
∫
1
sin 5 x dx = ?
22. ∫−1
log
2+ x
dx = ? 30.
0

a. 2 b. 1 8 4
a. b.
c. − 1 d. 0 15 15

π /4
8 π 8π
c. d.
23. ∫0
log(1 + tan θ ) dθ = ? 15 15

π π 1 x
a. log 2 b. log 31. The greatest value of the function F(x ) = ∫ | t | dt on the
4 4 2 1

π π
interval  − ,  is given by:
1 1 1
c. log 2 d. log
8 8 2  2 2
1 3 1 3 2
24. ∫0
f (1 − x) dx has the same value as the integral: a.
8
b. −
2
c. −
8
d.
5
1 1
a. ∫ f (x ) dx
0
b. ∫ f (− x ) dx
0 32. ∫
∞ dx
=?
(x + )
0 3
1 1 x2 + 1
c. ∫ f (x − 1) dx
0
d. ∫−1
f (x ) dx
3 1
a. b.
8 8
Summation of Series by Integration
3
1 1 1 c. − d. None of these
25. If Sn = + + .... + then lim S n is equal 8
1 + n 2 + 2n n + n2 n →∞

1 x
33. If F(x ) = ∫ (4 t − 2 F ′(t)) dt , then F ′(4 ) equals:
2
to:
x2 4
a. log 2 b. 2 log 2
32
c. 3 log 2 d. 4 log 2 a. 32 b.
3

 n n n 1 32
26. The value of lim  + + + .... +  is c. d. None of these
n →∞ 1 + n 2
9
 4 + n 2
9 + n 2
2 n
equal to: π x
π π
34. ∫0
sin 5   dx equals:
2
a. b.
2 4 16 32 8 5
a. b. c. d.
c. 1 d. None of these 15 15 15 6

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390 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
x
35. Let f ( x) = ∫ 2 − t 2 dt . Then real roots of the equation
0 1
1
43. The integral ∫−∞ a2 + x2
dx, a ≠ 0 is:
x 2 − f ′(x ) = 0 are: π
1 1 a. Convergent and equal to
a. ±1 b. ± c. ± d. 0 and 1 a
2 2
π
b. Convergent and equal to
2a
Gamma Function
π /2 π
36. The value of ∫ sin 4 x cos 6 xdx = ? c. Divergent and equal to
0 a
a. 3π /312 b. 5π / 512 π
d. Divergent and equal to
2a
c. 3π / 512 d. 5π / 312

Reduction formulae Definite Integration Some Important Results of Definite Integral

20
∫ [cot −1 x] dx, where [.] denotes greatest integer function:
∞ ∞
37. If In = ∫ e−x xn−1dx, then ∫ e − λ x x n −1 dx is equal to: 44.
−10
0 0

In a. 30 + cot 1 + cot 3 b. 30 + cot 1 + cot 2 + cot 3

1
a. λIn b. In c. d. λ n I n c. 30 + cot 1 + cot 2 d. None of these
λ λn
2
∫ [x − x + 1] dx, where[.]denotes greatest integer function:
2
45.
Walli's Formula 0
π /2
38. ∫0
sin 7 xdx has value:
a.
7− 5
b.
7+ 5
c.
5 −3
d.
7− 4
2 2 2 2
37 17 16 16
a. b. c. d.
184 45 35 45
Area of Bounded Regions and Sign Convention
Leibnitz’s Rule 46. The area (in square units) enclosed by the curve x 2 y = 36,
x
39. Let f : (0, ∞) → R and f ( x) = ∫ f (t )d . the x-axis and the lines x = 6 and x = 9 is:
0
a. 1 b. 2
If f ( x 2 ) = x 2 (1 + x ) then f (4) equals:
c. 3 d. 4
a. 5/4 b. 7 c. 4 d. 2
47. Area bounded by the curve y = log x , x − axis and the
x
40. Let f ( x) = ∫ 2 − t dt. Then the real roots of the equation
2
ordinates x = 1, x = 2 is:
1

x 2 − f ' (x ) = 0 are: a. log 4 sq. unit b. (log 4 + 1) sq. unit

1 c. (log 4 − 1) sq. unit d. None of these
a. ±1 b. ±
2
48. Area bounded by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and
1
c. ± d. 0 and 1 x = 2π is:
2
a. 2 sq. unit b. 4 sq. unit
Improper Integral and Piecewise Continuous Functions c. 8 sq. unit d. None of these
∞
41. The improper integral ∫0
e− x dx is … and the value is…. 49. Area bounded by parabola y 2 = x and straight line 2 y = x
a. Convergent, 1 b. Divergent, 1 is:
c. Convergent, 0 d. Divergent, 0 4 2 1
a. b. 1 c. d.
3 3 3
2 dx
42. ∫1 x − 5x + 4
2
dx is:
50. The area bounded by the parabola y 2 = 4ax, its axis and
1 two ordinates x = 4, x = 9 is:
a. Convergent and equal to log 2
3
a. 4a 2 b. 4a 2 .4
b. Convergent and equal to 3/log2
c. Divergent 152 a
c. 4a 2 (9 − 4) d.
d. None of these 3

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 391
51. The area formed by triangular shaped region bounded by 61. The part of circle x + y = 9 in between y = 0 and y = 2
2 2

the curves y = sin x , y = cos x and x = 0 is: is revolved about y-axis. The volume of generating solid
a. 2 −1 b. 1 will be:
c. 2 d. 1 + 2 49
a. 12π b. π
3
52. The area bounded by the curve y = 4 x − x 2 and the x −
c. 16π d. 28π
axis, is:
30 31 NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
a. sq. unit b. sq. unit
7 7
32 34 More than One Answer
c. sq. unit d. sq. unit n −1
3 3
n n n
62. Let Sn = Σ and Tn = Σ 2 , for n
k = 0 n + kn + k
2 2 k = 0 n + kn + k 2
53. The area between the curve y = 4 + 3x − x 2 and x-axis is:
= 1 2, 3,…, then:
a. 125/6 b. 125/3
π π
c. 125/2 d. None of these a. S n < b. S n >
3 3 3 3
54. The area bounded by y = − x 2 + 2 x + 3 and y = 0 is: π π
c. Tn < d. Tn >
32 3 3 3 3
a. 32 b.
3
π sin nx
c.
1
d.
1 63. If I n = ∫ dx, n = 0, 1, 2,…, then:
32 3
−π (1 + π x ) sin x
10
55. Area enclosed by the parabola ay = 3( a 2 − x 2 ) and x-axis a. I n = I n + 2 b. Σ I 2 m +1 = 10π
m =1
is: 10

a. 4 a 2 sq. unit b. 12 a 2 sq. unit c. Σ I 2 m = 0 d. I n = I n +1

m =1

c. 4 a 3 sq. unit d. None of these

x 4 (1 − x) 4
1

56. Find the area bounded between the curve y2 = 2y – x and y-

64. The value(s) of ∫0 1 + x 2 dx is (are):
axis.
22 2
a. 4/3 b. 2/3 c. 1/3 d. 5 a. −π b.
7 105
Symmetrical Area 71 3π
c. 0 d. −
57. Find the whole area of circle x + y = a ?
2 2 2
15 2
a. π b. πa2 65. For a ∈ R (the set of all real numbers), a ≠ −1,
c. a2 d. πa3
(1a + 2 a + ... + n a ) 1
58. Find the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and its latus lim a −1
= ⋅T
h →∞ (n + 1) [(na + 1) + (na + 2) + ... + (na + n)] 60
rectum:
then, a is equal to?
a. 8/3 b. 4/3 c. 16/3 d. 8/5
a. 5 b. 7

Area and Volumes between Curves −15 −17

c. d.
2 2
59. The area of the region bounded by the curve y=2x– x 2
and line y =x is: 66. For which of the following values of m, is the area of the
a. 1/2 b. 1/3 region bounded by the curve y = x − x 2 and the line
c. 1/4 d. 1/6 9
y = mx equals ?
60. Area bounded by the lines y = 2 + x, y = 2 – x and x = 2 is: 2
a. 3 b. 4 a. –4 b. –2
c. 8 d. 16 c. 2 d. 4

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392 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
∞
67. Area of the region bounded by the curve y = e and lines x
sin x π
x = 0 and y = e is:
73. If ∫
0
x
dx = then?
2
∞
π
e
a. e − 1 b. ∫
1
ln (e + 1 − y ) dy Assertion: ∫
sin ax cos bx
dx = ( a > b > 0 )
1 0
x 2
e
c. e − ∫ e x dx d. f ∫ ln y dy
0 1 sin ax cos bx
Reason: lim =a
2 x →0 x
−x
68. If S be the area of the region enclosed by y = e y = 0, x
π /2
= 0 and x =1.Then,
1 1
74. Assertion: ∫
π
− /3
x10 sin 9 x dx = 0
a. S ≥ b. S ≥ 1 −
e e Reason: f(x) = x2n is an even function g ( x) = sin x 2 m+1 x is
1 1  1 1  1 
c. S ≤ 1 +  d. S ≤ + 1 −  an odd function, m and n are integers.
4 e 2 e 2
x

β f (α + β − x) 75. Suppose that f is an odd function and F ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt ?

69. Let ∫α f ( x) + f (α + β − x)
dx = 4, then: a

Assertion: F is an even function

a. α = −1, β = 7 b. α = 5, β = 13 a

c. α = −2, β = 6 d. α = −10, β = −2 Reason: ∫

−a
f (t ) dt = 0

 x (t − 1), where x ≤ t
70. If G ( x, t ) =  and if t is continuous 18
cos x
t ( x − 1), where t < x 76. Let I = ∫ dx ?
1 10 1 + x4
function of x in [0, 1] Let g ( x) = ∫ f (t )G ( x, t ) dt , then:
0 Assertion: I < 0.1
a. g (0) = 1 b. g (0) = 0
cos x
c. g (1) = 1 d. g ′′( x) = f ( x) Reason: < 0.1
1 + x4
e
71. If I n = ∫ (ln x) n dx, n ∈ N . Then I n + n I n−1 is: ∞
1
dx
a. greater than 2 b. less than 3 77. Let I =
−∞
∫ 1+ x 2
?
c. lies between 0 and1 d. none of the above
Assertion: I = π
Assertion and Reason Reason: The integrand is even and lim F (b) = π
b−∞
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark b
dx
the correct option out of the options given below: F (b) = ∫
0
1 + x2
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
π /2
correct explanation of the assertion. dx
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
78. Let I = ∫0
5 + 3cos 2 x
?

correct explanation of the assertion. π π

Assertion: ≤I≤
c. If assertion is true but reason is false. 16 10
d. If the assertion and reason both are false. 1 1 1
Reason: ≤ ≤
e. If assertion is false but reason is true. 8 5 + 3cos 2 x 5
∞
π π
72. If ∫ e− x dx = cos x
2

2
then: 79. Let I = ∫ dx ?
0
0 1 − sin 2 x
∞
e− x Assertion: I = π
Assertion: ∫0 x
dx = π
Reason: The integrand can be expressed as X [0,π / 2] X [π / 2,π ]
2
Reason: lim e − x = 0
XA being the characteristic function of A.

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 393
π π Paragraph –II
80. Let I = ∫ x 2 cos x dx and J = ∫ x sin x dx ?
0 0 Let f (x) = (1− x)2 sin2 x + x2 for all x∈R and let
Assertion: I = –2π x  2(t −1) 
Reason: I = 2J g( x)∫  − ln t  f(t)dt for all x∈(1,∞).
1
 t −1 
2 9
10 x 2 dx
81. Let I = ∫ dx and J = ∫ 2 ?
1
( x 3
+ 1) 2
2
x 85. Which of the following is true?
35 a. g is increasing on (1,∞).
Assertion: I =
27
b. g is decreasing on(1,∞).
Reason: 3I = 10J
c. g is increasing on (1, 2) and decreasing on (2,∞).
Comprehension Based d. g is decreasing on (1, 2) and increasing on (2,∞).

Paragraph –I 86. Consider the statements:

Foe every function f (x) which is twice differentiable, these will
A. There exists some x∈R such that f ( x) + 2 x = 2(1 + x 2 )
b b−a
be good approximation of ∫a
f ( x)dx =  { f (a) + f (b)},
 2  B. There exists some x∈R such that 2 f ( x) + 1 = 2 x(1 + x)
c −a Then,
for more accurate results for c∈(a,b), F (c) = [ f (a) − f (c)]
2 a. Both A and B are true
b+c
+ [ f (b) − f (c)]. b. A is true and B is false
2
c. A is false and B is true
a+b
When c = d. Both A and B are false
2
b b−a
∫a f ( x)dx = 4 { f (a) + f (b) + 2 f (c)}dx Match the Column

π /2 87. Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with

82. Good approximation of ∫0
sin x dx, is:
statement in Column II:
π
a. b. π ( 2 + 1) / 4 Column I Column II
4
π
1 dx 1 2
c. π ( 2 + 1) / 8 d.
(A) ∫−1 1 + x2
1.
2
log  
3
8
83. If f ''( x) < 0, ∀x ∈ (a, b) and (c, f(c)) is point of maxima
1 dx 2
where c∈(a, b), then f'(c) is: (B) ∫0
1− x 2
2. 2 log  
3
f (b) − f (a )
a.
b−a
 f (b) − f (a )  3 dx π
b. 3 
 b−a


(C) ∫2 1 − x2
3.
3
 f (b ) − f ( a ) 
c. 2  
 b−a  2 dx π
d. 0
(D) ∫1
x x −1
2
4.
2
t (t − a)
∫
a
f ( x)dx −
2
{ f (t ) + f (a)}
84. If lim = 0, then degree of a. A→4, B→4, C→1, D→3
t →a (t − a)3
polynomial function f(x) at-most is: b. A→2, B→4, C→3, D→1
a. 0 b. 1 c. A→1, B→3, C→2, D→4
c. 3 d. 2 d. A→4, B→1, C→3, D→2

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394 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
88. If at every point x of an interval [a, b] the inequalities g(x) 1  d2 
b b
90. The value of ∫ 4 x 3  2 (1 − x 2 )5  dx is:
∫ g ( x)dx ≤ ∫ f ( x)dx  dx 
0
≤f(x)≤h(x) are fulfilled, the
a a

sin 2α
b
≤ ∫ h( x)dx, a, b Match the entries from the following two π 2π dx
a 91. If
2
<α <
3
and I = ∫
0
,
(4cos 2 α − x 2 )
then the
columns:
2008( I + α )
Column I Column II value of must be:
π
1 x 7 dx 1. [λ + µ ] = 2, where
(A) If µ < ∫ < λ, 2
0 3
(1 + x ) 6
[.] denotes the 92. If I = ∫ x[2 x] dx, where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer
0
then greatest integer
function, then the value of 128 I must be:
function.
1 dx 2. [λ + µ ] = 4, where 1
e
x
9997
(B) If µ < ∫ < λ,
0
(1 + x )
6
[.] denotes the
93. If I = ∫−1 1 + a x dx, then the value of (e − 1) I must be:
then greatest integer a + 2008π
 π π
function. 94. If I = ∫0
cos x dx = λ + sin a, where a ∈  − ,  ,
 2 2
1 dx 3. [λ − µ ] = 0, where
(C) If µ < ∫ < λ, then the value of (λ) must be: (where (⋅) denotes the least
0
(4 − x2 − x3 ) [.] denotes the
integer function)
then greatest integer
function. 95. Let f : R + → R be a differentiable function where f(1) = 3
4. [λ − µ ] = 3, where xy x y

[.] denotes the

and satisfying ∫ f (t )dt = y ∫ f (t ) + x ∫ f (t )dt∀x,
1 1 1
y∈R+,

37
greatest integer then the value of f (e ) must be:
function.
96. If area enclosed by the parabola y2 = 64x and its latus-
5. [λ + µ ] = 0, where
rectum is λ sq unit, then the value of 3λ must be:
[.] denotes the
greatest integer 97. The area enclosed by the curve xy 2 = 4(2 − x) and y-axis
function. is λsq unit, then the value of 5050 cos(1824 λ ) must be:
a. A→ 3,4; B→ 1,3; C→ 2,5
98. If area between the curves y = xe x and y = xe − x and the
b. A→ 3,5; B→ 1,3; C→ 2,4
c. A→ 1,3; B→ 3,5; C→ 2,4 line x = 1 is λsq unit, then the value of 128 eλ must be:
d. A→ 3,5; B→ 1,2; C→ 3,4 99. If area enclosed between the curves y = ln( x + e) and

1
Integer x = ln   and the axis of x is λ sq unit, then the value of
 y
89. For real number x, let [x] denotes the largest integer less 62 λ must be:
than or equal to x. Let f be a real valued function defined
100. P(x, y) be a point, which moves in the xy-plane such that
on the interval [−10,10] by
2[y] = 3[x], ∀ − 2 ≤ x ≤ 5 and −3 ≤ y ≤ 7, where [⋅] denote
 x − [ x] if [ x]is odd
f ( x) =  . the greatest integer function. If λ sq unit be the area of the
1 + [ x] − x if [ x]is even
region containing the point P( x, y ), then the value of
π2 10
Then the value of
10 ∫ −10
f ( x) cos π x dx is ….
λ λ λ λ … ∞ must be:

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 395
ANSWER π /2 π /2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
5. ∫
(d) Let I = sin x sin 2 x dx = 2
0 ∫
0
sin 2 x cos xdx

Put t = sin x ⇒ dt = cos x dx

b b c a d b c d b b
1 2 3 1 2
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Now, I = 2 ∫ t 2 dt = [t ] 0 = .
a a c c b a c b c b
0 3 3

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. π/ / 2 dx
d d c a b b a d d a
6. (b) I = ∫
0 sin 2 x/2 + cos 2 x/2 + 2 sin x/2 cos x/2
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
π /2 dx
c a c a a c c c c a I=∫
0 (sin x/2 + cos x/2) 2
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
π /2 sec 2 x/2
a c b b a b c b a d =∫ dx
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
0 (1 + tan x/2) 2
a c a b a a b a d b Put (1 + tan x/2) = t
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
1
a a,d a,b,c a b,d b,d b,c,d a,b,d All b,d ⇒ sec 2 x/2 dx = dt
2
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 2
2 dt 1   1 1
a,b b b a a b c a d c ∴ I = 2∫ = −2   = −2  −  = 1
 t 1  2 1
2
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
1 t
a c a b b c a b 4 2
6 1
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 7. (c) I = ∫ dx = [log( x + 1)]36 ,
3 x +1
2008 544 9997 4016 114 2048 5050 256 1296 4
6 1
SOLUTION I =∫ dt = [log(t + 1)]36
3 t +1
Multiple Choice Questions
1

 3x x 
8. (d) Given, ∫ f ( x) dx = 5
(b) I = ∫  tan −1 2
0
1. + cot −1 2  dx
−1
 x +1 x + 1 Put x = −t ⇒ dx = − dt
−1
3 π ∴ I = −∫
0
f (−t ) dt = − ∫ f (t ) dt
⇒ I=∫ dx 0 −1
−1 2
⇒ I = −5
π π
⇒ I= [ x]3−1 = [3 + 1] = 2π .
2 2 2 −1 1
9. (b) I = ∫ |1 − x2 | dx = ∫ |1 − x2 | dx + ∫ |1 − x2 | dx
−2 −2 −1
1 π 1 π
2. (b) I =
2 ∫0
2 sin 2 x dx = ∫ [1 − cos 2 x]dx
2 0
2
+ ∫ |1 − x | dx
1
2

π
1  sin 2 x  1 π ⇒
−1 1
I = − ∫ (1 − x 2 ) dx + ∫ (1 − x 2 )dx − ∫ (1 − x 2 )dx
2
⇒ I = x −  ⇒ I = [π ] = . −2 −1 1
2 2 0 2 2
4 4 4
b b
⇒ I= + + = 4.
1 1
3. (c) Let I = ∫
a x
log x dx = (log x log x )ba − ∫
a x
log x dx 3 3 3

1 10. (b) Let, f1 ( x) = cos3 x = − f (π − x)

⇒ 2 I = [(log x) 2 ]ba ⇒ I = [(log b) 2 − (log a ) 2 ]
2 and f 2 ( x ) = cos3 (2n + 1) x = − f (π − x)
1 1 b 
= [(log b + log a)(log b − log a)] = log(ab ) log   . ∴ I = 0.
2 2 a
π /2 1 f (2a − x)
∫ cos θ dθ f ( x)
2a 2a
4. (a) Let 11. (a) I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
π /4 sin 2 θ 0 f ( x) + f (2a − x) 0 f (2a − x) + f ( x)
Put t = sin θ ⇒ dt = cos θ d θ , then we have
2a f ( x) + f (2a − x) 2a
1 2I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx = [ x]02 a = 2a
1 1 −1 0 f ( x) + f (2a − x) 0
∫1/ 2 t2
dt =  
 t 1 /
= 2 −1 .
2
∴ I =a.

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396 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
12. (a) Let, f1 ( x ) = (1 − x ) , f 2 ( x) = sin x and f 3 ( x ) = cos x 2 2 π π π
18. (b) ∫ 0
x f (sin x)dx =
2 ∫0
f (sin x)dx
Now, f1 ( x) = f1 (− x) , f 2 ( x) = − f 2 (− x) and f3 ( x) = f (− x)
a 1 a
∴ I =∫
π π
f ( x)dx = ∫ [ f1 ( x). f 2 ( x ). f 3 ( x)]dx
Since ∫ 0
xf ( x)dx =
2 ∫0
a f ( x)dx, if f (a − x) = f ( x ) .
−π −π
π
= − ∫ [ f1 (− x). f 2 (− x). f3 (− x)] dx π /2 cot x
−π 19. (c) I = ∫ dx . . . (i)
0
cot x + tan x
∴ I =0
π π 
∫ cot  − x 
2
(π − x )
13. (c) I = e cos . cos 3 (2n + 1)(π − x ) dx
π /2  2 
0
=∫ dx
π 0
π  π 
∫
cos 2 x
⇒ I=− e . cos (2n + 1)x dx ⇒ I = − I
3
cot  − x  + tan  − x 
0 2  2 
⇒ 2 I = 0 ⇒ I = 0.
tan x
π /2
=∫ dx . . . (ii)
14. (c) f (cos x ) = f (cos (3π − x ))2 2
tan x + cot x
0

π Now adding (i) and (ii), we get

∴ I1 = 3∫ f (cos 2 x) dx
0 π /2 cot x + tan x
2I = ∫ dx = [ x]π0 / 2 .
⇒ I1 = 3I 2 0
tan x + cot x
π π
π
15. (b) Given, ∫0
x f (sin x)dx = k ∫
0
f (sin x)dx ⇒ I=
4
π π
⇒ ∫ 0
(π − x) f (sin(π − x))dx = k ∫
0
f (sin(π − x)) dx x
20. (b) f ( x) = ∫ t 3et dt = ∫ t 3 .et dt + ∫ t 3et dt
0 x

π π π a a 0
⇒ π∫ f (sin x)dx − ∫ x f (sin x )dx = k ∫ f (sin x)dx

⇒ π∫
0
π
f (sin x)dx − 2k ∫
0
π
f (sin x )dx = 0
0
⇒
df ( x) d
dx
=
dx ( ∫ t .e dt ) + dxd ( ∫ t .e dt ) = x e .
0

a
3 t
0
x
3 t 3 x

0 0
π /2 π /2  sin x 
∫ log tan x dx = ∫
π
⇒ (π − 2k ) ∫ f (sin x )dx = 0 21. (d) log   dx
0
0 0
 cos x 
∴ π − 2k = 0 ⇒ k = π /2 . =∫
π /2
log sin x dx − ∫
π /2
log cos x dx = 0 ,
0 0

{∵ ∫ }
2n
2π x sin xdx
16. (a) I = ∫
a a
f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx .
0
sin 2 n x + cos 2n x 0 0

2π (2π − x)sin 2n (2π − x)dx  a a 

and I = ∫
0 sin 2n (2π − x) + cos2n (2π − x)
∵
 ∫0
f (x ) =
∫ f(a − x)
0
2−x
22. (d) Let f ( x ) = log  
 2+ x
sin 2n π 2π −1
∴ 2 I = 2π ∫ dx  2− x   2− x
0
sin x + cos 2n x 2n ⇒ f (− x) = log   = − log   = − f ( x)
 2 + x   2+ x 
2π sin 2 n x nT T
⇒ I =π∫ dx using ∫ f ( x) = n ∫ f ( x)dx 1 2−x
0 sin 2 n
x + cos 2 n x 0 0 ∴ ∫ −1
log   dx = 0 .
2+ x
π /2 sin 2 n x
∴ I = 4π ∫ dx ⇒ I = 4π (π /4) = π 2 . 23. (c) I = ∫
π /4
log(1 + tan θ )dθ
0
sin x + cos 2 n x
2n
0
a +T
17. (c) Consider the function g (a) = ∫ f ( x) dx π /4  π 
a ⇒ I =∫ log 1 + tan  − θ   dθ
0 T a +T
0
 4 
= ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
a 0 T π /4  1 − tan θ 
Putting x − T = y in last integral,
⇒ I= ∫ 0
log  1 +  dθ
 1 + tan θ 
a +T a a π /4 π /4
we get ∫ T
f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( y + T ) dy = ∫ f ( y ) dy
0 0
⇒ I= ∫ 0 ∫
log 2 d θ − log(1 + tan θ ) d θ
0

π
0 T a T
⇒ g (a ) = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x )dx 1 π /4 log 2
2 ∫0
a 0 0 0 ⇒ I= log 2dθ = | θ |π0 / 4 = log 2 .
2 8
Hence g(a) is independent of a.

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 397
24. (a) Put 1 − x = t ⇒ −dx = dt .  1 1
31. (c) F '( x ) =| x |> 0∀x ∈  − , 
Also as x = 0 to 1, t = 1 to 0  2 2
1 0 1 1
Therefore, ∫ f (1 − x) dx = ∫ f (t )(− dt ) = ∫ f (t )dt = ∫ f ( x)dx .  1 1
0 1 0 0 Hence the function is increasing on  − ,  and therefore
 2 2
1 1
25. (b) ∑ lim r +n →∞ rn
= ∑ lim
n →∞ r r
 1 1
F ( x ) has maxima at the right end point of  − ,  .
n +  2 2

n n
1 1/ 2 3
⇒ Max F ( x ) = F   = ∫ | t | dt = − .
1 1 2 1 8
∴ lim S n = ∫ dx
n →∞ 0
x (1 + x )
∞ dx
32. (a) Putting x = tan θ , we get ∫
= 2[log(1 + x )]10 = 2log 2
(x + )
0 3
x2 + 1
 n n 1 
26. (b) We have, lim  + + ...... +
n →∞
 1+ n
2
4 + n2 2n  =∫
π /2 sec2 θ dθ
=∫
π /2 cosθ
dθ
n n
0 (tan θ + secθ ) 3 0 (1 + sin θ )3
n n
= lim ∑ = lim ∑ π /2
n →∞
r =1 r 2 + n 2 n→∞ r =1  r2   1  1 1 3
n 2 1 + 2  = − 2
=− + = .
 n   2(1 + sin θ ) 0 8 2 8
n
1 1 dx
= lim ∑
 r 2  ∫0 1 + x 2
= 1 x
n →∞
r =1
n 1 + 2 
33. (c) We have F ( x) =
x2 ∫ 4
(4t 2 − 2 F '(t ))dt
 n 
2 (
4 x 2 − 2 F '( x ) ) − 3
1 2 x

   r  1 n −1

∴ F '( x) =
x x ∫ 4
(4t 2 − 2 F '(t )) dt
∑
1
Applying formula, lim  f    . = ∫0 f ( x )dx 
r =0   
n →∞ n n 1 32
  ⇒ F ' (4 ) = [64 − 2 F ' (4 )] − 0 ⇒ F ' (4 ) = .
16 9
π
= [tan −1 x]10 = tan −1 1 − tan −1 0 = .
4 6 1
Γ .Γ
π 2 π /2 16
1p + 2 p + 3 p + ..... + n p n
 rp  34. (a) ∫ sin dx = 2∫ sin tdt = 2. 2 2 = .
5 5

∑ x 7 15
0 0
27. (a) lim = lim  p+1  2Γ
n→∞ n p +1 n→∞
r =1  n  2
p 1
1 n r  x p+1  1
= lim ∑   = ∫ x p dx = 
1
 = . 35. (a) f '( x) = 2 − x 2 ⇒ x 2 − 2 − x 2 = 0
n→∞ n
r =1  n 
0
 p + 10 p + 1
or x 4 + x 2 − 2 = 0 or ( x 2 + 2)( x 2 − 1) = 0
π π /2
28. (d) ∫0
sin 4 x dx = 2∫
0
sin 4 x dx ∴ x 2 − 1 = 0, ∴ x = ±1 .
Applying gamma function, (4 − 1).(4 − 3).(6 − 1).(6 − 3).(6 − 5) π
36. (c) I = .
π /2 Γ(5/ 2).Γ(1/ 2) 3π (4 + 6)(4 + 6 − 2)(4 + 6 − 4)(4 + 6 − 6)(4 + 6 − 8) 2
2∫ sin 4 x dx = 2 = .
0 2.Γ(6 / 2) 8 3.1.5.3.1 π 3π
= . =
∞ x dx 2
∞ (x + a ) − a 2 2 2 10.8.6.4.2. 2 512
29. (d) ∫0 ( x 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b 2 ) ∫0 ( x 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b 2 )
= dx
37. (c) Put, λ x = t , λ dx = dt , we get,
∞ 1 ∞ 1
∫0 x +b
2 2
dx − a 2 ∫
0 ( x + a )( x 2 + b 2 )
2 2
dx
∫
∞
e− λ x x n−1dx =
1
∫
∞
e− t t n−1dt =
1
∫
∞
e − x x n −1dx =
In
0 λ n 0 λ n 0 λn
∞
1 x a2 ∞ 1 1 
2 ∫0  2
=  tan −1  − 2 −  dx
38. (c) Using Walli’s formula,
b b  0 (a − b )  x + b 2 x 2 + a 2  7 − 1 7 − 3 7 − 5 6.4.2 16
∞
⇒ I= . . = =
1 π a2 1 x 1 x π 7 7 − 2 7 − 4 7.5.3 35
= . − 2 tan −1 − tan −1  = .
b 2 ( a − b 2 )  b b a a  0 2( a + b) 39. (c) By definition of f(x)
x2
π /2 Γ(3).Γ(1/ 2) 8 We have f ( x 2 ) = ∫ f (t )dt = x 2 + x 3 (given)
30. (a) ∫0
sin 5 xdx =
2.Γ(7 / 2)
= .
15
0

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398 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Differentiate both sides, f ( x ) ⋅ 2 x + 0 = 2 x + 3x 2 2 2
45. (a) Let I = ∫ [ x 2 − x + 1] dx
0
Put, x = 2 ⇒ 4 f (4) 1+ 5
2
= 16 ⇒ f (4) = 4 =∫ 2
[ x 2 − x + 1] dx + ∫1+ 5 [ x 2 − x + 1] dx
0
2
x
40. (a) f ( x) = ∫ 2 − t dt
2 1+ 5
2 7− 5
1 =∫ 2
1 dx + ∫1+ 5 2dx =
0
2 2
⇒ f '( x ) = 2 − x 2 .1 − 2 − 1.0 = 2 − x 2
9 9 36
∴ x 2 = f '( x ) = 2 − x 2 46. (b) Required area = ∫ y dx = ∫ dx
6 6 x2
⇒ x4 + x2 − 2 = 0 36
[Given x 2 y = 36 ⇒ y = ]
⇒ ( x + 2)( x − 1) = 0
2 2 x2
9
∴ x = ±1 (only real).  36   36 36 
=  −  = −  −  = −[4 − 6] = 2 .
∞ k
 x 6 9 6
41. (a) I = ∫ e − x dx = lim ∫ e − x dx
k →∞ 0
0
47. (c) Given curve y = log x and x = 1 , x = 2 .
⇒ I = lim[ − e − x ]0k = lim[ − e − k + e 0 ] 2
k →∞
−k
k →∞
−k −∞
Hence required area = ∫ 1
log x dx = ( x log x − x)12
⇒ I = lim(1 − e ) = 1 − 0 = 1[∵ lim e =e = 0]
k →∞ k →∞ = 2log 2 − 1 = (log 4 − 1) sq. unit.
k
Thus, lim ∫ e dx exists and is finite. Hence the given
−x
k →∞ 0 48. (b) We have y = sin x
integral is convergent x 0 π/6 π /2 π 3 π /2 2π
2 dx y 0 0.5 1 0 –1 0
42. (c) I = ∫
1 ( x − 1)( x − 4) Join these points with a free hand to obtain a rough sketch
Y
1 2 1 1  1
3 ∫1  x − 4 x − 1 
=  −  dx = [log 2 − ∞] = −∞ A
3
So the given integral is not convergent. B D
π 2π X
O
0 dx 0 dx
43. (b) I = ∫ = lim ∫ 2 C
-∞
a +x 2 2
k →− -∞ k
a + x2
0
Required area = (area of OAB ) + (area of BCD )
1 x
⇒ I = lim  tan −1  π 2π
= ∫ y dx + ∫ (− y ) dx , ( ∵ Area BCD is below x − axis)

k →−∞ a a k 0 π
π 2π
1 k
1
= lim  tan −1 0 − tan −1  = ∫
0
sin x dx − ∫ sin x dx = 4 sq. unit.
π

k →−∞ a a a
49. (a) y 2 = x and 2 y = x ⇒ y 2 = 2 y ⇒ y = 0, 2
1 1  −π  π
⇒ I = 0 − tan −1 ( −∞) = −  = 2
a a 2  2a 2  y3  4
∴ Required area = ∫ ( y 2 − 2 y ) dy =  − y 2  = sq. unit.
Hence integral is convergent. 0
 3 0 3
9
44. (b) Let I = ∫
20
[cot −1 x] dx, 50. (d) Shaded area A = 2∫ 4axdx
4
−10
Y x=4 x=9
we know cot −1 x ∈(0, π ) ∀ x ∈ R
3, x ∈ (−∞, cot 3)
2, x ∈ (cot 3, cot 2)

Thus, [cot −1 x] =  X
1 x ∈ (cot 2, cot 1)
0 x ∈ (cot1, ∞) y2=4ax
cot3 cot 2 cot1 20
Hence, I = ∫ 3 dx + ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 1dx + ∫ 0 dx
−10 cot 3 cot 2 cot1 2 152 a
A = 4 a × [ x3/ 2 ]94 = .
= 30 + cot 1 + cot 2 + cot 3 3 3

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 399
51. (a) Given required area has been shown in the figure. 2
2  y3  4
π ∴ Required Area = ∫ (2 y − y 2 ) dy =  y 2 −  =
x= is the point of intersection of both curve 0
 3 0 3
4
Y
57. (b) The required area is symmetric about both the axis as
y = cos x
shown in figure
y = sin x Y

X
x = π /4
O (a, 0)
π /4 (0, 0) X
∴ Required area = ∫ (cos x − sin x ) dx
0

 1 1  2
= [sin x + cos x ]π0 / 4 =  + − 1 = −1 = 2 −1 .
 2 2  2 a

52. (c) We have y = 4 x − x and y = 0 ; ∴ x = 0 , 4

2 ∴ Required area = 4
∫
0
a 2 − x 2 dx

Y x = π/4
a
x a2 x π a2 
= 4 a 2 − x 2 + sin −1  = 4  ×  = π a 2
2 2 a 0  2 2 
X
(–π / 2,0) (π/4,0) (π /2, 0)
58. (a) Since the curve is symmetrical about x-axis, therefore
the required area
Y
4
4 4x 2 x 3 
∫
Required area = (4 x − x )dx =  − 2

0  2 3  0 S'

64 32 O (1, 0) X
= 32 − = sq. unit.
3 3
53. (a) Solving y = 0 and y = 4 + 3x − x 2 , we get x = −1, 4 .
Curve does not intersect x-axis between x = −1 and x = 4 . 1
2 
3
1 1 8
4 125 = 2∫ y dx = 2∫ 4 x dx = 4.  x 2  =
∴ Area = ∫ (4 + 3 x − x 2 )dx = . 0 0 3  0 3
−1 6
54. (b) Given, y = − x 2 + 2 x + 3 and y = 0 Y
59. (d)
Therefore, x = −1 and x = 3
3
∴ Required area = ∫ (− x + 2 x + 3)dx
2
−1
3 (1, 1)
 x3  32
= − + x 2 + 3x = .
 3  −1 3
O X
55. (a) The parabola meets x-axis at the points, where (0, 0)
3 2
(a − x 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = ± a. So the required area The given curve is y = 2 x − x 2
a
a 3 6 a 2 ⇒ y = −( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + 1
= ∫−a a
(a 2 − x 2 )dx =
a 0 ∫
(a − x 2 )dx = 4 a 2 sq. unit.
⇒ y − 1 = −( x − 1) 2 , It represents a downward parabola with
56. (a) The area between the given curve x = 2 y − y 2 and y-
vertex (1, 1)
axis will be as shown in diagram
Y
Its points of intersection with the line y = x are (0, 0) and
(0, 2) (1, 1). Required area = shaded region
1
1 1 1
 x 2 x3 
= ∫ (2 x − x 2 )dx − ∫ x dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx =  − 
0 0 0  2 3 0
1 1 1
O' (0, 0)
X = − = .
2 3 6

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400 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
60. (b) Y sin nx
( ∵ f ( x) = is an even function)
B(0,2) sin x
π sin nx
⇒ In = ∫ dx
C(–2,0) A(2,0)
0 sin x
X π sin(n + 2) x − sin nx
x =2
Now, I n + 2 − I n = ∫ dx
0 sin x
Given lines are y = x + 2, y = –x + 2, x = 2 π 2 cos(n + 1) x ⋅ sin x
=∫ dx
Hence required area 0 sin x
1 π
= Area of ∆CAB = (2)(4) = 4 sq. units. π  sin( n + 1) x 
2 = 2 ∫ cos(n + 1) x dx = 2   =0
0
 (n + 1)  0
61. (a) The part of circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 in between y = 0 and ∴ In+2 = In . . .(iii)
y = 2 is revolved about y- axis. Then a frustum of sphere π sin nx
will be formed. Since, I n = ∫ dx
0 sin x
2 2
The volume of this frustum = π ∫ x 2 dy = π ∫ (9 − y 2 )dy ⇒ I1 = π and I 2 = 0
0 0
2 ∴ From Eq. (iii) I1 = I 3 = I 5 = ... = π
 1   1 1 
= π 9 y − y 3  = π 9 × 2 − (2)3 − (9.0 − .0)  10 10
 3 0  3 3  and I 2 = I 4 = I 6 = ... = 0 ⇒ Σ I 2 m +1 = 10π and Σ I 2 m = 0
m =1 m =1
46
= π cubic unit.
3 1 x 4 (1 − x)4
64. (a) Let I = ∫ dx
0 1 + x2
NCERT Exemplar Problems 1( x − 1)(1 − x) 4 + (1 − x) 4
4
=∫ dx
More than One Answer 0 (1 + x 2 )
n n (1 + x 2 − 2 x) 2
62. (a,d) Given, Sn = Σ 1
= ∫ ( x 2 − 1)(1 − x) 4 dx + ∫
1
dx
k =0 n + kn + k 2
2
0 0 (1 + x 2 )
   
  1 4x2 
n 1  1  n 1 1 = ∫ ( x 2 − 1)(1 − x) 4 + (1 + x 2 ) − 4 x + dx
= Σ ⋅  < lim Σ   0
 (1 + x 2 ) 
k2 n →∞ k = 0 n  2 
k =0 n
 k  k k
 1+ + 2   1+ +    1 4 
 n n   n n  = ∫  ( x 2 − 1)(1 − x) 4 + (1 + x 2 ) − 4 x + 4 −  dx
1
0
 1 − x2 
1 1  2  2  1  
=∫ dx =  tan −1   x +  
1 4 
0 1 + x + x2
 3 2  0 = ∫  x6 − 4 x5 + 5x 4 − 4 x 2 + 4 −  dx
 3 0
 1 + x2 
2 π π  π π 1
= ⋅ −  = i.e., S n <  x7 4 x 6 5x5 4 x3 
3 3 6 3 3 3 3 = − + − + 4 x − 4 tan −1 x 
 7 6 5 3 0
π
Similarly, Tn > 1 4 5 4 π  22
3 3 = − + − + 4 − 4 − 0 = −π
7 6 5 3 4  7
π sin nx
63. (a,b,c) Given I n = ∫ dx . . .(i)
−π (1 + π x )sin x
1 h ( n) r
b b 65. (b,d) lim ∑ f   = ∫ f ( x)dx
using ∫
a
f ( x)dx = ∫ f (b + a − x) dx
a
n →∞ n
r = g (n) n
g ( n) r
π π sin nx
x
lim where, is replaced with x.
we get I n = ∫ dx . . .(ii) n →∞ n n
−π (1 + π x ) sin x

Σ is replaced with Integral.

Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
1a + 2 a + ... + n a 1
π sin nx π sin nx Here, lim =
2I n = ∫ dx = 2 ∫ dx n →∞ ( n + 1) a −1{( na + 1) + ( na + 2) + ... + ( na + n )} 60
−π sin x 0 sin x

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 401
n y
∑r 6

1
⇒ lim r =1
=
n →∞
a −1  n(n + 1)  60
(n + 1) ⋅ n2 a +
 2  A
B x
a
r n (0,0) O
2∑  
{1–m,m (1–m)}

r =1  n 
⇒ lim a −1
C
y = mx
n →∞
 1 
1 +  ⋅ (2na + n + 1)
 n 1− m
∴ Area of curve OABCO = ∫ [ x − x 2 − mx] dx
1 n r  
a 0
1
⇒ lim  2∑    ⋅ lim 1− m
n →∞ n  a −1
 x 2 x3 
 r =1  n 
n →∞
  1  1
=  (1 − m) − 
 1 +  ⋅  2a + 1 + 
 n  n  2 3 0
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 2 ∫ ( x a )dx ⋅ = (1 − m)3 − (1 − m)3 = (1 − m)3
0 1 ⋅ (2a + 1) 2 3 6
2 ⋅ ( x a +1 )10 2 ∴
1 9
(1 − m)3 = (given)
⇒ =
(2a + 1) ⋅ ( a + 1) (2a + 1) ⋅ ( a + 1) 6 2

2 1 ⇒ (1 − m)3 = 27
∴ =
(2a + 1)(a + 1) 60 ⇒ 1− m = 3
⇒ (2a + 1)(a + 1) = 120 ⇒ m = −2

⇒ 2a 2 + 3a + 1 − 120 = 0 Case (iii): When m > 0 In this case, y = mx and y = x − x 2

⇒ 2a 2 + 3a − 119 = 0 intersect in (0, 0) and {(1 − m), m(1 − m)} as show in figure.
y
−17
⇒ (2a + 17)(a − 7) = 0 ⇒ a = 7, y = mx
2

66. (b,d) Case (i) : When m = 0 In this case y = x − x 2 . . .(i) 1-m

x
A O (0, 0)
and y=0 . . .(ii)
are two given curves, y > 0 is total region above x-axis. B y = x – x²
y
0
Area of shaded region = ∫ ( x − x 2 − mx) dx
1− m

0
 x 2 x3 
A =  (1 − m) − 
 2 3 1− m
O B x 1 1 1
= − (1 − m)(1 − m) 2 + (1 − m)3 = − (1 − m)3
2 3 6
Therefore, area between y = x – x2 and y = 0 is area between
9 1
y = x – x2 and above the x-axis ⇒ = − (1 − m)3 (given)
1
2 6
1  x 2 x3 
∴ A = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx =  −  ⇒ (1 − m)3 = −27 ⇒ (1 − m) = −3 ⇒ m = 3 + 1 = 4
0
 2 3 0
67. (b,c,d) y
1 1 1 9
= − = ≠ . Hence, no solution exists.
2 3 6 2
e y=e
Case (ii): When m < 0 In this case area between y = x − x 2
and y = mx is OABCO and points of intersection are (0,0)
x
and {1–m, m(1–m)} 1

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402 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

( ∫ e dx ) = 1
1 1
Shaded area = e − x
+ x {0 − ( x − 1) f ( x )} + ∫ (t − 1) f (t ) dt.1
0 x

x
= ∫ t f (t ) dt + f (t − 1) f (t ) dt
e
Also, ∫1
ln (e + 1 − y )dy [Put e + 1 − y = t ⇒ − dy = dt ] 0

1 0 e ∴ g ′′( x) = xf ( x) + {0 − ( x − 1) f ( x)} = f ( x)
4 = ∫ ln t (− dt ) = ∫ ln t dt = ∫ ln ydy = 1
e 1 1
e
68. (a,b,d) y 71. (a,b) I n = [(ln x) n .x]1e − ∫ n(ln x) n −1 dx
1
1
I n + n I n −1 = e = 2.718281828...
1
e Hence, 2 < I n + n I n −1 < 3
x
O 1 1
2 Assertion and Reason
− x2
Graph for, y = e Since, x ≤ x when x ∈ [0,1]
2
72. (b) Put x = t 2
∞ ∞ 2 ∞
e− x e− t
2
⇒ − x 2 ≥ − x or e − x ≥ e − x
∫0 x ∫0 x t dt = 2∫0 e dx
−t2
⇒ dx = 2
1 1
∫e dx ≥ ∫ e − x dx
− x2
∴ . . .(i)
0 0

1
[sin(a + b) x + sin(a − b) x ]
1
∫e
− x2
Also, dx ≤ Area of two Rectangles. 73. (b) sin ax cos bx =
0 2
 1   1  1 1 1  1  ∞ ∞
1  sin(a + b) x
∞
sin( a − b) x 
≤ 1 ×  + 1 − × ≤ + 1 −  . . .(ii)
sin ax cos bx
 2  2 e 2 e 2 ∫0 x
dx = 
2 0∫ x
dx + ∫
0
x
dx 

1 1  1  1 ∞ ∞
∴ 1 −+  ≥ S ≥ 1− 1  sin t sin u  π
2 e 2 e = ∫ dt + ∫ du  =
2 0 t 0
u  2
[From Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
β f (α + β − x) 74. (a) x10 sin9 x is an odd function.
69. (a,b,c,d) Let I − ∫ dx . . .(i)
α f ( x) + f (α + β − x) a

∫x sin 9 x dx = 0
10
So
β f ( x)
∫α f (α + β − x) + f ( x)
dx . . .(ii) −a

x −x
(by property) 75. (a) F ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt = − ∫ f (u ) du (u = −t )
β
Addding Eqs. (i) and (ii), then 2 I = ∫ 1.dx = β − α a −a
α −x a −x

∴
 β −α 
I = ∫ f (u )du = ∫ f (u )du + ∫ f (u)du
 = 4 (given) −a −a a
 2 
−x
∴ β −α = 8 = ∫ f (u)du = F (− x)
a
70. (b,d) For x = 0 G (0, t ) = 0, t ≥ 0
1 1 76. (b) Since cos x ≤ 1, the condition x > 10 yields
∴ g (0) = ∫ f (t )G (0, t ) dt = ∫ 0. dt = 0 and for x = 1
0 0
cos x
G (1, t ) = 0, t < 1 < 10−2 < 10 −1
1 + x4
1
∴ g (1) = ∫ f (t )G (1, t ) dt = 0 ⇒ I < 8.10 −2 < 10 −1
0

x 1
Also, g ( x) ∫ f (t )G ( x, t ) dt + ∫ f (t )G ( x, t ) dt
0 x 77. (c) The integranal is even,
x 1 ∞ ∞
= ∫ f (t ).t ( x − 1)dt + ∫ f (t ).x(t − 1) dt dx dx
0 x so ∫ 1+ x
−∞
2
= 2∫
0
1 + x2
x 1
= ( x − 1) ∫ t f (t ) dt + x ∫ (t − 1) f (t ) dt ∞ b
π
= lim ( tan −1 b − 0 ) =
0 x dx dx
g ′( x) = ( x − 1).x f ( x) + ∫ t f (t ) dt.1
1 ⇒ ∫0 1 + x 2 = lim
b →∞ ∫ 1 + x 2
0
b →∞ 2

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 403
78. (a) Since 0 ≤ cos x ≤ 1, 2 Again, using L’ Hospital’s rule
1 1 h
so
1
≤
1
≤
1 f '( a + h) − f '(a + h) − f '(a + h) − f "(a + h)
8 5 + 3cos 2 x 5 ⇒ lim 2 2 2 =0
h →0 6h
π /2
π dx π
⇒
16
≤ ∫
0
≤
5 + 3cos 2 x 10
h
−
f "(a + h)
⇒ lim 2 =0
h →0 6h
cos x cos  1 , x ∈ [0, π / 2]
79. (d) = = ⇒ f "(a ) = 0, ∀ a ∈ R
1 − sin x cos x −1 , x ∈ (π / 2, π )
2

π π /2 π ⇒ f(x) must have maximum degree 1.

cos x
⇒ ∫
0 1 − sin 2 x
= ∫
0
dx − ∫
π /2
dx = 0
85. (b) Here, f ( x ) = (1 − x ) 2 ⋅ sin 2 x + x 2 ≥ 0, ∀ x.
x  2(t − 1) 
80. (c) Integrating by parts, and g ( x) = ∫  − log t  f (t ) dt
π
π
π
1
 t +1 
∫ x cos x = x sin x − ∫ 2 x sin x dx = −2 J
2 2
0  2( x − 1) 
0 0 ⇒ g '( x) =  − log x  ⋅ 
f ( x) . . .(i)
π π π  ( x + 1)  + ve
J = ∫ x sin x dx = ∫ π sin x dx − ∫ x sin x dx
For g '( x) to be increasing or decreasing
0 0 0

⇒ 2 J = π ( − cos x ) 0 = 2 x
π 2( x − 1)
Let φ ( x) = − log x
( x + 1)
⇒ J =π
4 1 −( x − 1) 2
φ ( x) = − =
81. (a) Set x + 1 = u 3
( x + 1) 2
x x( x + 1) 2
9
2
10 x 2 10 du 10  1 
9
35 φ '( x ) < 0, for x > 1
⇒ ∫1 ( x3 + 1)2 dx = 2 ∫2 u 2 = 3  − u  2 = 27 ⇒ φ ( x) < φ (1) ⇒ φ ( x) < 0 . . .(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), We get g '( x) < 0 for x ∈ (1, ∞)
Comprehension Based
∴ g(x) is decreasing for x ∈ (1, ∞)
 π
 π 
−0  0+ 2 
π /2
2 π  86. (c) Here, f ( x) + 2 x = (1 − x) 2 ⋅ sin 2 x + x 2 + 2 x . . .(i)
82. (c) ∫ sin x dx =  sin 0 + sin   + 2sin  
0 4  2  2  
 where, P : f ( x) + 2 x = 2(1 + x) 2
. . .(ii)
  
∴ 2(1 + x ) = (1 − x) sin x + x + 2 x
2 2 2 2
π
= (1 + 2).
8 ⇒ (1 − x) 2 sin 2 x = x 2 − 2 x + 2

83. (a) F '(c) = (b − a) f '(c) + f (a) − f (b) ⇒ (1 − x) 2 sin 2 x = (1 − x)2 + 1 ⇒ (1 − x) 2 cos 2 x = −1

Which is never possible ∴ P is false.
F "(c) = f "(c)(b − a) < 0 ⇒ F '(c) = 0
Again, let h( x) = 2 f ( x) + 1 − 2 x(1 + x)
f (b) − f (a)
⇒ f '(c) = where, h(0) = 2 f (0) + 1 − 0 = 1
b−a
h(1) = 2 f (1) + 1 − 4 = −3 as h(0)h(1) < 0
t (t − a)
∫ a
f ( x)dx −
2
{ f (t ) + f (a)} ⇒ h(x) must have a solution,
84. (b) Given, lim =0 ∴ Q is true
t →a (t − a)3
Using L’ Hospital’s rule Match the Column
a+h h
∫ a
f ( x) dx − { f (a + h) + f (a )}
2 87. (a) (A) Let I = ∫
1 dx
⇒ lim =0 −1 1 + x2
h →0 h3
Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 θ dθ
1 h
f (a + h) − { f (a + h) + f ( a )} − { f '(a + h)}
2 2 π /4 π
⇒ lim =0 ∴ I = 2∫ dθ =
h →0 3h 2 0 2

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404 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 1
1 dx  −1  x   1  −1 x 
(B) Let I = ∫ 1 dx
⇒ sin  2   < ∫0 < sin
1 − x2 2  2  0
0
  0 (4 − x − x )
2 3

Put x = sin θ ⇒ dx = cos θ dθ π 1 dx π

⇒ <∫ <
π /2 π 6 0
(4 − x − x ) 4 2
2 3
∴ I =∫ 1dθ =
0 2
π π
3 ∴ λ= ≈ 4.43 and µ = ≈ 0.52
3dx 1   1 + x  1  4   3  4 2 6
(C) ∫2 1 − x 2 = 2 log  1 − x  2 = 2 log  −2  − log  −1  
[λ + µ ] = 4, [λ − µ ] = 3 (2, 4)
1   2 
= log  
2   3   Integer
2 dx π π  x − [ x] if [ x]is odd
89. (4) Given, f ( x) = 
(D) ∫1
x x2 − 1
= [sec −1 x]12 =
3
−0 =
3 1 + [ x] − x if [ x]is even
y
x7
88. (b) (A) Since, 0 < < x7 ∀ 0 < x < 1
3
(1 + x8 )
1 1 x7 1 –10 –9 –2 –20 1 2 9 10
Then, ∫ 0
0 dx < ∫
0 3
(1 + x8 )
dx < ∫ x 7 dx
0
f(x) and cos πx both are periodic with period 2 and both are
7
1 x dx 1 even
Hence, 0 < ∫ <
0 3
(1 + x8 ) 8 10 10 2
∴ ∫ f ( x) cos π x dx = 2 ∫ f ( x) cos π x dx = 10 ∫ f ( x) cos π x dx
1 −10
∴ λ = ,µ = 0 0 0

8 1 1 1

[λ + µ ] = 0, [λ − µ ] = 0 (3, 5)
Now, ∫ f ( x) cos π x dx
0
= ∫ (1 − x) cos π x dx = − ∫ u cos π u du
0 0

(B) Since, (1 − x ) < (1 + x ) < (1 + x ) ∀ x ∈ (0, 1)

2 6 2 2 2 1
and ∫ f ( x) cos π x dx = ∫ ( x − 1) cos π x dx = − ∫ u cos π u du
1 1 1 1 1 0
⇒ > > ∀ x ∈ (0, 1) 10 1
(1 − x ) 2
(1 + x ) 6
(1 + x ) 2
40
∴ ∫
−10
f ( x) cos π x dx = −20∫ u cos π u du =
π2
1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 0
⇒ ∫0
(1 + x 2 )
<∫
0
(1 + x 6 )
<∫
0
(1 − x 2 ) π 2 10
10 −∫10
⇒ f ( x) cos π x dx = 4
1 dx
⇒ ln{x + (1 + x 2 )}10 < ∫ < {sin −1 x}10 90. (2) Plan Integration by parts
0
(1 + x 6 )
 d 
⇒ ln 2 < ∫
1 dx
<
π ∫ f ( x) g ( x) dx = f ( x)∫ g ( x) dx − ∫  dx [ f ( x)]∫ g ( x) dx  dx
0
(1 + x 6 ) 2
1 d2
Given I = ∫ 4 x
3
π (1 − x 2 )5 dx
∴ λ= ≈ 1.57, µ = ln 2 ≈ 0.693
0 I dx 2
2 1
 d  1 d
[λ + µ ] = 2, [λ − µ ] = 0 (1, 3) =  4 x 3 (1 − x 2 )5  − ∫ 12 x 2 (1 − x 2 )5 dx
 dx 0 0 dx
(C) Since, 4 − x 2 > 4 − x 2 − x3 > 4 − 2 x 2 x ∀∈ (0, 1) = [4 x 3 × 5(1 − x 2 )(−2 x)]10
⇒ (4 − x 2 ) < (4 − x 2 − x3 ) < (4 − 2 x 2 ) x ∀∈ (0, 1)  1 5

−12 [ x 2 (1 − x 2 )5 ]10 − ∫ 2 x(1 − x 2 ) dx 
1 1 1  0

⇒ < < x ∀∈ (0, 1) 1
(4 − x ) (4 − x − x ) (4 − 2 x 2 ) = 0 − 0 − 12(0 − 0) + 12∫ 2 x(1 − x 2 )5 dx
2 2 3
0
1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1
∴ ∫0
(4 − x ) 2
<∫
0
(4 − x − x) 2
<∫
0
(1 − 2 x )
2
 (1 − x 2 )6 
= 12 ×  −
 1
 = 12 0 +  = 2
 6 0  6

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Definite Integration and Area under Curves 405
sin 2α π /2 π
  x   sin 2α   
91. (2008) I = sin −1   = sin −1   = 2008  ∫ cos x dx − ∫ cos x dx  + sin a
  2cos α  0  2cos α   0 π /2 
 2π 
{ }
π /2 π

sin −1 (sin α ) = π − α ∵ π < α <  = 2008 [sin x ]0 − [sin x ]π / 2 + sin a

 3 
(I + α ) = 2008{(1 − 0) − (0 − 1)} + sin a = 4016 + sin a
∴ 2008 = 2008
π ∴ λ = 4016 + sin a
2

92. (544) I = ∫ x [ 2 x ] dx Hence, (λ ) = (4016) = 4016

0
xy x y
1/ 2 1 3/ 2 2
= ∫ 0 ⋅ dx + ∫ x dx + ∫ 2 x dx + ∫ 3x dx
95. (114) We have ∫ f (t ) dt = y ∫ f (t ) dt + x ∫ f (t ) dt
1 1 1
0 1/ 2 1 3/ 2
1 2 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x keeping y as constant
 x2  3/ 2  3x 2 
= 0 +   +  x 2  +   y
 2 1/ 2  2  3/ 2 f ( xy ) y = y f ( x ) + ∫ f (t ) dt
1

1
1 1 9  3 9
= 1 −  +  − 1  +  4 −  y
2 4  4  2 4 Putting x = 1, then y f ( y ) = y f (1) + ∫ f (t ) dt
3 5 21 34 17 1
= + + = =
8 4 8 8 4 y

17 ⇒ y f ( y ) = 3 y + ∫ f (t ) dt
∴ 128I = 128 × = 32 ×17 = 544 1
4
( ∵ f (1) = 3 )
1 x
e
93. (9997) I = ∫ dx . . .(i) Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. y,
−1
1 + ax
Then y f ′( y ) = f ( y ) ⋅1 = 3 + f ( y )
0− x
e
1
 b b

I=∫ dx ∵ ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x) dx  3
−1
1+ a 0− x
 a a  ⇒ f ′( y ) =
y
1 x
a xe ∴ f ( y ) = 3ln y + c
= ∫ 1+ a
−1
x
dx . . .(ii)
⇒ f (1) = 3ln1 + c = 3
e| x| (1 + a x )
1
Adding equation (i) and (ii), then 2 I = ∫ dx ∴ c=3
−1
(1 + a x )
1 1
⇒ f ( y ) = 3ln y + 3 = 3ln(ey )
= ∫ e dx = 2 ∫ e dx
| x| x
Then, f (e37 ) = 3ln(e ⋅ e37 ) = 3ln(e38 ) = 3 × 38ln e = 144
−1 0

I = (e − 1) 96. (2048) y
∴
9997
Then, I = 9997
(e − 1) x = 16
a + 2008π x′ x
O
94. (4016) I = ∫
0
cos x dx

2008π a + 2008π
= ∫
0
cos x dx + ∫
2008π
cos x dx y′
Latusrectum is x = 16
π a
= 2008∫ cos x dx + ∫ cos x dx
16

0 0
∴ Required area (λ ) = 2 ∫ 8 x dx
0
( ∵ period of cos x is π )
π / 2 π
 a
= 16 ⋅
3
{ x }0 = 3 (64 − 2)
2 3/ 2 16 32

= 2008  ∫ cos x dx + ∫ cos x dx  ∫ cos x dx

 0  0 ∴ 3λ = 32 × 64 = 2048

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406 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
97. (5050) y = {x(e + e ) − (e − e − x )}10
x −x x

2
= {(e + e−1 ) − (e − e −1 )} − {0 − (1 − 1)} =
e
2
∴ 128 eλ = 128e × = 256
x′ x e
O (2, 0)

99. (1296) The given curve are y = ln( x + e)

1
and x = ln  
 y
y′
1
The curve xy = 4(2 − x) is symmetrical about x-axis and
2
∴ = e x ⇒ y = e− x
y
at x → 0, y → ∞ 0 ∞
∴ Required area = ∫ ln( x + e) dx + ∫ e
−x
i.e., y-axis is asymptote and cut off x-axis at x = 2 dx
1− e
4(2 − x) 0
∵ y2 = ≥0 e ∞
x = ∫ ln x dx + ∫ e − x dx (by property)
2− x ( x − 2) 1 0
⇒ ≥0 ⇒ ≤0
x x = {x ln x − x}1e − {e− x }0∞
∴ x ∈ (0, 2] = {(e − e) − (0 − 1)} − {0 − 1} = 2 sq unit
 2−x λ=2
2
∴
Then λ = 2∫ 2   dx Put x = 2sin θ
2

0  x  Then, 62 λ = 6 4 = 1296
∴ dx = 4sin θ cos θ dθ
π /2
 2 − 2sin 2 θ  100. (4) Required area = 4 × (1× 1) = 4 sq unit
⇒ λ=4 ∫   × 4sin θ cos θ dθ
 2sin θ 
2
0 7
π /2
1 π 6
= 16 ∫
0
cos 2 θ dθ = 16 ⋅ ⋅ = 4π
2 2 5

Then, cos(1824 λ ) = cos(1524 × 4π ) = 1 4

∴ 5050 cos(1824 λ ) = 5050 × 1 = 5050 3

2
1
98. (256) Required area λ = ∫ ( xe − xe )dx x −x
1
0 –2 –1
y = xex y = xe–x O 1 2 3 4 5
–1

–2

–3

∴ λ=4
x=1 1 1 1 1 1/ 2
+ + + +…∞
O λ λ λ λ …∞ = λ 2 4 8 16
= λ 1−1/ 2 = λ = 4

***

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Differential Equations 407

18 Differential Equations
QUICK LOOK Formation of Differential Equation
We know x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is a circle whose centre is the origin and
The order of the highest derivative present in this equation is
two; thus, we’ll call it a second order differential equation (DE, a is the radius. If a is a parameter, it will represent a family of
for convenience). The order of DE is the order of the highest concentric circles with the common centre (0, 0).
derivative that occurs in the equation. Again, consider the DE dy
Differentiating x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , 2 x + 2 y = 0 i.e., xdx + ydy = 0 (i
2
 d y  dy
3 dx
 3 + = x2 y 2 n differential form).
 dx  dx
This is a differential equation for all the members of the family
The degree of the highest order derivative in this DE is two, so
this is DE of degree two (and order three). The degree of a DE and it does not contain any parameter (arbitrary constant).
is the degree of the highest order derivative that occurs in the
The differential equation of a family of curves of one
equation, when all the derivatives in the equation are made of parameter is a differential equation of the first order,
free of fractional powers. For example, the DE obtained by eliminating the parameter by differentiation.
2 2
The differential equation of a family of curves (like
 dy   d2y 
  −1 + x  2  = k x2 y2
 dx   dx  + = 1 ) of two parameters is a differential equation of
a2 b2
is not of degree two. When we make this equation free of
the second order, obtained by eliminating the parameters by
fractional powers, by the following rearrangement,
2
differentiating the algebraic equation twice. Similar
 dy 
2   d 2 y  
2
procedure is used to find differential equation of a family of
  − 1 =  k − x  2  ,
 dx    dx   curves of three or more parameters.
We see that the degree of the highest order derivative will
become four. Thus, this is a DE of degree four (and order two). Solution of Differential Equation
Finally, an nth linear DE (degree one) is an equation of the form
The general solution of a differential equation is the relation
in the variable x, y obtained by integrating (removing
dny d n −1 y dy
a0 n
+ a1 n−1 + ... + an−1 + an y = b derivatives) where the relation contains as many arbitrary
dx dx dx
constant as the order of the equation.
Where the ai′ and b are functions of x. Solving nth order DE to

The general solution of a differential equation of the first
evaluate the unknown function will essentially consist of doing
order contains one arbitrary constant while that of the
n integrations on the DE. Each integration step will introduce
second order contains two arbitrary constants. So, the
an arbitrary constant. Thus, you can expect in general that the
general solution of a differential equation of the first order
solution of an nth order DE will contain n independent arbitrary
gives one-parameter family of curves.
constants. By n independent constants, we mean to say that the
most general solution of the DE cannot be expressed in fewer
In the general solution, if particular values of the arbitrary
than n constants. constants are put, we get a particular solution which will
give one member of the family of curves.
Differential Equation, its Degree and Order
To Solve Differential Equation of the first order and the
dy d 2 y First Degree
An equation involving derivatives (i.e., , 2 , etc.) in x and y
dx dx Simple standard forms of differential equation of the first order
is differential equation. and the first degree are as follows.

The order of the highest order derivative in the equation is
Variable separable.
the order of the equation. Form: f ( x )dx + φ ( y )dy = 0

The degree of the highest order derivative (when put in
rational form) is the degree of the equation. Method: Integrate it, i.e, find ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ φ ( y)dy = c

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408 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

Reducible into variable separable.
d(x + y) = dx + dy
Method: Make a suitable substitution so that the equation
d(xy) = xdy + ydx
becomes variable separable in the new variables.  x  ydx − xdy

Homogeneous equation.
d =
 y y2
dy  y
Form: = F   x 2  2 xydx − x 2 dy
dx x
d =
 y y2
Method: Put y = vx and solve the equation in the new
 y 2  2 xydy − y 2 dx
variables x, v
d =
 x  x2
dy a1 x + b1 y + c1

No homogeneous equations.Form: =
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2  x 2  2 xy 2 dx − 2 x 2 ydy

d 2 =
a1 b1 y  y4
Method: If ≠ , put x = X + h, y = Y + k such that
a2 b2  x  ydx − xdy

d  tan −1  = 2
a1h + b1k + c1 = 0,  y x + y2
a2 h + b2 k + c2 = 0. In this way, the equation becomes xdy + ydx

d [ln( xy )] =
homogeneous in X, Y. Then use the method for xy
homogeneous equations.   x   ydx − xdy

d  ln   =
a1 b1   y  xy
If = , put a1 x + b1 y = v or a2 x + b2 y = v. The equation
a2 b2 1  xdx + ydy

d  ln( x 2 + y 2 )  = 2
changes in the form of variable separable in x, v. 2  x + y2

Linear equations.
  y   xdy − ydx
dy
d  ln    =
Form: + P ( x)· y = Q ( x)   x  xy
dx
 1  xdy + ydx
Method: Multiply the equation by e ∫
P ( x ) dx
, called
d −  =
 xy  x2 y2
integrating factor. Then the equation becomes
 ex  ye x dx − e x dy
d
dx {
y ·e ∫
P ( x ) dx
}= Q ( x )·e ∫
P ( x ) dx
.

d 
 y
 =
 y2

∴ Integrating, y ·e ∫
P ( x ) dx
= ∫ {
Q ( x )·e ∫
P ( x ) dx
}
dx

 ey
d 
 x
 xe y dy − e y dx
 =
 x2

Reducible into linear equation.

d ( x m y n ) = x m−1 y n−1 (mydx + nxdy )
dy
Form: R ( y )· + P ( x )· S ( y ) = Q ( x ) such that dS ( y) = R( y)
dx dy
d ( )
x2 + y2 =
xdx + y dy
x2 + y2
dS ( y ) dS ( y ) dy
Method: Put S ( y ) = z; then = · i.e., 1
dy dy dx x + y  x dy − y dx

d  log = 2
 2 x− y x − y2
dz dy dz
= R ( y ) . The equation + P ( x ) z = Q ( x ) which is in
dx dx dx d [ f ( x, y )]1−n f ′( x, y )

=
the linear form. 1− n ( f ( x, y )) n

Exact differential equations.
Form: ∑ f {φ ( x, y)}dφ = 0. To Solve Differential Equation of the First Order but of
Higher Degree: Standard forms of differential equation of the
Solution by Inspection: If we can write the differential
dy
equation in the form f ( f1 ( x, y )) d ( f1 ( x, y )) + first order and higher degree as follows (here we denote by p).
dx
φ ( f 2 ( x, y ))d ( f 2 ( x, y )) +.... = 0 , then each term can be
Solvable for p.
easily integrated separately. For this the following results Form: { p − f1 ( x, y )}{ p − f 2 ( x, y )}.....{ p − f n ( x, y )} = 0
must be memorized. Method: Solve the first order and first degree equations

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Differential Equations 409
p − f1 ( x, y ) = 0, etc. It φ1 ( x, y, c) = 0, etc., are solutions dx

The length of the cartesian subtangent = CA = y .
(taking the same arbitrary constant c for each) then dy
φ1 ( x, y , c) ⋅ φ2 ( x, y, c ) ⋅ ..... ⋅ φn ( x, y, c ) = 0 is the solution. dy

The length of the cartesian subnormal = AD = y .

Solvable for y. Form: y = f ( x, p ) dx
Method: Differentiate y = f ( x, p ) w.r.t. x which gives a dy

The initial ordinate of the tangent = OB = y − x .
dx
first order and first degree equation in p and x. Solve it to
get φ ( x, p, c ) = 0. A Special Type of Second Order Differential Equation

Eliminate p from y = f ( x, p ) and f ( x, p, c) = 0. d2 y

= f ( x) . . .(i)
dx 2

Solvable for x. Form: x = f ( y , p )
d  dy 
Equation (i) may be re-written as = f ( x)
dx  dx 
Method: Differentiate x = f ( y , p ) w.r.t. y which gives a
 dy 
first order and first degree equation in p and y. Solve it to ⇒ d   = f ( x)dx
get ψ ( y, p, c) = 0. Eliminate p from x = f ( y , p ) and  dx 
dy dy
ψ ( y, p, c ) = 0. Integrating,
dx
= ∫ f ( x)dx + c1 i.e.
dx
= F ( x ) + c1 . . . (ii)

Clairaut’s equation. Form: y = px + f ( p )

Method: Differentiating w.r.t. x we get { x + f ′( p )}

dp
= 0.
Where F ( x) = ∫ f ( x)dx + c1 dx
dx From (ii), dy = f ( x)dx + c1 dx
∴ p = c or f '( p ) + x = 0. When p = c, the general solution
is y = cx + f (c ) which gives a family of straight lines.
Integrating, y = ∫ F ( x)dx + c1 x + c2

When f '( p) + x = 0, eliminating p from y = px + f ( p ) and ∴ y = H ( x ) + c1 x + c2

f '( p ) + x = 0 we get a solution which is a curve (without
any arbitrary constant) touching all the lines given by
where H ( x) = ∫ F ( x) dx

y = cx + f (c). This solution is called the singular solution. c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.

Particular Solution Type Problems: To solve such a

Some Results on Tangents and Normal’s
y = f (x) problem, we proceed according to the type of the problem
Y (i.e. variable-separable, linear, exact, homogeneous etc.) and
P (x, y)
then we apply the given conditions to find the particular
values of the arbitrary constants.
B
Orthogonal Trajectory: The orthogonal trajectories of a
C O A D XC family of curves from another family of curves such that each
Figure 18.1 curve of one family cuts all the curves of the other family at

The equation of the tangent at P( x, y ) to the curve right angles.
dy
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories of
y = f ( x ) is Y − y =( X − x ).
dx  dy 
the curves f  x, y,  = 0 is the family of curves whose

The equation of the norma at P( x, y ) to the curve y = f ( x )  dx 
−1  dx 
is Y − y = ( X − x). differential equation is f  x, y, −  = 0.
dy  dy 
dx
2 Method: To find the orthogonal trajectories of a family of
 dx 

The length of the tangent l = CP = y 1 +   . dx
 dy  curves whose differential equation is known, put − in the
dy
2

The length of the normal = PD = y 1 + 
dy  equation. The resulting differential equation is the equation
 .
 dx  of the orthogonal trajectories.

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410 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 3
d 2 y  dy 
10. The degree of differential equation +  +6y =0 is:
Order and Degree of a Differential Equation dx 2  dx 
1. The order and degree of the differential equation a. 1 b. 3
2
c. 2 d. 5
dy  dy 
y=x + a 2   + b 2 are: 11. The degree and order of the differential equation of the
dx  dx 
family of all parabolas whose axis is x–axis, are
a. 1, 2 b. 2,1 c. 1, 1 d. 2,2
respectively:
2. The order and degree of the differential equation a. 2, 1 b. 1, 2
1 c. 3, 2 d. 2, 3
1
d 2 y  dy  3
+   + x 4 = 0 , are respectively: 12. The order and degree of the differential equation
dx 2  dx 
3 2
a. 2,3 b. 3,3 c. 2,6 d. 2,4  dy   d2y 
x   + 2  2  + 3 y + x = 0 are respectively:
 dx   dx 
3. The order of the differential equation, whose general
a. 3, 2 b. 2, 1 c. 2, 2 d. 2, 3
solution is y = c1e x + c2e 2 x + c3e3 x + c4 e x +c5 , where c1,c2,c3,
c4, c5 are arbitrary constants is: 13. The order of differential equations of all parabolas having
a. 5 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2 directrix parallel to x-axis is:
a. 3 b. 1 c. 4 d. 2
4. The degree of the differential equation satisfying
dy
1 − x 2 + 1 − y 2 = a( x − y ) is: 14. The degree of the differential equation y ( x ) = 1 + +
dx
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 2 3
1  dy  1  dy 
dy 1  dy 
2   +   + ... is:
5. The order and degree of y =1+ +   + 1.2  dx  1.2.3  dx 
dx 2!  dx  a. 2 b. 3
1  dy 
3 c. 1 d. None of these
  + ... is:
3!  dx  15. The order and degree of the differential equation
a. 1,2 b. 1,1   dy  2 
3/ 2

c. Order 1, degree not defined d. None of these 1 +   

  dx  
6. Order and degree of differential equation ρ= 2 are respectively:
d y / dx 2
1/ 4
d 2 y   dy  
2
a. 2, 2 b. 2, 3
=  y +    are:
dx 2   dx   c. 2, 1 d. None of these

a. 4 and 2 b. 1 and 2
Formation of Differential Equation
c. 1 and 4 d. 2 and 4
16. Differential equation whose general solution is
7. Family y = Ax + A3 of curve represented by the differential c
y = c1 x + 2 for all values of c1 and c2 is:
equation of degree: x
a. Three b. Two d 2 y x 2 dy d 2 y y dy
c. One d. None of these
a. + + =0 b. + − =0
dx 2 y dx dx 2 x 2 dx
3 4
 d 2 y   dy  d 2 y 1 dy d 2 y 1 dy y
8. The differential equation x  2  +   + y = x 2 is of: c. − =0 d. + − =0
 dx   dx  dx 2 2 x dx dx 2 x dx x 2
a. Degree 3 and order 2 b. Degree 1 and order 1 x
17. y= is a solution of the differential equation:
c. Degree 4 and order 3 d. Degree 4 and order 4 x +1
dy dy
9. The second order differential equation is: a. y 2 = x2 b. x 2 = y2
dx dx
a. y ′2 + x = y 2 b. y′y′′ + y = sin x
dy dy
c. y ′′′ + y ′′ + y = 0 d. y ′ = y c. y 2 = x2 d. x = y
dx dx

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Differential Equations 411
18. The differential equation of the family of curves 25. The differential equation of all straight lines passing
represented by the equation x + y = a is:
2 2 2 through the origin is:
dy dy dy dy
a. x + y =0 b. y =x a. y = x b. = y+x
dx dx dx dx
2
d 2 y  dy  dy y
c. y +  =0 d. None of these c. = d. None of these
dx 2  dx  dx x

19. The differential equation whose solution is 26. Differential equation of y = sec(tan −1 x) is:
y = A sin x + B cos x , is: dy dy
a. (1 + x 2 ) = y+x b. (1 + x 2 ) = y−x
d 2y d 2y dx dx
a. +y =0 b. −y =0
dx 2 dx 2 dy dy x
c. (1 + x 2 ) = xy d. (1 + x 2 ) =
dy dx dx y
c. +y =0 d. None of these
dx
27. If x = sin t , y = cos pt , then:
20. The differential equation for all the straight lines which
a. (1 − x 2 ) y2 + xy1 + p 2 y = 0 b. (1 − x 2 ) y2 + xy1 − p 2 y = 0
are at a unit distance from the origin is:
2 2 2 2 c. (1 + x 2 ) y2 − xy1 + p 2 y = 0 d. (1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 + p 2 y = 0
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
a.  y − x  = 1 −   b.  y + x  = 1 +  
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
2 2 2 2 Variable Separable Type Differential Equation
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
c.  y − x  = 1 +   d.  y + x  = 1 −  
 dx   dx   dx   dx  dy
28. The solution of the differential equation
dx
21. The differential equation for the line y = mx + c is:
= (4 x + y + 1)2 is:
(where c is arbitrary constant)
a. 4x – y + 1 = 2 tan (2x – 2c)
dy dy
a. =m b. +m =0 b. 4x – y – 1 = 2 tan (2x – 2c)
dx dx
dy c. 4x + y + 1 = 2 tan (2x + 2c)
c. =0 d. None of these
dx d. None of these

22. The differential equation of the family of curves dy x+ y+7

29. Solution of the differential equation = is:
y = 4a( x + a) , where a is an arbitrary constant, is:
2 dx 2 x + 2 y + 3
a. 6(x + y) + 11 log(3x + 3y + 10) = 9x + c
  dy 2  dy   dy 2  dy
a. y 1 +    = 2 x b. y 1 −    = 2 x b. 6(x + y) – 11 log(3x + 3y + 10) = 9x + c
  dx   dx   dx   dx
 10 
3 c. 6( x + y ) − 11log  x + y +  = 9 x + c
2
d y dy  dy  dy  3
c. +2 =0 d.   + 3 + y = 0
dx 2 dx  dx  dx d. None of these

23. The differential equation found by the elimination of the 30. The solution of the differential equation 3e x tan ydx +
arbitrary constant K from the equation y = ( x + K )e − x is: (1 − e x )sec2 ydy = 0 is:
dy dy
a. − y = e− x b. − ye x = 1 a. tan y = c(1 − e x )3 b. (1 − e x )3 tan y = c
dx dx
dy dy c. tan y = c(1 − e x ) d. (1 − e x ) tan y = c
c. + ye x = 1 d. + y = e− x
dx dx 31. The solution of the differential equation x cos ydy
24. The elimination of the arbitrary constants A, B and C from = ( xe x log x + e x )dx is:
−x
y = A + Bx + Ce leads to the differential equation:
1
a. sin y = e x + c b. sin y + e x log x + c = 0
a. y′′′ − y′ = 0 b. y′′′ − y′′ + y′ = 0 x
c. y ′′′ + y ′′ = 0 d. y ′′ + y ′′ − y ′ = 0 c. sin y = e x log x + c d. None of these

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412 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
32. The solution of the differential equation dy x + y
38. The solution of the equation = is:
dy dx x − y
= sec x(sec x + tan x) is:
dx −1
a. c( x 2 + y 2 )1/ 2 + e tan ( y / x)
=0
a. y = sec x + tan x + c b. y = sec x + cot x + c
−1

c. y = sec x − tan x + c d. None of these b. c( x 2 + y 2 )1/ 2 = e tan ( y / x)

−1
c. c( x 2 − y 2 ) = e tan ( y / x)
33. The solution of the differential equation
dy d. None of these
= e x + cos x + x + tan x is:
dx 39. The general solution of the differential equation
x2 ( x + y )dx + xdy = 0 is:
a. y = e x + sin x + + log cos x + c
2 a. x 2 + y 2 = c b. 2 x 2 − y 2 = c
2
x
b. y = e x + sin x + + logsec x + c c. x 2 + 2 xy = c d. y 2 + 2 xy = c
2
x2 dy x
c. y = e x − sin x + + log cos x + c 40. The solution of the equation = is:
2 dx 2 y − x
x2 a. ( x − y)( x + 2 y ) 2 = c b. y = x + c
d. y = e x − sin x + + log sec x + c
2 x
c. y = (2 y − x) + c d. y = +c
 dy  2y − x
34. The solution of the equation sin −1   = x + y is:
 dx  41. The general solution of the differential equation
a. tan( x + y ) + sec( x + y ) = x + c (2 x − y + 1) dx + (2 y − x + 1)dy = 0 is:
b. tan( x + y ) − sec( x + y ) = x + c a. x 2 + y 2 + xy − x + y = c b. x 2 + y 2 − xy + x + y = c
c. tan( x + y ) + sec( x + y ) + x + c = 0 c. x 2 − y 2 + 2 xy − x + y = c d. x 2 − y 2 − 2 xy + x − y = c
d. None of these
Exact Differential Equation
Homogeneous Differential Equation
42. Solution of y (2 xy + e x )dx = e x dy is:
dy y 3 + 2 x 2 y a. yx 2 + e x = cy b. xy 2 + e x = cx
35. The solution of = is:
dx x3 + 2 xy 2
c. xy 2 + e − x = c d. None of these
a. ( x − y ) = Bx y
2 2 3 2 2
b. ( x + y ) = Bx y
2 2 3 2 2

43. The general solution of the differential equation (x + y) dx

c. ( x 2 − y 2 )3 = x 2 y 2 d. None of these
+ xdy = 0 is:
dy x − 3 y + 2 a. x 2 + y 2 = c b. 2 x 2 − y 2 = c
36. The solution of = is:
dx 3 x − y + 6
c. x 2 + 2 xy = c d. y 2 + 2 xy = c
a. y 2 + 6( x + 2) y + ( x + 2) 2 = c
3

b. y 2 − 6( x + 2) y + ( x + 2)2 = c 44. The solution of y dx − xdy + 3x 2 y 2 e x dx = 0 is:

c. y 2 − 6( y + 2) x + x 2 = c x 3 x x3
a. + ex = c b. −e = 0
y y
d. None of these
− x x3
dy 2 c. +e =0 d. None of these
37. The solution of the differential equation x = x + xy+ y 2
2 y
dx
is: 45. The solution of (1 + xy ) y dx + (1 − xy ) x dy = 0 is:
 y  y x 1 x 1
a. tan −1   = log x + c b. tan −1   = − log x + c a. + =k b. log   = +k
x x y xy  y  xy
 y x x 1 x
c. sin −1   = log x + c d. tan −1   = log x + c c. + =k d. log   = xy + k
x  y y xy  y

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Differential Equations 413
46. Solution of ( xy cos xy + sin xy ) dx + x cos xy dy = 0 is: 2 52. An integrating factor for the differential equation
a. x sin( xy ) = k (1 + y 2 ) dx − (tan −1 y − x ) dy = 0 ?
−1

b. xy sin( xy ) = k a. tan −1 y b. e tan y

x 1 1
c. sin( xy ) = k c. d.
y 1+ y2 x(1 + y 2 )
d. x sin( xy ) + xy cos xy = k dy y
53. The solution of the differential equation + = x 2 is:
dx x
47. The solution of ye − x / y dx − ( xe − x / y + y 3 ) dy = 0 is:
a. 4 xy = x 4 + c b. xy = x 4 + c
2 2
y x
a. + e− x / y = k b. + e− x / y = k c.
1
xy = x 4 + c d. xy = 4 x 4 + c
2 2 4
x2 y2
c. + ex / y = k d. + ex/ y = k 54. The solution of the differential equation
2 2 2 2
dy 3x sin x
48. If c is any arbitrary constant, then the general solution of + y= is:
dx 1 + x 3
1 + x3
the differential equation ydx − xdy = xy dx is given by: 1
a. y (1 + x 3 ) = x + sin 2 x + c
a. y = cx e − x b. x = cye − x 2
1
c. y + e x = cx d. ye x = cx b. y (1 + x 3 ) = cx + sin 2 x
2
1
Linear Differential Equation c. y (1 + x 3 ) = cx − sin 2 x
2
49. Which of the following is a linear differential equation? x 1
d. y (1 + x3 ) = − sin 2 x+c
2 2 2 4
 d2y   dy 
a.  2  + x 2   = 0
 dx   dx  55. The solution of the differential equation
dy
+ y = cos x is:
dx
2
dy  dy  1 1
b. y = + 1+   a. y = (cos x + sin x ) + ce − x b. y = (cos x − sin x ) + ce − x
dx  dx  2 2
dy y c. y = cos x + sin x + ce − x d. None of these
c. + = log x
dx x
dy Application of Differential Equation
d. y − 4 = x
dx
56. The slope of the tangent at (x, y) to a curve passing
π  y
through  1,  as given by
2
50. The solution of the differential equation (1 + y ) y
− cos 2   , then the
−1 dy  4 x x
+( x − e tan y
) = 0 is: equation of the curve is:
dx
−1 −1 −1   e    x 
a. ( x − 2) = ke tan y
b. 2 xe tan y
= e 2 tan y
+k a. y = tan −1  log    b. y = x tan −1 log   
−1 −1 −1
  x    e 
c. xe tan y
= tan −1 y + k d. xe 2 tan y
= e tan y
+k
  e 
c. y = x tan −1 log    d. None of these
51. Which of the following equation is non-linear?   x 
dy y 57. A particle moves in a straight line with a velocity given by
a. + = log x
dx x dx
= ( x + 1) (x is the distance described). The time taken by
dy dt
b. y + 4 x = 0
dx a particle to transverse a distance of 99 metres:
c. dx + dy = 0 a. log10 e b. 2log e 10
dy 1
d. = cos x c. log10 e d. log10 e
dx 2

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414 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
58. The equation of the curve which passes through the point d2y
64. The solution of the differential equation x = 1 , given
2y dx 2
(1, 1) and whose slope is given by , is:
x dy
a. y = x 2 b. x 2 − y 2 = 0 that y = 1, = 0 when x = 1 , is:
dx
c. 2 x 2 + y 2 = 3 d. None of these a. y = x log x + x + 2
b. y = x log x − x + 2
59. Equation of curve through point (1, 0) which satisfies the
c. y = x log x + x
differential equation (1 + y 2 ) dx − xydy = 0 , is:
d. y = x log x − x
a. x 2 + y 2 = 1 b. x 2 − y 2 = 1
d 2y
c. 2 x 2 + y 2 = 2 d. None of these 65. The solution of the differential equation cos 2 x = 1 is:
dx 2
dy a. y = log cos x + cx
60. The differential equation y + x = a (a is any constant)
dx
b. y = logsec x + c1 x + c2
represents:
a. A set of circles having centre on the y-axis c. y = log sec x − c1 x + c2
b. A set of circles centre on the x-axis d. None of these
c. A set of ellipses
d2y
d. None of these 66. If = 0, then:
dx 2
61. Solution of differential equation x dy − y dx = 0 represents:
a. y = ax + b b. y 2 = ax + b
a. Rectangular hyperbola
c. y = log x d. y = e x + c
b. Straight line passing through origin
c. Parabola whose vertex is at origin
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
d. Circle whose centre is at origin
62. A particle starts at the origin and moves along the x–axis More than One Answer
in such a way that its velocity at the point (x, 0) is given 67. The differential equation representing the family of curves
dx y 2 = 2c ( x + c ), where c is a positive parameter, is of?
by the formula = cos 2 π x. Then the particle never
dt a. order 1 b. order 2
reaches the point on:
c. degree 3 d. degree 4
1 3
a. x = b. x = 68. Tangent is drawn at any point P of a curve which passes
4 4
1 through (1, 1) cutting x-axis and y-axis at A and B
c. x = d. x = 1
2 respectively. If BP: AP = 3:1, then:
dy
a. differential equation of the curve is 3 x +y=0
Miscellaneous Differential Equation dx
d2 y dy
63. The solution of the equation x 2 2
= ln x when x = 1, y = 0 b. differential equation of the curve is 3 x −y=0
dx dx
dy 1 
and = −1 is: c. curve is passing through  , 2 
dx 8 
1 d. normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4.
a. (ln x)2 + ln x
2
69. If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y' – y tan x = 2x sec x
1
b. (ln x)2 − ln x and y (0), then:
2
π  π π  π
2 2
1 a. y   = b. y '   =
c. (ln x)2 + ln x
2 4 8 2  4  18
π  π  π  4π 2π
2 2
1
d. − (ln x) 2 − ln x c. y   = d. y '   = +
2 3 9 3 3 3 3

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Differential Equations 415
70. Equation of the curve in which the subnormal is twice the dy ax + h
76. The solution of = represents a parabola if:
square of the ordinate is given by: (where c is arbitrary dx by + k
constant) a. a = –2, b = 0
a. ln y = 2 x + ln c b. y = ce 2 x b. a = –2, b = 2
c. ln y = 2 x − ln c d. none of these c. a = 0, b = 2
d. a = 0, b = 0
dy 1 1
71. Solution of the equation + tan y = 2 tan y sin y is
dx x x Assertion and Reason
(where c is arbitrary constant):
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
a. 2 x = sin y (1 + 2cx 2 )
the correct option out of the options given below:
b. 2 x = sin y (1 + cx 2 ) a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
c. 2 x + sin y (1 + cx 2 ) = 0 correct explanation of the assertion.
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
d. None of these
correct explanation of the assertion.
dy x+ y+7 c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
72. Solution of the differential equation = is:
dx 2 x + 2 y + 3 d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
(where c is arbitrary constant) e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
a. 6( x + y ) + 11 ln(3x + 3 y + 10) = 9 x + c
dy y
77. Consider the differential equation = .
b. 6( x + y ) − 11 ln(3 x + 3 y + 10) = 9 x + c dx 2 y log y + y − x
c. 6( x + y ) − 11 ln( x + y + 10 / 3) = 9 x + c Assertion: xy = y2 log y + C is a solution of the given
d. None of these differential equation.
dy Reason: The differential equation is a linear equation in y
73. The solution of the equation − 3 y = sin 2 x is (where c is and x.
dx
arbitrary constant): 78. Assertion: The differential equation of all circles in a plane
1 must be of order 3.
a. ye −3 x = − e −3 x (2cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x) + c
13 Reason: There is only one circle passing thgrough three
1 non-collinear points.
b. y = − (2cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x) + ce3 x
13
79. Assertion: Curve satisfying the differential equation
c. y = {−1/ 13}cos(2 x − tan −1 (3/ 2)) + ce3 x y
y′ = passing through (2,1) is a parabola with focus (1/4,0)
d. y = {−1/ 13}sin(2 x + tan −1 (2 / 3)) + ce3 x 2x
y
74. A normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) of a curve. It meets Reason: The differential equation y′ = is of variable
2x
the x-axis at Q. If PQ is of constant length k, Such a curve separable.
passing through (0,k) is:
a. a circle with centre (0, 0) b. x 2 + y 2 = k 2 80. Let ( xy 2 + x)dx + ( y − x 2 y )dy = 0 satisfy y(0) = 0.
Assertion: The curve represented by the solution of the
c. (1 − k ) x 2 + y 2 = k 2 d. x 2 + (1 + k 2 ) y 2 = k 2
given differential equation is a circle.
Reason: It is circle with radius 1 and centre (0, 0)
 xdx + y dy   a2 − x2 − y2 
75. The solution of   =   is:
 xdy − y dx   x +y
2 2
 81. Let a solution y = y(x) of the differential equation

a. ( x 2 + y 2 ) = a sin {(tan −1 y / x) + constant} x x2 −1dy − y y 2 − 1dx = 0 satisfy y(2)= 2 3 ?

 π
b. ( x 2 + y 2 ) = a cos {(tan −1 y / x) + constant} Assertion: y ( x) = sec  sec −1 x − 
 6
c. ( x 2 + y 2 ) = a {tan(sin −1 y / x) + constant}
1 2 3 1
Reason: y(x) is given by = − 1− 2
1 −1 y x x
d. y = x tan{constant + sin ( x 2 + y 2 )}
a

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416 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
82. Let y′ = cos( x − y ) such that y (0) = −π then: Paragraph –II
Assertion: y can be expressed explicitly in terms of x The Order of the differential equation is the order of the highest
Reason: x + sec( x − y ) = −1 derivative appearing in the equation and the Degree of a
83. Let y = f(x) be a curve having the following property: The differential equation which can be written as polynomial in the
segment of the tangent between the point of tangency and derivatives in the degree of the derivative of the highest order
the x-axis is bisected at the point of intersection with the occurring in it, after it has been expressed in a form free from
y-axis:
radicals and fractions and if differential equation cannot be
Assertion: Such curves represent hyperbola
written as a polynomial in the derivatives, then degree does not
Reason: Curves have latus rectum parallel to y-axis.
defined but order defined.
84. Let y′ = 3x − 2 y + 5
Assertion: The solution of the above equation is 4y – 6x –7 =
89. The degree of the differential equation x = 1 =  xy 
dy
Ce–2x
 dx 
Reason: The given equation is linear in y and x with I.F. e2x
2 3
85. Let a solution y=y(x) of the differential equation x 2 y 2  dy  ( xy )3  dy 
+   +   + ... is:
y sin x + y′ cos x = 1 satisfy y (0) = 1 ? 2!  dx  3!  dx 

π a. 0 b. 1

Assertion: y ( x) = sin  x + 
 4 c. 2 d. 5
Reason: The integrating factor of the given differentiable 2/ 3
equation is sec x  d3y 
90. The degree of the differential equation  3 
 dx 
86. Let xy′ + y − e x = 0, y (a ) = b ?
Assertion: The solution is given by yx = e x + ab − e a d 2 y dy
+3 + + 5 = 0 is:
dx 2 dx
Reason: The given equation is a linear function with I.F. x.
a. 1 b. 2
Comprehension Based c. 3 d. 4
Paragraph –I
Let f: [0,1]→R (the set of all real numbers) be a function. 91. The order and degree of the differential equation whose
Suppose the function f is twice differentiable, f(0) = f(1) = 0 solution is y= cx+c3–5c3/2+3 where c is arbitrary constants,
and satisfies f '( x) − 2 f '( x) + f ( x) ≥ e x , x ∈ [0,1]. are:
a. 1 and 3 b. 1 and 4
87. Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1?
c. 1 and 5 d. 1 and 6
1 1
a. 0 < f(x) < ∞ b. − < f ( x) <
2 2 92. The order and degree of the differential equation whose
1 solution is c(y + c)2 = x3, where c is arbitrary constants,
c. − < f ( x) < 1 d. –∞ < f(x) < 0
4
are?
88. If the function e–x f(x) assumes its minimum in the interval a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3
[0, 1] ax = 1/4, which of the following is true? c. 1 and 4 d. 1 and 5
1 3
a. f '( x) < f ( x), < x <
4 4 d2y
1 93. The order and degree of the differential equation
b. f '( x) > f ( x), 0 < x < dx2
4
 dy 
1 = cos   + xy are respectively:
c. f '( x) < f ( x), 0 < x <  dx 
4
a. 2, 1 b. 2, 0
3
d. f '( x) < f ( x), < x < 1 c. 2, infinite d. 2, not defined
4

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Differential Equations 417
−x
Match the Column (C) Solutions of the 3. y+e = c,
94. Observe the following columns: differential equation (where c is arbitrary
Column I Column II (x+y+2) dx+(2x+2y–1)dy constant)
(A) The differential equation 1. O + 2D = 5 = 0 are given by
formed by differentiating and 4. 2(x + y + 2)+ 5ln (x
eliminating the constants from + y – 3)x + c,
y= asin2x + bcos2x + c sin 2x (where c is
+dcos2x, where a, b, c, d are arbitrary constant)
arbitrary constants. If order
5. y − e x = c, (where c
and degree of the differential
equation represented by O and is arbitrary constant)
D, then a. A→1,5; B→3; C→4 b. A→1,3; B→2; C→4
(B) The order and degree of the 2. 2O + 3D = 5 c. A→1,2; B→5; C→3 d. A→3,5; B-1; C→4
differential equation, whose
general solution is given by Integer
y = (c1 + c2 ) sin( x + c3 ) 96. A particle moves in a straight line with a velocity given by
x + c5 + c6
−c4 e , where c1, c2, c3, dx
= ( x + 1) (x is the distance travelled). If the time taken by
c4, c5, c6 are arbitrary constant, dt
are O and D, then a particle to traverse a distance of 99 m is λ. then the value of
(C) The order and degree of the 3. O = D 20 λ log10 e must be:
differential equation satisfying
d3y d2y
(1 + x 2 ) + (1 + y 2 ) = 97. The solution of the differential equation 3
−8 2 = 0
dx dx
A( x (1 + x 2 ) + (1 + y 2 )) are 1
satisfying y (0) = , y1(0) = 0 and y2(0) = 1is
O and D, then 8

4. O D + D O = 4 e8 x − 8 x + 7
y1 = , then the numerical value of λ must be:
λ
5. 2O + 3D = 11
a. A→1,2,5; B→1,3,5; C→1,4 98. The differential equation whose solution represents the
b. A→5; B→1,2,5; C→4,3
d2y dy
c. A→1,4,5; B→1,4,5; C→2,3 family y = ae3 x + be5 x is 2
− 8 + λ y = 0, then the value
dx dx
d. A→1,2; B→2,4; C→1,3
of λ must be:
95. Observe the following columns:
Column I Column II 99. If solution of the differential equation
(A) Solutions of the x + y + 2 = ce y , dy cos x(3cos y − 7sin x − 3)
1. + = 0 is (sin x + cos y − 1)λ .
differential equation dx sin y (3sin x − 7 cos y + 7)
(where c is
 dy 
2
dy +1 arbitrary constant) (sin x − cos y + 1) µ = c, where c is arbitrary constant, then
  − (e x + e − x )
 dx  dx
the value of λµ is equal to
= 0 are given by
dy
(B) Solutions of the 2. In(x + y + 2) = c + 100. If the solution of the differential equation sec 2 y
dx
differential equation y, (where c is 2
+2 x tan y = x3 is 2 tan y = λ ( x 2 − 1) + ce− x , c is arbitrary
(x+y+1) dy=dx are given arbitrary constant)
by constant, then the numerical value of λ must be:

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418 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER 3. (c) Rewriting the given general solution, we have
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. y = c1e x + c2 e 2 x + c3e3 x + c4 e x .ec5
a a c a b d a a b a = (c1 + c4 .ec5 ) e x + c2e 2 x + c3e3 x
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
= c1′e x + c2e 2 x + c3e3 x
b c a c a d b a a c
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Where c1′ = c1 + c4 .ec5 . So there are 3 arbitrary constant
a b d c c c d c b,c a associated with different terms. Hence the order of the
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. differential equation formed, will be 3.
c a b b a b a b c a
4. (a) To eliminate a the above equation is differentiated once
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
dy
b a c a b a a d c b and exponent of will be1. Hence degree is 1
dx
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
b b a d a c b a b b 5. (b) The given differential equation can be re-written as
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. dy
dy
b c d b b,c a a,c a,c a,d a,b,c y = e dx ⇒ ln y =
dx
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
This is a polynomial in derivative. Hence order is 1 and
a,b b,c All a,b a,d a,c a a d c
degree 1
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
c c d a d a b c b b 6. (d) Making fourth power both the sides, we get the
4 2
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.  d 2y   dy 
d b d c d 40 64 15 10 1
differential equation  2  = y +  
 dx   dx 
SOLUTION Obviously, order is 2 and degree is 4.
Multiple Choice Questions dy
7. (a) Differentiating the given equation, we get =A
dy dx
1. (a) Clearly, highest order derivative involved is , 3
dx  dy   dy 
having order 1. Expressing the above differential equation ∴ y = x   +   which is of degree 3.
 dx   dx 
as a polynomial in derivative, we have
3 4
 dy 
2 2  d 2 y   dy 
2  dy  2 8. (a) Given differential equation, x  2  +   + y = x 2
 y − x  = a   +b  dx   dx 
 dx   dx 
2 In this equation order of highest derivative is 2,
 dy  dy
i.e., ( x 2 − a 2 )   − 2 xy + y 2 − b 2 = 0 Hence order = 2 and degree of highest derivative = 3.
 dx  dx
In this equation, the power of highest order derivative is 2. 9. (b) The order of the differential equation is order of
So its degree is 2. highest derivatives in the differential equation.
10. (a) Clearly, degree = 1.
d2y
2. (a) The highest order derivative involved is which is
dx2 11. (b) y 2 = ±4a ( x − h)
the 2nd order derivative. Hence order of the differential ⇒ 2 y y1 = ±4a ⇒ yy1 = ±2a ⇒ y12 + yy2 = 0
equation is 2. Making the above equation free from
Hence degree = 1, order = 2.
radical, as far as the derivatives are concerned, we have
3 3
12. (c) Clearly, order of highest derivative = 2
 d2 y 1  dy  d2 y 1  dy and degree of the highest order derivative = 2
 + x 4  =− i.e.  2 + x 4  + =0
 dx 2  dx  dx  dx ∴ Order = 2, degree = 2.
   
13. (a) The equation of all parabolas having directories
d2 y
The exponent of highest order derivative will be 3. parallel to x-axis is ( x − h) 2 = ±4a ( y − k ) .
dx 2
There are three arbitrary constants, h, k and a.
Hence degree of the differential equation is 3.
∴ Order = 3.

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Differential Equations 419
2 3 dy
t t dy 19. (a) y = A sin x + B cos x ⇒ = A cos x − B sin x
14. (c) y = 1 + t + + + ... + ∞ where t =
2! 3! dx dx
⇒ y = et d 2y
⇒ = − A sin x − B cos x = −( A sin x + B cos x ) = − y
dx 2
dy
∴ t = log y ⇒ = log y . d 2y
dx ⇒ + y = 0 is the required differential equation.
Hence degree is 1. dx 2

3/2 3
20. (c) Since the equation of lines whose distance from origin
d 2y   dy  2   2 
2
 2
15. (a) ρ . = 1 +    ⇒  ρ . d y2  = 1 +  dy   is unit, is given by x cos α + y sin α = 1 . . . (i )
dx 2   dx    dx    dx   dy
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get cos α + sin α = 0 . . . (ii)
Order = 2, degree = 2. dx
On eliminating the ' α ' with the help of (i) and (ii)
c i.e., (i) –x × (ii)
16. (d) y = c1 x + 2 . . . (i)
x  dy   dy 
There are two arbitrary constants. ⇒ sin α  y − x  = 1 ⇒ y − x  = cosec α . . . (iii)
 dx   dx 
To eliminate these constants, we need to differentiate (i) 2
dy  dy 
twice. Also (ii) ⇒ = − cot α ⇒   = cot 2 α . . . (iv)
dx  dx 
Differentiating (i) with respect to x, 2 2
 dy   dy 
dy c Therefore by (iii) and (iv), 1 +   = y − x  .
= c1 − 22 . . . (ii)  dx   dx 
dx x
Again differentiating with respect to x, dy
21. (a) Differentiate it w.r.t. x, we get =m .
dx
d2 y 2c2
2
= . . . (iii)  dy 
dx x3 22. (b) Given y 2 = 4 a(x + a) . Differentiating, 2 y   = 4a
 dx 
x3 d 2 y dy c2
From (iii), c2 = 2
and from (ii), c1 = + ; Eliminating a from (i) and (ii), required equation is
2 dx dx x 2
  dy  2  dy
2 y 1 −    = 2 x .
dy x d y   dx   dx
∴ c1 = +
dx 2 dx 2
dy
 dy x d 2 y  x2 d 2 y 23. (d) y = (x + K )e − x ⇒ = −(x + K )e − x + e − x
From (i), y =  + ⋅ 2  x + ⋅ 2 dx
 dx 2 dx  2 dx
  ⇒
dy
= −y + e − x ⇒
dy
+ y = e−x .
2 dx dx
d y dy
⇒ y = x2 2
+x
dx dx 24. (c) Given y = A + Bx + Ce − x . . . (i)
2 dy
d y 1 dy y ⇒ = B − Ce − x . . . (ii)
∴ 2
+ − =0 dx
dx x dx x 2
d 2y
x ⇒ = Ce − x . . . (iii)
17. (b) We have y = dx 2
x +1 d 3y
and = −Ce − x . . . (iv)
1 x +1 1 dx 3
⇒ = = 1+
y x x d 3y d 2y
Adding (iii) and (iv) we get, 3
+ =0
1 dy 1 dx dx 2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, − 2 = 0− 2 i.e., y ′′′ + y ′′ = 0.
y dx x
dy 25. (c) The equation of all straight lines passing through the
∴ x2 = y2 origin is y = mx . . . (i)
dx
where m is arbitrary constant
18. (a) Given equation x 2 + y 2 = a 2 . Differentiate it w.r.t. x, Differentiate (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy dy dy y
we get 2 x + 2 y =0 ⇒ x +y =0. =m ⇒ = , By (i)
dx dx dx dx x

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420 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
−1
26. (c) y = sec(tan x) 2 11
⇒ z − log(3z + 10) = x + c1
dy 1 xy 3 9
= sec(tan −1 x ) tan(tan −1
x ). =
dx 1+ x2 1+ x2 ⇒ 6 z − 11log(3 z + 10) = 9 x + 9c1
dy ∴
⇒ (1 + x )
2
= xy . 6( x + y ) − 11log(3 x + 3 y + 10) = 9 x + c [9c1 = c]
dx
 10 
27. (d) x = sin t , y = cos pt ⇒ 6( x + y ) − 11log 3  x + y +  = 9 x + c
 3
dx dy dy − p sin pt
= cos t ; = − p sin pt ; =  10 
dt dt dx cos t ⇒ 6( x + y ) − 11log  x + y +  = 9 x + (c + 11log 3)
 3
d 2 y − cos t p 2 cos pt (dt / dx ) − p sin pt sin t(dt / dx )
=  10 
dx 2 cos 2 t ∴ 6( x + y ) − 11log  x + y +  = 9 x + k (k = c + 11 log 3)
 3
d 2y dy
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) −x + p 2y = 0
dx 2 dx sec 2 y ex
30. (a) It can be written in the form of dy = −3 dx
or (1 − x ) y2 − xy1 + p y = 0 .
2 2
tan y 1−ex
sec 2 y ex
28. (c) Let 4x + y + 1 = z
∫ tan y
dy = −3
1 −ex
dx ∫
dy dz dy dz
⇒ 4+ = ⇒ = −4
dx dx dx dx ⇒ log(tan y ) = 3 log(1 − e x ) + log c ⇒ tan y = c(1 − e x )3 .
dy
∴ = (4 x + y + 1) 2 31. (c) x cos ydy = ( xe x log x + e x )dx
dx
 ex 
⇒
dz
− 4 = z2 ⇒ cos ydy =  e x log x +  dx
dx  x 

⇒
dz On integrating, sin y = e x log x + c .
= z2 + 4
dx
dy dy
dz 32. (a) = sec x (sec x + tan x ) ⇒ = sec 2 x + sec x tan x
⇒ = dx dx dx
z2 + 4
Now integrating both sides, we get y = tan x + sec x + c .
1 z
⇒ tan −1 = x + c dy
2 2 33. (b) = e x + cos x + x + tan x
dx
 4x + y + 1 
⇒ tan −1   = 2 x + 2c On integrating both sides, we get
 2 
x2
∴ 4x + y + 1 = 2tan (2x + 2c) y = e x + sin x + + log sec x + c .
2
dy x + y + 7 dy
29. (b, c) Given equation may be re-written as = 34. (b) Here = sin( x + y )
dx 2( x + y ) + 3 dx
Let x+y=z dy dv
Now put x + y = v and = −1
dy dz dy dz dx dx
⇒ 1+ = ⇒ = −1
dx dx dx dx dy dv
Therefore = sin( x + y ) reduces to = dx
dz z+7 dx 1 + sin v
∴ −1 =
dx 2z + 3 Now on integrating both the sides, we get
dz z + 7 3 z + 10 tan v − sec v = x + c or tan( x + y ) − sec( x + y ) = x + c .
⇒ = 1+ =
dx 2z + 3 2z + 3 35. (a) Given equation is homogeneous. Let y = vx
2z + 3 dy dv
⇒ dz = dx ∴ =v+x
3z + 10 dx dx
2 11
(3 z + 10) − y3 + 2 x2 y dv
3 3 dz = dx ⇒ =v+x
⇒ 3
x + 2 xy 2 dx
3 z + 10
2 11 3 dz ( y / x )3 + 2( y / x ) dv
⇒
∫ 3
dz −
9 ∫ 3 z + 10
=
∫ dx ⇒
1 + 2( y / x ) 2
=v+x
dx

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Differential Equations 421

v 3 + 2v dv Now, let Y = v X ⇒
dY
=v+ X
dv
⇒ =v+x
1 + 2v 2 dx dX dX
X − 3Y dv
 v + 2   1 − v 
2 2
⇒
dv
=v − = ⇒ = v+ X
x 2
1  v  2  3X − Y dX
dx 1 + 2v  1 + 2v 
1 − 3(Y / X ) dv
1 + 2v 2 dx 1 + 2v 2 dx ⇒ =v+ X
⇒ dv = ⇒ dv = 3 − (Y / X ) dX
2
v (1 − v ) x v(1 − v)(1 + v) x
1 − 3v dv
⇒ =v+ X
A B D  dx 3−v dX
⇒  + +  dv =
 v 1− v 1+ v  x
dv 1 − 3v v 2 − 6v + 1
where A(1 − v )(1 + v ) + Bv (1 + v ) + Dv (1 − v ) = 1 + 2v 2 ⇒ X = −v =
dX 3−v 3−v
Putting v = 0, A=1 (3 − v)dv dX
⇒ =
3 2
v − 6v + 1 X
v = 1, B=
2
2v − 6 dX
3 ⇒ 2
dv = −2
v = – 1, D=− v − 6v + 1 X
2
Integrating, ln(v 2 − 6v + 1) = −2 ln X + ln c
1 3 1 3 1  dx
∴  + −  dv =
 v 2 1− v 2 1+ v  x ⇒ ln(v 2 − 6v + 1) + ln X 2 = ln c
Integrating both side, we get ⇒ X 2 (v 2 − 6v + 1) = c
3 ln(1 − v) 3
ln v + − ln(1 + v) = ln x + ln c ⇒ Y 2 − 6 XY + X 2 = c
2 −1 2
3 3 ∴ y 2 − 6( x + 2) y + ( x + 2) 2 = c
⇒ ln v − ln(1 − v) − ln(1 + v) = ln cx
2 2 37. (a) It is homogeneous equation which can be written in
⇒ v /{(1 − v )1 + v}3/ 2 = cx dy x 2 + xy + y 2
the form =
 v 
2 dx x2
⇒ 2 3
  = (1 − v ) dy dv
 cx  Now put y = vx and =v+x
3
dx dx
 y   y 
2 2
⇒  2  = 1 − 2  dv x 2 + vx 2 + v 2 x 2
Therefore, v + x = = 1 + v + v2
 cx   x  dx x2
x2 y 2 dv
⇒ ( x 2 − y 2 )3 = ⇒ x = 1 + v2
c2 dx
dv dx
 1  ⇒ =
∴ ( x 2 − y 2 )3 = Bx 2 y 2 , ∵ 2 = B  1+ v 2
x
 c 
Now integrating both sides, we get tan −1 v = log x + c
36. (b) Given equation is non-homogeneous  y
Let x = X + h, y = Y + k ⇒ tan −1   = log x + c {∵ y = vx ⇒ v = y / x}
x
dy dY
⇒ = dy x + y
dx dX 38. (b) Given equation, =
dx x − y
dY ( X + h) − 3(Y + k ) + 2 X − 3Y + (h − 3k + 2) It is a homogeneous equation so putting y = vx
∴ = =
dX 3( X + h) − (Y + k ) + 6 3 X − Y + (3h − k + 6)
dy dv dv x + vx 1 + v
and =v+x , we get v + x = =
Let us select h and k so that h – 3k + 2 = 0 dx dx dx x − vx 1 − v
and 3h – k + 6 = 0; Solving, k = 0, h = – 2 dv 1 + v 2
∴ X = x – h = x + 2, Y = y − k = y ⇒ x =
dx 1 − v
dY X − 3Y 1  1 v 
∴ = , which is homogeneous ⇒ dx =  − 2 
dv
dX 3 X − Y x  1+ v 1+ v 
2

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422 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 41. (b) (2 x − y + 1)dx + (2 y − x + 1)dy = 0
⇒ log e x = tan −1 v − log(1 + v 2 ) + log e c
2 dy 2 x − y + 1
= , put x = X + h , y = Y + k
y dx x − 2y − 1
Substituting v = , we get
x
dY 2 X − Y + 2h − k + 1
=
−1 y 1   y 2  dX X − 2Y + h − 2k − 1
log e x = tan − log 1 +    + log e c
x 2   x   2h − k + 1 = 0
−1 ⇒ h − 2k − 1 = 0
⇒ c( x 2 + y 2 )1/ 2 = e tan ( y / x)
.
On solving h = −1 , k = −1
39. (c) (x + y )dx + xdy = 0 dY 2X − Y
∴ = Put Y = vX
⇒ xdy = −(x + y )dx dX X − 2Y
dy x +y ∴
dY
=v+X
dv
⇒ =−
dx x dX dX
It is homogenous equation, hence put y = vx dv 2 X − vX 2 −v
v+X = =
dy dv dX X − 2vX 1 − 2v
and =v+x
dx dx dv 2 − 2v + 2v 2 2(v 2 − v + 1)
X = =
dv x + vx 1+ v dX 1 − 2v 1 − 2v
we get v + x = − =−
dx x 1 dX (1 − 2v)
∴ = dv
dv X 2(v 2 − v + 1)
⇒ x = −1 − 2v
dx Put v 2 − v + 1 = t
dv dx ⇒ (2v − 1)dv = dt
⇒ ∫ 1 + 2v
=− ∫ x
dX dt
1 ∴ =−
⇒ log(1 + 2v) = − log x + log c X 2t
2
∴ log X = log t −1 / 2 + log c
 y c
⇒ log  1 + 2  = 2 log ∴ X = t −1 / 2 c
 x x
2 ⇒ X = (v 2 − v + 1)−1 / 2 .c
x + 2y  c 
⇒ = 
x x X 2 (v 2 − v + 1) = Constant

⇒ x 2 + 2 xy = c .  (y + 1)2 (y + 1) 
(x + 1)2  − + 1  = Constant
dy x  (x + 1)
2
x +1 
40. (a) = .
dx 2 y − x (y + 1)2 − (y + 1)(x + 1) + (x + 1)2 = c
dv dy
Put y = vx ⇒ v + x = y 2 + x 2 − xy + x + y = c .
dx dx
dv x 1 42. (a) Re-writing the given equation
v+x = =
dx 2v − x 2v − 1 2 xy 2 dx + ye x dx = e x dy
dv 1 1 − 2v 2 + v (v − 1)(2v + 1) ye x dx − e x dy
x = −v = =− ⇒
dx 2v − 1 2v − 1 2v − 1 2 x dx + =0
y2
(2v − 1) −dx 1 4 −dx
= ; + =
(2v + 1)(v − 1) x 3(v − 1) 3(2v + 1) x  ex  ex
⇒ d (x 2 ) + d   = 0 Integrating, x 2 +
 =c
1 4 1 1  y  y
log(v − 1) + . log(2v + 1) = log + log c
3 3 2 x
∴ yx 2 + e x = cy
c
log(v − 1)1 / 3 + log(2v + 1)2 / 3 = log
x
43. (c) We have xdx + (y dx + x dy) = 0
c
= (v − 1)1 / 3 (2v + 1) 2 / 3 = ⇒ xdx + d(xy) = 0
x
 y − x   2y + x  c3
2 x2 c
   = 3 Integrating, + xy =
 x  x  x 2 2
⇒ ( x − y )( x + 2 y )2 = c . ∴ x 2 + 2 xy = c

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Differential Equations 423
3
44. (a) ydx − xdy + 3 x 2 y 2 e x dx = 0 −1 dy
50. (b) We have ( x − e tan y
) = −(1 + y 2 )
ydx − xdy 3 dx
+ 3 x 2 e x dx = 0
y 2
dx  x − e tan −1 y 
⇒ = − 
x dy  1+ y2 
 
3
⇒ d   + de x = 0
 
y −1
dx 1 e tan y
x 3 ⇒ + x = . . . (i)
On integrating, we get + e x = c dy 1 + y 2 1+ y2
y
This is a linear differential equation of the form
45. (b) ydx + xdy + xy 2 dx − x 2 ydy = 0 −1
dx 1 e tan y
ydx + xdy dx dy + R ( y ).x = S ( y ) R = ,S =
+ − =0. dy 1+ y 2
1+ y2
x 2y 2 x y
dy
∫
Integrating factor = e ∫
1 Rdy 1+ y 2 −1
On integrating, we get − + log x − log y = k =e = e tan y
xy
Multiplying (i) by I.F. and integrating,
x 1
⇒ log = +k . −1
−1 e tan y −1

∫
y xy
xe tan y
= 2
⋅ e tan y
1+ y
46. (a) [ xy cos( xy ) + sin(xy )]dx + x 2 cos( xy )dy = 0 −1 −1
(e tan y 2
) dy (e tan y )2 k
xy cos( xy )dx + x cos( xy )dy + sin(xy )dx = 0
2
by = ∫ 1+ y2
=
2
+
2
x cos( xy )(ydx + xdy ) + sin( xy )dx = 0
−1 −1

dx ∴ 2 xe tan y
= e 2 tan y
+k
cot( xy )dxy + =0
x 51. (b) A differential equation in which the dependent
log sin( xy ) + log x = k variable and its differential coefficient occur only in the
⇒ x sin (xy) = k. first degree and are not multiplied together is called a
linear differential equation.
47. (a) y e − x / y dx − ( xe − x / y + y 3 )dy = 0 e − x / y (ydx − xdy ) = y 3 dy
dy
(ydx − xdy ) Hence y + 4 x = 0 is non-linear differential equation.
−x / y
⇒ e = ydy dx
y2
52. (b) (1 + y 2 )dx − (tan −1 y − x )dy = 0
x
e − x / y d   = ydy . Integrating both sides, we get dy 1 + y2
y ⇒ =
dx tan −1 y − x
y2
k − e−x / y = dx tan −1 y x
2 ⇒ = −
dy 1+y 2
1 + y2
y2
⇒ + e −x / y = k
2 dx x tan −1 y
⇒ + =
dy 1 + y 2
1 + y2
48. (d) Given ydx − xdy = xydx
dx
ydx − xdy This is equation of the form + Px = Q
⇒ = dx dy
xy
1
∫ 2 . dy
So, I.F. = e ∫ = e 1+ y
P dy −1
  x  = e tan y
.
⇒ d ln  = dx
  y 
dy y
x 53. (a) The given equation + = x 2 is of the form
Integrating both sides, we get ln + ln c = x dx x
y 1
dy
+ Py = Q . So, I.F.= e
∫ x
dx
= e log x = x
⇒ ye x = cx .
dx
49. (c) do not fulfill the criteria of a linear differential
Hence required solution xy = ∫ x . x 2 dx + c
equation but (c) do.
dy y x4
+ = log x is a linear differential equation. ⇒ xy = + c ⇒ 4 xy = x 4 + c .
dx x 4

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424 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
dy 3x 2 sin 2 x dy 2 y
54. (d) + y= 58. (a) Slope =
dx 1 + x 3
1 + x3 dx x
dx dy
Here, P =
3x 2
⇒ I.F. = e ∫
P dx 3
= e log(1+ x ) = 1 + x 3
⇒ 2 ∫ x
= ∫ y
1 + x3
⇒ 2 log x = log y + log c
sin 2 x
Thus the solution is y.(1 + x3 ) = ∫ (1 + x 3 )dx
1 + x3 ⇒ x 2 = yc
1 − cos 2 x Since it passes through (1, 1), therefore c = 1
=∫ dx
2 Hence x 2 − y = 0
⇒ y (1 + x 3 ) =
1
x−
sin 2 x
+c. ⇒ y = x2 .
2 4
dx y dy
59. (b) We have =
dy x 1 + y2
55. (a) It is linear equation of the form + Py = Q
dx
1
Integrating, we get log | x | = log(1 + y 2 ) + log c
So, I.F. = e
∫ 1dx = ex
2
Or | x | = c (1 + y 2 )
Hence solution is y .e x = ∫ cos x .e x dx + c
But it passes through (1, 0), so we get c = 1
1
⇒ y= (cos x + sin x ) + ce − x . ∴ Solution is x 2 = y 2 + 1 or x 2 − y 2 = 1 .
2
dy
dy y  y 60. (b) We have y + x = a or ydy + xdx = adx
56. (c) We have = − cos 2   dx
dx x x
y2 x2
dy dv Integrating, we get + = ax + c
Let y = vx ⇒ =v+x 2 2
dx dx
Or x 2 + y 2 − 2 ax + k = 0 ,
dv
⇒ v+x = v − cos 2 v Which represents a set of circles having centre on x-axis.
dx
1 1
dv 61. (b) ydx − xdy = 0 ⇒ dx = dy
⇒ x = − cos 2 v x y
dx
On integrating, log x = log y + log c
dx
⇒ sec2 vdv = − x
x ⇒ log = log c
y
⇒ tan v = – ln x + c
⇒ x = cy
⇒ tan (y/x) = – ln x + c For x = 1, y = π/4
It is a straight line passing through origin.
⇒ tan π / 4 = − ln 1 + c ⇒ 1 = 0 + c
∴ dx
c=1 62. (c) Given = cos 2 π x. Differentiate w.r.t. t,
dt
∴ tan( y / x ) = 1 − ln x
d2x
  e  = −2π sin 2πx = −ve
−1 −1 −1 dt 2
⇒ y / x = tan (1 − ln x) = tan (ln e − ln x) = tan  ln  x  
   d 2x
∵ =0
  e  dt 2
∴ y = x tan −1 ln   
  x  ⇒ −2π sin 2πx = 0
⇒ sin 2πx = sin π
dx
57. (b) We have = dt ⇒ 2πx = π
x +1
99 dx t ⇒ x =1/2 .
Integrating, ∫
0 x +1
= ∫
0
dt
63. (d) We have
d2 y
=
ln x
2
⇒ [ln( x + 1)]99 =t dx x2
0
 dy  ln x
∴ t = ln100 = log e (10) 2 = 2loge 10 ⇒ d   = 2 dx
 dx  x

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Differential Equations 425
dy  1 ln x 1 ln x 1 NCERT Exemplar Problems
Integrating,
dx
= ∫ ln xd  − x  = − x
+ ∫ 2
x
dx = − − +c
x x More than One Answer
dy 1 + ln x dy 67. (a,c) Given, y 2 = 2c( x + c ) . . .(i)
⇒ =− + c When x = 1, = −1
dx x dx
dy
∴ –1=–1+c On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2 y = 2c
dx
⇒ c=0 dy
⇒ c= y
dy 1 + ln x dx
∴ =−
dx x On putting this value of c in Eq. (i) we get
1 + ln x dy  dy 
⇒ dy = − dx y2 = 2 y x+ 
x 
dx  dx 
dx 1
⇒ − ∫ dy = + ∫ + ∫
3/ 2
ln x. dx dy  dy 
x x ⇒ y=2 ⋅ x + 2 y1/ 2  
dx  dx 
1
⇒ − y = ln x + (ln x) 2 + λ y = 0 when x = 1 3/ 2
2 dy  dy 
⇒ y = 2x =2 y 
dx  dx 
∴ 0 = 0 + 02 + λ ⇒ λ = 0
2 3
1  dy   dy 
⇒ − y = ln x + (ln x)2 ⇒  y − 2x  = 4 y  
2  dx   dx 
1 Therefore, order of this differential equation is 1 and
∴ y = − (ln x)2 − ln x degree is 3.
2
68. (a,c) Since, BP : AP = 3 : 1. Then equation of tangent is
d 2y d 2y 1
64. (b) x = 1 ⇒ = Y − y = f ′( x)( X − x)
dx 2 dx 2 x
dy The intercept on the coordinate axes are
⇒ = log x + c1
dx  y 
A x − ,0  and B [0, y − x f '( x)]
⇒ y = x log x − x + c1 x + c 2 (on integrating twice)  f '( x) 
dy y
Given y = 1 and = 0 at x = 1 ⇒ c1 = 0 and c 2 = 2
dx (1, 1)
B
Therefore, the required solution is y = x log x − x + 2 . 3
P(x, y)
d 2y y = f (x)
65. (b,c) cos 2 x =1
dx 2
1 x
d2y A
⇒ = sec 2 x
dx 2
Since, P is internally intercepts a line AB,
dy
On integrating, we get = tan x ± c1
dx  y 
3 x −  + 1× 0
Again integrating, we get y = log sec x ± c1 x ± c2 .  f '( x) 
∴ x=
3 +1
d 2y
66. (a) =0 dy y
dx 2 ⇒ =
dx −3x
d  dy 
⇒  =0 . . . (i) dy 1
dx  dx  ⇒ = − dx
y 3x
dy
Integrating (i) with respect to x, =a . . . (ii) On integrating both sides, we get
dx
Where a is an arbitrary constant Since, curve passes through (1, 1), then c = 1.
dy ∴ xy 3 = 1
Again integrating (ii) with respect to x ∫ dx ∫
dx = adx + b
1
∴ At x = ⇒ y=2
or y = ax + b , where b is another arbitrary constant. 8

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426 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
69. (a, d) y ' = y tan x = 2 x sec x and y (0) = 0 dv 3v + 10 (2v + 3)
or = or dv = dx
dy dx 2v + 3 (3v + 10)
⇒ − y tan x = 2 x sec x
dx 9(2v + 3) (6(3v + 10) − 33)
or dv = 9dx or dv = 9dx
⇒ IF = ∫ e − tan x
dx = e log|cos x|
= cos x (3v + 10) (3v + 10)
 33 
Solutions is y ⋅ cos x = ∫ 2 x sec x ⋅ cos x dx + C ⇒ 6  dv = 9dx
 3v + 10 
⇒ y ⋅ cos x = x 2 + C. As y (0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0 On integrating, we get 6v − 11 ln3v + 10 = 9 x + c
π  π
2
or 6( x + y ) − 11 ln (3( x + y ) + 10) = 9 x + c
∴ y = x 2 sec x . Now, y   =
4 8 2 or 6( x + y ) − 11{ln ( x + y + 10 / 3) + ln 3} = 9 x + c
π  π π2 2π 2 π  or 6( x + y ) − 11 ln( x + y + 10 / 3) = 9 x + c
⇒ y '  = + ; y  =
4 2 8 2 3 9
− 3 y = sin 2 x IF = e ∫
dy −3 dx
 π  4π 2π
2
73. (a, b, c, d) = e −3 x
⇒ y '  = + dx
3 3 3 3
∴ Solution is ye−3 x = ∫ sin 2 x e−3 x dx + c
dy dy
70. (a, b, c) y = 2 y2 ⇒ = 2y 1 −3 x
dx dx ye −3 x = − e (2 cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x ) + c
13
dy
⇒ = 2 dx ⇒ ln y = 2 x + ln c 1
y or y=− (2 cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x ) + ce 3 x
13
⇒ y = ce 2 x 1
or y=− cos(2 x − tan −1 (3/ 2)) + ce3 x
Also from Eq. (i), ln y + ln c = 2 x or ln y = 2 x − ln c 13
1
dy 1 1 or y=− sin(2 x + tan −1 (2 / 3)) + ce3 x
71. (a, b) + tan y = 2 tan y sin y 13
dx x x
dy 1 1 74. (a, b) The equation of normal at P( x, y ) is
⇒ cot y cosec y + cosec y. = 2 . . .(i)
dx x x
dx
dy dv Y−y=− ( X − x)
Put cosec y = v ∴ cosec y cot y =− dx
dx dx
 dt 
dv v 1 So, the coordinates of Q are  x + y , 0 
Then, from Eq. (i) − + = 2  dx 
dx x x
2
dv v 1  dy 
⇒ − =− 2 Thus, PQ 2 = ( X − x) 2 + (0 − y ) 2 =  y  + y 2
dx x x  dx 

IF = e ∫
2 2
−1/ x dx 1  dy   dy 
= e − ln x = eln (1/ x ) = k 2 =  y  = y2 ⇒  y dx  = (k − y )
∴ 2 2
x ⇒
 dx   
1  1 1 1
∴ Solution is v.   = ∫  − 2    dx + c = 2 + c y
dy
= ± (k 2 − y 2 )
x  x  x 2x ⇒ dx
1 1 To find the equation of the curve, we rewrite it as
or = (1 + 2cx 2 )
x sin y 2 x 2 y dy
= ± dx
⇒ 2 x = sin y (1 + 2cx 2 ) (k 2 − y 2 )
or 2 x = sin y (1 + cx 2 ) (∵ c is arbitrary constant) y dy
Integrating, we get ∫ (k 2
− y2 )
= ± ∫ dx
72. (b, c) Put x + y = v
dy dv ⇒ − (k 2 − y 2 ) = ± x + c . . .(i)
∴ = −1
dx dx As the curve passes through (0, k), we get
Then, the given equation can be written as
− k 2 − k 2 = ±(0) + c
dv v+7
−1 = ⇒ c=0
dx 2v + 3

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Differential Equations 427
2
Therefore, Eq. (i) can be written as − k 2 − y 2 = ± x y
⇒ xy = 2∫ y log ydy + +C
2
⇒ k − y = x or x + y = k
2 2 2 2 2 2

 y2 y2  y2
= 2  log y −  + + C = y 2 log y + C
75. (a,d) Taking x = r cosθ and y = r sin θ ,  2 4  2
y
So that x 2 + y 2 = r 2 and = tan θ , 78. (a) The equation of a circle contains three independent
x
constants if it passes through three non-collinear points.
We have x dx + y dy = r dr
dy y
and x dy − y dx = x 2 sec 2 θ dθ = r 2 dθ . 79. (d) =
dx 2 x
The given equation can be transformed into 2dy dx
⇒ =
rdr  a2 − r 2  dr y x
=   ⇒ = (a 2 − r 2 )
r 2 dθ  r 2
 d θ ⇒ log y 2 = log x + const
dr 1
⇒ = dθ ⇒ y 2 = Cx, this passes through (2, 1) if C = .
(a − r 2 )
2
2
1
r Thus y 2 = which represents a parabola with focus (1/8, 0)
Integrating both sides, then we get sin −1   = θ + c 2x
a
 ( x2 + y2 )  80. (c) x(1 + y 2 )dx + y (1 − x 2 ) dx = 0
−1  y
or sin   = tan −1   + c . . .(i)
 a  x x y
  ⇒ dx + dx = 0
1− x 2
1+ y2
or ( x 2 + y 2 ) = a sin{tan −1 ( y / x) + c}
⇒ − log(1 − x 2 ) + log(1 + y 2 ) = Const
or ( x 2 + y 2 ) = a sin {tan −1 ( y / x) + Constant} ⇒ 1 + y 2 = C (1 − x 2 ) Since y (0) = 0 or C = 1

 y    ( x 2 + y 2 )   ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 0 which is a point circle.

Also from Eq. (i), tan −1   = sin −1  −c
 x    a  
   81. (c) The given equation can be written as
  ( x 2 + y 2 )   dy dx
− =0
or y = x tan sin −1   − c y y −1 x x2 −1
2
 a 
   
Integrating sec −1 y − sec −1 x = const
  (x + y )  2  2
= x tan sin −1   + constant  2 π π π
  Putting x = 2, const = sec −1 − sec −1 2 = − = −
a
    3 6 3 6
 π
76. (a,c) We have ∫ (by + k ) dy = ∫ (ax + h) dx So, y = sec  sec −1 x − 
 6
by 2 ax 2
or + ky = + hx + c 82. (c) Put x – y = u
2 2
dy du
Clearly for a = –2, b = 0 and a = 0, b = 2 ⇒ 1− =
dx dx
It represents a parabola
(∵ y = ax2 +bx+c and x=ay2 + by+c represents a parabola.) du
The given equation reduces to 1 − = cos u
dx
Assertion and Reason du
⇒ = dx
dx 2 y log y + y − x x 1 − cos u
77. (a) = = 2log y + 1 −
dy y y 1 u
dx x
⇒
2 ∫ cosec 2   du = x + C
2
⇒ + = 2log y + 1 which is linear in x and y.
dy y u x− y
⇒ − cot = x+C i.e., − cot = x+C
1 2 2
∫ dy d
I .F = e y
= y. So, ( xy ) = 2 y log y + y Putting y (0) = −π , we have C = 0 y = x − 2cot −1 (− x)
dy

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428 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
83. (d) Let (x, y) be the point of tangency equation of tangent xy
dy
dy
89. (b) x = e dx
⇒ ln x = xy
is Y − y = f '( x )( X − x ) This intersects x-axis dx
 1   1 y Hence, degree =1
at  x − y,0  . The midpoint is  x − y ,  is on
 f '( x)   2 f ′( x ) 2  2
 d3y   d 2 y dy 
Y-axis so, 90. (b)  3  = −  3 2 + + 5
 dx   dx dx 
1 dy dx
x− y=0 ⇒ 2 = ⇒ y 2 = Cx 3
2 f ′( x) y x  d3y   d 2 y dy 
⇒  3  = − 3 2 + + 5 Hence, degree =2
Which represents parabola with latus rectum parallel to y-axis.  dx   dx dx 
3 3/ 2
dy dy  dy   dy   dy 
84. (a) + 2 y = 3x + 5 91. (d) = c then, y = x   +   − 5  +3
dx dx  dx   dx   dx 
e2 x 3 2 x
ye 2 x = ∫ ( 3x + 5) e 2 x + C = ( 3x + 5 )  dy  dy 3 
3/ 2
⇒ − e +C  dy 
2 4 or 5  = x +   + 3 − y
 dx   dx  dx  
 3x + 5 3 
⇒ y= −  + Ce −2 x ⇒ 4 x − 6 x − 7 = Ce −2 x 2
 2 4  dy   dy  dy  
3 3

∴ 25   =  x +   + 3 − y 
 dx   dx  dx  
85. (d) It is linear equation with I .F .e ∫
tan xdx
= sec x, Required
∴ Order =1, degree = 6
solution is y = sin x + cos x.
92. (b) Given, c ( y + c ) 2 = x 3 . . .(i)
1
∫ dx d
86. (a) I .F .e x
= x , so ( xy ) = e x Differentiating both sides Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, then
dx
2c ( y + c) y ′ = 3 x 2 . . .(ii)
⇒ xy = e x + C Put y(a) = b
( y + c) x
⇒ ab − ea = C , so xy = e x + ab − e a . Dividing Eqs. (i) and (ii), then =
2 y′ 3
Comprehension Based  2 xy ′ 
⇒ c= − y . . .(iii)
87. (b) Here, f '( x) − 2 f '( x) + f ( x) ≥ e x
 3 
⇒ f "( x)e − x − f '( x)e − x − f '( x)e− x + f ( x)e − x ≥ 0 Eliminating c from Eq. (i) with the help of Eq. (iii), then
 2 xy ′   2 xy ′ 
2
d d  − y   =x
3
⇒ ( f '( x)e− x ) − ( f ( x)e − x ) ≥ 1  3  3 
dx dx
2
d  2 x  dy    dy  9 x
⇒ ( f '( x)e − x − f ( x)e − x ) ≥ 1 or    − y   =
dx  3  dx    dx  4
d 2 −x ∴ Order = 1
⇒ (e f ( x)) ≥ 1 for all x∈[0,1]
dx 2 Degree =3
∴ φ ( x) = e − x f ( x) is concave nφ . 93. (d) Sicne, the given differential equation can not be
f (0) = f (1) = 0 ⇒ φ (0) = 0 = φ (1) written as a polynomial in all the differentials.
∴ Degree of the equation is not defined but order =2.
⇒ φ ( x) < 0 ⇒ e− x f ( x) < 0 ∴ f ( x) < 0

 1 Match the Column

88. (c) Here, φ '( x) < 0, x ∈  0, 
 4  1− cos 2x   1+ cos 2x 
94. (c) (A) y = a   +b   + c sin 2x + d cos2x
1   2   2 
and φ '( x) > 0, x ∈  ,1
4  = A + B sin 2 x + C cos 2 x
 1 dy
⇒ e− x f '( x) − e− x f ( x) < 0, x ∈  0,  ∴ = 2 B cos 2 x − 2C sin 2 x . . .(i)
 4 dx
1 d2y
⇒ f '( x ) < f ( x), 0 < x < . ⇒ = −4 B sin 2 x − 4C cos 2 x
4 dx 2

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Differential Equations 429
3
d y dy dy
⇒ = −8 B cos 2 x + 8C sin 2 x = −4 [From Eq. (i)] or − ex = 0
dx 3 dx dx
⇒ dy − e − x dx = 0
d3 y dy
⇒ +4 =0
dx 3
dx or dy − e x dx = 0
∴ O = 3, D = 1 ⇒ y + e− x = c
O + 2 D = 5, O = 4, 2 + 3 =8 + 3 = 11
D O D
or y − ex = c
(B) y = (c1 + c2 )sin( x + c3 ) − c4 ec5 + c6 .e x (B) ( x + y + 1) dy = dx Put x + y + 1 = v
or y = A sin( x + B) + Ce x
. . .(i) Then, dx+d=dv and the given equation reduces to
v(dv – dx) = dx
dy
∴ = A cos( x + B) + Ce x . . .(ii) vdv  1 
dx ⇒ dx = = 1 −  dv
Subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), then v +1  v +1

dy ⇒ x + c = v − ln (v + 1)
− y = A cos( x + B ) − A sin( x + B ) . . .(iii)
dx ⇒ ln (v + 1) = v − x − c
2
d y dy or ln( x + y + 2) = y + 1 − c = y + c
− = − A sin( x + B ) − A cos( x + B )
dx 2 dx Also, x + y + 2 = e y + c = e y .e c = ce y
d3 y d2 y dy ( x + y + 2)
− = − A cos( x + B ) − A sin( x + B ) (C) + =0
dx 3 dx 2 dx (2 x + 2 y − 1)
 dy  d 3 y d 2 y dy Put x + y = v
= −  − y  [from Eq. (iii)] 3 − 2 + −y=0
 dx  dx dx dx dy dv
∴ 1+ = ,
O = 3, D = 1 O + 2 D = 5, O D + D O = 4, 2O + 3D = 11 dx dx
(C) Put x = tan θ , y = tan φ dv v+2
then −1+ =0
dx 2v − 1
Then, (sec θ + sec φ ) = A(tan θ + sec φ + tan φ sec θ )
dv (v − 3)
⇒ − =0
 cos θ + cos φ   sin θ + sin φ  dx (2v − 1)
⇒   = A 
 cos θ cos φ   cos θ cos φ  (2v − 1)
or dv = dx
θ +φ   θ −φ  θ +φ   θ −φ  (v − 3)
⇒ 2 cos   cos   = A.2 sin   cos  
 2   2   2   2   5 
⇒ 2+  dv = dx
θ +φ   v −3
⇒ cot  = A
 2  ⇒ 2v + 5 ln (v − 3) = x + c
θ +φ −1 or 2( x + y) + 5 ln ( x + y − 3) = x + c
⇒ = cot A
2
or 2( x + y + 2) + 5ln ( x + y − 3) = x + c1 = x + c
⇒ θ + φ = 2 cot −1 A
⇒ tan −1 x + tan −1 y = 2 cot −1 A Integer
1 1 dy dx
or + =0 96. (40) = x +1
(1 + x ) (1 + y ) dx
2 2 dt
dx
∴ O = 1, D = 1 ⇒ = dt
x +1
Then O = D and 2O + 3D = 5
⇒ ln( x + 1) = t + c
95. (d) (A) The given equation can be written as
Putting t = 0, x = 0 We get c = 0
 dy − x   dy x 
 −e  −e  = 0 ⇒ t = ln( x + 1)
 dx   dx 
dy For x = 99, t = ln100 = 2log e 10
⇒ = e− x = 0
dx ∴ 20λ log10 e = 20 × 2log e 10 × log10 e = 40

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430 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
3
d y / dx 3 99. (10) Since, sin y (3sin x − 7 cos + 7) dy +
97. (64) We have, =8
d 2 y / dx 2 cos x(3cos y − 7sin x − 3)dx = 0
⇒
2
d y sin y ((5 − 2)sin x − (5 + 2)cos y + (5 + 2))dy
⇒ ln = 8 x + c or ln y2 = 8 x + c
dx 2 + cos x((5 − 2)cos y − (5 + 2)sin x − (5 − 2))dx = 0
Putting x = 0
⇒ 5sin y (sin x − cos y + 1)dy + 5cos x
We have, c = log y2 (0) = ln1 = 0
×(cos y − sin x − 1)dx − 2sin y (sin x + cos y − 1) dy
∴ ln y2 = 8 x
−2 cos x (cos y + sin x − 1) dx = 0
e8 x
⇒ y2 = e 8x
i.e., y1 = +D ⇒ 5(sin x − cos y + 1)(sin y dy − cos x dx) − 2(sin x + cos y − 1)
8
1 (sin y dy + cos x dx) = 0
Again putting x = 0, then y1 (0) = + D
8 5(cos x dx − sin y dy ) 2(cos x dx + sin y dy )
⇒ + =0
1 (sin x + cos y − 1) (sin x − cos y + 1)
⇒ 0= +D
8 On integrating, we have
1 e 1 8x
e x 8x
5ln(sin x + cos y − 1) + 2ln (sin x − cos y + 1) = ln c
∴ D = − ⇒ y1 = − ⇒ − +E y=
8 8 8 64 8 ⇒ (sin x + cos y − 1)5 (sin x − cos y + 1) 2 = c
1 1
Putting x = 0,we have y (0) = −0+ E = ∴ λ = 5, µ = 2
64 8
Then λµ = 5 × 2 = 10
1 1 7
∴ E= − =
8 64 64 dy
100. (1) sec 2 y + 2 x tan y = x 3 . . .(i)
e x 7 (e − 8 x + 7)
8x 8x dx
Hence, y = − + = ⇒λ = 64 Let tan y = v
64 8 64 64
dy dv
98. (15) y = ae3 x + be5 x ∴ sec 2 y =
dx dx
or ae3 x + be5 x − y = 0 . . .(i) dv
Then from equation (i) + 2vx = x 3
dy dy dx
∴ = 3ae3 x + 5be5 x or 3ae3 x + 5be5 x − =0 . . .(ii)
IF = e ∫
2 x dx 2
dx dx ∴ = ex
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, then
∴ Solution is v ⋅ ( IF ) = ∫ x 3 ⋅ ( IF ) dx + c
d2y
9ae + 25be − 2 = 0
3x 5x
. . .(iii)
tan y ⋅ e x = ∫ x3 ⋅ e x dx + c
2 2
dx ⇒
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
dt
1 1 y Put x 2 = t ⇒ x dx =
2
3 5 dy / dx = 0
1 t 1
2∫
2

9 25 d 2 y / dx 2 ∴ tan y ⋅ e x = te dt + c = (tet − et ) + c
2
Expanding w.r.t. R1 , then 1 2
⇒ tan y = (t − 1) + ce − x
 d y 2
dy   d y dy  2 2
 5 2 − 25  − 1 3 2 − 9  + (75 − 45) = 0 1
 dx dx   dx dx  2
or tan y = ( x 2 − 1) + ce − x
2 2
d y dy
⇒ 2 − 16 + 30 y = 0 or 2 tan y = ( x 2 − 1) + 2ce− x
2

dx 2 dx
2
d2y dy = ( x 2 − 1) + ce − x
∴ 2
− 8 + 15 y = 0
dx dx (Replacing 2c by c). Hence, λ =1.
∴ λ = 15

***

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 431

19 Coordinates and Straight lines

QUICK LOOK Axis of x: The line XOX' is called axis of x.
Axis of y: The line YOY' is called axis of y.
Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates of a Point
Co-ordinate axes: x axis and y axis together are called axis of
Co-ordinates of a point are the real variables associated in an co-ordinates or axis of reference.
order to a point to describe its location in some space. Here the Origin: The point ‘O’ is called the origin of co-ordinates or the
space is the two dimensional plane. The work of describing the
origin.
position of a point in a plane by an ordered pair of real
Oblique axes: If both the axes are not perpendicular then they
numbers can be done in different ways.
are called as oblique axes.
The two lines XOX' and YOY' divide the plane in four Let OL = x and OM = y which are respectively called the
quadrants. XOY, YOX', X' OY', Y'OX are respectively called the abscissa (or x-coordinate) and the ordinate (or y-coordinate).
first, the second, the third and the fourth quadrants. We assume
The co-ordinate of P are (x, y).
the directions of OX, OY as positive while the directions of
OX', OY' as negative.
Note
Y

Co-ordinates of the origin is (0, 0).
Quadrant II Quadrant I
(–,+) (+,+)
The y co-ordinate of every point on x-axis is zero.

The x co-ordinate of every point on y-axis is zero.
X X
Quadrant IIIO Quadrant IV
(–,–) (+,–)
Polar Co-ordinates : Let OX be any fixed line which is
usually called the initial line and O be a fixed point on it. If
Y distance of any point P from the O is 'r' and ∠ XOP = θ , then (r,
Figure: 19.1
θ) are called the polar co-ordinates of a point P.
Quadrant x-coordinate y-coordinate point Y
P(r,θ)
First quadrant + + (+,+)
r
Second quadrant – + (–,+)
θ
Third quadrant – – (–,–) X′ X
O
Fourth quadrant + – (+,–)

Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates of a Point: This is the
most popular co-ordinate system. Let us consider two Y′
intersecting lines XOX' and YOY', which are perpendicular Figure: 19.3
If (x, y) are the cartesian co-ordinates of a point P, then
to each other. Let P be any point in the plane of lines. Draw
 y
the rectangle OLPM with its adjacent sides OL, OM along x = r cos θ ; y = r sin θ and r = x 2 + y 2 θ = tan −1  
the lines XOX', YOY' respectively. The position of the point  x
P can be fixed in the plane provided the locations as well as Distance Formula
the magnitudes of OL, OM are known.
If P = ( x1 , y1 ) and Q = ( x2 , y2 ) then the distance between P
Y
and Q = PQ = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2
x P(x, y)
M
y Section Formula
X′
O L
X
If A = ( x1 , y1), B =( x2 , y2) and P =( x, y ) divides the line segment
λ x2 + x1 λ y2 + y1
AB in the ratio λ :1 then x = ,y = where
λ +1 λ +1
Y′
λ > 0 if P divides AB internally in the ratio λ :1 and
Figure: 19.2 λ < 0 if P divides AB externally in the ratio λ :1.

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432 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

The middle point M of the line segment joining Slope of a Line Determined by two Points: If A = ( x1 , y1 ) and
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2  B = ( x2 , y2 ) then the slope m of the line AB is given by
A = ( x 1 , y1 ) and B = ( x 2 , y2 ) is M =  , .
 2 2  y1 − y2
m= = tan θ is the angle made by AB with the positive
x1 − x2
Centroid and Incentre of a Triangle direction of the x-axis.
A (x1, y1) A (x1, y1)

2
Condition for Collinearity: If A = ( x1 , y1 ), B = ( x2 , y2 ) and
1 b
c
C = ( x3 , y3 ) are three points then they will be collinear if
1 G I

AB ± AC = BC (using distance formula)
2 2
1
Areal λ, positive or negative, can be obtained such that
B (x2, y2) a C (x3, y3)
B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)
Figure 19.5 λ x3 + x1 λ y3 + y1
Figure 19.4 x2 = , y2 = (using section formula)
λ +1 λ +1
If the vertices of a ∆ABC are A = ( x1 , y1 ), B = ( x2 , y2 ) and

ar (∆ABC ) = 0(using area formula)
C = ( x3 , y3 ) then
y1 − y2 y1 − y3
 x + x + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
= (using slope formula)

The centroid G =  1 2 ,  x1 − x2 x1 − x3
 3 3 
 ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 

The incentre I =  1 ,  Locus and its Equation
 a+b+c a+b+c 

A point P ( x, y ) changes its position on the x − y plane as x
where BC = a, CA = b, AB = c.
or y or both change. x and y may change independently or

In a ∆ ABC , the orthocentre H, centroid G and circumcentre one depending on the other. When P ( x, y ) changes its
M are collinear and G divides HM internally in the ratio 2 : 1.
A position under some rule (imposed by geometrical
condition), y becomes a function of x, say y = f ( x) and the
point P traces a locus. This functional relation
y = f ( x) between x and y is called the equation of the locus
H
and it is satisfied by all points ( x, y ) lying on the locus.
G
M

In order to find the equation of a locus of a point P, take
B C
Figure 19.6 P = (α , β ) in any position. Then obtain a relation between
Areas of Triangle and Polygon α, β using the condition under which the point P moves.

If A = ( x1 , y1 ), B = ( x2 , y2 ) and C = ( x3 , y3 ) are the vertices Finally replace α , β by x, y respectively in the relation to
of a triangle ABC then get the cartesian equation of the locus.
x1 y1 1
1 Parametric Equation of a Locus
ar ( ∆ABC ) = x2 y2 1
2
The rule by which a point P ( x, y ) moves to trace the locus
x3 y3 1
may be expressed by writing x as well as y as functions of a
1  x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3  third variable (or arbitrary constant) θ .
=  + + 
2  x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1  x = φ (θ ) 
Example: 
x = ψ (θ ) 
1
= { x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )} Such equations of a locus give the parametric equations of
2
the locus and any point on the locus can be taken as

If Ar ( xr , yr ); r = 1, 2, 3,......, n be the vertices of a polygon,
(φ (θ ), ψ (θ )).
taken in order then the area of the polygon A1 A2 A3 ..... An

To obtain the cartesian equation of a locus whose
x yn 
= 1  1
y1 x y2 x3 y3 x yn −1 xn parametric equations are x = φ (θ ), y = ψ (θ ), eliminate θ
+ 2 + + ... + n −1 + 
2  x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 xn yn x1 y1 
from the relations x = f (θ ), y = ψ (θ ).

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 433
Equation of a Straight Line
If the acute angle between the lines y = mx + c and x = k be

Two-point form: The equation of the straight line passing π
through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is φ then φ = − θ where m = tan θ .
2
x y 1
y1 − y2
y − y1 = ( x − x1 ) or x1 y1 1 = 0 Conditions for Perpendicularity and Parallelism: Two
x1 − x2
x2 y2 1 straight lines y = m1 x + c1 and y = m2 x + c2 are

Point-slope form: The equation of the straight line passing

parallel if m1 = m2
through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and having the slope m is
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ).
perpendicular if m1m2 = −1, i.e., m2 = −1 .
m1

Slope-intercept form: The equation of the straight line
whose slope is m and which cuts off an intercept c on the y- Line Parallel or Perpendicular to a Given Line: Line a given
axis is y = mx + c. line be ax + by + c = 0.

Intercept form – The equation of the straight line which
Any line parallel to it has the equation ax + by = k where k
cuts off intercepts a, b on the x and y-axes respectively is
is an arbitrary constant whose value can be obtained by
x y
+ = 1. using an additions geometrical condition.
a b

Any line perpendicular to it has the equation

Normal form: The equation of the straight line for which
bx − ay = λ where λ is an arbitrary constant whose value
the length of the normal from the origin to the line is p and
the normal is inclined with the positive direction of the x- can be obtained by using an additional geometrical
condition.
axis at an angle θ , is x cos θ + y sin θ = π .

Parametric form (or distance form): The equation of the
Intersection of Lines
line passing through ( x1 , y1 ) and inclined at an angle θ with

The point of intersection of the lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and
x − x1 y − y1
the positive direction of x-axis is = ( = r ) and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 is obtained by solving the equations
cos θ sin θ
simultaneously.
any point on the line at a distance r from ( x1 , y1 ) is

The equation of any line passing through the intersection of
( x1 ± r cos θ , y1 ± r sin θ ) the lines L1 ≡ a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and L2 ≡ a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 is

General equation: The general equation of a straight line L1 + λ L2 = 0 i.e., a1 x + b1 y + c2 + λ (a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0
is ax + by + c = 0 (a first degree equation in x,y), for which :
where λ is an arbitrary constant whose values can be
−a obtained by using an addition geometrical condition.
the slope m =
b The equation a1 x + b1 y + c2 + λ (a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0
−c
intercept on x-axis = (obtained by putting y = 0 in where λ is a parameter, represents a family of straight
a
lines passing through a fixed point which is the point of
ax + by + c = 0 )
intersection of the fixed lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and
−c
intercept on y-axis = (obtained by putting x = 0 in a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
b
Concurrency of Lines: The lines
ax + by + c = 0 ).
L1 ≡ a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 L2 ≡ a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0

The equation of the x-axis is y = 0 and that of the y-axis is
L3 ≡ a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0 are concurrent lines if any one of the
x = 0.
following holds :
Angle between two Lines
The point of intersection of L1 = 0, L2 = 0 satisfies the

If the acute angle between the straight lines y = m1 x + c1 and equation L3 = 0.
m1 − m2
y = m2 x + c2 be φ then tan φ = a1 b1 c1
1 + m1m2
The three equations are consistent i.e., a2 b2 c2 = 0
provided none of the line is parallel to the y-axis. a3 b3 c3

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434 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

L1 + λ L2 = 0 is identical with L3 = 0 for some real λ , and the equation of the bisector of the angle not containing
i.e., (a1 + λ a2 ) x + (b1 + λ b2 ) y + c1 + λ c2 = 0 is identical with a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
the origin is =−
a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0, i.e., a12 + b12 a22 + b22

a1 + λ a2 b1 + λ b2 c1 + λ c2
The bisector of the angle containing the origin is also the

= = holds for some λ. bisector of the acute angle between the lines
a3 b3 c3
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 , if (i) c1 , c2 are of

If three non-zero constant λ , µ ,ν can be found such
the same sign and (ii) a1 a2 + b1b2 < 0.
that λ L1 + µ L2 + ν L3 ≡ 0,
i.e., λ a1 + µ a2 + ν a3 = 0,
Joint Equation of two Lines (Pair of Lines)
λ b1 + µ b2 + ν b3 = 0,
If L1 ≡ a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and L2 ≡ a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be the
λ L1 + µ c1 + ν c2 + ν c3 = 0. equation of two straight lines then their joint equation is
L1 ⋅ L2 ≡ (a1 x + b1 y + c2 )(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0, which is an
Location of Points with Respect to a Given Line: Let given equation of the second degree in x and y.
line be L ≡ ax + by + c = 0.
If S ≡ ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 be the equation

The point P( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) are on the same side of of a pair of lines S can be factorized into two linear factors
the above line if L ( x1 , y1 ), i.e., ax1 + by1 + c and and each factor equated to zero gives the separate equation
L( x2 , y2 ),
of a line belonging to the pair.

The second degree homogeneous equation
i.e., ax2 + by2 + c are of the same sign.
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 , represents a pair of straight lines

The points P( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) are on the opposite sides
passing through the origin.
of the above line if
If the joint equation of a pair of lines be
L( x1 , y1 ), i.e., L( x2 , y2 ) are of opposite signs. ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 = 0 then their separate equations are

If c > 0 then P( x1 , y1 ) and the origin are on the same side of y = m1 x + and y = m2 x
the line when L ( x1 , y1 ) > 0. −2h
where m1 + m2 =

If c > 0 then P( x1 , y1 ) and the origin are on the opposite b
sides of the line when L( x1 , y1 ) < 0. and m1 m2 =
a
.
b
Length of the Perpendicular From a Point to a Line
If the joint equation of a pair of lines be

The length of the perpendicular from the point P( x1 , y1 ) to ax + 2hxy + by + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, then their separate
2 2

ax1 + by1 + c equations are l1 x + m1 y + n1 = 0 and l2 x + m2 y + n2 = 0

the line ax + by + c = 0 is .
a2 + b2 Where l1l2 = a, m1 m2 = b, n1 n2 = c,
l1m2 + l2 m1 = 2h, m1 n2 + m2 n1 = 2 f ,
Equations of Bisectors of Angles between two Lines: If l1n2 + l2 n1 + = 2 g .
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be two straight lines
then Condition for the General Equation of the Second Degree

The equation of bisectors of the angles between the two to Represent a Pair of Lines
lines are
The general equation of the second degree ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2 fy
2 2

a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
=± ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 , will represent a pair of straight lines if
a12 + b12 a22 + b22

if c1 > 0, c2 > 0 then the equation of the bisector of the ∆ ≡ abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2 = 0
Formulae for the Pair ax + 2hxy + by = 0
2 2
angle containing the origin is
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
For the pair of straight lines whose joint equation is
=
a +b
2
1 1
2
a +b
2
2
2
2 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 435

2 h 2 − ab
If P = ( x, y ) and the axes are rotated about the origin by an

the angle between the lines = tan −1
a +b angle φ in the anticlockwise sense such that the new

the lines are perpendicular if a + b = 0 coordinates of P become ( x ', y ') then the equations of

the lines are coincident if h = ab 2
transformations will be x = x ′ cos φ − y ′ sin φ

the joint equation of the bisectors of the angles between the
y = x ′ sin φ + y ′ cos φ
x2 − y 2 xy
lines is = . Y′
a −b h
Y

The angle between the pair of lines P (x, y)
(x′, y′)
ax + 2hxy + by = 0 and that between the pair of lines
2 2

X′
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 are equal.
φ
O X
To Fined the Point of Intersection of the Pair of Lines Figure 19.9

If P = ( x, y ) and the axes are shifted parallel to the original

axes so that the new origin is (α , β ) and then the axes are
rotated about the new origin (α , β ) by an angle φ in the
anticlockwise sense such that the new coordinates of P
(0, 0)
Figure 19.7 become ( x ', y ') then the equations of transformation will be

ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 x = α + x′ cos φ − y ′ sin φ

Denoting the equation by S = 0, the point of intersection is y = β + x ′ sin φ + y ′ cos φ
∂S ∂S Y′
P (x, y)
obtained by solving = 0 and =0 Y
(x′, y′)
∂x ∂y X′

Pair of Lines Through the Origin and Intersection of a Line φ

O′ (α, β)
With a Second Degree Curve
The equation of the pair of lines, passing through the origin and X
O Figure 19.10
the points of intersection of the line L = 0 and the curve
S = 0, is obtained by making S = 0 second degree
If P = ( x, y ) and two mutually perpendicular lines
homogeneous with the help of L = 0.
ax + by + c = 0 and bx − ay + d = 0 are taken as new axes
Transformation of Equation Due to Change of Axes such that new coordinates of P are ( x ', y ') then the
Y
Y′ equation of transformation will be
P (x, y)
(x′, y′)
bx − ay + d ax + by + c
x′ = , y′ =
b +a
2 2
a 2 + b2
O′ (α, β) X′
Y Y′ P (x, y)
O X
Figure 19.8 (x′, y′)

If P = ( x, y ) and the axes are shifted parallel to the original
ax − by + c = 0
axes so that the new origin is (α , β ) and the new X′
coordinates of P are ( x ', y ') then the equation of
bx − ay + d = 0
O′
transformation (i.e., relation between the old and the new
O X
coordinates) will be x = x '+ α , y = y '+ β . Figure 19.11

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436 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 9. The incentre of the triangle with vertices (1, 3), (0,0)
Distance Formula and (2, 0) is:
1. If the point (x, y) be equidistant from the points  3 2 1 
a.  1,
 2 
b.  , 
(a + b, b − a) and (a − b, a + b) , then: 3 3
 
a. ax + by = 0 b. ax − by = 0 2 3  1 
c.  ,
 3 2 
d.  1, 
c. bx + ay = 0 d. bx − ay = 0  3
 
2. If cartesian co-ordinates of any point are ( 3,1) , then its
10. The vertices of triangle are (0, 3) (– 3, 0) and (3, 0). The
polar co-ordinates is: co-ordinate of its orthocentre are:
a. (2, π / 3) b. ( 2, π / 6) a. (0, – 2) b. (0, 2)
c. (2,π/6) d. None of these c. (0, 3) d. (0, –3)

Geometrical Conditions Area of Some Geometrical Figures.

3. ABC is an isosceles triangle. If the co-ordinates of the 11. The area of the triangle formed by the points
base are B(1,3) and C (– 2,7) the co-ordinates of vertex A (a, b + c),(b, c + a ),(c, a + b) is:
can be:
a. abc b. a 2 + b 2 + c 2
 1 
a. (1, 6) b.  − ,5  c. ab + bc + ca d. 0
 2 
12. Three points are A(6, 3), B(– 3, 5), C(4, – 2) and P (x, y)
5 
c.  , 6  d. None of these is a point, then the ratio of area of ∆PBC and ∆ABC is:
6 
x+ y−2 x− y+2
4. A triangle with vertices (4, 0); (–1, –1); (3, 5) is: a. b.
7 2
a. Isosceles and right angled
x− y−2
b. Isosceles but not right angled c. d. None of these
7
c. Right angled but not isosceles
d. Neither right angled nor isosceles 13. The points (1, 1); (0, sec 2 θ ); (cosec 2θ , 0) are collinear for:
a. θ = nπ / 2 b. θ ≠ nπ / 2
Section Formulae
c. θ = nπ d. None of these
5. The co-ordinate of the point dividing internally the line
14. The points (0, 8/3) (1, 3) and (82, 30) are the vertices of:
joining the points (4,–2) and (8,6) in the ratio 7: 5 will be:
a. An equilateral triangle b. An isosceles triangle
 19 8   8 19 
a. (16, 18) b. (18, 16) c.  ,  d.  ,  c. A right angled triangle d. None of these
 3 3 3 3 

6. The line joining points (2,–3) and (–5, 6)is divided by y- Transformation of Axes and Locus
axis in the ratio: 15. The point (2,3) undergoes the following three
a. 2 : 5 b. 2 : 3 c. 3 : 5 d. 1 : 2 transformation successively,
Some Points of a Triangle. A. Reflection about the line y = x .
7. The centroid of a triangle is (2,7)and two of its vertices B. Transformation through a distance 2 units along the
are (4, 8) and (–2, 6) the third vertex is: positive direction of y-axis.
a. (0, 0) b. (4, 7) c. (7, 4) d. (7, 7) C. Rotation through an angle of 45o about the origin in the
anticlockwise direction. The final coordinates of points
8. If the vertices of a triangle be (2, 1); (5, 2) and (3,4) then
are
its circumcentre is:
 1 7   −1 7 
 13 9   13 9  a.  ,  b.  , 
a.  ,  b.  ,   2 2   2 2 
 2 2  4 4
 1 −7 
 9 13  c.  ,  d. None of these
c.  ,  d. None of these  2 2 
4 4 

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 437
16. The point (3, 2) is reflected in the y-axis and then moved Point of Intersection of Two Lines
a distance 5 units towards the negative side of y-axis. The
24. The equation of straight line passing through point of
co-ordinate of the point thus obtained are:
intersection of the straight lines 3 x − y + 2 = 0 and
a. (3, –3) b. (–3, 3) c. (3, 3) d. (–3, –3)
5 x − 2 y + 7 = 0 and having infinite slope is:
17. Let A (2,–3) and B(–2,1) be vertices of triangle ABC. If
a. x = 2 b. x + y = 3
the centroid of this triangle moves on the line 2 x + 3 y = 1 ,
c. x = 3 d. x = 4
then the locus of the vertex C is the line:
a. 3 x − 2 y = 3 b. 2 x − 3 y = 7
Angle between Two non-parallel Lines and Equation of
c. 3 x + 2 y = 5 d. 2 x + 3 y = 9 Straight line through a given point making a given Angle
Straight Line, Slop and Equations of Straight Line with a given Line
18. The gradient of the line joining the points on the curve 25. Angle between the lines 2 x − y − 15 = 0 and 3 x + y + 4 = 0
y = x + 2 x , whose abscissae are 1 and 3, is:
2
is:
a. 6 b. 5 a. 90° b. 45° c. 180° d. 60°
c. 4 d. 3 26. To which of the following types the straight lines
19. Equation to the straight line cutting off an intercept 2 represented by 2 x + 3 y − 7 = 0 and 2 x + 3 y − 5 = 0 belongs:
from the negative direction of the axis of y and inclined at a. Parallel to each other
30° to the positive direction of x, is: b. Perpendicular to each other
a. y + x − 3 = 0 b. y − x + 2 = 0 c. Inclined at 45° to each other
d. Coincident pair of straight lines
c. y − 3 x − 2 = 0 d. 3y − x + 2 3 = 0
27. The equation of the lines which passes through the point
20. Let PS be the median of the triangle with vertices
(3,–2) and are inclined at 60º to the line 3 x + y = 1 ?
P (2,2), Q (6, − 1) and R(7, 3). The equation of the line
a. y + 2 = 0, 3x − y − 2 − 3 3 = 0
passing through (1, – 1) and parallel to PS is:
a. 2 x − 9 y − 7 = 0 b. 2 x − 9 y − 11 = 0 b. x − 2 = 0, 3 x − y + 2 + 3 3 = 0
c. 2 x + 9 y − 11 = 0 d. 2 x + 9 y + 7 = 0 c. 3x − y − 2 − 3 3 = 0
Straight line equation Transformation in Standard Forms d. None of these
21. The equation of the line passes through (a, b) and parallel 28. If the lines y = 3 x + 1 and 2 y = x + 3 are equally inclined
x y to the line y = mx + 4 , then m = ?
to the line + = 1 , is:
a b
x y x y 1+ 3 2 1− 3 2
a. + = 3 b. + = 2 a. b.
a b a b 7 7
x y x y 1+ 3 2 1± 5 2
c. + = 0 d. + + 2 = 0 c. d.
a b a b 7 7
22. A line passes through (2, 2) and is perpendicular to the 29. The angle between the lines whose intercepts on the axes
line 3 x + y = 3 . Its y-intercept is: are a, – b and b, – a respectively, is:
1 2 4 a2 − b 2 b 2 − a2
a. b. c. 1 d. a. tan −1 b. tan −1
3 3 3 ab 2
b 2 − a2
Selection of Co-ordinate of a Point on a Straight line c. tan −1 d. None of these
2 ab
23. If we reduce 3 x + 3 y + 7 = 0 to the form x cos α + y sin
α = p , then the value of p is: 30. A straight line ( 3 − 1) x = ( 3 + 1) y makes an angle
75° with another straight line which passes through
7 7 3 7 7
a. b. c. d. origin. Then the equation of the line is:
2 3 3 2 3 2
a. x = 0 b. y = 0 c. x + y = 0 d. x − y = 0

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438 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
31. The inclination of the straight line passing through the Length of Perpendicular and Position of a Point or two
point (–3, 6) and the midpoint of the line joining the point points with respect to a Line
(4, –5) and (–2, 9) is:
40. If the length of the perpendicular drawn from origin to the
a. π / 4 b. π / 6 c. π / 3 d. 3π / 4 line whose intercepts on the axes are a and b be p, then:
32. The angle between the straight lines x − y 3 = 5 and 1
a. a 2 + b 2 = p 2 b. a 2 + b 2 = 2
p
3 x + y = 7 is:
1 1 2 1 1 1
a. 90° b. 60° c. 2
+ 2 = 2 d. 2
+ 2 = 2
a b p a b p
c. 75° d. 30°
41. The point on the x-axis whose perpendicular distance
33. The angle between the lines xy = 0 is equal to:
x y
a. 45° b. 60° from the line + = 1 is a, is:
a b
c. 90° d. 180°
a  b 
a.  (b ± a 2 + b 2 ),0  b.  (b ± a 2 + b 2 ),0 
34. If the line 2 x + 3 ay − 1 = 0 and 3 x + 4 y + 1 = 0 are mutually b  a 
perpendicular, then the value of a will be: a 
c.  (a ± a 2 + b 2 ),0  d. None of these
a.
1
b. 2  b 
2
42. The vertex of an equilateral triangle is (2, –1) and the
1
c. − d. None of these equation of its base is x + 2 y = 1 .The length of its sides is:
2
4 2
35. If the line passing through (4, 3) and (2, k) is a. b.
15 15
perpendicular to y = 2 x + 3 , then k = ?
4
a. –1 b. 1 c. d. None of these
3 3
c. – 4 d. 4
Concurrent Lines and Reflection on the Surface
36. Let P(−1,0), Q(0,0) and R (3,3 3) be three points. Then
the equation of the bisector of the angle PQR is: 43. If the lines ax+by +c = 0, bx+cy+a = 0 and cx + ay + b = 0
3 be concurrent, then:
a. x+ y =0 b. x + 3 y = 0
2 a. a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3abc = 0 b. a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − abc = 0
3 c. a + b + c − 3abc = 0
3 3 3
d. None of these
c. 3x + y = 0 d. x +
y=0
2 44. If the lines 4 x+3 y =1, y = x+5 and 5 y + bx = 3 are concurrent,
37. Equation of angle bisectors between x and y -axes are:
then b equals:
a. y = ± x b. y = ±2 x
a. 1 b. 3
1 c. 6 d. 0
c. y = ± x d. y = ±3 x
2
45. The straight lines 4ax + 3by + c = 0 where a + b + c = 0 ,
38. The bisector of the acute angle formed between the lines
will be concurrent, if point is :
4 x − 3 y + 7 = 0 and 3 x − 4 y + 14 = 0 has the equation:
1 1
a. x + y + 3 = 0 b. x − y − 3 = 0 a. (4, 3) b.  , 
 4 3
c. x − y + 3 = 0 d. 3 x + y − 7 = 0
1 1
c.  ,  d. None of these
Equations of the bisectors of the Angles between two  2 3
Straight lines Image of a Point in Different cases
39. The equation of the bisector of the acute angle between 46. The reflection of the point (4,–13) in the line 5 x + y + 6 = 0
the lines 3 x − 4 y + 7 = 0 and 12 x + 5 y − 2 = 0 is:
is:
a. 21x + 77 y − 101 = 0 b. 11 x − 3 y + 9 = 0 a. (–1, –14) b. (3, 4)
c. 31x + 77 y + 101 = 0 d. 11x − 3 y − 9 = 0 c. (1, 2) d. (–4, 13)

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 439
47. The image of a point A(3,8) in the line x + 3 y − 7 = 0 , is: 55. The lines joining the origin to the point of intersection of
a. (–1, –4) b. (–3, –8) the circle x 2 + y 2 = 3 and the line x + y = 2 are:
c. (1, –4) d. (3, 8) a. y − (3 + 2 2) x = 0 b. x − (3 + 2 2) y = 0
c. x − (3 − 2 2) y = 0 d. y − (3 − 2 2) x = 0
Equation of Pair of Straight lines
48. If the sum of the slopes of the lines given by 56. The pair of straight lines joining the origin to the points of
x 2−2cxy−7 y 2=0 is four times their product. Then c has the intersection of the line y = 2 2 x + c and the circle
value: x 2 + y 2 = 2 are at right angles, if:
a. – 2 b. – 1 a. c 2 − 4 = 0 b. c 2 − 8 = 0
c. 2 d. 1 c. c 2 − 9 = 0 d. c 2 − 10 = 0

49. If the equation 12 x 2−10 xy + 2 y 2+11x−5 y + K = 0 represent

Removal of Terms and Distance between the Pair of
two straight lines, then the value of K is: parallel Straight lines
a. 1 b. 2
c. 0 d. 3 57. The new equation of curve 12 x 2 + 7 xy − 12 y 2 − 17 x − 31 y
−7 = 0 after removing the first degree terms:
Angle between the Pair of Lines and Bisectors of the Angles a. 12 X 2 − 7 XY − 12Y 2 = 0 b. 12 X 2 + 7 XY + 12Y 2 = 0
between the Lines c. 12 X 2 + 7 XY − 12Y 2 = 0 d. None of these
50. The angle between the lines x − xy − 6 y − 7 x +31 y − 18
2 2
58. Distance between the pair of lines represented by the
= 0 is: equation x 2 − 6 xy + 9 y 2 + 3 x − 9 y − 4 = 0 ?
a. 45° b. 60°
15 1 5 1
c. 90° d. 30° a. b. c. d.
10 2 2 10
51. The angle between the pair of straight lines represented
by 2 x 2 − 7 xy + 3 y 2 = 0 is: Some Important Results
a. 60º b. 45º 59. The coordinates of the foot of perpendicular drawn from
c. tan–1 (7/6) d. 30º (2, 4) to the line x + y = 1 is:
1 3  1 3
52. The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the a.  ,  b.  − , 
3 2  2 2
lines represented by x 2 + 2 xy cot θ + y 2 = 0 is:
4 1  3 −1 
a. x 2 − y 2 = 0 b. x 2 − y 2 = xy c.  ,  d.  , 
 3 2 4 2 
c. ( x 2 − y 2 ) cot θ = 2 xy d. None of these
60. The area enclosed within the curve | x | + | y |= 1 is:

Point of Intersection of Lines and Equation of the Lines a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 2

joining the Origin to the Points of Intersection of a given 61. The area of the triangle formed by the lines 4 x 2−9 xy −9 y 2
Line and a given Curve
= 0 and x = 2 is:
53. The point of intersection of the lines represented by the 10 20
a. 2 b. 3 c. d.
equation 2 x + 3 y + 7 xy + 8 x + 14 y + 8 = 0 is:
2 2
3 3
a. (0,2) b. (1,2) NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
c. (–2, 0) d. (–2,1) More than One Answer
54. If the pair of straight lines xy − x − y + 1 = 0 and line 62. Three lines px + qy + r = 0, qx + ry + p = 0 and rx + py +q = 0
ax + 2 y − 3 = 0 are concurrent, then a =? are concurrent, if:
a. – 1 b. 0 a. p + q + r = 0 b. p2 + q2 + r2 = pr + rq
c. 3 d. 1 c. p3 + q3 + r3 = 3pqr d. None of the above

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440 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
63. All points lying inside the triangle formed by the points 70. Equation of the straight line, inclined at 30° to the axis of
(1, 3), (5, 0) and (–1, 2) satisfy: x such that the length of its (each of their) line segment
a. 3x + 2y ≥ 0 b. 2x + y – 13 ≥ 0 between the coordinate axes is 10 units, is: (are)
c. 2x – 3y – 12 ≤ 0 d. – 2x + y ≥ 0 y 5
a. x − 3 y − 5 3 = 0 b. x − − =0
64 Let L1 be a straight line passing through the origin and L2 3 3
be the straight line x + y = 1. If the intercepts made by the y 5
c. x − 3 y + 5 3 = 0 d. x − + =0
circle x2 + y2 – x + 3y = 0 on L1 and L2 are equal, then 3 3
which of the following equation can represent L1? 71. Let L be the line 2 x + y = 2. If the axes are rotated by
a. x + y = 0 b. x –y = 0 45°, then the intercept made by the line L on the length of
c. x +7y = 0 d. x –7y = 0 new axes are respectively:

65. The equation (b−c) x+(c−a) y + a −b = 0,(b3− c3 ) x + (c3−a3 ) a. 2 and 1 b. 1 and 2

2 2 2 2
y + a 3 − b3 = 0 will represent the same line if: c. 2 2 and d. and 2 2
3 3
a. b = c b. c = a
c. a = b d. a + b +c = 0 Assertion and Reason
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
66. Consider the straight lines x+2y+4= 0 and 4x + 2y –1 = 0.
the correct option out of the options given below:
The line 6x + 6y +7 = 0 is: a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
a. bisector of the angle including origin correct explanation of the assertion.
b. bisector of acute angle b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
c. bisector of obtuse angle correct explanation of the assertion.
d. none of the above c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
67. Two roads are represented by the equations y − x = 6 and d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
x + y = 8. An inspection bunglow has to be so constructed e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
that it is at a distance of 100 from each of the roads. 72. Consider the lines L1:p2x + py –1=0; L2: q2x +qy +6=0;L1
Possible location of the bunglow is given by: passes through the point (3, 2) and L2 passes through the
a. (100 3 + 1,7) b. (1 − 100 2,7) point (2, 7):
Assertion: If the product of the slopes of L1 and L2 is 2
c. (1,7 + 100 2) d. (1,7 − 100 2) then they intersect at the point (–4, –5)
68. The equation of the bisector of the angles between the two Reason: L1and L2 are neither parallel nor perpendicular
x −3 y +5 x−3 y+5 73. Assertion: Consider the point A(0,1) and B(2,0) and P be
intersecting lines = and = are
cosθ sin θ cos φ sin φ point on the line 4x+ 3y + 9= 0, then the coordinates of P
x −3 y +5 x−3 y +5  24 17 
= and = , then: such that |PA –PB| is maximum is  − , 
cos α sin α β γ  5 5
θ +φ Reason: If A and B are tow fixed point and P is any point
a. α = b. β = − sin α
2 in a plane, then |PA –PB| ≤ AB.
c. γ = cos α d. β = sin α 74. Assertion: If the circumcentre of a triangle lies at the
69. A line which makes an acute angle θ with the positive origin and centroid is the mid point of the line joining the
direction of x-axis is drawn through the point P(3,4) to points (2,3) and (4,7), then its orthocenter line 5x – 3y = 0.
meet the line x = 6 at R and y = 8 at S, then: Reason: Circumcentre, centroid and orthocenter of a
a. PR = 3 sec θ triangle lie on the same line.
b. PS = 4 cosec θ 75. Assertion: If the perpendicular bisector of the line segment
2(3sin θ + 4cosθ ) joining P(1,4) and Q(k,3) has y-intercept equal to –4, then
c. PR + PS =
sin 2θ k2 – 16 = 0
9 16 Reason: Centroid of an isosceles triangle ABC lies on the
d. + =1
( PR) 2 ( PS ) 2 perpendicular bisector of the base BC where B = C.

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 441
x1 y1 1 a1 b1 1 83. If st = 1, then the tangent at P and the normal at S to the
76. Assertion: If x2 y2 1 = a2 b2 1 , then the two parabola meet at a point whose ordinate is:
(t 2 + 1) 2 a(t 2 + 1) 2
x3 y3 1 a3 b3 1 a. b.
2t 3 2t 3
triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) and (a1, b1),
a(t + 1)
2 2
a(t 2 + 2) 2
(a2, b2), (a3, b3) must be congruent c. d.
t3 t3
Reason: Two congruent triangles have the same area.
Paragraph –II
77. Let A(2,–3) and B(–2,1) be the vertices of a triangle ABC:
Let P(x, y) be the Cartesian coordinates with respect to axes
Assertion: If the centroid of the triangle moves on the
OX and OY, then (r,θ) be its polar coordinates with respect to
line x + y =5, the vertex moves on the line x + y = 17.
pole O and initial line OX i.e., OP = r (radius vector) and
Reason: If the centroid of the triangle moves the line
∠XOP = θ (vectorial angle). Now let p be the length of
x – y + 1 = 0 (x ≠ 0), the triangle is either isosceles or
perpendicular form O upon straight line (through A, B) ie., OM
equilateral.
= p and ∠XOM = α We, have OM = OP cos (θ – α) or p = r cos
78. Assertion: x 2 y − 3 xy − 2 x 2 + 6 x − 4 y + 8 = 0 represents three (θ – α) which is the required equation to the given line.
straight lines two of which are parallel and the third is 84. Cartesian form of the curve r = a sin (θ / 2), ∀ a > 0 is:
perpendicular to the other two a. 4(x2 – y2)(x2 + y2 + ax) = a2y2
Reason: xy − 2 x + y − 2 = 0 represents a pair of straight lines b. 4(x2 – y2)(x2 + y2 – ax) = a2y2
one of which is common to the pair of straight lines c. 4(x2 + y2)(x2 + y2 + ax) = a2y2
xy + 2x – y = 0 d. 4(x2 + y2)(x2 + y2 – ax) = a2y2
79. Assertion: If x +ky = 1and x = a are the equations of the 85. Polar form of the curve x3 + 3x2 y – 3xy2 – y3 = 5kxy is:
hypotenuse and a side of a right angled isosceles triangle a. 2r (cos 3θ + sin 3θ) = 5k sin θ cos θ
then k = ± a. b. r (cos 3θ + sin 3θ) = 5k sin θ cos θ
Reason: Each side of a right angled isosceles triangle c. 2r (cos 3θ – sin 3θ) = 5k sin θ cos θ
makes an angle π/4 with the hypotenuse. d. r (cos 3θ – sin 3θ) = 5k sin θ cos θ
80. Assertion: 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 = 0 represents a pair of 2 1
perpendicular lines through the origin. 86. Locus of the point P ( r , θ ), if = − + 4cosθ is an:
r 2
Reason: ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 = 0 represents a pair of coincident a. circle b. parabola c. ellipse d. hyperbola
lines if h2 = ab. l
87. If = f (θ ), where f (θ ) = a cos(θ + α ) + b cos(θ + β ), represents
81. Assertion: x y – x – y2 + 1 = 0 represents the sides of a
2 2 2 r
square of area 4 square units. a straight line and that any line perpendicular to it is:
Reason: 3x2 + λxy – 3y2 = 0 represents a pair of l  π
a. = J θ + 
perpendicular lines for all values of λ. r  2
π
b. = f  θ + 
l
Comprehension Based r  2
λ π
Paragraph –I c. = J  θ +  , where λ is a parameter
Let a,r,s,t be non-zero real numbers. Let P(at2, 2at), Q,R(ar2,
r  2
λ  π
2ar), and S(as2,2as) be distinct point on the parabola y2 = 4 ax. d. = f  θ +  , where λ is a parameter
r  2
Suppose that PQ is the focal chord and line QR and PK are
parallel, where K is the point (2a, 0). 88. If (1, π/6), (2, π/3) and (3, π/2) be the angular points of a
triangle. Then the area of the triangle is:
82. The value of r is:
 13 − 3 3   11 − 3 3 
1 t2 +1 a.   sq unit b.   sq unit
a. − b.  4   4 
t t
 10 − 3 3   8−3 3 
1 t 2 −1 c.   sq unit d.   sq unit
c. d. 4
t t    4 

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442 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Match the Column Integer
89. Consider the lines given by L1: x + 3y – 5 = 0; L2: 3x – ky 91. If a triangle has its orthocenter at (1, 1) and circum centre

at  ,  and if centroid and nine point centre are (α,β) and

– 1 = 0; L3: 5x + 2y – 12 = 0 3 3
Column I Column II 2 4

(A) L1, L2, L3 are concurrent, if 1. k = –9 (γ , δ ) respectively, then the value of 6α +12β + 4γ +8δ
must be:
(B) One of L1,L2,L3 is parallel to 6
2. k =
at least one of the other 5 92. If m1 and m2 are the roots of the equation
two, if x + ( 3 + 2) x + ( 3 − 1) = 0 and if area of the triangle
2

(C) L1 , L2 , L3 form a triangle, if

3. k =
5 formed by the lines y = m1 x, y = m2 x2 , and y = c is
6
(a + b)c 2 , then the value of 2008 (a 2 + b 2 ) must be:
(D) L1 , L2 , L3 do not form a 4. k = 5
triangle, if 93. If (λ , 2) is an interior point of ∆ABC formed by
a. A→4, B→1,2 C→3, D→1,2,4 x + y = 4, 3x − 7 y = 8 and 4 x − y = 31 then λ ∈ (a, b), the
b. A→1,2, B→4, C→3, D→1,4 value of 6a + 8b must be:
c. A→1,3, B→2, C→4, D→1,3,4
d. A→4, B→2,3, C→4, D→2 94. Consider the two lines L1 ≡ x − y = 0 and L2 ≡ x + y = 0
and a moving point ( x, y ). Let d ( P, Li ), i = 1, 2 represents
90. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
Column I Column II the distance of the point ‘P’ from Li . If point ‘P’ moving
2
(A) For the line 1. A : 7 x − 9 y − 3 = 0 in certain region ‘R’ in such a way ∑ d ( P, Li ) ∈ [2, 4] . If
4x + 3 y − 6 = 0 and i=1

5 x + 12 y + 9 = 0, acute the area of region ‘R’ is λ sq unit then the value of

angle bisector and λ must be:
obtuse angle bisectors 95. P1 , P2 , P3 ,...Pn are points on the line y = x lying in the
represented by A and
OPn
O respectively, then positive quadrant such that = n, O being the origin.
OPn −1
(B) For the line 2. A : 7 x − 9 y + 3 = 0
If OP1 = 1 then the coordinates of P8 are (3a 2, 3a 2 ),
4x − 3 y − 6 = 0 and
then the value of a must be:
5 x − 12 y + 9 = 0, acute
angle bisector and 96. If the area of the triangle formed by the lines y2 –9xy +
obtuse angle bisectors 18x2 = 0 and y = 9 is λ sq unit, then the value of 4λ must
be:
represented by A and
O respectively, then 97. If the angle between the pair of straight lines
(C) For the straight line 3. A : 7 x + 9 y − 3 = 0 y 2 sin 2 θ − xy sin 2 θ + x 2 (cos 2 θ − 1) = 0 is φ, then the
4x − 3 y + 6 = 0 and value of sin 3 φ + 32sin φ + 9 must be:
5 x − 12 y − 9 = 0, acute
98. Equation ax3 − 9 x 2 y − xy 2+ 4 y 3= 0 represents three straight
angle bisector and
lines. If the two of the lines are perpendicular, then a – a2
obtuse angle bisectors
must be:
represented by A and
O respectively, then 99. The value of λ for which the equation 12x2 – 10xy + 2y2 +
(D) 0 4. O : 9 x + 7 y − 41 = 0 11x – 5y + λ = 0 represent a pair of straight lines, must be:

5. O : 9 x − 7 y − 41 = 0 100. The lines joining the origin to the common points of

a. A→3,5, B→1,2 C→2,4 b. A→3,5, B→1,4, C→2 ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4) 2 = c 2 and 4 x + 3 y = 24 are at right angles,
c. A→1,4 B→3,2 C→2,4 d. A→1,4, B→2,3, C→3 then the value of c2 must be:

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 443
ANSWER 4. (a) Let A(4,0); B(–1, –1); C(3,5) then
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. AB = 26, AC = 26 , BC = 52 ; i.e. AB = AC
d c c a c a b b d c So, Triangle is isosceles and also (BC)2 = (AB)2 + (AC)2.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Hence ∆ABC is right angled isosceles triangle.
d a b d b d d a d d
5. (c) Let point (x, y) divides the line internally.
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
m1 x2 + m2 x1 7(8) + 5(4) 19
b d d c b a a d c a Then x = = =
m1 + m2 12 3
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
d a c c d c a c b d m1 y2 + m2 y1 7(6) + 5(−2) 8
y= = = .
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. m1 + m2 12 3
a b c c b a a c b b
6. (a) Let ratio be k : 1 and coordinate of y-axis are (0,b).
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
k (−5) + 1(2) 2
b a c d All c c c b d Therefore, 0 = ⇒k =
k +1 5
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
c a,c a,c a,c All a,b All a,b,c All a,c 7. (b) Let the third vertex (x, y)
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. x+4−2 y +8+ 6
c,d c a a b d b c d d
2= ,7= , i.e. x = 4, y = 7
3 3
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. Hence third vertex is (4, 7).
b d b c b d c d a b
8. (b) Let circumcentre be O(x,y) and given points are
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
A(2,1); B(5,2); C(3,4) and OA2 = OB2 = OC2
30 5222 110 24 6720 27 42 20 2 25
∴ (x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = (x – 5)2 + (y – 2)2 . . . (i)
SOLUTION and (x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = (x – 3)2 + (y – 4)2 . . . (ii)
Multiple Choice Questions 13 9
On solving (i) and (ii), we get x = ,y=
1. (d) Let points P( x, y), A (a + b, b − a), B( a − b, a + b) . 4 4
According to Question, PA = PB , i.e., PA2 = PB 2 9. (d) Here AB = BC = CA
(1, √3)
⇒ (a + b − x) + (b − a − y ) = (a − b − x) + (a + b − y )
2 2 2 2
A
⇒ ( a + b ) 2 + x 2 − 2 x ( a + b ) + (b − a ) 2 + y 2 − 2 y (b − a )
= (a − b) 2 + x 2 − 2 x(a − b) + ( a + b) 2 + y 2 − 2 y (a + b)
2 2
⇒ 2 x(a − b − a − b) = 2 y (b − a − a − b)
60o
⇒ − 4bx = − 4ay ⇒ bx − ay = 0 B C
(0, 0) 2 (2, 0)
2. (c) We know that x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ ∴ The triangle is equilateral.
So, the incentre is the same as the centroid.
∴ 3 = r cos θ , 1 = r sin θ r = ( 3) 2 + (1) 2 = 2 ,
 1+ 0 + 2 3 + 0 + 0   1 
 1 
−1
∴ Incentre = 
 ,  =  1, .
θ = tan   =π /6  3 3   3
 3
10. (c) Here, AB ⊥ BC. In a right angled triangle, orthocentre
Polar co-ordinates = (2,π/6).
is the point where right angle is formed.
3. (c) Let the vertex of triangle be A(x, y). Then the vertex
A(x, y) is equidistant from B and C because ABC is an B (0,3)

isosceles triangle, therefore ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 3) 2

= ( x + 2) 2 + ( y − 7) 2 ⇒ 6 x − 8 y + 43 = 0
C A
Thus, any point lying on this line can be the vertex A except (– 3, 0) O (3, 0)
 1  5 
the mid point  − , 5  of BC. Hence vertex A is  , 6 
 2  6  ∴ Orthocentre is (0, 3)

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444 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
a b+c 1 a a+b+c 1 Y
1 1
11. (d) Area = b c + a 1 = b b + c + a 1 , P (3, 2)
2 2 Q
c a +b 1 c c+a+b 1 (–3, 2) 2
X′ X
a 1 1 O
a +b+c
(Applying C2 → C1 + C2 ) = b 1 1=0 3
2
c 1 1 (– 3, – 3) R Y′

1 17. (d) Let third vertex C be (α , β )

Area of ∆PBC 2 [
−3(−2 − y ) + 4( y − 5) + x(5 + 2) ]
12. (a) =  2 − 2 + α −3 + 1 + β 
Area of ∆ABC 1 ∴ Centroid =  , 
[ 6(5 + 2) − 3(−2 − 3) + 4(3 − 5)]  3 3 
2
7 x + 7 y − 14 x+ y−2 α β −2
= = i.e.  , 
49 7 3 3 
α   β − 2 
13. (b) The given points are collinear, if Area of According to question, 2   + 3   =1
3  3 
1 1 1
1 ⇒ 2α + 3β − 6 = 3
∆= 0 sec θ 1 = 0
2

2 ⇒ 2α + 3β = 9
cosec2θ 0 1
Hence, locus of vertex C is 2 x + 3 y = 9 .
⇒ 1(sec 2 θ ) + 1(cosec 2θ ) + 1( − cosec 2θ .sec 2 θ ) = 0
18. (a) The points are (1, 3) and (3, 15)
1 1 1
⇒ + 2 − 2 =0 y2 − y1 12
cos θ sin θ sin θ .cos 2 θ
2
Hence gradient is = = =6
x2 − x1 2
1 1
⇒ − =0 ⇒0=0
sin 2 θ .cos 2 θ sin 2 θ .cos 2 θ 19. (d) Let the equation of the straight line is y = mx + c Here
Therefore the points are collinear for all value of θ, except
1
nπ nπ m = tan 30° = and c = – 2
only θ = because at θ = , sec 2 θ = ∞ (Not defined). 3
2 2
1
Hence, the required equation is y = x−2
14. (d) Here A = (0, 8 / 3), B = (1,3) and C = (82,30) 3
AB = 1 + 1/ 9 = 10 / 9 , ⇒ 3y − x + 2 3 = 0 .
10  6 + 7 −1 + 3   13 
BC = (81) 2 + (27) 2 = 27 10 = 81 , 20. (d) S = mid point of QR =  ,  =  ,1
9  2 2   2 
10 2 − 1 −2
AC = (82) 2 + (30 − 8 / 3) 2 = 82 ∴ Slope (m) of PS = =
9 13 9
2−
2
10 10
Since AB + BC = (1 + 81) = 82 = AC . −2
9 9 ∴ The required equation is y + 1 = ( x − 1)
∴ Points A, B, C are collinear. 9
⇒ 2x + 9 y + 7 = 0
15. (b) (a) The new position after reflection is (3,2)
x y
(b) After transformation, it is (3, 2+ 2), i.e, (3, 4) 21. (b) The equation of parallel line to given line is + =λ .
a b
(c) Rotation makes it (3cos45°−4sin45°,3sin45°+4cos45°) ,
This line passes through point (a, b).
 −1 7  a b
i.e.  ,  ∴ + =λ
 2 2 a b
16. (d) Reflection in the y-axis of the point (3,2) is (–3, 2) ⇒ λ=2
when it moves towards the negative side of y- axis through x y
Hence, required line is + = 2.
5 units, then the new position is (–3, 2– 5) =(– 3, – 3) a b

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 445
22. (d) The equation of a line passing through (2, 2) and 28. (d) If line y = mx + 4 are equally inclined to lines with slope
1 1
perpendicular to 3 x + y = 3 is y − 2 = ( x − 2) m1 = 3 and m2 =
3 2
or x − 3y + 4 = 0 .  1 
 3−m   2 −3 
4
Putting x = 0 in this equation, we obtain y = . then   = − 1 
3  1 + 3m   1+ m 
 2 
4
So y-intercept = . 1± 5 2
3 ⇒ m=
7
23. (d) Given equation is 3 x + 3 y + 7 = 0 , Dividing both sides
x y x y
29. (c) Equation of lines are − = 1 and − = 1
by 32 + 32 a b b a
3x 3y 7 b a
⇒ + + =0 ⇒ m1 = and m2 =
3 +32 2
3 +3 2 2
3 +3
2 2 a b
b a
3 3 −7 −7 7 −
⇒ x+ y= , ∴ p= = . b2 − a 2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 Therefore θ = tan a b = tan −1
−1
.
b a 2ab
1+ .
24. (c) Required line should be, a b
(3x − y + 2) + λ (5 x − 2 y + 7) = 0 . . . (i) 3 +1
30. (a) We know that = tan 75°.
⇒ (3 + 5λ ) x − (2λ + 1) y + (2 + 7λ ) = 0 3 −1
 3 + 5λ  2 + 7λ Hence the line makes an angle of 75° with y- axis, so the
⇒ y= x+ . . . (ii)
 2 λ + 1  2λ + 1 equation of y-axis is x = 0 .
−1 31. (d) Midpoint of the line joining the point (4, − 5) and
As the equation (ii) has infinite slope, 2λ + 1 = 0 ⇒ λ =
2
 4 − 2 −5 + 9 
−1  −1  (−2,9) is  ,  i.e. (1, 2).
Putting λ = in equation (i),We have (3 x − y + 2) +    2 2 
2  2 
∴ Inclination of straight line passing through point (–3,6) and
(5 x − 2 y + 7) = 0 ⇒ x = 3
2 − 6 −4
mid point (1, 2) is m = = = −1 = tan θ .
a2 b1 − a1b2 (3) (−1) − (2) (1) 1+ 3 4
25. (b) tan θ = = 3π
a1a2 + b1b2 (3) (2) + (−1) (1) ⇒ θ= .
4
−3 − 2 −5
⇒ tan θ = = = | − 1|
6 −1 5 32. (a) As a1a2 + b1b2 = (1) ( 3) + (− 3) (1) = 0
θ = tan −1 | −1|= tan −1 1 = 45° . ∴ Lines are perpendicular, ∴ θ = 90° .

33. (c) The line xy = 0 represents the equation of coordinate

a1 b1 c1 2 2 7
26. (a) Here, = ≠ ; = ≠ . axis i.e., x = 0 , y = 0 .
a2 b2 c2 3 3 5
Hence, lines are parallel to each other Hence angle between them is 90 ° .

27. (a) The equation of lines passing through (3, –2) is  −2   −3 

34. (c)     = −1
( y + 2) = m ( x − 3) . . . (i)  3a   4 
−1
The slope of the given line is − 3 . or a= .
2
m − (− 3)
So, tan 60° = ± . On solving, we get m = 0 or 3  k −3
1 + m(− 3) 35. (d)   (2) = −1
2−4
Putting the values of m in (i), the required equation is y + 2 = 0
⇒ 2k − 6 = 2
and 3x − y − 2 − 3 3 = 0 . ⇒ k =4

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446 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

3 3−0 bh + 0 − ab
36. (c) Slope of QR = = 3 i.e., θ = 60° 41. (a) Let the point be (h,0 ) then a = ±
3−0 a 2 + b2
Y
a
O R(3, 3√3) ⇒ bh = ± a a 2 + b 2 + ab ⇒ h = (b ± a 2 + b 2 )
b
60o a 
X′ X Hence the point is  (b ± a 2 + b 2 ), 0 
P(–1, 0) Q(0, 0) b 

2 − 2 −1 1
Y′ 42. (b) | AD |= =
1 +2
2 2
5
Clearly, ∠PQR = 120°
A
OQ is the angle bisector of the angle, so line OQ makes
120o with the positive direction of x-axis. Therefore
equation of the bisector of ∠PQR is y = tan120° x
or y = − 3 x i.e., 3x + y = 0 .

37. (a) Equations of angle bisectors between x and y-axis are 60o
B D C
x + y = 0 and x − y = 0 , (∵θ = 45° or 135°) x+ 2y – 1 = 0
or y = ±x . AD
∵ tan 60° =
BD
38. (c) The equation of bisector of acute angle formed
between the lines 4 x − 3 y + 7 = 0 and 3 x − 4 y + 14 = 0 is
1/ 5
4x − 3y + 7 3 x − 4 y + 14 ⇒ 3=
=− BD
16 + 9 16 + 9
1 2
⇒ 7 x − 7 y + 21 = 0 ⇒ x − y + 3 = 0 . ⇒ BD = ⇒ BC = 2 BD =
15 15
39. (b) Bisector of the angles is given by 43. (c) Here the given lines are, ax + by + c = 0,
3x − 4 y + 7 12 x + 5 y − 2
=± bx + cy + a = 0 , cx + ay + b = 0
5 13
⇒ 11x − 3 y + 9 = 0 . . . (i) a b c
The lines will be concurrent, iff b c a = 0
and 21x + 77 y − 101 = 0 . . . (ii)
c a b
Let the angle between the line 3 x − 4 y + 7 = 0 and (i) is α ,
⇒ a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc = 0
3 11
−
m1 − m2 35 44. (c) If these lines are concurrent then the intersection point
then tan α = = 4 3 = < 1 ⇒ α < 45°
1 + m1m2 3
1+ ×
11 45 of the lines 4 x + 3 y = 1 and y = x + 5 , is (–2, 3), which
4 3
lies on the third line.
Hence 11x − 3 y + 9 = 0 is the bisector of the acute angle between Hence, 5 × 3 − 2b = 3 ⇒ 15 − 2b = 3 ⇒ 2b = 12 ⇒ b = 6
the given lines.
45. (b) The set of lines is 4ax + 3by + c = 0, where a +b +c=0
x y
40. (d) Equation of line is + = 1 Eliminating c, we get 4ax + 3by − (a + b) = 0
a b
⇒ bx + ay − ab = 0 ⇒ a (4 x − 1) + b(3 y − 1) = 0

Perpendicular distance from origin to given line is They pass through the intersection of the lines 4 x − 1 = 0
1 1 1 1
− ab a2 + b2 1 a2 + b2 1 and 3 y − 1 = 0 i.e., x = , y = i.e.,  , 
p= ⇒ = ⇒ = 2 4 3  4 3
a2 + b2 ab p a 2b 2 p
1 1 1 46. (a) Let Q(a, b) be the reflection of P (4, − 13) in the line
⇒ + =
a 2 b2 p 2 5x + y + 6 = 0 .

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 447
 a + 4 b − 13  2 h 2 − ab
Then the point R  ,  lies on 5 x + y + 6 = 0. 51. (b) Angle between the lines is, θ = tan −1
 2 2  a+b
 a + 4   b − 13 
∴ 5 +  +6=0  7
2
 2   2  2  −  − (2)(3)
⇒ 5a + b + 19 = 0  2
. . . (i) = tan −1
2+3
Also PQ is perpendicular to 5 x + y + 6 = 0 .
 b + 13   −5 
Therefore  ×  
 a−4   1  2 5
⇒ θ = tan −1  .  = tan −1 (1)
⇒ a − 5b − 69 = 0 . . . (ii) 5 2

Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = −1, b = −14 . ⇒ θ = 45°

47. (a) Equation of the line passing through (3, 8) and x 2 − y 2 xy

52. (a) Equation of bisectors is given by = or
perpendicular to x + 3y – 7 = 0 is 3x – y – 1 = 0. The a −b h
intersection point of both the lines is (1, 2). Now let the x2 − y2 xy
=
image of A(3,8) be A′( x1 , y1 ) . 0 cot θ
x1 + 3 ⇒ x2 − y 2 = 0
The point (1, 2) will be the midpoint of AA′ . =1
2
53. (c) Let φ ≡ 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 7 xy + 8 x + 14 y + 8 = 0
y +8
⇒ x 1 = −1 and 1 =2 ∂φ ∂φ
2 = 4 x + 7 y + 8 = 0 and = 6 y + 7 x + 14 = 0
⇒ y1 = 4 . ∂x ∂y

Hence the image is (–1, –4). On solving these equations, we get x = −2, y = 0
If the equation is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
−2h a
48. (c) We know that, m1 + m2 = and m1m2 = . The points of intersection are given by
b b
 hf − bg hg − af 
Given, m1 + m2 = 4m1m2  , 2 
.
 ab − h ab − h 
2

− 2c  1  Hence point is (– 2, 0)
⇒ = 4 
7  −7 
54. (d) Given that equation of pair of straight lines
⇒ c=2
xy − x − y + 1 = 0
49. (b) Condition for pair of lines, abc + 2fgh–af 2– bg2 – ch2 = 0
⇒ ( x − 1)( y − 1) = 0
Here a = 12, h = −5, b = 2,
⇒ x − 1 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
g = 11/ 2,
The intersection point of x − 1 = 0, y − 1 = 0 is (1,1)
f = −5 / 2, c = K
∴ Lines x − 1 = 0, y − 1 = 0 and ax + 2 y − 3 = 0 are concurrent.
2 2
−5 11  −5   11 
Then, 12 × 2 × K + 2 × × −12 ×   − 2 ×   − K (−5)2 = 0 ∴ The intersecting points of first two lines satisfy the third line.
2 2  
2 2 Hence, a + 2 − 3 = 0
On solving, we get K= 2.
⇒ a =1
2 h − ab
2
50. (b) Angle between the lines is θ = tan −1 55. (a,b,c,d) Make homogenous the equation of circle, we get
a+b
x 2 − 6 xy + y 2 = 0
2
 −1  1 6 y ± (36 − 4) y 2 6 y ± 4 2 y
2   − 1× (−6) 2 +6 ⇒ x= = = 3y ± 2 2y
 2  −1 4
= tan −1 = tan 2 2
1 + (−6) 1 + (−6)
Hence, the equation are x = (3 + 2 2) y and x = (3 − 2 2) y
Also after rationalizing these equations becomes
−1 −1 π y − (3 + 2 2) x = 0 and y − (3 − 2 2) x = 0 .
= tan | −1|= tan (1) = , 45°
4

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448 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
56. (c) Pair of straight lines joining the origin to the points of 60. (d) The given lines are ± x ± y = 1 i.e., x + y = 1 , x − y = 1 ,
intersection of the line y = 2 2 x +c and the circle x + y = −1 and x − y = −1. These lines form a quadrilateral
x + y = 2 are
2 2
whose vertices are A(−1,0), B(0, − 1), C (1, 0) and D(0,1) .
2 Obviously ABCD is a square. Length of each side of this
 2 2x − y 
⇒ x2 + y 2 + (−2)   = 0 square is 12 + 12 = 2 . Hence, area of square is
 −c 
2 × 2 = 2 sq. units.
⇒ x2 + y2 −
2
c2
( )
8 x 2 + y 2 − 4 2 xy = 0
61. (c) The area of triangle formed by the lines
 16   2  8 2 xy ax + 2hxy + by = 0 and lx + my + n = 0 is given by
2 2

⇒ x 2  1 − 2  + y 2 1 − 2  + =0
 c   c  c2
n 2 h 2 − ab
16 2 am 2 − 2hlm + bl 2
If these lines are perpendicular, 1 − +1− 2 = 0
c2 c
9
2c 2 − 18 Here a = 4, b = −9, h = − , l = 1, m = 0, n = −2, then area of
⇒ =0 2
c2 2
⇒  −9  −9 81 36
c2 − 9 = 0 . ( −2) 2   − 4 × 4 +
triangle =
 2  2
= 4 2 = −30
57. (c) Let φ ≡ 12 x2 + 7 xy − 12 y 2 − 17 x − 31y − 7 = 0 . . . (i) −9 × (1) 2 −9 9
∂φ ∂φ
∴ ≡ 24 x + 7 y − 17 = 0 and ≡ 7 x − 24 y − 31 = 0
∂x ∂y
10
Their point of intersection is ( x, y ) ≡ (1, −1) =
3
Here α = 1, β = −1
Shift the origin to (1, –1) then replacing x = X + 1 and NCERT Exemplar Problems
y = Y − 1 in (i), the required equation is More than One Answer
12( X + 1) + 7( X + 1)(Y − 1) − 12(Y − 1) − 17( X + 1)
2 2
62. (a, c) Given lines Px + qy + r = 0, qx + ry + p = 0 and
−31(Y − 1) − 7 = 0 i.e., 12 X 2 + 7 XY − 12Y 2 = 0 rx + py + q = 0 are concurrent.
Here α = 1 and β = −1 and g = −17 / 2, f = −31/ 2, c = −7 p q r
∴ gα + f β + c = −
17 31
× 1 − × −1 − 7 = 0 ∴ q r p =0
2 2 r p q
∴ Removed equation is aX 2 + 2hXY + bY 2 + (gα + f β + c) = 0 Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 and taking common from R1
i.e., 12 X 2 + 7 XY − 12Y 2 + 0 = 0 1 1 1
⇒ 12 X + 7 XY − 12Y = 0 . ⇒ ( p + q + r) q
2 2
r p
58. (c) The distance between the pair of straight lines given r p q
g 2 − ac ⇒ ( p + q + r ) ( p 2 + q 2 + r 2 − pq − qr − pr ) = 0
by ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is 2 ,
a ( a + b)
⇒ p 3 + q 3 + r 3 − 3 pqr = 0.
3 Therefore, (i) and (iii) are the answers.
Here a = 1, b = 9, c = 4, g =
2
63. (a, c) Since, 3 x + 2 y ≥ 0 . . .(i)
9 25
− ( −4) where (1, 3) (5, 0) and (–1, 2) satisfy equation (i)
4 5
= 2× = 2× 4 =
1(1 + 9) 10 2 ∴ Option (a) is true. Again, 2x+y–13 ≥ 0 is not satisfied by
(1, 3),
59. (b) Applying the formula, the required co-ordinates is ∴ Option (b) is false. 2x–3y–12≤ 0, is satisfied for all points,
 12 × 2 − 1× 1 × 4 + 1 12 × 4 − 1 × 1× 2 + 1   −1 3  ∴ Option (c) is true. And –2x+y ≥0, is not satisfied by (5, 0),
 ,  = , 
 12 + 12 12 + 12   2 2 ∴ Option (d) is false.

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 449
64. (a, c) Let equation of line L1 be y = mx. Intercepts made θ +φ 
68. (a, b, c) One bisector makes an angle   with x-axis,
by L1 and L2 on the circle will be equal ie, L1 and L2 are at  2 
the same distance from the centre of the circle.
θ +φ 
Centre of the given circle is (1/2, –3/2). Therefore, then other bisector makes an angle 90° +   with x-
 2 
m 3
+ axis,
|1/ 2 − 3/ 2 − 1| 2 2
=
1+1 m2 + 1 φ −θ 
 
 2 

2 | m+3|
⇒ =  φ −θ   φ +θ 
2 2 m2 + 1 φ
θ + =
 2   2 


(3, –5) θ
⇒ 8m 2 + 8 = m 2 + 6m + 9
⇒ 7 m 2 − 6m − 1 = 0 ⇒ (7 m + 1)(m − 1) = 0
∴ Equations of bisectors are
1
⇒ m = − ,m =1 x −3 y+5
7 = . . .(i)
θ +φ  θ +φ 
Thus, two chords are x + 7y = 0 and y – x = 0 cos   sin  
 2   2 
65. (a, b, c, d) The two lines will be identical if their exists
x −3 y+5
some real number k such that b3– c3 = k(b – c), c3 – a3 = and =
 π θ +φ   π θ +φ 
k(c – a) cos  +  sin  + 
2 2  2 2 
and a3 – b3 = k(a – b)
x−3 y +5
⇒ b – c = 0 or b2 + c2 + bc = k ⇒ = . . .(ii)
θ +φ  θ +φ 
c – a = 0 or c2 + a2 + ca = k − sin   cos  
and a – b = 0 or a2 + b2 + ab = k  2   2 
⇒ a = b or b = c or c = a x −3 y +5
But given bisector are =
or b2 + c2 + bc = c2 + a2 + ca cos α sin α
θ +φ
⇒ b = c or c = a or a = b or a + b + c = 0 ∴ α= [from equation (i)] . . .(iii)
2
66. (a, b) x + 2 y + 4 = 0 and 4 x + 2 y − 1 = 0 x−3 y+5
and =
⇒ x + 2 y + 4 = 0 and −4 x − 2 y + 1 = 0 β γ
Here, (1) (–4) + (2) (–2) = – 8 < 0 θ +φ 
∴ β = − sin   = − sin α [from equation (ii)]
∴ Bisector of the angle including the acute angle bisector  2 
x + 2 y + 4 (−4 x − 2 y + 1) θ +φ 
and origin is = And γ = cos 
5 2 5  = cos α
 2 
⇒ 6x + 6 y + 7 = 0
69. (a, b, c, d) Equation of any line through P(3,4) making an
67. (a, b, c, d) Let position of bunglow is P(x1,y1) then PM =
angle θ with the positive direction of x-axis is
100 and PN = 100.
x−3 y −4
Y = =r . . .(i)
cos θ sin θ
(0, 8) (0, 6) Where r is the distance of any point on the line form P.
M Therefore, coordinates of any point on the line (i) are
N
y−x=6 y+ x =8 (3 + r cosθ , 4 + r sin θ ) . . .(ii)
P (x, y)
X
If equation, (ii) represent R, then 3 + r cos θ = 6
(–6, 0) (8, 0)
3
x1 + y1 − 8 x − y +6 ⇒ r= = PR
∴ = ± 100 and 1 1 = ± 100 cosθ
2 2 If equation (ii), represents S, the 4 + rcos θ = 0
After solving, we get x1 = 1 ± 100 2,1 and y1 = 7,7 ± 100 2
⇒ r = 4 = PS
Hence, (1 +100 2,7),(1 −100 2, 7), (1, 7 +100 2),(1, 7−100 2) sin θ

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450 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Hence, PR = 3sec θ , PS = 4 cosec θ perpendicular. Also as p ≠ q of any falue, they are not
3sin θ + 4cosθ 2(3sin θ + 4cos θ ) parallel.
PR + PS = = Thus the reason is true, Next, if the product of the slope is
sin θ cosθ sin 2θ
and (3/ PR ) 2 + (4 / PS ) 2 = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 2 then p = –1, q = – 2 and the equation of L1and L2 are
respectively x – y – 1 = 0 and 4x – 2y + 6 = 0
9 16
⇒ + =1 Which intersect at (–4, –5) so the assertion is also true but
( PR) ( PS ) 2
2
does not follow form assertion.
70. (a, c) A ≡ (−5 3, 0), B ≡ (0, 5), C ≡ (5 3, 0), D ≡ (0, − 5) 73. (a) From geometry |PA – PB| < AB and |PA – PB| = AB if
Y P line on extended line segment AB so reason is true.
Using in assertion, |PA – PB| is maximum if P lies on AB
B
whose equation is x + 2y = 2.
10 The given line is 4x + 3y + 9 = 0, on solving we get the
30° 30°
A X
O 30° C  24 17 
10 required coordinates of P as  − ,  and hence
D  5 5 
x y assertion is also true.
Equation of AB is + = 1 or x − 3 y = −5 3
−5 3 5 74. (a) From geometry, reason is true. Using it in assertion,
xy orthocenter lies on the line joining (0,0) and
Equation of CD is −
= 1 or x − 3 y = 5 3
5 3 5  4+2 7+3
 ,  i.e., (3, 5) which is 5x – 3y = 0 and so the
Which is clearly an irrational point.  2 2 
reason is also true,
71. (c, d) Equation of given line is 2x + y = 2 . . .(i)
When axes are rotated by an angle of 45º in anticlockwise 75. (b) Any point L(x, y) on the perpendicular bisector in
direction then equation of the line with respect to new assertion is equidistant from P and Q. Locus of L is
axes will be (x –1)2 + (y – 4)2 = (x – k2) + (y – 3)2
2(x cos 45º – y sin 45º) + (x sin 45º + y cos 45º) = 2 k2 −8
⇒ 2(k + 1)x – 2y = k2 – 8y-intercept = − = −4
Or 3x − y = 2 2 . . .(ii) 2
length of intercepts made by this line on new axes are ⇒ k 2 − 16 = 0
So, Assertion is true but does not follow form reason, which
2 2
and 2 2 is also true, as the perpendicular bisector of BC is also the
3
median through A.
When the axes are rotated by an angle of 45º in clockwise
direction, the equation of line (i) with respect to new axes 76. (d) Assertion is true, but two triangles having the same area
will be may not be congruent for example, the triangles with
2( x cos 45°+ y sin 45°) +(− x sin 45°+ y cos 45°) = 2 . ..(iii) vertices (0,0), (4,0), (4,2) and (0, 0), (2, 0), and (1, 4) have
same area but are not congruent and thus assertion is false.
or x + 3y = 2 2
77. (b) In assertion, let the vertex C be (α,β), then centroid
Length of intercept of line (iii) on new axes are 2 2 and
 α + 2 − 2 β − 3 +1
2 2 is  ,  which lies on x+ y = 5
.  3 3 
3
⇒ α + β = 17
In reason, x–y+1 = 0 is the equation of the perpendicular
Assertion and Reason
bisector of AB which is also the median through C.
72. (c) we have 3p2 + 2p – 1 = 0 and 2q2 + 7q + 6 = 0
78. (c) Assertion is true, as lines are x+1 = 0, y–2 = 0, x–4 = 0
1 −3
⇒ p = −1 or and q = −2 or and Reason is false as the two sets of lines are x+1 = 0,
3 2
y–2=0
Slope of L1=–p, slope of L2 =– q, product of the slopes =
and x – 1 = 0, y + 2 = 0
pq ≠ – 1 for any values of p and q. So L1 and L2 are not

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 451
79. (d) Reason is True, using it in assertion hypotenuse 85. (b) x + 3 x y − 3 xy − y = 5k xy
3 2 2 3

makes an angle π/4 with x = a which is parallel to y-axis,

⇒ 4( x3 − y 3 ) − 3 x 3 + 3 x 2 y − 3 xy 2 + 3 y 3 = 5k xy
so it makes an angle π/4 with x-axis also and then the
slope of the hypotenuse is ± 1 ⇒ k = ±1. ⇒ 4( x3 − y 3 ) − 3( x 3 − x 2 y + xy 2 − y 3 ) = 5k xy
⇒ 4( x3 − y 3 ) − 3( x 2 + y 2 )( x − y ) = 5k xy
80. (d) Assertion is false, the lines are coincident as the reason
is true and assertion satisfies the condition in reason. ⇒
4(r 3 cos3 θ − r 3 sin 3 θ ) − 3(r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 θ )
81. (b) In assertion (x2 –1) (y2 –1) = 0 ⇒ x = ±1, y = ±1which
(r cos θ − r sin θ ) = 5kr 2 cos θ sin θ
enclose a square of each side equal 2, so assertion is true.
Reason is also true as the sum of the coefficients of x2 and ⇒ r{(4cos3 θ − 3cos θ ) + (3sin θ − 4sin 3 θ ) = 5k sin θ cosθ
y2 is zero but does not imply assertion. ⇒ r (cos3θ + sin 3θ ) = 5k sin θ cosθ

Comprehension Based 2 1
86. (d) = − + 4cosθ
r 2
82. (d) If PQ is focal chord, then coordinates of Q will be
r
 a 2a  ⇒ 2 = − + 4r cosθ
 2 ,−  2
t t  ⇒ 4 + r = 8r cosθ
2a ⇒ r = (8r cos θ − 4)
2ar +
Now, slope of QR = slope of PK t = 2at
a at 2 − 2a ⇒ ( x 2 + y 2 ) = (8 x − 4)
ar 2 − 2
t
Squaring both sides, then x 2 + y 2 = 64 x 2 − 64 x + 16
r + 1/ t t
⇒ = ⇒ 63 x 2 − y 2 − 64 x + 16 = 0 , which is a hyperbola
r 2 − 1/ t 2 t 2 − 2
1 t l
⇒ = 87. (c) = f (θ ) = a cos(θ + α ) + b cos(θ + β )
1 t2 − 2
r− r
t
⇒ l = ar (cosθ cosα − sinθ sinα ) + br(cosθ cos β − sinθ sin α )
1 t2 − 2 2
⇒ t− = =t− ⇒ l = a(r cosθ cosα − r sinθ sinα ) + b(r cosθ cos β − r sinθ sinα)
t t t
⇒ l = a ( x cos α − y sin α ) + b( x cos β − y sin β )
1 t 2 −1
⇒ r =t− = = x(a cos α + b cos β ) − y (a sin α + b sin β )
t t
l = Ax + By . . .(i)
x
83. (b) Tangent at P : ty = x + at 2 or y = + at Where A,B are constants. The equation of any line
t
perpendicular to the line (i) is Bx − Ay = λ , where λ is a
x 2a a
Normal at S : y + = + parameter.
t t t3
⇒ Br cos θ − Ar sin θ = λ
2a a a (t 2 + 1) 2
Solving, 2 y = at + + ⇒ y= λ
t t3 2t 3 or = B cos θ − A sin θ
r
84. (c) r = a sin(θ / 2) squaring both sides, then λ
or = A(− sin θ ) + B (cos θ )
r
r = a sin 2 (θ / 2)
λ π  π   π
⇒ 2r = a (2sin 2 θ / 2) = a (1 − cos θ ) or = A cos  + θ  + B sin  + θ  = J  θ + 
r 2  2   2
or 2r 2 = a (r − r cos θ ) 88. (d) If (r1,θ1), (r2,θ2) and (r3,θ3) be the angular points of a
⇒ {2r 2 + a (r cos θ )}2 = a 2 r 2 triangle, then area of that triangle is given by
1
⇒ [2( x 2 + y 2 ) + ax ]2 = a 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )
2
∑ r1r2 sin(θ1 − θ2 )
4( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + a 2 x 2 + 4ax( x 2 + y 2 ) = a 2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 π π π
Here, r1 = 1, θ1 = ; r2 = 2, θ 2 = and r3 = 3, θ 3 =
or 4( x + y )( x + y + ax) = a y
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 3 2

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452 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
π π π  −4 x + 3 y + 6   5 x − 12 y + 9 
∴ θ 2 − θ1 = , θ3 − θ 2 = and θ1 − θ3 = − ∴ Bisectors are   =±  
6 6 3  5   13 
1 1 3 ⇒ (−52 x + 39 y + 78) = ± (25 x − 60 y + 45)
⇒ sin(θ 2 − θ1 ) = , sin(θ3 − θ 2 ) = and sin(θ1 − θ3 ) = −
2 2 2 O : (−52 x + 39 y + 78) = −(25 x − 60 y + 45)
1 1 1 − 3 or 27 x + 21 y − 123 = 0
Required area = (1× 3) + (2)(3) × + (3)(1) ×
2 2 2 2
or 9 x + 7 y − 41 = 0
8−3 3  ∴ O : 9 x + 7 y − 41 = (4)
=   sq unit.
 4  And A : ( −52 x + 39 y + 78) = (25 x − 60 y + 45)
or 77 x − 99 y − 33 = 0 or 7 x − 9 y − 3 = 0
Match the Column
∴ A : 7 x − 9 y − 3 = 0 (1)
89. (a) (A) Solving equations L1 and L3,
(C) 4 x − 3 y + 6 = 0 and 5 x − 12 y − 9 = 0
x y 1
= = or −5 x + 12 y + 9 = 0
−36 + 10 −25 + 12 2 − 15
∴ x = 2, y = 1 ∵ (4)(−5) + (−3)(12) = −56 < 0
L1 , L2 , L3 are concurrent, if point (2, 1) lies on L2  4x − 3y + 6   −5 x + 12 y + 9 
∴ Bisectors are   =±  
∴ 6 − k −1 = 0 ⇒ k = 5  5   13 
(B) Either L1 is parallel to L2 , or L3 is parallel to L2 , then ⇒ (52 x − 39 y + 78) = ± (−25 x + 60 y + 45)

1 3 3 −k −6 O : (52 x − 39 y + 78) = −(−25 x + 60 y + 45)

= or = ⇒ k = −9 or k = .
3 −k 5 2 5 or 27 x + 21 y + 123 = 0
(C) L1 , L2 , L3 form a triangle, if they are not concurrent, or not or 9 x + 7 y + 41 = 0
parallel. ∴ O : 9 x + 7 y + 41 A : (52 x − 39 y + 78) = (−25 x + 60 y + 45)
6 −5 or 77 x − 99 y + 33 = 0
∴ k ≠ 5, − 9, − ⇒ k =
5 6 or 7x − 9 y + 3 = 0
6 ∴ A : 7 x − 9 y + 3 = 0 (2)
(D) L1 , L2 , L3 do not form a triangle, if k = 5, − 9, − .
5
90. (b) (A) 4 x + 3 y − 6 = 0 Integer
91. (30) Since, centroid divides the orthocenter and circum
⇒ −4 x − 3 y + 6 = 0 and 5 x + 12 y + 9 = 0
center in the ratio 2 : 1 (internally) and if centroid
∵ (−4)(5) + (−3)(12) = −56 < 0
2 1 3 2
 −4 x − 3 y + 6   5 x + 12 y + 9  G ( x, y ), then O (1, 1) G ( x, y ) C , 
∴ Bisectors are   =±   2 4
 5   13 
3 3
⇒ (−52 x − 39 y + 78) = ± (25 x + 60 y + 45) 2 × + 1× 1 2 × + 1× 1
2 4 4 5
x= = and y = =
O : (−52 x − 39 y + 78) = −(25 x + 60 y + 45) 2 +1 3 2 +1 6
or 27 x − 21 y − 123 = 0 or 9 x − 7 y − 41 = 0 4 5
∴ Centroid is  ,  and nine point centre is the mid point
3 6
∴ O : 9 x − 7 y − 41 = (5)
of orthocenter and circumcentre.
And A : ( −52 x − 39 y + 78) = (25 x + 60 y + 45)
 1 + ( 3/ 2 ) 1 + ( 3/ 4 )  5 7
or 77 x + 99 y − 33 = 0 or 7 x + 9 y − 3 = 0 ∴ Nine point centre is  ,  , i.e.,  , 
 2 2  4 8
∴ A : 7 x + 9 y − 3 = 0 (3)
4 5 5 7
(B) 4x − 3y − 6 = 0 ⇒ a = , β = and γ = , δ =
3 6 4 8
⇒ −4 x + 3 y + 6 = 0 and 5 x − 12 y + 9 = 0 ∴ 6α + 12β + 4γ + 8δ
∵ (−4)(5) + 3(−12) = −56 < 0 4 5 5 7
= 6 × + 12 × + 4 × + 8 × = 8 + 10 + 5 + 7 = 30
3 6 4 8

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 453
92. (5522) Since m1 and m2 are the roots of the equation 2

x 2 + ( 3 + 2) x + ( 3 − 1) = 0
94. (24) Given ∑ d ( P, L ) ∈ [2, 4]
i=1
i

2
Then m1 + m2 = − ( 3 + 2), m1 m2 = ( 3 − 1)
⇒ 2 ≤ ∑ d ( P, Li ) ≤ 4
i =1
∴ m1 − m2 = (m1 + m2 )2 − 4mm
1 2 = (3 + 4 + 4 3 − 4 3 + 4) = 11
⇒ 2 ≤ d ( P, L1 ) + d ( P, L2 ) ≤ 4
and coordinates of the vertices of the given triangle are
(0, 0) (c/m1, c) and (c/m2, c) x− y x+ y
⇒ 2≤ + ≤4
2 2
1 c c
Hence, the required area of triangle = ×c − ×c 2 2 ≤ x− y + x+ y ≤4 2
2 m1 m2 ⇒
Case (i): if x − y > 0, x + y > 0
1  1 1  1 2 m2 − m1 1 11
= c2  − = c = c2
2  m1 m2  2 m1m2 2 ( 3 − 1) then 2 2 ≤ ( x − y ) + ( x + y ) ≤ 4 2

1 11( 3 + 1)  33 + 11  2 ⇒ 2 2 ≤ 2x ≤ 4 2
= c2 =   c
2 ( 3 − 1)( 3 + 1)  4  or 2≤ x≤2 2
Case (ii): If x − y > 0, x + y < 0
33 11
On comparing, a = ,b=
4 4 then 2 2 ≤ ( x − y ) − ( x + y ) ≤ 4 2
11 33 ⇒ 2 2 ≤ −2 y ≤ 4 2
Or a= ,b=
4 4 or − 2 ≥ y ≥ −2 2
33 11 44 11 11
∴ a2 + b2 = + = = ⇒ 2008(a 2 + b 2 ) = 2008 × or −2 2 ≤ y ≤ − 2
16 16 16 4 4
= 502 ×11 = 5522 Case (iii): If x − y < 0, x + y > 0
then 2 2 ≤ − ( x − y ) + ( x + y ) ≤ 4 2
93. (110) Let P ≡ (λ , 2)
⇒ 2 2 ≤ 2 y ≤ 4 2 or 2≤ y≤2 2
First draw the exact diagram of ∆ABC the point P(λ, 2)
Y
move on the line y = 2 for all λ.
Y B 2 2
3x − 7 y = 8 A
A
B′
D − 2 A′
B P E X′ X
2 2 2 2
X′ X −2 2
− 2 D′
x+ y=4 4 x + y = 31 C′
C
C −2 2 D

Y′ Y′
Now D and F are the intersection of 3x –7y = 8, y = 2 Case (v): If x − y < 0, x + y < 0 then
and 4x – y = 31, y = 2 respectively. 2 2 ≤ −( x − y ) − ( x + y ) ≤ 4 2
 22   33 
∴ D ≡  , 2  and E ≡  , 2  ⇒ 2 2 ≤ −2 x ≤ 4 2
 3   4 
Thus the points on the line y = 2 whose x-coordinates lies or − 2 ≥ x ≥ −2 2
22 33 or −2 2 ≤ x ≤ − 2
between and lie within the ∆ABC.
3 4 Combining all case, we get,
22 33 x ∈ [−2 2, − 2 ] ∪ [ 2, 2 2 ]
Hence, <λ <
3 4
and y ∈ [−2 2, − 2 ] ∪ [ 2, 2 2 ]
 22 33  22 33
i.e., λ ∈  ,  ⇒ a = and b = Hence, are of the required region
 3 4  3 4
22 33 = (4 2) 2 − (2 2) 2 = 32 − 8 = 24 sq unit
∴ 6a + 8b = 6 × + 8× = 44 + 66 = 110
3 4 ∴ λ = 24

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454 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
95. (6720) OPn = nOPn −1 OP8 = 8 ⋅ OP7 = 8 ⋅ 7 OP6 = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 OP5 Then, sin φ + 32sin φ + 9 = (1)3 + 32(1) + 9 = 42
3

= 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 OP4 = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 OP3
98. (20) ax3 − 9 x 2 y − xy 2 + 4 y 3 = ( x 2 + pxy − y 2 )(ax − 4 y )
= 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 OP2 = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 OP1
On comparing the similar terms, then −9 = ap − 4 . . .(i)
= 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 . . .(i)
and −1 = 4 p − a . . .(ii)
Coordinates of P8 (OP8 cos 45°, OP8 sin 45°)
−5 a − 1
From equation (i) and (ii) =
 OP OP  OP8 a 4
or P8 ≡  8 , 8  but given = 3a 2
 2 2  2 ⇒ −20 = a 2 − a
or OP8 = 6a . . .(ii) ⇒ a 2 − a + 20 = 0
From equation (i) and (ii), we get 6a = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 Or a − a 2 = 20
∴ a = 6720
99. (2) For represent a pair of straight lines ∆ = 0
96. (27) y 2 − 9 xy + 18 x 2 = 0 ⇒ abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 = 0
⇒ ( y − 6 x)( y − 3x) = 0 2 2
−5 11  −5   11 
⇒ 12 × 2 × λ + 2 × × ×−5 −12 ×   − 2 ×   − λ(−5)2 = 0
∴ y = 6 x, y = 3x 2 2  2 2
Vertices of the triangle formed by the lines y = 6x, y = 3x ∴ λ=2
And y = 9
100. (25) Making ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4) 2 = c 2 homogeneous with
3 
are A(0, 0), B  , 9  and C (3, 9) the help of 4 x + 3 y = 24, then
2 
2
0 0 1  4x + 3 y  2  4x + 3y 
1 1 27 27 x 2 + y 2 − (6 x + 8 y )   + (25 − c )   =0
∴ Required are λ = | 3/ 2 9 1 | = − =  24   24 
2 3 9 1 2 2 4
Now, coefficient of x 2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0
∴ 4λ = 27
(25 − c 2 ) (25 − c 2 )
⇒ 1−1 + + 1−1+ =0
97. (42) Coefficient of x 2 + coefficient of 36 64
or 25 − c 2 = 0
y 2 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
π ∴ c 2 = 25
∴ φ= ⇒ sin φ = 1
2

***

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Circles and Systems of Circles 455

20 Circles and Systems of Circles

QUICK LOOK
P is inside the circle if PO < a, i.e., x12 + y12 − a 2 i.e.,
S ( x1 , y1 ) < 0
Equation of a Circle

The equation of a circle whose centre = (h, k ) &
P is on the circle if PO = a , i.e., x12 + y12 − a 2 = 0, i.e.,
S ( x1 , y1 ) = 0
radius = a, is ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k 2 ) = a 2 .

The equation of a circle whose centre is the origin and
P is outside the circle if PO > a , i.e., x12 + y12 − a 2 > 0, i.e.,
radius is a, is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 . S ( x1 , y1 ) > 0

The general equation of a circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0.
If P = (r1,y1) and the circle is

S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 then
whose centre = (− g , f ) and radius = g 2 + f 2 − c

P is inside the circle if S ( x1 , y1 ) < 0

The equation of a circle whose one diameter is the line
segment joining the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is
P is on the circle if S ( x1 , y1 ) = 0

( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) + ( y − y1 )( y − y2 ) = 0.
P is outside the circle if S ( x1 , y1 ) > 0

Concurrency: Suppose that P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) are the end- Location of a Circle in Relation to a Circle
Let S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0
points of a diameter, the equation of circle can be written a
( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) + ( x − y1 )( y − y 2 ) = 0 S 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0

Let P(x1, x1) be a point in the plane, and S(x, y)=0 represent be two circles. Let D be the discriminant for the quadratic
a circle. The position of P with respect to the circle is equation in x (or y) obtained by eliminating y (or x) from the
governed by the following conditions: two equations of the circle. Then

P lie inside the circle ⇒ S ( x1 , y1 ) < 0
they are two intersecting circles if D > 0

P lies on the circle ⇒ S ( x1 , y1 ) = 0

they are nonintersecting (no common points) if D < 0

they touch each other if D = 0

P lies outside the circle ⇒ S ( x1 , y1 ) > 0

If D < 0, i.e., the circles are nonintersecting then

We note that any point P lying on the circle x2 + y2 = a2 can

S1 = 0 is outside S2 = 0 if S2 (− g1 , − f1 ) > 0 or
be represented in the polar form P ≡ (a cosθ , a sin θ ).
S1 ( − g 2 , − f 2 ) > 0; equivalently, AB > r1 + r2 where A,B are
centres and r1, r2 are radii respectively.
Condition for a Circle: The equation S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy

S1 = 0 in inside S2 = 0 if S2 (− g1 , − f1 ) < 0; equivalently,
+c = 0 represents
AB < r2 − r1 . If D = 0, i.e., the circles touch then

a real circle if g 2 + f 2 ≥ c

they touch externally if AB = r1 + r2

a point circle (i.e., a circle of zero radius) if g 2 + f 2 = c

they touch internally if AB = |r1 – r2|

an imaginary circle if g 2 + f 2 < c
A Line in Relation to a Circle: Let L ≡ ax + by + c = 0 be a line
The general equation of the second degree in x and y, i.e.,
x 2x 2+ +2 hxy
2 hxy+ +byby 2+ +2 2gxgx+ +2 2fyfy+ +c c= =0 0 represents a circle if
2
and S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx +2 fy + c = 0 be a circle.
a = b, h = 0
The points of intersection is obtained by solving L = 0, S = 0

The line cuts the circle at two distinct real points if D > 0
Location of a Point in Relation to a Circle where D is the discriminant of the quadratic equation in x

If P = ( x1 , y1 ) and the circle is S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − a 2 = 0 then (or y) obtained by eliminating y (or x) from L = 0, S = 0;
equivalently, the length of the perpendicular from the centre
(here O is the origin)
to the line is less than the radius.

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456 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

The line touches the circle at a point if D < 0; equivalently, Any Point on a Circle, any Tangent to a Circle
the length of the perpendicular from the centre to the line is Any point on the circle x + y = a can
2 2 2
be taken
equal to the radius.
as ( x1 , y1 ) where x1 + y1 = a , or (a cosθ , a sin θ )
2 2 2

The line does not cut or touch the circle if D < 0;
equivalently, the length of the perpendicular from the centre
Any tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 can be taken as
to the line is greater than the radius.
y = mx ± a 1 + m 2 .

Tangents and Tangency Here ± indicates that we can take two tangents to the circle
in any direction.

The equation of the tangent to a curve y = f(x) at the point

Any tangent to the circle ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = a 2 is given by
 dy 
( x1 , y1 ) is y − y1 =   ⋅ ( x − x1 ) .
 dx  x1 . y1 y − k = m( x − h) ±a 1 + m2 .

The equation of the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 at the
Length of Tangent, Chord of Contact, Polar and Pole
point ( x1 , y1 ) is xx1 + yy1 = a 2 .
The length of tangent from ( x1 , y1 ) to the circle

The equation of the tangent to the circle
S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
x + y + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2 2
at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is
xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0. is S1 ≡ x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c

The chord of contact of the tangents from the point
Note ( x1 , y1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is xx1 + yy1 = a 2
In writing the equation of the tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) we replace x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is
x. x(i.e., x 2 ) by xx1 , y . y (i.e., y2 ) by yy1 , x + x(i.e., 2 x) by xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
x + x1 , y + y (i.e., 2 y ) by y + y1 in the equation of the circle.
The polar of the point ( x1 , y1 ) with respect to the circle
The same is true for other second degree curves together with x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is xx1 + yy1 = a 2
the replacement of 2xy by x1 y + xy1 .
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0

The line y = mx + c touches the circle x + y = a if 2 2 2
is xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
c = ±a 1 + m . 2

The pole of the line L = 0 with respect to the circle S = 0 is

A line L = 0 touches the circle if p = r where p = length of the point (α , β ) whose polar with respect to the circle is
the perpendicular from the centre of the circle to the line L = 0.
and r = radius of the circle.
Chord with Given Middle Point: The chord of the circle

The equation of the pair of tangents to the circle S = 0 from
S = 0 whose middle point is ( x1 , y1 ) has the equation S1 = T
the point (x1, y1) is S.S1 = T2 where S1 ≡ value of S at (x1, y1)
and T = 0 is the equation of tangent at (x1, y1) when the Common Chord of Two Circles
point is on the circle. The chord joining the points of intersection of two given circles
is called their common chord. The equation of the common chord
Normal of two circles

The normal to a circle S = 0 at a point (x1, y1) is the line P M

joining the point and the centre of the circle.

C1 C2

The equation of the normal to a curve y = f(x) at the point
S1=0 S2=0
−1 Q
(x1, y1) is y − y1 = ·( x − x1 )
 dy  Figure : 20.1
  S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0
 dx  x1 , y1 . . .(i)

The equation of the normal to the circle x2 + y2 = a the point and S 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g 2 x + 2 f 2 y + c2 = 0 . . . (ii)
x y is 2 x ( g1 − g 2 ) + 2 y ( f1 − f 2 ) + c1 − c2 = 0 i.e. S1 − S2 = 0.
( x1 , y1 ) is =
x1 y1

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Circles and Systems of Circles 457

Equation of a circle intersecting the three circles
Length of the Common Chord: PQ= 2(PM) = 2 C1P2 −C1M2
x 2 + y 2 + 2 g i x + 2 fi y + ci = 0 (i = 1, 2, 3) orthogonally is
Where C1 P = radius of the circle S = 0 and C1 M = length of
the perpendicular from the centre C1 to the common chord PQ. x2 + y2 x y 1
−c1 g1 f1 −1
=0

The length of the common chord is 2 r12 − p12 = 2 r22 − p22 − c2 g2 f2 −1
where p1 and p2 are the lengths of perpendicular drawn from −c3 g3 f3 −1
the centre to the chord.

While using the above equation of common chord the Family of Circles
coefficient of x2 and y2 in both equation should be equal.
The equation of the family of circles passing through the point

Two circle touches each other if the length of their common of intersection of two given circles S = 0 and S' = 0 is given as
chord is zero. S + λS ' = 0 (where λ is a parameter, λ≠ –1)

Maximum length of the common chord = diameter of the
smaller circle.

Angle of Intersection of Two Circles

S=0 S′=0
The angle of intersection between two circles S = 0 and S' = 0 is
S+λS′=0
defined as the angle between their tangents at their point of
Figure : 20.3
intersection.
The equation of the family of circles passing through the
A′ B′ point of intersection of circle S = 0 and a line L = 0 is given
S=0 S′=0
π–θ
as S + λ L = 0 (where λ is a parameter)
P
r1 r2
θ
C1 C2

B A
Q
Figure : 20.2 S=0 L=0 S+λL=0
If S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0
Figure : 20.4
S ' ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g 2 x + 2 f 2 y + c2 = 0
The equation of the family of circles touching the circle S = 0
and the line L = 0 at their point of contact P is
are two circles with radii r1 , r2 and d be the distance between
S + λ L = 0 (where λ is a parameter)
their centres then the angle of intersection θ between them is
r12 + r12 − d 2
given by cos θ =
2r1r2
2( g1 g 2 + f1 f 2 ) − (c1 + c2 )
or cos θ = S=0 L=0
2 g12 + f12 − c1 g22 + f 22 − c2 S+λL=0
Figure : 20.5

The equation of a family of circles passing through two
Orthogonal Circles: Let S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0 and given points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) can be written in the
S 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g 2 x + 2 f 2 y + c2 = 0 be two circles whose form
x y 1
centres are A, B and radii r1 , r2 respectively. ⇒ (x − x )(x − x ) + (y − y ) (y − y ) + λ x y1 1 = 0
1 2 1 2 1

The two circles cut orthogonally if r1 + r2 = AB ; equivalently,

2 2 2 x2 y2 1

2 g1 g 2 + 2 f1 f 2 = c1 + c2 . (where λ is a parameter)

P(x1,y1)
Note

When the two circles intersect orthogonally then the length Q(x2,y2)
of tangent on one circle from the centre of other circle is
equal to the radius of the other circle. Figure : 20.6

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458 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

The equation of family of circles, which touch y – y1 Co-axial System of Circles
= m(x–x1) at (x1, y1) for any finite m is (x − x1 ) + ( y − y1 ) 2 2 A system (or a family) of circles, every pair of which have the
same radical axis, are called co-axial circles.
+ λ {( y − y1 ) − m ( x − x1 )} = 0 and if m is infinite, the family
of circles is ( x − x1 ) 2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 + λ ( x − x1 ) = 0 (where λ is
S+λP=0
S+λP=0
a parameter)

S+λP=0
S=0
(x1,y1) P=0
Figure : 20.10

The equation of a system of co-axial circles, when the
y–y1=m(x–x1) equation of the radical axis and of one circle of the system
Figure : 20.7 are P ≡ lx + my + n = 0 and S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0

Equation of the circles given in diagram is (x − x1)(x − x2 ) +
respectively, is S + λP = 0(λ is an arbitrary constant).
( y − y1 ) ( y − y2 ) ± cotθ {(x − x1)( y − y2 ) − (x − x2 )( y − y1)} = 0

θ

The equation of a co-axial system of circles, where the
equation of any two circles of the system are
(x1,y1) (x2,y2)
S1+λS2=0

θ S1=0 S2=0
Figure : 20.11
Figure : 20.8
S1+λ( S1–S2)=0
Radical Axis and Radical Centre S1+λ( S1+S2)=0
S1+λ( S1–S2)=0
The locus of the point, from which the lengths of tangents to
S2=0
the circle S1 = 0 and S 2 = 0 are equal, is a straight line. It is
called the radical axis of the two circles and its equation is
S1=0 S1–S2=0
S1 − S 2 = 0.
Figure : 20.12
Note S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0
The equation of the common chord of two circles and their and S 2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 g 2 x + 2 f 2 y + c2 = 0
radical axis is the same when the circles are intersecting.
Respectively, is S1 + λ (S1 − S2 ) = 0 , (λ ≠ −1)
or S2 + λ1 ( S1 − S2 ) = 0 , (λ1 ≠ −1)
Other form S1 + λ S 2 = 0, (λ ≠ −1)
S1 = 0 S2 = 0

The equation of a system of co-axial circles in the simplest

form is x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c = 0 , where g is variable and c is a
Figure 20.9
constant.

The radical centre of three circles S1 = 0, S2 = 0 and
Limiting Points and Image of the Circle
S3 = 0 is the point of intersection of the radical axis of the Limiting points of a system of co-axial circles are the centres of
circles, taken in pairs. the point circles belonging to the family (Circles whose radii
So, the radical centre is the point of intersection of the are zero are called point circles).
radical axes S1 − S 2 = 0 and S 2 − S3 = 0
Limiting Points of the Co-axial System

Three or more circles are called coaxial (or coaxial) circles Let the circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c = 0 . . .(i)
if each pair has the same radical axis. where g is variable and c is constant.

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Circles and Systems of Circles 459

∴ Centre and the radius of (i) are (–g, 0) and ( g 2 − c) x + c = 0 and it clearly passes through the other
limiting point (– c ,0). Similarly polar of the point (–
respectively. Let g2 − c = 0 ⇒ g = ± c
c ,0) with respect to (i) also passes through ( c ,0).
Thus we get the two limiting points of the given co-axial
Hence the limiting points of a system of co-axial circles
system as ( c , 0) and ( − c , 0)
are conjugate points.
Clearly the above limiting points are real and distinct, real and
Every circle through the limiting points of a co-axial
coincident or imaginary according as c>, =, <0 system is orthogonal to all circles of the system :

System of Co-axial Circles Whose Two Limiting Points are Let the equation of any circle be
Given: Let (α,β) and (γ , δ ) be the two given limiting points.
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c = 0 . . .(i)
Then the corresponding point circles with zero radii are
where g is a parameter and c is constant. Limiting points
( x − α ) 2 + ( y − β ) 2 = 0 and ( x − γ ) 2 + ( y − δ ) 2 = 0
of (i) are( c ,0) and (– c ,0)
or x 2 + y 2 − 2α x − 2 β y + α 2 + β 2 = 0
Now let x 2 + y 2 + 2 g ′x + 2 f ′y + c ′ = 0 . . .(ii)
and x + y − 2γ x − 2δ y + γ + δ = 0
2 2 2 2
be the equation of any circle. If it passes through the
The equation of co-axial system is limiting points of (i), then c + 2 g ′ c + c ′ = 0 and
( x + y − 2α x − 2 β y + α + β )
2 2 2 2
c − 2 g ′ c + c ′ = 0 . Solving, we get c ′ = −c and g ′ = 0
+ λ ( x 2 + y 2 − 2γ x − 2δ y + γ 2 + δ 2 ) = 0
From (ii), x 2 + y 2 + 2 f y′ − c = 0 . . . (iii)
where λ ≠ −1 is a variable parameter. where c is constant and f ′ is variable. Applying the
x 2 (1 + λ ) + y 2 (1 + λ ) − 2 x (α + γλ ) − 2 y ( β + δλ ) condition of orthogonality on (i) and (iii) i.e.,
+ (α + β ) + λ (γ + δ ) = 0
2 2 2 2
2 g1 g 2 + 2 f1 f 2 = c1 + c2 we find that
2 (α + γλ ) ( β + δλ ) 2 × g × 0 + 2 × 0 × f ′ = c − c i.e., 0 = 0
or x2 + y 2 − x−2 y
(1 + λ ) (1 + λ ) Hence condition is satisfied for all values of g ′ and f ′ .
(α + β ) + λ (γ + δ )
2 2 2 2
+ =0
Image of the Circle by the Line Mirror
(1 + λ )
Let the circle be x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 and line mirror
 (α + γλ ) ( β + δλ ) 
Centre of this circle is  ,  . . . (i) lx + my + n = 0 . In this condition, radius of circle remains
 (1 + λ ) (1 + λ ) 
unchanged but centre changes.
For limiting point, radius
(α + γλ )2 ( β + δλ ) 2 (α 2 + β 2 ) + λ (γ 2 + δ 2 )
= + − =0 (–g,–f) r r
(1 + λ )2 (1 + λ )2 (1 + λ ) C1 C2

After solving, find λ. Substituting value of λ in (i), we get Given circle Image circle
the limiting point of co-axial system. lx+my+n=0
Figure : 20.13
Let the centre of image circle be ( x1 , y1 ) .

Properties of Limiting Points

The limiting point of a system of co-axial circles are Slope of C1C2 × slope of lx + my + n = −1 . . .(i)
njugate points with respect to any member of the system and mid point of C1 (−g, − f ) and C2 ( x1 , y1 ) lie on
Let the equation of any circle be lx + my + n = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c = 0 . . .(i)
x −g  y1 − f 
i.e., l  1 +m +n = 0 . . .(ii)
Limiting points of (i) are ( c ,0) and (– c ,0). The  2   2 
polar of the point ( c ,0) with respect to (i) is Solving (i) and (ii), we get ( x 1 , y 1 )
x c + y.0 + g ( x + c ) + c = 0 or ∴ Required image circle is ( x − x1 ) 2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 = r 2 ,
x c + g ( x + c ) + c = 0 or (x + c ) (g + c ) = 0 or
where r = ( g 2 + f 2 − c )

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460 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 7. The equation of the circle whose radius is 5 and which
Equation of a Circle in Some Special Cases touches the circle x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4 y − 20 = 0 externally at

1. A circle of radius 5 units touches both the axes and lies in the point (5, 5), is:
first quadrant. If the circle makes one complete roll on x- a. x 2 + y 2 − 18 x − 16 y − 120 = 0
axis along the positive direction of x-axis, then its b. x 2 + y 2 − 18 x − 16 y + 120 = 0
equation in the new position is: c. x 2 + y 2 + 18 x + 16 y − 120 = 0
a. x 2 + y 2 + 20π x − 10 y + 100π 2 = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 + 18 x − 16 y + 120 = 0
b. x 2 + y 2 + 20π x + 10 y + 100π 2 = 0 8. The number of circle having radius 5 and passing through
c. x 2 + y 2 − 20π x − 10 y + 100π 2 = 0 the points (– 2, 0) and (4, 0) is:
a. One b. Two
d. None of these
c. Four d. Infinite
2. If the line x + 2by + 7 = 0 is a diameter of the circle
9. The locus of the centre of the circle which cuts off
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 2 y = 0, then b = ? intercepts of length 2a and 2b from x-axis and y-axis
a. 3 b. –5 respectively, is:
c. –1 d. 5 a. x + y = a + b b. x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2
c. x 2 − y 2 = a 2 − b 2 d. x 2 + y 2 = a 2 − b 2
3. The centre of the circle r 2 = 2 − 4 r cos θ + 6 r sin θ is:
a. (2, 3) b. (– 2, 3) 10. Centre of circle ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) +( y − y1 )( y − y2 ) = 0 is:
c. (– 2, – 3) d. (2, – 3)  x + y x + y2   x − y x − y2 
a.  1 1 , 2  b.  1 1 , 2 
 2 2   2 2 
4. The abscissae of A and B are the roots of the equation
 x + x y + y2  x −x y −y 
x 2 + 2ax − b 2 = 0 and their ordinates are the roots of the c.  1 2 , 1  d.  1 2 , 1 2 
 2 2   2 2 
equation y 2 + 2by − q 2 = 0. The equation of the circle with
11. The equation of the circle in the first quadrant touching
AB as diameter is: each coordinate axis at a distance of one unit from the
a. x 2 + y 2 + 2 ax + 2by − b 2 − q 2 = 0 origin is:
a. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y + 1 = 0
b. x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + by − b 2 − q 2 = 0
b. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y − 1 = 0
c. x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + b 2 + q 2 = 0
c. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y = 0
d. None of these
d. None of these
5. The equation of a circle of radius 1 touching the circles
12. The equation of the circle passing through the point
x 2 + y 2 − 2| x | = 0 is: (−1, − 3) and touching the line 4 x + 3 y − 12 = 0 at the
a. x 2 + y 2 + 2 3 x − 2 = 0 point (3, 0), is:
a. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 3 y − 3 = 0
b. x 2 + y 2 − 2 3 y + 2 = 0
b. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 3 y − 5 = 0
c. x 2 + y 2 + 2 3 y + 2 = 0
c. 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 2 x + 5 y − 8 = 0
d. x 2 + y 2 + 2 3 x + 2 = 0
d. None of these
6. The number of integral values of λ for which 13. For the circle x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 8 y + 9 = 0 , which of the
x 2 + y 2 + λ x + (1 − λ ) y + 5 = 0 is the equation of a circle following statements is true:
whose radius cannot exceed 5, is: a. Circle passes through the point (−3, 4 )
a. 14 b. 18 b. Circle touches x-axis
c. 16 d. 20 c. Circle touches y-axis
d. None of these

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Circles and Systems of Circles 461
14. The locus of the centre of the circle which cuts a chord of 20. The equations of any tangents to the circle x + y − 2 2

length 2a from the positive x-axis and passes through a

2 x + 4 y − 4 = 0 is:
point on positive y-axis distant b from the origin is:
a. x 2 + 2by = b 2 + a 2 b. x 2 − 2by = b2 + a 2 a. y = m ( x − 1) + 3 1 + m 2 − 2 b. y = mx + 3 1 + m 2

c. x 2 + 2by = a 2 − b 2 d. x 2 − 2by = b 2 − a 2 c. y = mx + 3 1 + m 2 − 2 d. None of these

15. The equation of the circle which passes through the points
(2, 3) and (4, 5) and the centre lies on the straight line Pair of Tangents and Power of Point with Respect to a
y − 4 x + 3 = 0 , is: Circle

a. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 10 y + 25 = 0 21. If the distances from the origin to the centres of three

b. x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 10 y + 25 = 0 circles x 2 + y 2 + 2λi x − c 2 = 0 (i = 1, 2,3) are in G.P. then

the lengths of the tangents drawn to them from any point
c. x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 10 y + 16 = 0
on the circle x 2 + y 2 = c 2 are in:
d. x 2 + y 2 − 14 y + 8 = 0
a. A.P. b. G.P.
16. A circle is concentric with the circle c. H.P. d. None of these
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 12 y + 15 = 0 and has area double of its area. 22. The angle between a pair of tangents drawn from a point
The equation of the circle is: P to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y + 9sin 2 α + 13cos 2 α = 0
a. x + y − 6 x + 12 y − 15 = 0
2 2
is 2α The equation of the locus of the point P is:
b. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 12 y + 15 = 0 a. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y + 4 = 0
c. x + y − 6 x + 12 y + 45 = 0
2 2
b. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y − 9 = 0
d. None of these
c. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y − 4 = 0

Intercepts on the Axes and Position of a Point w.r.t. to a Circle d. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y + 9 = 0

17. The range of values of a for which the point (a, 4) is outside
the circles x 2 + y 2 + 10 x = 0 and x 2 + y 2 − 12 x + 20 = 0 is: Normal to a Circle at a Given Point

a. (−∞, − 8) ∪ (−2,6) ∪ (6, + ∞ ) b. (– 8, – 2) 23. The line lx + my + n = 0 is a normal to the circle

c. (−∞, − 8) ∪ (−2, + ∞) d. None of these x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, if:

a. lg + mf − n = 0 b. lg + mf + n = 0
Intersection of a Line and a Circle c. lg − mf − n = 0 d. lg − mf + n = 0
18. If the straight line y = mx is outside the circle
Chord of Contact of Tangents
x 2 + y 2 − 20 y + 90 = 0, then:
a. m > 3 b. m < 3 24. Tangents are drawn from any point on the circle
c. | m | > 3 d. | m | < 3 x 2 + y 2 = a 2 to the circle x 2 + y 2 = b 2 . If the chord of
contact touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = c 2 , a > b, then:
Tangent to a Circle at a given Point and Length of Tangent
a. a, b, c are in A.P. b. a, b, c are in G.P.
19. The equations to the tangents to the circle c. a, b, c are in H.P. d. a, c, b are in G.P.
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 4 y = 12 which are parallel to the straight
25. If two distinct chords, drawn from the point (p, q) on the
line 4x+3y+5=0, are:
circle x 2 + y 2 = px + qy (where p, q ≠ 0) are bisected by
a. 3 x − 4 y − 19 = 0, 3 x − 4 y + 31 = 0
the x-axis, then:
b. 4 x + 3 y − 19 = 0, 4 x + 3 y + 31 = 0
a. p 2 = q 2 b. p 2 = 8q 2
c. 4 x + 3 y + 19 = 0, 4 x + 3 y − 31 = 0
c. p 2 < 8q 2 d. p 2 > 8q 2
d. 3 x − 4 y + 19 = 0, 3 x − 4 y + 31 = 0

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462 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
26. The common chord of the circle x + y + 4 x + 1 = 0 and
2 2
33. A line lx + my + n = 0 meets the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 at the
x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 2 y + 3 = 0 is: points P and Q. The tangents drawn at the points P and Q
a. x + y + 1 = 0 b. 5 x + y + 2 = 0 meet at R, then the coordinates of R is:

c. 2 x + 2 y + 5 = 0 d. 3 x + y + 3 = 0  a 2l a 2 m   − a 2l − a 2 m 
a.  ,  b.  , 
 n n   n n 
27. The equation of the chord of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 having  a2n a2n 
c.  ,  d. None of these
( x1 , y1 ) as its mid-point is:  l m 
a. xy1 + yx1 = a 2 b. x1 + y1 = a
34. Length of the common chord of the circles
c. xx1 + yy1 = x12 + y12 d. xx1 + yy1 = a 2 x + y + 5 x + 7 y + 9 = 0 and x + y + 7 x + 5 y + 9 = 0 is:
2 2 2 2

28. The length of the chord intercepted by the circle a. 9 b. 8

x y c. 7 d. 6
x 2 + y 2 = r 2 on the line + = 1 is:
a b 35. The pole of the straight line 9 x + y − 28 = 0 with respect to
r 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) − a 2b 2 circle 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 3 x + 5 y − 7 = 0 , is:
a.
a 2 + b2
a. (3, 1) b. (1, 3)
r 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) − a 2b 2 c. (3, –1) d. (–3, 1)
b. 2
a 2 + b2
36. Which of the following is a point on the common chord of
r 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) − a 2b 2
c. 2 the circles x 2+y 2+2 x−3 y+6=0 and x 2+ y 2+ x−8 y −13 =0?
a 2 + b2
a. (1, –2) b. (1, 4)
d. None of these
c. (1, 2) d. (1, –4)
29. From the origin chords are drawn to the circle
37. The equation of the chord of contact, if the tangents are
( x −1) 2 + y 2=1 The equation of the locus of the middle
drawn from the point (5, –3) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 10 , is:
points of these chords is:
a. 5 x − 3 y = 10
a. x 2 + y 2 − 3x = 0 b. x 2 + y 2 − 3 y = 0
b. 5 x + 3 y = 10
c. x 2 + y 2 − x = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 − y = 0
c. 3 x + 5 y = 10
30. The equation of the diameter of the circle
d. 3 x − 5 y = 10
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 11 = 0 which bisects the chords
intercepted on the line 2 x − y + 3 = 0 is: 38. The equation of the circle having as a diameter, the chord

a. x + y − 7 = 0 b. 2 x − y − 5 = 0 x − y − 1 = 0 of the circle 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 2 x − 6 y − 25 = 0 , is:

c. x + 2 y − 3 = 0 d. None of these 29
a. x 2 + y 2 − 3 x − y − =0
2
31. The length of common chord of the circles ( x−a )2+ y 2 = a 2 29
b. 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 x − 5 y − =0
and x 2 + ( y − b) 2 = b 2 is: 2
c. 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 6 x − 2 y − 21 = 0
ab
a. 2 a + b
2 2
b. d. None of these
a 2 + b2
2ab
c. d. None of these Director Circle and Diameter of a Circle
a 2 + b2
39. A foot of the normal from the point (4, 3) to a circle is
32. The length of common chord of the circles (2,1) and a diameter of the circle has the equation 2x – y =
x 2 + y 2 = 12 and x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 3 y − 2 = 0 , is: 2. Then the equation of the circle is:
a. 4 2 b. 5 2 a. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 1 = 0 b. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 1 = 0

c. 2 2 d. 6 2 c. x 2 + y 2 − 2 y − 1 = 0 d. None of these.

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Circles and Systems of Circles
2 2 –
463
40. The diameter of the circle x + y 4x + 2y – 11 = 0 Angle of Intersection of Two Circles
corresponding to a system of chords parallel to the line
47. A circle passes through the origin and has its centre on y =
x – 2y + 1= 0?
x. If it cuts x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 10 = 0 orthogonally, then
a. x − 2 y + 3 = 0 b. 2 x − y + 3 = 0
the equation of the circle is:
c. 2 x + y − 3 = 0 d. None of these
a. x 2 + y 2 − x − y = 0 b. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 4 y = 0

Pole and Polar c. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y = 0

 1 48. The centre of the circle, which cuts ortho-gonally each of

41. The polar of the point  5, −  with respect to circle (x –
 2 the three circles x 2+ y 2+2 x+17 y+ 4=0, x 2+ y 2+7 x+ 6 y +11= 0
2 2
2) + y = 4 is: and x 2 + y 2 − x + 22 y + 3 = 0 is:
a. 5x – 10y + 2 = 0 b. 6x – y – 20 = 0
a. (3, 2) b. (1, 2)
c. 10x – y – 10 = 0 d. x – 10y – 2 = 0
c. (2, 3) d. (0, 2)

Common Tangents to Two Circles Family of Circles

2 2 2 2
42. If circles x + y + 2ax + c = 0 and x + y + 2bx + c = 0 49. The equation of the circle through the points of
touch each other, then: intersection of the circles x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y + 4 = 0, x2 + y2
1 1 1 1 1 1 + 2x – 4y – 6 = 0 and with its centre on the line y = x ?
a. + = b. 2
+ 2 = 2
a b c a b c a. 7 x 2 + 7 y 2 + 10 x − 10 y − 12 = 0
1 1 1 1 1
c. + = c 2 d. 2 + 2 = b. 7 x 2 + 7 y 2 − 10 x − 10 y − 12 = 0
a b a b c
c. 7 x 2 + 7 y 2 − 10 x + 10 y − 12 = 0
2 2 2 2 2
43. If two circles ( x −1) + ( y −3) = r and x + y −8 x + 2 y +8=0
d. 7 x 2 + 7 y 2 + 10 x + 10 y + 12 = 0
intersect in two distinct points, then:
a. 2 < r < 8 b. r = 0
Radical Axis and Radical Centre
c. r < 2 d. r > 2
50. The equation of the circle, which passes through the point
2 2
44. The number of common tangents to the circles x + y = 4 a
(2a, 0) and whose radical axis is x = with respect to the
and x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 8 y = 24 is: 2
2 2 2
circle x + y = a , will be:
a. 0 b. 1
a. x2 + y2 – 2ax = 0 b. x2 + y2 + 2ax = 0
c. 3 d. 4 2 2
c. x + y + 2ay = 0 d. x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0
45. There are two circles whose equations are x2 + y2 = 9 and
x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y + n 2 = 0, n ∈ Z . If the two circles have Limiting Points and Image of the Circle

exactly two common tangents, then the number of 51. The point (2, 3) is a limiting point of a co-axial system of
possible values of n is: circles of which x1 + y2 = 9 is a member. The coordinates
of the other limiting point is given by:
a. 2 b. 7
c. 9 d. 6  18 27  9 6
a.  ,  b.  , 
 13 13   13 13 
Common Chord of Two Circles  18 27   18 9
c.  , −  d.  − , − 
46. If the common chord of the circles x + (y – λ) = 16 and
2 2  13 13   13 13 
x2 – y 2 = 16 subtend a right angle at the origin, then λ is
52. In the co-axial system of circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c = 0 where
equal to:
g is a parameter, if c > 0. Then the circles are:
a. 4 b. 4 2 a. Orthogonal b. Touching type
c. ± 4 2 d. 8 c. Intersecting type d. Non intersecting type

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464
2 2
Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
53. The equation of the image of the circle x + y + 16x – 24y 59. The condition of the curves ax 2+ by 2 =1 and a ' x 2 + b ' y 2 = 1
+ 183 = 0 by the line mirror 4x + 7y + 13 = 0 is: to intersect each other orthogonally, is :
a. x 2 + y 2 + 32 x − 4 y + 235 = 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a. − = − b. + = +
b. x 2 + y 2 + 32 x + 4 y − 235 = 0 a a' b b' a a' b b'
1 1 1 1
c. x 2 + y 2 + 32 x − 4 y − 235 = 0 c. + = + d. None of these
a b a' b'
d. x 2 + y 2 + 32 x + 4 y + 235 = 0 60. The locus of the centres of the circles which touch
externally the circles x 2+ y 2=a 2 and x 2 + y 2 = 4ax, will be:
System of Circles
a. 12 x 2 − 4 y 2 − 24ax + 9a 2 = 0
54. If the circles x + y = a and x + y − 2 gx + g − b = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

b. 12 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 24ax + 9a 2 = 0
touch each other externally, then:
c. 12 x 2 − 4 y 2 + 24ax + 9a 2 = 0
a. g = ab b. g 2 = a 2 + b 2
d. 12 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 24ax + 9a 2 = 0
c. g 2 = ab d. g = a + b
61. The equation of a circle passing through origin and co-
55. The equation of the circle having its centre on the line
axial to circles x 2 + y 2 = a 2 and x 2 + y 2 + 2ax = 2a 2 , is:
x + 2 y − 3 = 0 and passing through the points of
a. x 2 + y 2 = 1 b. x 2 + y 2 + 2ax = 0
intersection of the circles x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4 y + 1 = 0 and
c. x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2
x + y − 4 x − 2 y + 4 = 0 , is:
2 2

62. The equation of line passing through the points of

a. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 7 = 0 b. x 2 + y 2 − 3 y + 4 = 0
intersection of the circles 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 2 x + 12 y − 9 = 0 and
c. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y + 1 = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y + 4 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 2 y − 15 = 0 , is:
56. Circles x + y − 2 x − 4 y = 0 and x + y − 8 y − 4 = 0 ?
2 2 2 2
a. 10 x − 3 y − 18 = 0 b. 10 x + 3 y − 18 = 0
a. Touch each other internally c. 10 x + 3 y + 18 = 0 d. None of these
b. Touch each other externally
63. The equation of circle which passes through the point (1,1)
c. Cuts each other at two points
d. None of these and intersect the given circles x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 4 y + 6 = 0
and x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 6 y + 2 = 0 orthogonally, is:
57. The equation of a circle passing through points of
intersection of the circles x 2 + y 2 + 13x − 3 y = 0 and a. x 2 + y 2 + 16 x + 12 y + 2 = 0

2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4 x − 7 y − 25 = 0 and point (1, 1) is: b. x 2 + y 2 − 16 x − 12 y − 2 = 0

c. x 2 + y 2 − 16 x + 12 y + 2 = 0
a. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 30 x − 10 y − 25 = 0
d. None of these
b. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 30 x − 13 y − 25 = 0
64. One of the limit point of the coaxial system of circles containing
c. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 17 x − 10 y + 25 = 0
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 6 y + 4 = 0, x 2 + y 2 − 2 x −4 y + 3 = 0 is:
d. None of these
a. (−1,1) b. (−1, 2)
58. The equation of the circle which intersects circles
c. (−2,1) d. (−2, 2)
x 2 + y 2 + x + 2 y + 3 = 0, x2 + y2 + 2 x + 4 y + 5 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 − 7 x − 8 y − 9 = 0 at right angle, will be: NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
More than One Answer
a. x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 4 y − 3 = 0
65. The equations of the tangents drawn from the origin to the
b. 3( x 2 + y 2 ) + 4 x − 4 y − 3 = 0
circle x 2 + y 2 + 2rx +2hy + h 2 = 0, are:
c. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 4 y − 3 = 0
a. x = 0 b. y = 0
d. 3( x 2 + y 2 ) + 4( x + y ) − 3 = 0 c. (h − r ) x − 2rhy = 0
2 2
d. (h 2 − r 2 ) x + 2rhy = 0

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Circles and Systems of Circles 465
66. Circle(s) touching x-axis at a distance 3 from the origin 74. Equation of the circle having diameter x − 2 y + 3 = 0,
and having an intercept of length 2 7 on y-axis is (are) 4 x − 3 y + 2 = 0 and radius equal to 1 is
a. x + y − 6 x + 8 y + 9 = 0
2 2
b. x + y − 6 x + 7 y + 9 = 0
2 2
a. ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 2) 2 = 1
c. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 8 y + 9 = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 7 y + 9 = 0 b. ( x − 2) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 1
67. A circle S passes through the point (0, 1) and is orthogonal c. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4 y + 4 = 0
to the circles ( x − 1) 2 + y 2 = 16 and x 2 + y 2 = 1. Then, d. x 2 + y 2 − 3x − 4 y + 7 = 0
a. radius of S is 8 b. radius of S is 7
c. centre of S is (–7, 1) d. centre of S is (–8, 1) Assertion and Reason
68. If α is the angle subtended at P(x1,y1) by the circle Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0, then the correct option out of the options given below:
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
S1 α S1
a. cot α = b. cot = correct explanation of the assertion.
( g + f − c)
2 2 2 ( g + f 2 − c)
2
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
( g 2 + f 2 − c)  (g2 + f 2 − c)  correct explanation of the assertion.
c. tan α = d. α = 2tan−1  
S1  S  c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
 1 
d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
69. The equation of a common tangent to the circle e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
x 2 + y 2 + 14 x − 4 y + 28 = 0 and x2 + y2 −14x + 4 y − 28 = 0 is
75. Assertion: Limiting points of a family of coaxial circles are
a. x − 7 = 0 b. y − 7 = 0 (1, 2) and (2, 1). No circle of this family passes through the
c. 28 x + 45 y + 371 = 0 d. 7 x − 2 y + 14 = 0 origin.
Reason: Equation of a circle passing through (1,2) and
70. The equations of four circles are ( x ± a) 2 + ( y ± a ) 2 = a 2 .
(2,1), the centre of which does not lie on the join of these
The radius of a circle touching all the four circles is
points is x 2 + y 2 − 3x − 3 y + 4 = 0
a. ( 2 − 1)a b. 2 2 a
76. Assertion: The centre of the circle passing the point (3,8)
c. ( 2 + 1)a d. (2 + 2)a
and (5,4) and having smallest radius is (4,6)
71. The of circle passing through (3,–6) and touching both the
Reason: The centre of a circle passing through two given
axes is
points lies at the mid-point of the line joining the points.
a. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 6 y + 9 = 0
b. x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 6 y + 9 = 0 77. Assertion: The circle x2 + y2 −8x − 4y +16 = 0 touches x-axis

c. x 2 + y 2 + 30 x − 30 y + 225 = 0 at the point (4, 0)

Reason: The circle ( x − a)2 + ( y − r )2 = r 2 touches x-axis at
d. x 2 + y 2 − 30 x + 30 y + 225 = 0
the point (a, 0)
72. Equation of a circle with centre (4, 3) touching the circle
78. Assertion:Point (3,–1) lies outside the circle 2x2 + 2y2 – 3x
x 2 + y 2 = 1 is
+ 5y – 7 = 0
a. x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y − 9 = 0 b. x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y + 11 = 0
Reason: A point (α, β) lies outside the circle
c. x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y − 11 = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y + 9 = 0
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 if α 2 + β 2 + 2 gα + 2 f β + c > 0
73. If the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 cuts each of the circle 79. Assertion: Limiting points of a family of co-axial system
x + y − 4 = 0, x + y −6x−8y +10=0 and x + y +2x −4y −2 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
of circle are (1,1) and (3,3).The member of this family
at the extremities of a diameter, then passing through the origin is 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 3x − 3 y = 0
a. c = −4 b. g + f = c − 1 Reason: Equation of the tangent to the circle
c. g + f − c = 17
2 2
d. g f = 6 2 x + 2 y − 3 x − 3 y = 0 at the origin is x + y = 0
2 2

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466 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
80. Assertion: The locus of the point of intersection of the 87. A line M through A is drawn parallel to BD. Point S
tangents to the circle x = a cosθ , y = a sin θ at points moves such that its distances from the line BD and the
vertex A are equal. If locus of S cuts M at T2 and T3 and
whose parametric angles differ by π / 2 is x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2
AC at T1, Then area of ∆ T1 T2 T3 is
Reason: Tangents at the extremities of a diameter of a
1 2
circle are parallel. a. sq unit b. sq unit
2 3
81. Assertion: The centre of a circle passing through the point c. 1 sq unit d. 2 sq unit
(0,0),(1,0) and touching the circles C : x2 + y2 = 9 lies inside
the circle C. Paragraph –II
A circle C of radius 1 is inscribed in an equilateral triangle PQR.
Reason: If a circle C1 passes through the centre of the
The points of contact of C with the sides PQ,QR,RP are D,E,F
circle C2 and also touches the circle, the radius of the
circle C2 is twice the radius of the circle C1. respectively. The line PQ is given by the equation 3x + y − 6 = 0
3 3 3
and the point D is  , ⋅ Further, it is given that the origin and
82. C1 : ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4)2 = a 2  2 2 
 
Assertion: C1 touches the axis of x if a = 4
the centre of C are on the same side of the line PQ.
Reason: C1 touches the line y = x if a = 3
88. The equation of circle C is
83. Assertion: The common chord of the circle x2 + y2 – 10x 2
 1
+16 = 0 and x2 + y2 = r2 is of maximum length if r2 = 34. a. ( x − 2 3) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 1 b. ( x − 2 3) 2 +  y +  = 1
 2
Reason: The common chord of two circles is of
maximum length if it passes through the centre of the c. ( x − 3) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 1 d. ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 1
circle with smaller radius. 89. Point E and F are given by

84. Assertion: The equation x 2 − y 2 − 4 x − 4 y = 0 represents  3 3  3 1

a. 
 2 , 2  , ( 3, 0)
b. 
 2 , 2  , ( 3, 0)
a circle with centre (2,2) passing through the origin.    

Reason: The equation x2 + y2 + 4x + 6 y +13 = 0 represents a  3 3  3 1 3 3  3 1

c.  ,  ,  ,  d.  ,  ,  , 
point.  2 2  2 2 2 2   2 2

90. Equations of the sides QR, RP are

Comprehension Based 2 2
a. y = x + 1, y = − x −1
Paragraph –I 3 3
Let ABCD be a square of side length 2 unit. C2 is the circle 1
b. y = x, y = 0
through vertices A,B,C,D and C1 is the circle touching all the 3
sides of square ABCDL is the line through A. 3 3
c. y = x + 1, y = − x −1
2 2
85. If P is a point of C1 and Q is a point on C2
d. y = 3x, y = 0
PA2 + PB 2 + PC 2 + PD 2
Then is equal to
QA2 + QB 2 + QC 2 + QD 2
Paragraph –III
a. 0.75 b. 1.25 A tangent PT is drawn to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at the point
c. 1 d. 0.5
P( 3,1). A straight line L, perpendicular to PT is a tangent to the
86. A circle touches the line L and the circle C1 externally
circle ( x − 3) 2 + y 2 = 1.
such that both the circles are on the same side of the line,
91. A common tangent of the two circle is
then the locus of centre of the circle is
a. x = 4 b. y = 2
a. ellipse b. hyperbola
c. parabola d. parts of straight line c. x + 3 y = 4 d. x + 2 2 y = 6

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Circles and Systems of Circles 467
92. A possible equation of L is concyclic points, then
a. x − 3 y = 1 b. x + 3 y = 1 (B) If the chord of contact of 2. a1 + a2 = 3
the tangents drawn to
c. x − 3 y = −1 d. x + 3 y = 5
x2 + y 2 = b2 and
b ∈ R from any point
Match the Column
93. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II: on x 2 + y 2 = a12 , touches
Column I Column II the circle x 2 + y 2 = a22
(A) The point (λ, 2 +λ) lines inside 1. −1 (a1 ≠ a2 ) then
the circle x2 + y2 = 4, then the
(C) If the circles x 2 + y 2 3. a1 a2 = b
value of λ can be
+2a1 x + b = 0 and
(B) The point (λ, λ + 2) will lie 1
2. −
outside the circle x2 + y2 –2x + 2 x + y + 2a2 x + b = 0
2 2

4y = 0, then the value of λ can (a1 ≠ a2 ) and b∈R cuts

be orthogonally, then
(C) Both the equation x2 + y2 + 2λx 3. 1
4. a1 a2 = 1
+ 4 = 0, and x2 + y2 – 4λx + 8 =
5. a1 a2 = b 2
0 represent real circles, then the
value of λ can be a. A→1,2,4 B→1,2,4,5 C→1,2,3,4
4. 3 b. A→2,4,5 B→1,4,3 C→3
5. 5 c. A→1,2,3 B→1,2,3,4 C→2,3,4
a. A→1,2, B→1,2,3,4,5 C→4,5 d. A→4,5 B→1,2,3 C→1,3,5
b. A→2,3 B→4,5 C→1,2,3,4,5
c. A→1,4 B→3,5 C→1,2,3 Integer
d. A→4,5 B→1,2,3,4 C→3,4,5 96. If the radius of a circle which passes through the point
(2,0) and whose centre is the limit of the point of
94. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
intersection of the lines 3 x + 5 y = 1 and (2 + c) x + 5c2 y = 1 as
Column I Column II
(A)Two intersecting circles 1. have a common λ
c→1is , then the value of λ must be
tangent 25
(B) Two mutually external 2. have a common 97. Tangents are drawn form P(6,8) to the circle
circles normal x + y = r , then the radius of the circle such that the area
2 2 2

(C) Two circles, one 3. do not have a of the ∆ formed by tangents and chore of contact is
strictly inside the other common tangent maximum must be
(D) Two branches of a 4. do not have a
hyperbola common normal 98. Let 2x2 + y2 − 3xy = 0 be the equation of a pair of tangents
a. A→1,2, B→1,2, C→2,3, D→2,3 drawn from the origin O to 2 circle of radius 3 with centre
b. A→2,3, B→4,1, C→3,2, D→1,3 in the first quadrant. If A is one of the points of contact. If
c. A→1, B→3,2, C→2,1 D→4,2 OA = λ + µ , then the value of λ 2 + µ must be
d. A→4,3, B→1, C→3, D→2,3
99. The circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 cuts the x-axis at P and Q, another
95. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
Column I Column II circle with centre at Q and variable radius intersects the
(A) If the straight lines 1. a12 + a22 = 4 first circle at R above the x-axis and the line segment PQ
y =a1x+b and y = a2 x +b at S. If the maximum area of the ∆QSR is λ sq unit, then
27λ2 must be
(a1 ≠ a2 ) and b∈R meet
the coordinate axes in 100. The length of the intercept on the straight line
4x − 3y −10 = 0 by the circle x + y − 2 x + 4 y − 12 = 0 is
2 2

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468 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER Then, x1 + x2 = −2a , x1 x2 = −b 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. and y1 + y2 = −2b
d d b a b,c c b b c c
y1 y2 = − q 2
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
a a b c b a a d c a
The equation of the circle with A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 )
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. as the end points of diameter is
b d a b d a c b c c ( x − x1 ) ( x − x2 ) + ( y − y1 ) ( y − y2 ) = 0
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. x 2 + y 2 − x ( x1 + x2 ) − y ( y1 + y2 ) + x1 x2 + y1 y2 = 0 ;
c a b d c d a c b c
x 2 + y 2 + 2 ax + 2by − b 2 − q 2 = 0
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
b d a b c c c a b a
5. (b,c) The given circles are x 2 + y 2 − 2 x = 0, x > 0,
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
a d d d a a b d a a
1 1
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 1 1 1 1
c a c a a,c a,c b,c b,d b,c a,c (–1,0) (1,0)
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
a,d c,d All a,b c c a d b b
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
and x 2 + y 2 + 2 x = 0, x < 0.
a c a d a c c d a d
From the figure, the centres of the required circles will be
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
d a a a a 1601 5 171 64 10 (0, 3) and (0, − 3) .

SOLUTION ∴ The equations of the circles are ( x − 0) 2 + ( y ∓ 3) 2 = 12.

Multiple Choice Questions ⇒ x2 + y2 + 3 ∓ 2 3 y = 1
1. (d) The x-coordinate of the new position of the circle is 5 ⇒ x2 + y2 ∓ 2 3 y + 2 = 0
+ circumferrence of the first circle = 5 + 10 π
 λ (1 − λ ) 
The y-coordinate is 5 and the radius is also 5. 6. (c) Centre of circle =  − , −  ;
Hence, the equation of the circle in the new position is  2 2 
2 2
( x − 5 − 10π ) 2 + ( y − 5) 2 = (5) 2  λ  1− λ 
Radius of circle =   +   − 5 ≤5
⇒ x 2 + 25 + 100π 2 − 10 x + 100π − 20π x + y 2 + 25 − 10 y = 25 2  2 

⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 20π x − 10 x − 10 y + 100π 2 + 100π + 25 = 0 ⇒ 2λ 2 − 2λ − 119 ≤ 0

1 − 239 1 + 239
2. (d) Here the centre of circle (3,–1) must lie on the line ∴ ≤ λ≤
2 2
x + 2by + 7 = 0.
⇒ –7.2 ≤ λ ≤ 8.2 (Nearly).
Therefore, 3 − 2b + 7 = 0 ∴ λ = –7, –6,...........7,8
⇒ b=5 Hence number of integral values of λ is 16.
3. (b) Let r cos θ = x and r sin θ = y 7. (b) Let the centre of the required circle be (x 1 , y 1 ) and the
Squaring and adding, we get r = x + y . 2 2 2
centre of given circle is (1, 2). Since radii of both circles
Putting these values in given equation, are same, therefore, point of contact (5, 5) is the mid point
x2 + y2 = 2 − 4 x + 6 y of the line joining the centres of both circles.
Hence, x 1 = 9 and y1 = 8.
⇒ x2 + y2 + 4 x − 6 y − 2 = 0
Hence, centre of the circle = (–2, 3) Hence, the required equation is (x − 9) 2 + (y − 8 ) 2 = 25
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 18 x − 16 y + 120 = 0
4. (a) Let x1 , x2 and y1 , y2 be roots of x 2 + 2ax − b2 = 0
Trick: The point (5, 5) must satisfy the required circle.
and y 2 + 2by − q 2 = 0 respectively. Hence the required equation is given by (b).

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Circles and Systems of Circles 469
8. (b) Two, centre of each lying on the perpendicular 15. (b) First find the centre. Let centre be (h, k), then
bisector of the join of the two points.
(h − 2) 2 + (k − 3) 2 = (h − 4)2 + (k − 5) 2 . . . (i)
9. (c) 2 g − c = 2a
2
. . . (i) and k − 4h + 3 = 0 . . . (ii)
From (i), we get −4h − 6k + 8h + 10k = 16 + 25 − 4 − 9
2 f 2 − c = 2b . . . (ii)
or 4h + 4k − 28 = 0
On squaring (i) and (ii) and then subtracting (ii) from (i),
or h+k −7 =0 . . . (iii)
we get g 2 − f 2 = a 2 − b 2 . From (iii) and (ii), we get (h, k) as (2, 5). Hence centre is
Hence, the locus is x 2 − y 2 = a 2 − b 2 . (2, 5) and radius is 2. Now find the equation of circle.
Trick: Obviously, circle x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 10 y + 25 = 0 passes
10. (c) ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) are extreme points of diameter.
through (2, 3) and (4, 5).
 x + x y + y2 
Hence centre is  1 2 , 1 . 16. (a) Equation of circle concentric to given circle is
 2 2 
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 12 y + k = 0 . . . (i)
11. (a) Circle is x + y − 2 x − 2 y + 1 = 0 as centre is (1, 1) and
2 2

Radius of circle (i) = 2 (radius of given circle)

radius = 1.
⇒ 9 + 36 − k = 2 9 + 36 − 15
12. (a) Let the equation be x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 . . . (i)
⇒ 45 − k = 60 ⇒ k = −15
But it passes through (−1, − 3) and (3, 0) therefore
Hence, the required equation of circle is x 2+ y 2−6 x +12 y −15 = 0 .
10 − 2 g − 6 f + c = 0 . . . (ii)
17. (a) For circle, x 2 + y 2 + 10 x = 0 ; a 2 + (4) 2 + 10a > 0
9 + 6g + c = 0 . . . (iii)
Also centre is C (− g , − f ) . ⇒ a 2 + 10 a + 16 > 0

4 3 ⇒ (a + 8) (a + 2) > 0
Slope of tangents = − ⇒ Slope of normal =
3 4 ⇒ a < −8 or a > −2 . . .(i)
f 3 For circle, x + y − 12 x + 20 = 0 ;
2 2
⇒ =
3+ g 4
a 2 + (4) 2 − 12 a + 20 > 0
⇒ 3g − 4 f + 9 = 0 . . . (iv)
3 ⇒ a 2 − 12a + 36 > 0
Now on solving (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get g = −1, f =
2 ⇒ (a − 6) 2 > 0 ⇒ a ∈ R ∼ {6} . . . (ii)
and c = −3 Taking common values from (i) and (ii)
Therefore, the equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 3 y − 3 = 0 . a ∈ (−∞, − 8) ∪ (−2,6) ∪ (6, + ∞) .
Trick : The points (–1, –3) and (3, 0) must satisfy the 18. (d) If the straight line y = mx is outside the given circle then
equation of circle. Circle given in (a) satisfies both the
perpendicular distance of line from centre of circle > radius
points. Also check whether it touches the line
10
4 x + 3 y − 12 = 0 or not. of circle > 10
1 + m2
13. (b) 2 g 2 − c = 2 9 − 9 = 0 ⇒ (1 + m 2 ) < 10
Intercept cut on x-axis is zero. Hence circle touches x- ⇒ m2 < 9
axis.
⇒ |m|< 3
14. (c) Here 2 g − c = 2a
2
19. (c) Let equation of tangent be 4 x + 3 y + k = 0,
⇒ g 2 − a2 − c = 0 . . . (i)
4(3) + 3( −2) + k
and it passes through (0, b), therefore then 9 + 4 + 12 =
16 + 9
b 2 + 2 fb + c = 0 . . . (ii) ⇒ 6 + k = ± 25 ⇒ k = 19 and – 31
On adding (i) and (ii), we get g + 2 fb = a − b
2 2 2
Hence the equations of tangents are 4 x + 3 y + 19 = 0
Hence locus is x + 2by = a − b .
2 2 2
and 4 x + 3 y − 31 = 0

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470 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
2
20. (a) Equation of circle is ( x − 1) + ( y + 2) = 3 . 2 2 23. (a) Since normal always passes through centre of circle,
therefore (–g, –f) must lie on lx + my + n = 0 .
As any tangent to x 2+ y 2= 32 is given by y = mx + 3 1 + m 2
Hence, lg + mf − n = 0
Any tangent to the given circle will be
24. (b) Chord of contact of any point (a cosθ , a sin θ ) on 1st
y + 2 = m( x − 1) + 3 1 + m 2
circle with respect to 2nd circle is ax cos θ + ay sin θ = b 2
⇒ y = m ( x − 1) + 3 1 + m 2 − 2
This chord touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = c 2 ,
21. (b) The centres of the given circles are (–λi,0) (i = 1,2,3) Hence, Radius=Perpendicular distance of chord from centre.
The distances from the origin to the centres are
b2
λi,(i = 1,2,3). c= ⇒ b 2 = ac .
a cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
It is given that λ22 = λ1λ3 .
Hence a,b,c are in G.P.
Let P(h,k) be any point on the circle x 2 + y 2 = c 2 ,
25. (d) Let (h, 0) be a point on x-axis, then the equation of
Then, h 2 + k 2 = c 2 chord whose mid-point is (h, 0) will be
Now, Li = length of the tangent from (h, k) to 1 1
xh − p ( x + h) − q ( y + 0) = h 2 − ph .
x 2 + y 2 + 2λi x − c 2 = 0 2 2
This passes through (p, q), hence
= h 2 + k 2 + 2λi h − c 2 = c 2 + 2λi h − c 2 1 1
ph − p ( p + h) − q.q = h 2 − ph
= 2λi h 2 2
1 2 1 1
[∵ h 2 + k 2 = c 2 and i = 1, 2, 3] ⇒ ph − p − ph − q 2 = h 2 − ph
2 2 2
Therefore, L22 = 2λ2 h = 2h ( λ1λ3 ) [∵ λ22 = λ1λ3 ] 3 1
⇒ h 2 − ph + ( p 2 + q 2 ) = 0 ;
2 2
= 2hλ1 2hλ3 = L1 L3 .
∵ h is real, hence B 2 − 4 AC > 0
Hence, L1 , L2 , L3 are in G.P.
9 2 1
∴ p − 4. ( p 2 + q 2 ) > 0
2 2 2
22. (d) The centre of the circle x + y + 4 x − 6 y + 9sin 4 2

α + 13cos 2 α = 0 is C (−2,3) and its radius is ⇒ 9 p 2 − 8( p 2 + q 2 ) > 0

⇒ p 2 > 8q 2
2 2 + ( −3) 2 − 9sin 2 α − 13cos 2 α
⇒ p 2 − 8q 2 > 0
= 4 + 9 − 9sin α − 13cos α = 2sin α
2 2

A 26. (a) S1 = x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0
S2 = x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 2 y + 3 = 0
α C
(–2,3)
P(h,k) Common chord ≡ S1 − S2 = 0 ⇒ 2 x + 2 y + 2 = 0
B ⇒ x + y +1 = 0 .
Let P(h,k) be any point on the locus. The ∠APC = α. Also
27. (c) T = S 1 is the equation of desired chord, hence
∠PAC=π/2. i.e. triangle APC is a right angle triangle.
xx1 + yy1 − a 2 = x12 + y12 − a 2 ⇒ xx1 + yy1 = x12 + y12 .
AC 2sin α
Thus sin α = =
PC (h + 2) 2 + (k − 3) 2 28. (b) Length of chord
= 2{(radius) 2 − (length of ⊥from centre to chord )2 }1 / 2
⇒ (h + 2) 2 + (k − 3) 2 = 2
1/ 2
  
2
⇒ (h + 2)2 + (k − 3) 2 = 4  2  −1
= 2 r −  
  (1/ a 2 ) + (1/ b 2 )  
or h 2 + k 2 + 4h − 6k + 9 = 0   
Thus the required equation of the locus is
r 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) − a 2b 2
2 2
x + y + 4x − 6 y + 9 = 0 . =2 .
a2 + b2

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Circles and Systems of Circles 471
29. (c) The given circle is x + y − 2 x = 0 . Let ( x1 , y1 ) be
2 2 34. (d) Equation of common chord is S 1 − S 2 = 0
the middle point of any chord of this circle, than its ⇒ 2 x − 2 y = 0 i.e., x − y = 0
equation is S1 = T. 1
∵ Length of perpencicular drawn from C1 to x − y = 0 is
or x + y − 2 x1
2
1
2
1 2
= xx1 + yy1 − ( x + x1 ) 19 1
∴ Length of common chord = 2 − =6.
If it passes through (0, 0), then x + y − 2 x1 = − x1 2 2 2 2
1 1

⇒ x12 + y12 − x1 = 0 3 5 7
35. (c) x 2 + y 2 − x+ y− =0
Hence the required locus of the given point ( x1 , y1 ) is 2 2 2
2 2
x2 + y 2 − x = 0 .  3  5 9 25 7
⇒ x−  + y+  − − − = 0
 4  4  16 16 2
30. (c) We know that the diameter will be perpendicular to 2 2
 3  5  45
the chord because it bisects the chord. Hence the equation ⇒ x−  + y+  − =0
 4  4 8
of diameter is x + 2 y + k = 0 . . . (i)
3 5
But (i) also passes through the centre of circle (–1, 2). Put X = x − and Y = y + , we get the equation of circle
4 4
Therefore, −1 + 4 + k = 0
45 45
⇒ k = −3 . X 2 +Y2 − = 0 and the line 9 X + Y − =0
8 2
Hence the required equation is x + 2 y − 3 = 0 .
 45 45 
 9 × 8 1× 8   9 1 
31. (c) Equation of common chord is ax − by = 0 . Hence pole ≡  ≡ ,
45   4 4 
, ,
 45
Now length of common chord = 2 r12 − p 12 = 2 r22 − p 22  2 2 
Where r1 and r2 are radii of given circles and p1, p2 are the 9 3 1 5
But x = + and y = − = −1 .Hence the pole is (3, –1).
perpendicular distances from centres of circles to common 4 4 4 4
chords. 36. (d) Equation of circles is
a4
2ab S1 = x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 3 y + 6 = 0 . . . (i)
Hence required length = 2 a 2 − = .
a +b
2 2
a2 + b2 S 2 = x + y + x − 8 y − 13 = 0
2 2
. . . (ii)

32. (a) The equation of common chord ≡ S1 − S2 = 0 or ∴ Equation of common chord is S1 − S 2 = 0

4 x − 3 y − 10 = 0 and centre of first circle is (0, 0). ⇒ x + 5 y + 19 = 0 . . . (iii)
Therefore perpendicular from it on line is and out of the four given points only point (1,–4) satisfies
10 it.
p1 = = 2 and R1 = 12 .
5 37. (a) It is xx1 + yy1 = a 2 i.e., 5 x − 3 y = 10 .
S1
L1 S2
R1 38. (c) Required circle is (2x 2+ 2 y 2− 2 x − 6 y −25) +λ( x−y− 1) = 0
R2
C1 C2  1− λ 3 − λ 
Its centre is  ,  lies on line x − y − 1 = 0 .
p1  4 4 
L2
Hence, we get the equation of circle 2x 2+2 y 2 − 6 x −2 y −21=0 z
Hence L1 L2 = 2 ( R − p ) = 2 (12 − 4) = 4 2 .
1
2 2
1
39. (b) The line joining (4,3) and (2,1) is also along a diameter.
33. (b) Suppose point be (h, k). Equation of common chord of So, the centre is the intersection of the diameters 2 x− y = 2
contact is hx + ky − a 2 = 0 ≡ lx + my + n = 0
and y − 3 = ( x − 4) . Solving these, the centre = (1, 0)
h k −a 2
or = = ∴ Radius = Distance between (1, 0) and (2, 1) = 2.
l m n
∴ 2 2
Equation of circle ( x − 1) + y = ( 2) 2
−a 2l −a 2m
or h= , k= .
n n ⇒ x2 + y 2 − 2x − 1 = 0

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472 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
40. (c) The centre of the given circle is (2, –1) the equation of So, r1 + r2 > C1C2 ,
the line perpendicular to chord x − 2 y + 1 = 0. is 2 x+ y +k =0
∴ 3 + 25 − n 2 > (4) 2 + (3)2
Since the line passes through the point (2, –1) therefore k
= – 3. The equation of diameter is 2 x + y − 3 = 0. or 25 − n2 > 2
or λ = −a
41. (b) The polar of the point  5, −  is
1
 2 ∴ n 2 < 21
xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0 or − 21 < n < 21

1 Therefore, common values of n should satisfy − 21 < n < 21.

⇒ 5x − y − 2 ( x + 5) + 0 + 0 = 0
2 But n∈Z, So, n = −4, − 3,.....3,4 .
y ∴ Number of possible values of n = 9.
⇒ 3 x − − 10 = 0
2
46. (c)The common chord of given circles is S1 − S 2 = 0
⇒ 6x – y – 20 = 0.
⇒ x 2 + ( y − λ ) 2 − 16 − { x 2 + y 2 − 16} = 0
2
42. (d) C1 = (− a,0), r1 = a − c
λ
i.e., y = (∵λ ≠ 0)
2
C2 = (0, − b), r2 = b − c ; C1C2 = a + b 2 2 2
The pair of straight lines joining the origin to the points of
∵ Circles touch each other, therefore r1 + r2 = C1C2
λ
intersection of y = and x 2 + y 2 = 16 is
⇒ a 2 − c + b2 − c = a 2 + b2 2
2
⇒ a 2b 2 − b 2 c − a 2 c = 0  2y 
x 2 + y 2 = 16  
1 1 1 1  λ 
Multiplying by , We get 2 + 2 = .
a 2b 2 c 2 a b c ⇒ λ 2 x 2 + (λ 2 − 64) y 2 = 0 .
43. (a) When two circles intersect each other, then difference These lines are at right angles if λ 2 + λ 2 − 64 = 0 ,
between their radii < Distance between their centres
i.e., λ = ± 4 2.
⇒ r–3<5
⇒ r<8 . . .(i) 47. (c) Let the required circle be
Sum of their radii > Distance between their centres x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 . . .(i)
⇒ r +3>5 This passes through (0, 0), therefore c = 0
⇒ r >2 . . .(ii) The centre (−g, − f ) of (i) lies on y = x, hence g = f.
Hence by (i) and (ii), 2 < r < 8.
Since (i) cuts the circle x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 10 = 0 orthogonally
2 2 2
44. (b) Circles S1 ≡ x + y = (2) Therefore, 2(−2 g − 3 f ) = c + 10
2
and S 2 ≡ ( x − 3) + ( y − 4) = (7) 2 2
⇒ −10 g =10
∴ Centres C1 = (0,0), C2 = (3, 4) and radii r1 = 2, r2 = 7 ⇒ g = f = −1 (∵ g = f and c = 0).

C1C2 = (3)2 + (4)2 = 5 , r2 − r1 = 7 − 2 = 5 Hence the required circle is x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y = 0 .

∴ C1C2 = r2 − r1 i.e. circles touch internally. 48. (a) Let the circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 . . .(i)
Hence there is only one common tangent. Circle (i) cuts orthogonally each of the given three circles.
2 2
45. (c) For x + y = 9 , the centre = (0, 0) and the radius = 3 Then according to condition 2 g1 g 2 + 2 f1 f 2 = c1 + c2

For x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y + n 2 = 0 . 2 g + 17 f = c + 4 . . . (ii)
7 g + 6 f = c + 11 . . .(iii)
The centre = (4, 3) and the radius = (4) 2 + (3) 2 − n 2
− g + 22 f = c + 3 . . .(iv)
∴ 42 + 32 − n 2 > 0 or n2 < 52
On solving (ii), (iii) and (iv), (− g , − f ) = (3, 2) .
or −5 < n < 5.
Therefore, the centre of the circle (− g , − f ) = (3, 2)
Circles should cut to have exactly two common tangents.

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Circles and Systems of Circles 473
49. (b) Equation of any circle through the points of 52. (d) The equation of a system of circle with its centre on the
2 2
intersection of given circles is ( x + y − 6 x + 2 y + 4) axis of x is x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + c = 0 . Any point on the radical
+ λ ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 6) = 0 axis is (0, y1)
⇒ Putting, x = 0, y = ± −c

x 2 (1 + λ ) + y 2 (1 + λ ) − 2 x If c is positive (c >0), we have no real point on radical

axis, then circles are said to be non-intersecting type.
(3 − λ ) + 2 y (1 − 2λ ) + (4 − 6λ ) = 0
2 x (3 − λ ) 2 y (1 − 2λ ) (4 − 6λ ) 53. (d) The given circle and line are
or, x 2 + y 2 − + + =0 . . .(i)
(1 + λ ) (1 + λ ) (1 + λ ) x 2 + y 2 + 16 x − 24 y + 183 = 0 . . . (i)
3 − λ 2λ − 1  and 4 x + 7 y + 13 = 0 . . . (ii)
Its centre =  ,  lies on the line y = x .
1 + λ 1 + λ  Centre and radius of circle (i) are (– 8, 12) and 5
2λ − 1 3 − λ respectively. Let the centre of the image circle be (x1, y1).
Then =
1+ λ 1+ λ
⇒ 2λ −1 = 3 − λ {∵ λ ≠ −1 } (–8,12) (x1,y1)
C1 5 5 C2
4
⇒ 3λ = 4 ⇒ λ =
3
4x+7y+13=0
4
Substituting the value of λ = in (i),
3 Then slope of C1C2 × slope of 4 x + 7 y + 13 = −1
2 2
We get the required equation as 7 x + 7 y − 10 x − 10 y − 12 = 0 .  y − 12   4 
⇒  1  ×  −  = −1 or 4 y1 − 48 = 7 x1 + 56
a  x1 + 8   7 
50. (a) Equation of radical axis is x = Or 7 x1 − 4 y1 + 104 = 0 . . . (iii)
2
⇒ 2x – a = 0  x −8 y +12 
and mid point of C1C2 i.e.  1 , 1  lie on 4x +7y +13 = 0
Equation of required circle is x 2 + y 2 − a 2 + λ (2 x − a ) = 0  2 2 
∵ It is passes through the point (2a, 0) ,  x −8  y1 + 12 
Then 4  1 +7  + 13 = 0
∴ 4 a − a + λ (4 a − a ) = 0
2 2
 2   2 
⇒ λ = −a or 4 x1 + 7 y1 + 78 = 0 . . .(iv)
2 2 2 2
∴ Equation of circle is x + y − a − 2 ax + a = 0 Solving (iii) and (iv),
we get ( x1 , y1 ) = (−16, − 2)
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0
51. (a) Equation of circle with (2, 3) as limiting point is ∴ Equation of the image circle is ( x + 16) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 52

( x − 2) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 0 or x 2 + y 2 + 32 x + 4 y + 235 = 0

or ( x 2 + y 2 − 9) − 4 x − 6 y + 22 = 0 54. (d) According to the condition,

or ( x + y − 9) − λ (2 x + 3 y − 11) = 0
2 2
( g − 0) 2 + (0 − 0) 2 = a + b ⇒ g = a + b .
represents the family of co-axial circles.
55. (a) Required circle will be S1 + λ S2 = 0 , λ ≠ −1
 3λ  2 9λ
2
c =  λ, , r = λ + − 11λ + 9 . i.e., x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4 y + 1 + λ ( x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 2 y + 4) = 0
 2  4
(1 + 2λ ) (2 + λ ) 1 + 4λ
For limiting points r = 0 ⇒ x2 + y 2 − 2 x−2 y+ =0
1+ λ 1+ λ 1+ λ
18
⇒ 13λ 2 − 44λ + 36 = 0 ⇒ λ = , 2  1 + 2λ 2 + λ 
13 Its centre  ,  lies on x + 2 y − 3 = 0
 1+ λ 1+ λ 
 18 3  18  
∴ The limiting points are (2, 3) and  ,    1 + 2λ  2+λ 
 13 2  13   ∴ + 2  − 3 = 0 ⇒ λ = −2 .
1+ λ  1+ λ 
 18 27 
or  , . ∴ The circle is x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 7 = 0
 13 13 

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474 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
56. (a) C1 (1, 2), C 2 (0 , 4 ), R1 = 5 , R 2 = 2 5 and eliminating r, we get the locus
12 x 2 − 4 y 2 − 24ax + 9a 2 = 0 .
C1 C 2 = 5 and C 1 C 2 = | R 2 − R 1 |
Hence circles touch internally. Aliter: Since it touches x 2 + y 2 = a 2 and x 2 + y 2 − 4ax = 0 ,
therefore
57. (b) Required equation is
(x 2 + y 2 + 13 x − 3 y ) + λ(2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4 x − 7 y − 25 ) = 0 r + a = h2 + k 2 . . . (i)
1 r + 2a = (h − 2a ) + k2 2
. . . (ii)
which passes through (1, 1), so λ = .
2 From (i), putting the value of r in (ii), we get
Hence required equation is 4 x + 4 y + 30 x − 13 y − 25 = 0 .
2 2
− a + h 2 + k 2 + 2a = ( h − 2a ) 2 + k 2
58. (d) Let circle be x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0. Then On simplification, we get the required locus.
according to the conditions given, g + 2 f = c + 3 …(i) 61. (c) Equation of the circle which passes through origin is
2g + 4 f = c + 5 …(ii) x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy = 0 .
−7 g − 8 f = c − 9 …(iii) Radical axis with both circles is 2 gx + 2 fy + a 2 = 0 . . . (i)
2 2 2( g − a) x + 2 fy + 2a 2 = 0
⇒ g = , f = , c = −1 . . . (ii)
3 3
a
Therefore, the required equation is 3(x 2 + y 2 ) + 4 (x + y) − 3 = 0 . Also radical axis of the two circles is x = ⇒ f =0
2

 2g 1
b '− b a '− a  From (i) and (ii), we get = ⇒ g = −a
59. (a) Solving for x 2 , y 2 ;   is the 2(g − a) 2
 ab '− ba ' , a ' b − b ' a 

Hence circle is x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0 .
intersecting point.
dy 62. (a) Common chord = S 1 − S 2
Differentiating ax 2 + by 2 = 1 , 2ax + 2by =0
dx 10 x − 3 y − 18 = 0 .
 dy  ax  dy  a' x
⇒   = − and  dx  = − b ' y 63. (c) Let equation of circle be x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 .
 dx 1 ay  2
As it intersects orthogonally the given circles, we have
and     = −1
dy dy
 dx  1  dx  2 2 g + 4 f = 6 + c and 4 g + 6 f = 2 + c .

aa '  x 2  aa '  b '− b  As it passes through (1, 1), we have 2 g + 2 f = −2 − c

⇒   = −1 or   = 1.
bb '  y 2  bb '  a '− a  From these, we get g, f and c as –8, 6, 2 respectively and
1 1 1 1  hence equation of circle as
Hence − = − .
b b'  a a'  x 2 + y 2 − 16 x + 12 y + 2 = 0 .

60. (a) Let C ≡ (h, k ) , radius = r 64. (a) The equation of radical axis is S 1 − S 2 = 0 i.e.,
4 x + 2y − 1 = 0 .

r B ∴ The equation of circle of co-axial system can be taken as

A
a 2a (x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 6 y + 4 ) + λ(4 x + 2 y − 1) = 0
(2a,0) or x 2 + y 2 − (6 − 4 λ )x − (6 − 2λ )y + (4 − λ ) = 0 ….(i)
S1=x2+y2–a2 whose centre is C(3 − 2λ, 3 − λ ) and radius is
S2=x2+y2–4ax
r = (3 − 2λ ) 2 + (3 − λ ) 2 − (4 − λ )
 ah ak 
Co-ordinates of A ≡  , If r = 0 , then we get λ = 2
 a + r a + r 
or 7/5.
 2ar + 2ah 2ak 
Co-ordinates of B ≡  , Putting the co-ordinates of C, the limit points are (–1, 1)
 2a + r 2a + r 
and  ,  . One of these limit points is given in (a).
1 8
Putting co-ordinates of A and B in S1 , S2 respectively 5 5

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Circles and Systems of Circles 475
NCERT Exemplar Problems 67. (b, c) Let circle be x + y + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2 2

More than One Answer It passes through (0, 1)

65. (a, c) Since, tangents are drawn from origin. So, the ∴ 1+ 2 f + c = 0 . . .(i)
equation of tangent be y = mx. Orthogonal with x + y − 2 x − 15 = 0 2 2

A
2 g (−1) = c − 15

O ⇒ c = 15 – 2g . . .(ii)
(0,0) (–r,h)
Orthogonal with x + y − 1 = 0 2 2

B c=1 . . .(iii)
⇒ g = 7 and f = –1
⇒ Length of perpendicular from origin = radius
Centre is (− g , − f ) ≡ (−7,1)
| mr + h |
⇒ =r
m2 + 1 Radius = g 2 + f 2 − c
⇒ m 2 r 2 + h 2 + 2mrh = r 2 (m 2 + 1) = 49 + 1 − 1 = 7

r −h
2 2
68. (b, d) B
⇒ m= ,m = ∞
2rh S1
C (− g − f )
r −h 2 2 α /2
∴ Equation of tangents are y = x, x = 0 P
2rh ( x1 , y1 )
S2 ( g 2 + f 2 − c)
A
Therefore a, c are the answers.
α S1
∴ cot =
66. (a, c) Here, the length of intercept on y-axis ⇒ 2 f − c 2 2 ( g + f 2 − c)
2

and if circle touches x-axis

α ( g 2 + f 2 − c)
∴ tan =
2 S1
A

2 7  ( g 2 + f 2 − c) 
∴ α = 2 tan −1  
 S1 
B  
A' (3,0)
69. (b, c) Centres and radii of the given circles are
2 7
C1 ( −7, 2), r1 = 5
B'
and C2 (7, − 2), r2 = 9

⇒ g 2 = c for x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ∵ C1C2 = (14) 2 + (4) 2 = 212 > r1 + r2

Here, x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 For common tangent length of perpendicular form centre
Passes through (3, 0) on tangent = radius of centre C1(–7,2) and r1 = 5, then (b)
and (c) are correct.
⇒ 9 + 6g + c = 0 . . .(i)
70. (a, c) Radius of inner circle
g =c
2
. . .(ii)
= OR − a = a 2 + a 2 − a = a( 2 −1)
and 2 f 2 − c = 2 7
f 2 −c = 7 . . .(iii) Q
(a, a)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get g + 6 g + 9 = 0
2
Pa R
( g + 3) 2 = 0 O

g = −3 and c = 9
∴ f 2 = 16 ⇒ f = ± 4
∴ x2 + y2 − 6x ± 8 y + 9 = 0 Radius of outer circle = OR + RQ = a 2 + a = a ( 2 + 1)

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476 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
71. (a, d) Circle possible in IV quadrant. Equation of circle is 74. (a, b) Point of intersection of diameters is the centre of the
( x − c) + ( y + c) = c
2 2 2
. . .(i) circle.
∴ Centre is (1, 2)
Its passes through (3,–6)
∵ Radius is 1
⇒ (3–c)2 + (c–6)2 =c2
⇒ Requires circle is (x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 12
⇒ c2 – 18c + 45 = 0
or x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 4 = 0
⇒ (c – 15) (c–3) = 0
∴ c = 3, 5 Assertion and Reason
Y
75. (c) In assertion, two members of the family are (x–1)2 + (y
– 2)2 = 0 and (x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = 0.
Equation of any member of this family is x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y
X′ X + 5 + λ if λ = 1, in which case the equation does not
c
represent a circle.
c (c – c) So the assertion is true.
(3, –6) In reason, equation represents the circle on the join of the
Y′
Form equation (i) equation of circles are given points as diameter, So the reason is false.
x2 + y2 – 6x + 6y + 9= 0 76. (c) In Assertion, the radius is smallest when the line
and x2 + y2 – 30x + 30y + 225 = 0 joining the given points is a diameter of the circle and
72. (c, d) Let radius of required circle is r  3+5 4+8
hence its centre is the mid-point  ,  i.e. (4,6) of
∴ For touch Distance between centre = radius of I circle ±  2 2 

radius of II circle 5= r ± 1 the line joining the given points. So assertion is true.
Reason is false as the line joining the given points may not
∵ r = 5 ± 1 = 6, 4
be a diameter for each circle passing through these points.
∴ Equation of circles are ( x − 4) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 62
77. (a) Reason is true as the centre of the circle is (a,r) and its
and ( x − 4) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 42
radius is r, centre is at a distance r form X-axis. In Reason,
or x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y − 11 = 0 the circle is ( x − 4) 2 + ( y − 2) 2 = 4 = 22 , using Reason,
and x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y + 9 = 0 Assertion is also true.

73. (a, b, c, d) Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 78. (d) Reason is true because the distance between the point
(α,β) and the centre (–g, –f) of the circle is greater than its
S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 4 = 0
radius.
S2 ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 8 y + 10 = 0 ⇒ (α + g ) 2 + ( β + f ) 2 > g 2 + f 2 − c
S3 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 2 = 0 ⇒ α 2 + β 2 + 2 gα + 2 f β + c > 0
∴ Common chords are Usint it in Assertion, 2 × 9 + 2 × 1 – 3 × 3 + 5(−1) − 7
S − S1 ≡ 2 gx + 2 fy + c + 4 = 0 . . .(i) = –1 < 0, so Assertion is false.
S − S2 ≡ (2 g + 6) x + (2 f + 8) y + c − 10 = 0 . . .(ii) 79. (b) In assertion, two members of the co-axial system are
S − S3 ≡ (2 g − 2) x + (2 f + 4) y + c + 2 = 0 . . .(iii) circles with centres at (1,1) (3,3) and radius zero. So
equation of the system of circles is
For cutting the extremities of diameter, chords (i), (ii) and
(iii) pass through the centre of S1,S2 and S3 respectively, ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 + λ[( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 ] = 0
then If it passes through the origin. 1 + 1 + λ [9+9]
∴ c + 4 = 0, (2 g + 6)3 + (2 f + 8)4 + c − 10 = 0 1
⇒ λ − and the required circle is 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 3 x − 3 y = 0
9
and (2 g − 2)(−1) + (2 f + 4)(2) + c + 2 = 0
So Assertion is true, Reason is also true but does not lead the
After solving c = −4, g = −2, f = −3 assertion.

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Circles and Systems of Circles 477
π  π  86. (c)
80. (b) x cos θ + y sin θ = a, x cos  + θ  + y sin  + θ  = a C1
2  2 
⇒ ( x cos θ + y sin θ ) 2 + (− x cos θ + y sin θ ) 2 = 2a 2 C

⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2 L

⇒ Assertion is true, Reason is also true but does not lead to A

Assertion Let C be the centre of the required circle.
Now, draw a line parallel to L at a distance of r1 (radius of
81. (a) Assertion is true as circle C1 touches the circle C2
C1) from it. Now, CC1 = AC
internally and the diameter of C1 is equal to the radius of
⇒ C lies on a parabola.
the circle C2. Using it in Assertion, the centre of the
required circle lies inside C. 87. (c) Since, AG = 2
82. (c) Assertion is true as the distance of the centre (3, 4) 1
∴ AT1 = T1G =
from x-axis is equal to the radius. Reason is false, because 2
4−3 1
=a⇒a = . D C
2 2

83. (a) Reason is True, using it in Assertion, common chord is G

2 T1
10 x = r + 16, which passes through (5,0) if r = 34 (if it
2
T2
passes through (0, 0), r2 + 16 = 0 which is not possible for A B
any real value of r) T3
As A is the focus, T1 is the vertex and BD is the directrix
84. (d) Assertion is not true as the equation represents a pair
of parabola. Also, T2 T3 is latusrectum.
of straight lines. In Reason. (x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 0 which
1
gives a circle of zero radius and hence the point (–2,–3). ∴ T2T3 = 4 ⋅
So reason is true. 2
1 1 4
∴ Area of ∆T1T2T3 = × × = 1 sq unit.
Comprehension Based 2 2 2
85. (a) C2 Q 88. (d) Let centre of circle C be (h,k).
D (0,2) C (2,2)
3h + k − 6
C1 P Then, =1
2 2
x + y – 2x – 2y = 0 3 +1
(1, 1)
⇒ 3h + k − 6 = 2, −2
B (2,0)
A (0,0) ⇒ 3h + k = 4 . . .(i)
2 2
x + y – 2x – 2y = 0 (Rejecting ‘2’ because origin and centre of C are on the
Let the, equation of circle are same side of PQ).
C1 : ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = (1) 2 and C2 : ( x −1)2 + ( y −1)2 = ( 2)2 The point ( 3,1) satisfies equation. (i).
∴ Coordinates of P(1 + cos θ, 1 + sin θ)
∴ Equation of circle C is ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 1.
and Q (1 + 2 cos θ ,1 + 2 sin θ )
E D
∴ PA2 + PB2 + PC2 + PD2 89. (a)

= {(1 + cos θ ) 2 + (1 + sin θ ) 2 } + {(cos θ − 1) 2 + (1 + sin θ ) 2 } 30°

( 3,1)
+{(cosθ–1)2} + (sinθ–1)2} + {(1+ cosθ)2 + (sinθ –1)2} =12
Similarly, QA2 + QB2 + QC2 + QD2 = 16
ΣPA2 12 F
∴ = = 0.75
ΣQA2 16 Slope of line joining centre of circle to Point D is

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478 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
3 ⇒ |3 – λ|=2
−1
1 ⇒ 3– λ = 2,–2
tan θ = 2 =
3 3
− 3
3 ∴ λ= 1, 5
2
⇒ L : x − 3 y = 1, x − 3 y = 5
It makes an angle 30º with x-axis.
∴ Points E and F will make angle 150º and –90º with x-axis. 93. (a) (A) We have λ 2 + (λ + 2) 2 < 4
∴ E and F are given by 2λ 2 + 4λ < 0 ; λ (λ + 2) < 0
⇒
x− 3 y −1 x− 3 y −1 ⇒ –2 < λ < 0
= = 1 and = =1
cos150° sin150° cos(−90°) sin(−90°)
1
 3 3 ∵ − ∈ (−2, 0) and –1∈(–2,0)
∴ E =  ,  and F = ( 3, 0) 2
 2 2 (B) We have λ 2 + (λ + 2) 2 − 2λ + 4(λ + 2) > 0

90. (d) Clearly, points E and F satisfy the equations given in ⇒ 2λ 2 + 6λ + 12 > 0
option (d). ⇒ λ 2 + 3λ + 6 = 0
2
91. (d) Here, equation of common tangent be y = mx ± 2 1 + m2  3  15
⇒ λ +  + > 0
y
 2 4
∴ λ∈R
(C) For both circles r > 0

O 2 3
x ⇒ λ 2 − 4 > 0 and (2λ 2 − 8) > 0
⇒ λ 2 > 4 and λ 2 > 4
⇒ λ < –2 and λ > 2
which is also the tangent to ( x − 3) 2 + y 2 = 1
∴ λ ∈ (− ∞, − 2) ∪ (2, ∞) (3,4)
| 3m − 0 + 2 1 + m2 |
⇒ =1 94. (a) (A) When two circles are intersecting they have a
m2 + 1 common normal and common tangent.
⇒ 3m + 2 1 + m 2 = ± 1 + m 2 (B) Two mutually external circles have a common normal and
common tangent.
⇒ 3m = −3 1 + m 2 or 3m = − 1 + m 2 (C) When one circle lies inside of other, then they have a
⇒ m 2 = 1 + m 2 or 9m 2 = 1 + m 2 common normal but no common tangent.
1 (D) Two branches of a hyperbola have a common normal but
⇒ m ∈φ or m = ±
2 2 no common tangent.

1 1 95. (a) (A) Equation of conic

∴ y=± x ± 2 1+
2 2 8 ( y − a1 x − b)( y − a2 x − b) + λ xy = 0 represent a circle.
x 6 If coefficient of x2 =coefficient of y2
⇒ y=± ± ⇒ 2 2 y = ± ( x + 6)
2 2 2 2 ∴ a1a2 = 1
∵ AM > GM
Match the Column a1 + a2
∴ > a1a2 = 1
92. (a) Here, tangent to x 2 + y 2 = 4 at ( 3,1) is 2
a12 + a22
3x + y = 4 . . .(i) ⇒ a1 + a2 > 2 and > a12 ⋅ a22 = a1a2 = 1
2
As, L is perpendicular to 3x + y = 4
∴ a12 + a22 > 2
⇒ x − 3 y = λ which is tangent to ( x − 3) 2 + y 2 = 1 (B) Let (a1 cos θ , a1 sin θ ) be any point on x 2 + y 2 = a12 , then
| 3−0−λ | chord of contact is x (a1 cos θ ) + y ( a1 sin θ ) = b 2 , which
⇒ =1
1+ 3
tangent of x 2 + y 2 = a 22

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Circles and Systems of Circles 479

0 + 0 − b2  r4 
∴ = a2 or b 2 = a1a2 Then QR = 2 ⋅ QM = 2 {(OQ ) 2 − (OM ) 2 } = 2  r 2 − 
{(a1 cos θ ) 2 + (a1 sin θ ) 2 }  100 

For a = 1, a1a2 = 1 ⇒ AM > GM 1

Area of ∆QPR = ⋅ QR ⋅ PM
2
a1 + a2
⇒ > a1a2 = b
r 4  100 − r
2
2 1 
∴ ∆(say) = ⋅ 2  r2 − ⋅
∴ a1 + a2 > 2 b for b = 1, a1 + a2 > 2 and then a12 + a22 > 2 2  100  10

(C) 2 gg1 + 2 ff1 = c + c1 ⇒ 2 × a1 × a2 + 0 = b + b r 2 (100 − r 2 )3

∴ ∆2 = = z (say)
∴ a1a2 = b for b = 1, a1a2 = 1 and then a1 + a2 > 2, Also 1000
dz 1
a12 + a22 > 2 ∴ = {r 2 ⋅ 3(100 − r 2 ) 2 ⋅ (−2r ) + (100 − r 2 )3 ⋅ 2r}
dr 1000
Integer 2r (100 − r 2 ) 2
= {100 − r 2 − 3r 2 }
96. (1601) Solving the equation (2 + c) x + 5c 2 y = 1 1000
and 3 x + 5 y = 1, dz
For maximum or minimum = 0, then we get r = 5,(r ≠ 10
dr
 1 − 3x 
(2 + c) x + 5c 2   = 1, then, (2 + c ) x + c (1 − 3 x) = 1
2
d 2z
 5  as P is outside the circle) and = −ve
dr 2 r =5
1− c 2
(1 + c)(1 − c) 1+ c
∴ x= or x= = ∴ Area of triangle is also maximum at r = 5.
2 + c − 3c 2 (3c + 2)(1 − c) 3c + 2
1+ c 2 98. (171) 2 x 2 + y 2 − 3 xy = 0 ⇒ (2 x − y )( x − y ) = 0
∴ x = lim ⇒ x=
c →13c + 2 5
⇒ y = 2 x, y = x
1 − 3 x 1 − (6 / 5) 1
∴ y= = =− Y
5 5 25 Y =2x
Therefore the centre of the required circle is 3 C
3
2 1 
 , −  but circle passes through (2,0)
 5 25  Ay =x
2 2
2   1  αα
∴ Radius of the required circle =  − 2  +  − − 0 
 5   25  45°
X
O
64 1 1601 1601 λ Are the equations of straight lines passing through origin.
= + = = =
25 625 625 25 25 Now let the angle between tangents is 2α, then tan
∴ λ=1601 (45º + 2α) = 2
97. (5) Equation of chord of contact (QR)is 6 x + 8 y − r 2 = 0 tan 45° + tan 2α 1 + tan 2α 2
⇒ =2⇒ =
P(6, 8) 1 − tan 45° tan 2α 1 − tan 2α 1
2 tan 2α 1
⇒ = (by componendo and dividend rule)
2 3
Q 2 tan α 1
⇒ = ⇒ tan α + 6 tan α − 1 = 0
M 2

r R 1 − tan α 3
2

r
O −6 ± (36 + 4)  π
(0, 0) ⇒ tan α = = −3 ± 10 ∵ 0 < α < 
2  4
3
6 ⋅ 6 + 8 ⋅8 − r2 100 − r 2 Now, in ∆OAC, tan α = = ( 10 − 3)
PM = = OA
(6 2 + 82 ) 10
3( 10 + 3)
∴ OA = = 3(3 + 10) = 9 + 90 = λ + µ
0 + 0 − r2 r 2
( 10 − 3)( 10 + 3)
and OM = =
(6 + 8 )
2 2 10 ∴ λ = 9and µ = 90, then λ 2 + µ = 81 + 90 = 171

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480
2 2
Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
99. (64) The given circle is x + y = 1 . . .(i) 8
We get, r 2 =
With centre at O (0, 0) and radius 1. It cuts x-axis at the 3
points when y = 0,then x = ±1 i.e., at P(–1, 0) and Q(1, 0)  d2A  1 8 64 
Y ∴  2  =  48 × − 30 ×  < 0
 dr  r = 8 16  3 9 
3

∴ A is maximum. Hence ∆is also maximum.

R
∴ Maximum value of
X′ X 1 8 1  8 2 2 4 3
(–1, 0) P S M O Q (1, 0) ∆= × × 4−  = × = sq unit
2 3 2  3 3 3 9
T
4 3 4
⇒ λ= =
9 3 3
Y′
⇒ 27λ 2 = 64
Equation of circle with centre at Q(1,0) and radius r is
( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 = r 2 . . .(ii) 100. (10) Centre and radius of the circle x2 + y2 − 2x + 4y − 20 = 0
Solving equation (i) and (ii),
are (1,–2) and (1 + 4 + 20) = 5 respectively.
2 − r2 r (4 − r 2 )
we get x = and y = ±
2 2
 2 − r 2 4 (4 − r 2 ) 
But R above the x-axis. R ≡  , 
 2 2  O (1, –2)
 
4 x − 3 y − 10 = 0
r (4 − r 2 )
So, SQ = r and MR =
2
1
∴ Area of ∆QRS = ⋅ QS ⋅ MR Let OM be the perpendicular form O on the line
2 4x – 3y – 10 = 0
1 r (4 − r 2 ) r 2 (4 − r 2 ) 4 × 1 − 3 × ( −2) − 10
∴ ∆= ⋅r ⋅ ∆ (say) = then OM = = 10
2 2 4 4 2 + ( −3) 2
r4 1
∆2 = (4 − r 2 ) = A (say) ∴ A= (4r 4 − r 6 ) Hence line 4x – 3y – 10 = 0 passes through the centre of
16 16 the circle.
dA 1 d2A 1 Hence intercepted length
∴ = (16r 3 − 6r 5 ) and = (48r 2 − 30r 4 )
dr 16 dr 2 16 = diameter of the circle
dA = 2 × 5 = 10
For maximum and minimum area =0
dr

***

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www.jeebooks.in Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse,
Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 481

21 Hyperbola)
QUICK LOOK Case (i): When ∆ = 0
In this case equation (i) represents the degenerate conic whose
Conic sections or conics in short, are geometrical figures nature is given in the following table.
obtained by the intersection of a plane with a three-dimensional
Table 21.1: Condition and Nature of Conic
double cone. In the following figure, the angle which the
S. No. Condition Nature of Conic
normal to the (variable) plane makes with the axis of the double 1. A pair of coincident straight lines
∆ = 0 and ab − h = 0`
2

cone is represented by while the semi-vertical angle of the cone 2. A pair of intersecting straight lines
∆ = 0 and ab − h 2 < 0
is θ : 3. A point
∆ = 0 and ab − h > 0
2

Case (ii): When ∆ ≠ 0

In this case equation (i) represents the non-degenerate conic
whose nature is given in the following table.
Parabola

θ Table 21.2: Condition and Nature of Conic

Hyperbola S. No. Condition Nature of Conic
Circle
α =π /2 1. ∆ ≠ 0, h = 0, a = b A circle
θ
Ellipse α >θ 2. A parabola
∆ ≠ 0, ab − h 2 = 0
3. ∆ ≠ 0, ab − h 2 > 0 An ellipse
α <θ
4. ∆ ≠ 0, ab − h 2 < 0 A hyperbola

Figure: 21.1 5. ∆ ≠ 0, ab − h 2 < 0 A rectangular

hyperbola
and a + b = 0
Depending on the orientation of the intersecting plane, different
types of conic sections will be generated from the double cone.
Method to find centre of a Conic
Depending on the orientation of the intersecting plane, different
types of conic sections will be generated from the double cone; Let S = ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c be the given conic.
the following four types of conics are obtained: ∂S ∂S
Find ;

Circles: Circles are a special kind of conics with the ∂x ∂y
π ∂S ∂S
intersecting plane at inclination . Solve = 0, = 0 for x, y we shall get the required centre (x, y)
2 ∂x ∂y

Parabola: The intersecting plane for parabola is parallel to
 hf − bg gh − af 
the slant of the cone, i.e., at an angleθ. ( x, y ) =  , 2 
 ab − h ab − h 
2

Ellipse: The intersecting plane is at an angle

α > θ (α ≠ π / 2) since then a circle will be formed).
Intersection of a Right Circular Cone and a Plane

Hyperbola: The intersecting plane is at an angle α<θ; in
The curve/lines of intersection of a right circular cone and a
this case, the plane cuts both the top and bottom halves of plane is a conic section. Conic sections are of different
the cone. varieties for different orientation of the plane.

The intersection of a right circular cone and a plane passing
Recognisation of Conics
The equation of conics is represented by the general equation of through the axis of the cone is a pair of lines.
second degree
The intersection of a right circular cone and a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the cone is a circle.
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 . . . (i)

The intersection of a right circular cone and a plane parallel
and discriminant of above equation is represented by ∆, where to a generator of the cone is parabola.
∆ = abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2
The intersection of a right circular cone and a plane cutting

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482 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

 π Standard Equation of a Parabola and its Parts

the axis at an angle α  0 < α <  is an ellipse. L
 2 Q

The intersection of a right circular cone and a plane parallel
to the axis of the cone is hyperbola. N
V S (a, 0)
(0, 0) Axis

Conic Section as a Locus of a Point

Q′
L P M
Figure :21.4

The standard equation of a parabola is y2 = 4ax for which vertex

S
V = (0,0), focus S = (a, 0)
M

The equation of the directrix MN is x + a = 0 and that of the
Figure :21.2
axis (or axis of symmetry) Vs of the parabola is y = 0.
If a point moves in a plane such that its distances from a fixed
Latus rectum QSQ’ = 4a (= 4VS).
point and a fixed line always bear a constant ratio l then the
VS = VN=a.
locus of a point is a conic section of the eccentricity e (focus- Location of a Point in Relation to a Parabola
directrix property). The fixed point is the focus and the fixed S ≡ y 2 − 4ax = 0
line is the directrix.

If e –1,it is a parabola.

If e <1,1 it is an ellipse. Exterior interior

If e >1,it is a hyperbola.

Figure :21.5
Equation of Conic Section by Focus-Directrix Property

If the focus is (α , β ) and the directrix is ax + by + c = 0 then If S ≡ y 2 − 4 ax = 0 be a parabola and P( x1 , y1 ) be a point then
the equation of the conic section whose eccentricity = e, is
P is in the interior of the parabola if S1 < 0, i.e.,
( ax + by + c ) 2
y12 − 4 ax1 < 0.
( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = e2 ⋅
a2 + b2
P is on the parabola if S1 = 0, i.e., y12 − 4ax1 = 0.

If the focus is (α , β ) and the directrix is ax + by + c = 0 then

P is in the exterior of the parabola if S1 > 0 i.e.,
the equation of the parabola is
y12 − 4 ax1 > 0.
(ax + by + c) 2
( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = Table 21.3: Important Terms of Parabola
a2 + b2
Important terms y 2 = 4ax y2 = −4ax x 2 = 4ay x2 = −4ay

Standard Equation of a Parabola and its Parts Coordinates of vertex (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)
Coordinates of focus (a, 0) (–a, 0) (0, a) (0, –a)
Y (a, 2a) Z (h, 2 ah )
Equation of the x = −a x=a y = −a y=a
Q
F Focal chord directrix
P
M x=0 x=0
x=a Double ordinate Equation of the axis y=0 y=0
Directrix
Length of the 4a 4a 4a 4a
Focal distance latusrectum
Vertex Focus
X Focal distance of a x+a a−x y+a a− y
N V S(a,0) Axis
point P( x, y)
Latus rectum
x+a=0

Condition for General Equation of the Second Degree to

F′
Represent a Parabola
Q'
Y′ (a,–2a)
’ Z '( h, −2 ah ) The equation ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a
Figure: 21.3 parabola if h 2 = ab, i.e., the second degree terms form a perfect
For the parabola y 2 = 4ax, square provided ∆ ≡ abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 ≠ 0

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 483
Reduction of Equation of a Parabola into Standard Form: x − x1 y − y1

The equation of the normal at ( x1 , y1 ) is = .
The equation ( y − β ) = 4a ( x − α ) can be reduced to the
2
−2a y1
standard form by the transformations x − α = X , y − β = γ .
The equation of the normal at (at 2 , 2at ) is y + tx = 2at + at 3 ,
The equation becomes γ 2 = 4aX , which is the standard form in S ≡ ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 +2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 be a parabola.
X , γ coordinates. ( y − β ) = 4 a ( x − α ) is the form of equation
2

The equation of the tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) is y − y1 =  

dy
of a parabola whose axis of symmetry is parallel to the x-axis.  dx  x1 y1
The equation (ax + by + c) 2 = bx − ay + c ' can be reduced to the ⋅( x − x1 ),i.e.,
standard form by the transformations axx1 + h( xy1 + x1 y ) + byy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
ax + by + c bx − ay + c′
=γ, =X
The equation of the normal at ( x1 , y1 ) is
a 2 + b2 b2 + a 2
−1
y − y1 = ⋅ ( x − x1 )
Note  dy 
 
The lines ax + by + c = 0 and bx − ay + c ' = 0 are perpendicular to  dx  x1 , y1

1
each other. The equation becomes γ 2 = X which is Chord of Contact, Polar Line, Pole: Let the equation of a
a + b2
2
parabola by y 2 − 4ax = 0
the standard form in X,γ coordinates.

The chord of contact of tangents from the exterior point
P( x1 , y1 ) to the parabola is T ≡ yy1 − 2a( x + x1 ) = 0
Parametric Equations of a Parabola

x = at 2 , y = 2at are the parametric equations of a parabola.
The polar line of the point P( x1 , y1 ) with respect to the
parabola is T ≡ yy1 − 2a( x + x1 ) = 0

Any point on the parabola y 2 = 4ax has the coordinates

The pole of a line L = 0 with respect to the parabola is the
 a −2a   a 2a 
(at 2 , 2at ) or  2 ,  or  2 ,  . point ( x1 , y1 ) whose polar is the line L = 0.
m m  m m 
Table 21.4: Parametric Equations of Parabola Chord with Given Middle Point: The equation of a chord of a
Parabola Parametric Coordinates Parametric Equations second degree curve S = 0 whose middle point is (x1 , y1) is S1 = T .
y 2 = 4ax ( at 2 , 2at ) x = at 2 , y = 2at
So, for the parabola y 2 − 4ax = 0 it is y12 − 4ax1 = yy2 − 2a ( x + x1 )
y = −4ax
2
(−at , 2at )
2
x = −at 2 , y = 2at

x 2 = 4ay (2at , at 2 ) x = 2at , y = at 2 Diameter of a Parabola: The locus of the middle points of
x 2 = −4ay (2at , − at 2 ) x = 2at , y = −at 2 parallel chords of a parabola is a line which is called a diameter
of the parabola.
The parametric equation of parabola ( y − k ) 2 = 4a( x − h) are
Length of Tangent, Subtangent, Normal and Subnormal
x = h + at 2 and y = k + 2at
Let the parabola y 2 = 4ax. Let the tangent and normal at

Tangents and Normal’s: Let the equation of a parabola be P( x1 , y1 ) meet the axis of parabola at T and G respectively, and
y2 = 4ax. tangent at P( x1 , y1 ) makes angle ψ with the positive direction of

The equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) to the parabola is x-axis.
yy1 = 2a ( x + x1 ) Y (x1,y1)
P

The equation of the tangent at (at , 2at ) is ty = x + at .
2 2
yy1=2a(x+x1)

 a 2a  a ψ S(a,0)

The equation of the tangent at  2 ,  is y = mx + X′ X
A N G(x1,2a,0)
m m  m T(–x1,0) (x1,0)
a

The line y = mx + c touches the parabola if c = and so any y2=4ax
m Y′

a Figure :21.6
tangent to the parabola can be taken as y = mx +
m A(0 , 0 ) is the vertex of the parabola and PN = y. Then,

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484 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

Length of tangent = PT = PN cosec ψ = y1 cosecψ x2 y 2
The standard equation of an ellipse is + = 1 for which

Length of normal = PG = PNcosec(90º −ψ ) = y1 secψ a 2 b2

Length of sub-tangent = TN = PN cotψ = y1 cotψ
centre O = (0,0)

Length of subnormal = NG = PN cot(90º −ψ ) = y1 tanψ
focus S , S ' = (± a,0)
2a
where , tanψ = = m, [slope of tangent at P(x, y)]
the equation of the major axis AA ' is y = 0 the length of the
y1
major axis = AA' = 2a
Length of tangent, sub tangent, normal and subnormal to y2
the equation of the minor axis BB ' is x = 0 the length of the
= 4ax at (at2, 2at) minor axis = BB ' = 2b

Length of tangent at (at 2 , 2at ) = 2at cosecψ
the relation between semimajor axis a, semiminor axis b and
eccentricity e is b 2 = a 2 (1 − e 2 ), e < 1
= 2at (1 + cot 2 ψ ) = 2at 1 + t 2
a

Length of normal at (at 2 , 2at ) = 2at secψ
the equation of directrices are x ± =0
e
= 2at (1 + tan 2 ψ ) 2b 2

latus rectum LL ' (or KK ' ) = .
a
= 2a t 2 + t 2 tan 2 ψ = 2a (t 2 + 1)

Length of subtangent at (at 2 ,2at ) = 2at cotψ = 2at 2 Focal Distances of a Point: The distance of a point from the
focus is its focal distance. The sum of the focal distances of any

Length of subnormal at (at 2 ,2at ) = 2at tanψ = 2a
point on an ellipse is constant and equal to the length of the
major axis of the ellipse.
Standard equation of the Ellipse Y
Y
Directrix

B P
Directrix

p(x,y) M′ M
M′ (0,b)
X′ C Z
X
Z′ C M Z Z′ A′ S′ S A
X′ X
A′ S′(–ae,0) S(ae,0) A Axis B′
(–a,0) (a,0)
(0,–b) B′ Y′
x=–a/e x=a/e Figure: 21.8
Y′
x2 y 2
Z Z′
Let P ( x1 , y1 ) be any point on the ellipse + =1
Y a2 b2
K L
a 
SP = ePM = e  − x1  = a − ex1
M A A′ X  e 
S O S′ M′
a 
and S ' P = ePM ' = e  + x1  = a + ex1
K′ Y’ L′ e 
Figure :21.7 ∴ SP + S ' P = (a − ex1 ) + ( a + ex1 ) = 2a = AA ' = major axis.
Let S be the focus, ZM be the directrix of the ellipse and
Table 21.5: Basic Fundamentals of Ellipse
SP
P ( x, y ) is any point on the ellipse, then by definition =e  x
2
y2 
PM Basic fundamentals Ellipse  2 + 2 = 1
2
 a b 
a 
⇒ ( SP) 2 = e 2 ( PM ) 2 ( x − ae)2 + ( y − 0) 2 = e 2  − x  For a > b For b > a
e  Centre (0, 0) (0, 0)

x2 y2
Vertices (± a,0) (0, ± b)
x2 y2
⇒ + 2 = 1 2 + 2 = 1, where b 2 = a 2 (1 − e2 ) Length of major axis 2a 2b
a 2
a (1 − e )
2
a b
Length of minor axis 2b 2a
Since e < 1, therefore a 2 (1 − e 2 ) < a 2 ⇒ b 2 < a 2 . Foci (±ae, 0) (0, ± be)

x2
y 2 Equation of directrices x = ±a / e y = ±b / e
Some terms related to the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1, a > b :
a b Relation in a, b and e b = a (1 − e )
2 2 2
a 2 = b2 (1 − e 2 )

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 485
Length of latus rectum 2b 2
2a 2
Note
a b Comparing the results for ellipses and hyperbolas we find that
Ends of latus-rectum  b2   a2  for coordinates, lengths or equations results are the same, only
 ± ae, ±   ± , ±be 
 a   b  difference being in the relation between a, b, e( – b2 takes place
Parametric equations (a cos φ , b sin φ ) (a cos φ , b sin φ ) of b2 )
(0 ≤ φ < 2π )
Equation of Ellipse/Hyperbola when one Directrix and the
Focal radii SP = a − ex1 and SP = b − ey1 and
Corresponding Focus are given: If a directrix has the
S ' P = a + ex1 S ' P = b + ey1 equation ax + by + c = 0 and the corresponding focus is (α,β)
Sum of focal radii 2a 2b
then the equation of the ellipse/hyperbola is
SP + S ' P =
2
Distance between foci 2ae 2be  ax + by + c 
Distance between directrices 2a/e 2b/e ( x − α ) 2 + ( y − β ) 2 = e2 ⋅ 
 a +b 
2 2
Tangents at the vertices x = –a, x = a y = b, y = –b
being given eccentricity of the ellipse/hyperbola.
Standard equation of the Hyperbola
Let S be the focus, ZM be the directrix and e be the eccentricity Transformation into Standard form
of the hyperbola, then by definition, ( x − α )2 ( y − β )2

If the equation of the curve is ± = 1 then
Y
Q a2 b2
K L by taking the equations of transformation x =α + X, y = β +Y
M′ P
M′
(x,y) N X2 Y2
axis the equation changes in the standard form ± =1
X′ X a2 b2
(–ae,0)S′ (–a,0) A′ Z′ O Z A S (ae,0)
C x2 y 2
Directrix

+ = 1, a > b. If the equation of the

Directrix

In case of the ellipse

K’ L′ a 2 b2
Q′
x=–a/e Y′ x=a/e ( x − α )2 ( y − β )2
ellipse is + = 1 then we substitute
Figure :21.9 b2 a2
SP y = β + X, x =α +Y
⇒ = e ⇒ ( SP ) 2 = e 2 ( PM ) 2
PM (lx + my + n) 2
2
If the equation of the curve is ±
 a a2
⇒ ( x − a.e) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 = e 2  x − 
 e ( mx + ly + p ) 2
=1 where 1x + my + n = 0 and mx −1y + p = 0
x2 y2 x2 y2 a2
⇒ − = 1 ⇒ − = 1, b 2 = a 2 (e 2 − 1)
a 2 a 2 (e 2 − 1) a 2 b2 lx + my + n
are perpendicular lines then we substitute
l 2 + m2
The standard equation of a hyperbola is for which
mx − ly + p

centre O = (0,0) = X, = Y to put the equation in the standard form.
l 2 + m2

focus, S , S ' = (± ae,0)

vertices A, A ' = (± a,0) Location of a Point
interior

the equation of the transverse axis A'A is y = 0 the length of
the transverse axis = A'A = 2a
exterior exterior

the equation of the conjugate axis B'B is x = 0

the length of the conjugate axis = B'B = 2b

the relation between semitransverse axis, a semiconjugate Figure :21.10
axis b and eccentricity e is b 2 = a 2 ( e 2 − 1), e > 1 x2 y 2
If the ellipse is S ≡ + − 1 = 0 and P = ( x1 , y1 ) then
a a b2

the equation of directrices are x ± =0
e
P is in the interior of the ellipse if S(x1, y1) i.e.,
2b 2 x12 y12

latus rectum LL ' (or KK ' ) . + −1 < 0
a a 2 b2

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486 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

P is on the ellipse if S ( x1 , y1 ) = 0 Equation of Tangent and Condition of Tangency

P is in the exterior of the ellipse if S ( x1 , y1 ) > 0.
The equation of the tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) to the curve
x2 y 2 xx yy
x2 y2 ± 2 = 1 is 21 ± 21 = 1
If the hyperbola is S ≡ 2 − 2 − 1 = 0 and P = ( x1 , y1 ) then 2
a b a b
a b

The equation of the tangent at (a cos φ , b sin φ ) to the ellipse

P is in the interior of the hyperbola if S ( x1 , y1 ) < 0
x2 y 2 x cos φ y sin φ

P is on the hyperbola if S ( x1 , y1 ) = 0 2
+ 2 = 1 is + =1
a b a b

P is in the exterior of the hyperbola if S ( x1 , y1 ) > 0

The equation of the tangent at (a sec φ , b tan φ ) to the
Condition for the General Equation of the Second Degree in x2 y 2 x sec φ y tan φ
hyperbola − 2 = 1 is − =1
x, y to Represent an Ellipse/Hyperbola 2
a b a b
The equation ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents
x2 y 2

an ellipse if h − ab < 0, ∆ ≠ 0 and it is not a circle.
2
The line y = mx + c touches the ellipse + = 1 if
a 2 b2

a hyperbola if h 2 − ab > 0, ∆ ≠ 0
c 2 = a 2 m2 + b 2 . So, the line y = mx ± a 2 m 2 + b 2 touches

a rectangular (or equilateral) hyperbola {in a rectangular
the ellipse for all real m.
hyperbola, transverse axis = conjugate axis} if h2 − ab > 0
x2 y 2
and a + b = 0, ∆ ≠ 0.
The line y = mx + c touches the hyperbola − = 1 if
a 2 b2

Standard Equation of a Rectangular Hyperbola: The c 2 = a 2 m 2 − b 2 . So, the line y = mx ± a 2 m2 − b2 touches

standard equation of a rectangular hyperbola is the hyperbola for all real m.

x − y = a whose eccentricity e =
2 2 2
2 , the transverse axis
and conjugate axis being the x and y axes respectively. Equation of Normal: The equation of the normal at ( x1 , y1 ) to

xy = c 2 when the bisectors of the angles between the −1
a curve is y − y1 = ·( x − x1 ).
transverse and conjugate axes are taken as x and y axes.  dy 
 
 dx  x1 , y1
Coordinates of any Point on an Ellipse/Hyperbola
x2 y2
x 2
y 2
For the ellipse + = 1, the equation of the normal at

Any point on the ellipse + 2 = 1 has the coordinates a 2 b2
2
a b x − x1 y − y1
(a cos φ , b sin φ ) where f is a parameter (called the eccentric ( x1 , y1 ) is = and that at (a cos φ , b sin φ ) is
x1 / a 2 y1 / b 2
angle of the point).
ax sec φ − by cosec φ = a 2 − b 2 .
x2 y 2

Any point on the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 has the coordinates x2 y2
a b
For the hyperbola − = 1, the equation of the normal at
a 2 b2
(a sec φ , b tan φ ).
x − x1 y − y1

Any point on the rectangular hyperbola x 2 − y 2 = a 2 has ( x1 , y1 ) is = and that at (a sec φ , b tan φ ) is
x1 / a 2 − y1 / b 2
the coordinates (a sec φ , b tan φ ).
ax cos φ + by cot φ = a 2 + b 2 .

Any point on the rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2 has the
 c Chord of Contact, Polar line, Pole
coordinates  ct ,  .
 t
The chord of contact of tangents from ( x1 , y1 ) to the
Equation of the Chord Joining two Points of an Ellipse: The x2 y 2 xx yy
2 2
curve 2
± 2 = 1 is 21 ± 21 = 1.
x y a b a b
equation of the chord of the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 joining the
a b
The polar of the point ( x1 , y1 ) with respect to the curve
x φ +φ y φ +φ φ −φ x2 y 2
points ' φ1 ' and 'φ2 ' is cos 1 2 + sin 1 2 = cos 1 2 . ±
xx yy
= 1 is 21 ± 21 = 1.
a 2 b 2 2 a 2 b2 a b

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 487

The pole of the line L = 0 with respect to the ellipse or hyper- x 2
y 2

The asymptotes of the hyperbola − = 1 are the lines
bola S = 0 is the point ( x1 , y1 ) whose polar is the line L = 0. a 2 b2
x2 y2
− = 0.
Equation of Chords and the Pair of Tangents from a point a 2 b2
x2 y2

The equation of the chord of S ≡ + − 1 = 0 whose Table 21.6: Fundamentals of Hyperbola
a 2 b2
Fundamentals x2 y2 x2 y 2 x2 y2
middle point is ( x1 , y1 ) is T = S1 where − =1 − − 2 = 1 or 2 − 2 = −1
a2 b2 a 2
b a b
xxxx yyyy xxxx yyyy Centre (0, 0) (0, 0)
TT== 21 21±± 2121−−1,1,SS1 ≡≡ 2121±± 2121−−11 Length of transverse 2a 2b
aa bb aa bb
axis

The equation of the pair of tangents from ( x1 , y1 ) to the Length of conjugate 2b 2a
x2
y2
x y 2 2 axis
curve ± = 1 is S ⋅ S1 = T 2 where S ≡ 2 ± 2 − 1, Foci (± ae,0) (0, ± be)
a 2 b2 a b
Equation of x = ±a / e y = ±b / e
x2 y2 xx yy directrices
S1 ≡ 12 ± 12 − 1, T = 21 ± 21 − 1.
a b a b Eccentricity  a 2 + b2   a 2 + b2 
e =  2  e =  2 
 a   b 
Some Properties of Ellipse Length of latus 2b 2 2a 2
Q P rectum a b
Parametric (a sec φ , b tan φ ), (b sec φ , a tan φ ), 0 ≤ φ < 2π
O
co-ordinates 0 ≤ φ < 2π
Focal radii SP = ex1 − a & SP = ey1 − b & S ' P = ey1 + b
P′ Q′
Figure: 21.11 S ' P = ex1 + a
Difference of focal 2a 2b

If S, S’ are foci, major ax is = 2a then for any point P on the
radii ( S ' P − SP)
ellipse, SP + S ' P = 2a. A chord PP ' passing through the x = −a, x = a
Tangents at the y = −b, y = b
centre O is a diameter of the ellipse. Two diameters PP ' vertices
and QQ ' are conjugate diameters if chords parallel to Equation of the y=0 x=0
transverse axis
PP ' are bisected by QQ ' and chord parallel to QQ ' are
Equation of the x=0 y=0
bisected by PP '. conjugate axis

If the eccentric angle of P is φ then the other end P ' of the
diameter PP ' will have the eccentric angle π + φ and the Rectangular or Equilateral Hyperbola

ends of the conjugate diameter have the eccentric angles A hyperbola whose asymptotes are at right angles to each other
is called a rectangular hyperbola. The eccentricity of
π
φ± .
rectangular hyperbola is always
2 2.

Two diameters y = m1 x, y = m2 x are conjugate diameters of
The general equation of second degree represents a rectangular
x2 y 2 b2
2
+ 2 = 1 if m1m2 = − 2 . hyperbola if ∆ ≠ 0, h2 > ab and coefficient of x2 + coefficient
a b a
of y 2 = 0 . The equation of the asymptotes of the hyperbola
Some Properties of Hyperbola
x2 y2 b

If S , S ' are foci, transverse axis = 2a then for any point P on
2
− 2 = 1 are given by y = ± x. The angle between these
a b a
the hyperbola, | SP − S ' P |= 2a.
two asymptotes is given by
x2 y 2

The hyperbola − = −1 is the conjugate hyperbola of the b  b
a 2 b2 − −
a  a  2b / a 2ab
x2 y2 tan θ = = = .
hyperbola − = 1. b  −b  1 − b 2 / a 2 a 2 − b 2
1+ 
a 2 b2 a  a 

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488 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 8. If the tangent to the parabola y 2 = ax makes an angle of
Conic Section 45º with x-axis, then the point of contact is:

1. The equation x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 + 3 x + 2 = 0 represents: a a a a

a.  ,  b.  , 
2 2 4 4
a. A parabola b. An ellipse
c. A hyperbola d. A circle a a a a
c.  ,  d.  , 
2 4 4 2
2. The centre of 14 x 2 − 4 xy + 11 y 2 − 44 x − 58 y + 71 = 0 is:
a. (2, 3) b. (2, –3) 9. The line x − y + 2 = 0 touches the parabola y 2 = 8 x at the
c. (–2, 3) d. (–2, –3) point:
a. (2,–4) b. (1, 2 2) c. (4, −4 2 ) d. (2, 4)
Parabola
3. The equation of parabola whose focus is (5, 3) and Equations of Normal in Different forms
directrix is 3 x − 4 y + 1 = 0, is:
10. If x + y = k is a normal to the parabola y 2 = 12 x, then k is:
a. (4 x + 3 y ) − 256 x − 142 y + 849 = 0
2
a. 3 b. 9 c. –9 d. –3
b. (4 x − 3 y ) − 256 x − 142 y + 849 = 0
2
11. The normals at three points P , Q, R of the parabola y 2 = 4ax
c. (3 x + 4 y ) − 142 x − 256 y + 849 = 0
2
meet in (h, k), the centroid of triangle PQR lies on:
d. (3 x − 4 y ) 2 − 256 x − 142 y + 849 = 0 a. x = 0 b. y = 0 c. x = − a d. y = a

4. If the parabola y 2 = 4ax passes through (–3, 2), then

Equations of Chord and Tangent in Different forms
length of its latus rectum is:
a. 2/3 b. 1/3 12. If the points (au 2 , 2au ) and (av 2 , 2av) are the extremities
c. 4/3 d. 4 of a focal chord of the parabola y 2 = 4ax, then:
a. uv − 1 = 0 b. uv + 1 = 0
Parametric Equations of a Parabola, Position of a Point and
a Line with respect to a Parabola c. u + v = 0 d. u − v = 0

5. x − 2 = t 2 , y = 2t are the parametric equations of the

Diameter of a Parabola, Length of Tangent, Sub-tangent,
parabola: Normal and Subnormal
a. y 2 = 4 x b. y 2 = −4 x
13. Equation of diameter of parabola y 2 = x corresponding to
c. x = −4 y
2
d. y = 4( x − 2)
2
the chord x − y + 1 = 0 is:

6. The equation of a parabola is y 2 = 4 x. P(1,3) and Q(1,1) a. 2 y = 3 b. 2 y = 1

are two points in the xy-plane. Then, for the parabola: c. 2 y = 5 d. y = 1
a. P and Q are exterior points 14. The length of the sub-tangent to the parabola y 2 = 16 x at
b. P is an interior point while Q is an exterior point the point, whose abscissa is 4, is:
c. P and Q are interior points a. 2 b. 4
d. P is an exterior point while Q is an interior point c. 8 d. None of these

Point of intersection of Tangents at any two points on the Pole and Polar
Parabola and Equation of Pair of Tangents from a point to 15. The pole of the line 2 x = y with respect to the parabola
a Parabola
y 2 = 2 x is:
7. The straight line y = 2 x + λ does not meet the parabola
 1 1 
y 2 = 2 x, if: a.  0,  b.  , 0 
 2 2 
1 1  1
a. λ < b. λ > c. λ = 4 d. λ = 1 c.  0, −  d. None of these
4 4
 2

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 489
16. A ray of light moving parallel to the x-axis gets reflected Equations of Tangent in Different forms and Pair of
from a parabolic mirror whose equation is Tangents
( y − 2) 2 = 4( x + 1). after reflection, the ray must pass
22. The number of values of ‘c’ such that the straight line
through the point:
x2
a. (0, 2) b. (2, 0) y = 4 x + c touches the curve + y 2 = 1 is:
4
c. (0, –2) d. (–1, 2)
a. 0 b. 1
Ellipse c. 2 d. Infinite

17. The equation of an ellipse whose focus is (–1, 1), whose

23. The area of the quadrilateral formed by the tangents at the
1
directrix is x − y + 3 = 0 and whose eccentricity is , is x2 y 2
2 end points of latus- rectum to the ellipse + = 1, is:
given by: 9 5
a. 7 x 2 + 2 xy + 7 y 2 + 10 x − 10 y + 7 = 0 a. 27/4 sq. units b. 9 sq. units
c. 27/2 sq. units d. 27sq. units
b. 7 x 2 − 2 xy + 7 y 2 − 10 x + 10 y + 7 = 0
c. 7 x 2 − 2 xy + 7 y 2 − 10 x − 10 y − 7 = 0 Equations of Normal in Different forms Eccentric angles of
d. 7 x 2 − 2 xy + 7 y 2 + 10 x + 10 y − 7 = 0 the Co-normal points

18. If P( x, y ), F1 = (3,0), F2 = (−3,0) and 16 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 400, 24. The equation of normal at the point (0, 3) of the ellipse
then PF1 + PF2 equals: 9 x 2 + 5 y 2 = 45 is:
a. 8 b. 6 a. y − 3 = 0 b. y + 3 = 0
c. 10 d. 12 c. x-axis d. y-axis
Equation of Ellipse in other form and Parametric Equation 25. If the normal at any point P on the ellipse cuts the major
2 2
x y and minor axes in G and g respectively and C be the
19. The equation of a directrix of the ellipse + = 1 is:
16 25 centre of the ellipse, then:
25 a. a 2 (CG ) 2 + b 2 (Cg ) 2 = (a 2 − b 2 )2
a. y = b. x = 3
3
b. a 2 (CG ) 2 − b 2 (Cg ) 2 = (a 2 − b 2 ) 2
3
c. x = −3 d. x =
25 c. a 2 (CG ) 2 − b 2 (Cg ) 2 = (a 2 + b 2 )2
20. The distance of the point 'θ ' on the ellipse d. None of these
2 2
x y
2
+ 2 = 1 from a focus is:
a b Chord of Contact, Equation with Mid Points and Chord
a. a (e + cos θ ) b. a (e − cos θ ) Joining Points
c. a (1 + e cos θ ) d. a(1 + 2e cos θ ) 26. What will be the equation of the chord of contact of
tangents drawn from (3, 2) to the ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 = 9 ?
Position of a point with respect to an Ellipse and
Intersection of a line a. 3 x + 8 y = 9 b. 3 x + 8 y = 25
x 2
y 2
c. 3 x + 4 y = 9 d. 3 x + 8 y + 9 = 0
21. Let E be the ellipse + = 1 and C be the circle
9 4
x 2 + y 2 = 9. Let P and Q be the points (1, 2) and (2, 1) Pole and Polar
respectively. Then: 27. The pole of the straight line x + 4 y = 4 with respect to
a. Q lies inside C but outside E
ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4 is:
b. Q lies outside both C and E
c. P lies inside both C and E a. (1, 4) b. (1, 1)
d. P lies inside C but outside E c. (4, 1) d. (4, 4)

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490 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Diameter of the Ellipse 34. The locus of the point of intersection of tangents to the

28. If one end of a diameter of the ellipse 4 x 2 + y 2 = 16 is hyperbola 4 x 2 − 9 y 2 = 36 which meet at a constant angle
π / 4, is:
( 3, 2), then the other end is:
a. ( x 2 + y 2 − 5) 2 = 4(9 y 2 − 4 x 2 + 36)
a. ( − 3, 2) b. ( 3, − 2) c. ( − 3, − 2) d. (0,0)
b. ( x 2 + y 2 − 5) = 4(9 y 2 − 4 x 2 + 36)
29. If θ and φ are eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of
c. 4( x 2 + y 2 − 5) 2 = (9 y 2 − 4 x 2 + 36)
x2 y2
conjugate diameters of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1, then θ − φ d. None of these
a b
is equal to:
Equations of Normal in Different forms
π
a. ± b. ± π
2 x2 y 2
c. 0 d. None of these 35. The equation of the normal to the hyperbola − =1
16 9
at the point (8, 3 3) is:
Sub-tangent and Subnormal; Con-cyclic points and .
Reflection property of an Ellipse a. 3 x + 2 y = 25 b. x + y = 25

30. Length of sub-tangent and subnormal at the point c. y + 2 x = 25 d. 2 x + 3 y = 25

 −5 3  x2 y2 x2 y 2
 , 2  of the ellipse + = 1 are: 36. If the normal at 'φ ' on the hyperbola − = 1 meets
 25 16
 2  a 2 b2
 5 3 10  8 3  5 3 10  8 3 transverse axis at G, then AG. A ' G = ? (Where A and A'
a.  − , b.  + ,
 2 3  5  2 3  10 are the vertices of the hyperbola)
 
a. a 2 (e 4 sec 2 φ − 1) b. (a 2 e 4 sec2 φ − 1)
 5 3 12  16 3
c.  + , d. None of thee c. a 2 (1 − e4 sec 2 φ )
 2 3  5
d. None of these


Hyperbola Equation of Chord of Contact of Tangents drawn from a

31. The equation of the conic with focus at (1, – 1), directrix Point to a Hyperbola, Mid Points joining Two points on the
along x − y + 1 = 0 and with eccentricity 2 is: Hyperbola

a. x 2 − y 2 = 1 b. xy = 1 37. The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn

c. 2 xy + 4 x − 4 y − 1 = 0 d. 2 xy + 4 x − 4 y − 1 = 0 from a point (2, –1) to the hyperbola 16 x 2 − 9 y 2 = 144 is:
a. 32 x + 9 y = 144
Position of a point with respect to a Hyperbola and b. 32 x + 9 y = 55
Intersection of a Line
c. 32 x + 9 y + 144 = 0
x2 y 2
32. The number of tangents to the hyperbola − =1 d. 32 x + 9 y + 55 = 0
4 3
through (4, 1) is: 38. The point of intersection of tangents drawn to the
a. 1 b. 2
x2 y2
c. 0 d. 3 hyperbola − = 1 at the points where it is intersected
a 2 b2
Equations of Tangent in Different forms and Equation of Pair by the line lx + my + n = 0 is:
of Tangents
 −a 2 l b 2 m   a 2 l −b 2 m 
33. The points of contact of the line i y = x − 1 with a.  ,  b.  , 
 n n   n n 
3 x 2 − 4 y 2 = 12 is:
 a 2 n b2 n   a 2 n −b2 n 
a. (4, 3) b. (3, 4) c.  − ,  d.  , 
c. (4,–3) d. None of these  l m   l m 

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 491
Pole and Polar and Diameter of the Hyperbola Intersection of a Circle and a Rectangular Hyperbola
2 2
39. If the polar of a point w.r.t.
x
+
y
= 1 touches the 45. If a circle cuts a rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 in A, B, C,
a 2 b2
D and the parameters of these four points be t1 , t2 , t3 and
x2 y2
hyperbola 2 + 2 = 1, then the locus of the point is: t4 respectively. Then:
a b
a. t1t2 = t3t4 b. t1t2 t3t4 = 1
a. Given hyperbola b. Ellipse
c. Circle d. None of these c. t1 = t2 d. t3 = t4

40. If a pair of conjugate diameters meet the hyperbola and its 46. If the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 intersects the hyperbola xy = c2
conjugate in P and D respectively, then CP − CD = ? 2 2
in four points P ( x1 , y1 ), Q ( x2 , y2 ), R ( x3 , y3 ), s( x4 , y4 ) then:
a. a 2 + b 2 b. a 2 − b 2
a. x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0 b. y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 = 0
a2
c. 2 d. None of these c. x1 x2 x3 x4 = c 4 d. y1 y2 y3 y4 = c 4
b
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
Sub-tangent and Subnormal of the Hyperbola, Reflection
More than One Answer
property of the Hyperbola and Asymptotes
47. Equation of common tangent of y = x2, y = – x2 + 4x – 4 is:
2 2
x y
41. From any point on the hyperbola, − = 1 tangents a. y = 4 (x – 1) b. y = 0
a 2 b2
c. y = – 4 (x – 1) d. y = – 30 x – 50
x2 y2
are drawn to the hyperbola − = 2. The area cut-off 48. Let P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2), y1 < 0, y2 < 0, be the end points
a 2 b2
of the latus rectum of the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 4.The
by the chord of contact on the asymptotes is equal to:
equations of parabolas with latus rectum PQ are:
ab
a. b. ab a. x 2 + 2 3 y = 3 + 3 b. x 2 − 2 3 y = 3 + 3
2
c. 2ab d. 4ab c. x 2 + 2 3 y = 3 − 3 d. x 2 − 2 3 y = 3 − 3
42. The combined equation of the asymptotes of the 49. The tangent PT and the normal PN to the parabola y2 = 4ax
hyperbola 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 + 4 x + 5 y = 0 ? at a point P on it meet its axis at points T and N,
a. 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 = 0 respectively. The locus of the centroid of the triangle PTN
is a parabola whose:
b. 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 − 4 x + 5 y + 2 = 0 = 0
 2a 
c. 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 + 4 x + 5 y − 2 = 0 a. vertex is  , 0  b. directrix is x = 0
 3 
d. 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 + 4 x + 5 y + 2 = 0 2a
c. latus rectum is d. focus is (a, 0)
3
Rectangular or Equilateral Hyperbola
50. Let A and B be two distinct points on the parabola y2 = 4x.
43. If 5 x 2 + λ y 2 = 20 represents a rectangular hyperbola, then
If the axis of the parabola touches a circle of radius r
λ equals: having AB as its diameter, then the slope of the line
a. 5 b. 4 joining A and B can be:
c. – 5 d. None of these 1 1
a. − b.
 c r r
44. If the normal at  ct ,  on the curve xy = c 2 meets the
 t 2 2
c. d. −
curve again in t′, then: r r

a. t ' = −
1
b. t ' = −
1 51. Let L be a normal to the parabola y2 = 4x. If L passes
t3 t through the point (9, 6), then L is given by?
1 1 a. y − x + 3 = 0 b. y + 3x − 33 = 0
c. t ' = d. t '2 = −
t2 t2 c. y + x − 15 = 0 d. y − 2 x + 12 = 0

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492 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
52. If the circle x + y = a intersects the hyperbola xy = c in
2 2 2 2 59. The product of eccentricities of two conics is unity, one of
them can be a/an?
four points P ( x1 , y1 ), Q( x2 , y2 ), R( x3 , y3 ), S ( x4 , y 4 ), then?
a. parabola b. ellipse
a. x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0 b. y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 = 0 c. hyperbola d. circle
c. x1 x2 x3 x4 = c 4
d. y1 y2 y3 y4 = c 4
60. If m1 and m2 are the slopes of the tangents to the hyperbola
53. An ellipse intersects the hyperbola 2x2 – 2y2 =1 orthogonally. x2 y2
− = 1 which pass through the point (6,2), then:
The eccentricity of the ellipse is along the coordinate axes, 25 16
then: 24 20
a. Equation of ellipse is x2 + 2y2 = 2 a. m1 + m2 = b. m1m2 =
11 11
b. The foci of ellipse are (± 1,0) 48 11
c. m1 + m2 = d. m1m2 =
c. Equation of ellipse is x2 + 2y2 = 4 11 20
d. The foci of ellipse are (± 2, 0)
61. If the tangent at the point (a sec α , b tan α ) to the
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
54. Let the eccentricity of the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 be hyperbola − = 1 meets the transverse axis at T, then
a b a 2 b2
reciprocal to that of the ellipse x2 = 4y2 = 4. If the the distance of T form a focus of the hyperbola is:
hyperbola passes through a focus of the ellipse, then: a. a (e − cos α ) b. b (e + cos α )
x2 y2
a. the equation of the hyperbola is − =1 c. a (e + cos α ) d. (a 2 e 2 + b 2 + cot 2 α )
3 2
b. a focus of the hyperbola is (2, 0)
Assertion and Reason
5
c. the eccentricity of the hyperbola is Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
3
d. the equation of the hyperbola is x – 3y2 = 3
2 the correct option out of the options given below:
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
x2 y2 correct explanation of the assertion.
55. Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola − = 1, parallel
9 4 b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
to the straight line 2x – y = 1. The points of contacts of the correct explanation of the assertion.
tangents on the hyperbola are: c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
 9 1   9 1  d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
a.  ,  b.  − ,− 
 2 2 2  2 2 2 e. If assertion is false but reason is true.

c. (3 3, − 2 2) d. (−3 3, 2 2) 62. Consider the two curves C1 : y2 = 4x, C2 : x2 + y2 − 6x +1 = 0

56. In the ellipse 25x2 + 9y2 + 150x – 190y + 225 = 0 ? Assertion: C1 and C2 touch each other exactly at two
a. foci are at (3,1), (3, 9) b. e = 4/5 points.
c. centre is (5,3) d. major axis is Reason: Equation of the tangent at (1,2) to C1 and C2 both
is x – y + 1 = 0 and at (1,–2) is x + y + 1 = 0
57. The points, where the normals to the ellipse x2 + 3y2 = 37
be parallel to the line 6x – 5y + 7 = 0 is: x2
63. Assertion: The curve y = − + x + 1 is symmetrical with
a. (5, 2) b. (2, 5) 2
c. (1, 3) d. (–5, –2) respect to the line x = 1.
Reason: A parabola is symmetric about its axis
 16 
58. If the tangent at the point  4cos θ , sin θ  to the ellipse 64. Assertion: If the length of the latus rectum of an ellipse is
 11 
1/3 of the major axis, then the eccentricity of the ellipse is
16x2 + 11y2 = 256 is also a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 –
2/3
256 is also a tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 − 2 x = 15, then θ
Reason: If a focus of an ellipse is at the origin directrix is
equals:
the line x = 4 and the eccentricity is 2 / 3, then the length
π 2π π 5π
a. b. c. − d.
3 3 3 3 of the semi major axis is 4. 6

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 493
65. Assertion: A parabola has the origin as its focus and the Comprehension Based
line y = 2 as the directrix, then the vertex of the parabola Paragraph–I
is at the point (0,1) Let PQ be a focal chord of the parabola y2 = 4ax. The tangents
Reason: Vertex of a parabola is equidistance form the to the parabola at P and Q meet at a point lying on the line
focus and the directrix and lies on the line through the y = 2 x + a, a > 0.
foucs perpendicular to the directrix.
72. Length of chord PQ is:
66. Assertion: A equation of a common tangent to the parabola
a. 7a b. 5a
y 2 = 16 3x and the ellipse 2 x 2 + y 2 = 4 is y = 2 x + 2 3. c. 2a d. 3a
4 3 73. If chord PQ subtends an angle θ at the vertex of y2 = 4ax,
Reason: If the line y = mx + ,(m ≠ 0) is a common
m then tan θ is equal to:
tangent to the parabola y 2 = 16 3x and the ellipse 2x2 + y2 = 4, 2 −2 2 −2
a. 7 b. 7 c. 5 d. 5
4 2
then m satisfies m + 2m = 24 3 3 3 3

67. Assertion: Two tangents drawn from any point on the Paragraph–II
2 2
x y Tangents are drawn from the point P(3,4) to the ellipse
hyperbola x 2 − y 2 = a 2 − b 2 to the ellipse − = 1 make
a 2 b2 x2 y 2
+ = 1 touching the ellipse at points A and B.
complementary angles with the axis of the ellipse 9 4
Reason: If two lines make complementary angles with the
74. The coordinates of A and B are:
axis of x then the product of their slopes is 1.
 8 2 161   9 8
68. Assertion: The tangent to the parabola y2 = 4x at any a. (3, 0) and (0, 2) b.  − ,  and  − , 
 5 15   5 5
point P and perpendicular on it form the focus S meet on
the directrix of the parabola.  8 2 161   9 8
c.  − ,  and (0, 2) d. (3, 0) and  − , 
Reason: Tangents and normals at the extremities of the  5 15   5 5
latus rectum of a parabola y2 = 4ax constitute a square
75. The orthocentre of the triangle PAB is:
whose area is 8a2sq. units
 8  7 25 
a.  5,  b.  , 
69. Assertion: If the vertex of a parabola lies at the point (a, 0)  7 5 8 
and the directrix is y-axis then the focus of the parabola is
 11 8   8 7
at the point (2a, 0). c.  ,  d.  , 
 5 5  25 5 
Reason: Length of the common chord of the parabola
y2 = 12x and the circle x2 + y2 = 9 is equal to the length of 76. The equation of the locus of the point whose distance
the latus rectum of the parabola. from the point P and the line AB are equal, is:
a. 9 x 2 + y 2 − 6 xy − 54 x − 62 y + 241 = 0
70. Assertion: If the foci an hyperbola are at the points (4, 1)
and (–6,1), eccentricity is 5/4 then the length of the b. x 2 + 9 y 2 + 6 xy − 54 x + 62 y − 241 = 0
transverse axis is 4. c. 9 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 6 xy − 54 x − 62 y − 241 = 0
Reason: Distance between the foci of a hyperbola is equal
d. x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy + 27 x + 31 y − 120 = 0
to the product of its eccentricity and the length of the
transverse axis.
Paragraph–III
71. Assertion: If the normal at an end of a latusrectum of the x2 y2
2 2 The circle x2 + y2 – 8x = 0 and hyperbola − = 1 intersect at
x y 9 4
ellipse + = 1 meets the major axis at G,O is the
a2 b2 the points A and B.
centre of the ellipse, then OG=ae3,e being the eccentricity
of the ellipse 77. Equation of a common tangent with positive slope to the
Reason: Equation of the normal at a point (a cosθ , b sinθ ) circle as well as to the hyperbola is:
a. 2 x − 5 y − 20 = 0 b. 2 x − 5 y + 4 = 0
x2 y2 ax by
on the ellipse + 2 = 1 is + = a 2 + b2
a 2
b cosθ sin θ c. 3x – 4y + 8 = 0 d. 4x – 3y + 4 = 0

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494 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
78. Equation of the circle with AB as its diameter is: Match the Column
a. x2 + y2 – 12x + 24 = 0 b. x2 – y2 + 12x + 24 = 0 84. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
c. x2 + y2 + 24x – 12 = 0 d. x2 + y2 – 24x – 12 = 0 Column I Column II
(A) The minimum and maximum 1. L + G = 10
Paragraph–IV distance of a point (2, 6)
The difference between the second degree curve and pair of from the ellipse 9x2 + 8y2 –
asymptotes is constant. If second degree curve represented by a 36x – 16y – 28 = 0 are L
hyperbola S = 0, then the equation of its asymptotes is S + λ = and G, then
0, and if equation of conjugate which will be a pair of straight (B) The minimum and maximum 2. L + G = 6
lines, then we get λ. Then equation of asymptotes is A ≡ S + λ = distance of a point (1, 2)
0 and if equation of conjugate hyperbola of S represented by from the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 +
S1, then A is the arithmetic means of S and S1. 8x – 36y + 4 = 0 are L and
G, then
79. Pair of asymptotes of the hyperbola xy – 3y – 2x = 0 is:
(C) The minimum and maximum 3. G – L = 6
a. xy – 3y – 2x + 2 = 0 b. xy – 3y – 2x + 4 = 0
distance of a point
c. xy – 3y – 2x + 16 = 0 d. xy – 3y – 2x + 12 = 0
 9 12 
80. The asymptotes of a hyperbola having centre at the point  ,  from the ellipse
5 5 
(1, 2) are parallel to the lines 2x + 3y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 0. 4(3x+4y)2 + 9 (4x – 3y)2 =
If the hyperbola passes through the point (5,3) then its 9000 are L and G, then
equation is:
4. G – L = 4
a. (2x + 3y – 3) (3x + 2y – 5) = 256
5. LG – GL = 6
b. (2x + 3y – 7) (3x + 2y – 8) = 156
a. A→ 2,3,4; B→ 1,2; C→ 4,5
c. (2x + 3y – 5) (3x + 2y – 3) = 256 b. A→ 1,3; B→ 2,4,5; C→ 2,3
d. (2x + 3y – 8) (3x + 2y – 7) = 154 c. A→ 3,4,5; B→ 1,3; C→ 2,3
d. A→ 1,5; B→ 2,4,5; C→3,4
x2 y2
81. If angle between the asymptotes of hyperbola − =1
a 2 b2 85. Normals at P, Q, R are drawn to y 2 = 4 x which intersect
π at (3, 0). Then:
is thant he centricity of conjugate hyperbola is:
3 Column I Column II
a. 2 b. 2 (A) Area of ∆ PQR 1. 2
2 4 (B) Radius of circumcircle 2. 5/2
c. d.
3 3 of ∆ PQR

82. A hyperbola passing through origin has 3x – 4y – 1 = 0 (C) Centroid of ∆ PQR 3. (5/2, 0)
and 4x – 3y – 6 = 0 as its asymptotes. Then the equation of (D) Circumcentre of ∆ PQR 4. (2/3, 0)
its tansverse and conjugate axes as: a. A→ 1; B→ 2; C→ 4; D→ 3
a. x – y – 5 = 0 and x + y + 1 = 0 b. A→ 2; B→ 4; C→ 3; D→ 1
b. x – y = 0 and x + y + 5 = 0 c. A→ 3; B→ 4; C→ 2; D→ 1
c. x + y – 5 = 0 and x – y – 1 = 0 d. A→ 4; B→ 1; C→ 3; D→ 2
d. x + y – 1 = 0 and x – y – 5 = 0 86. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
83. The tangent at any point of a hyperbola 16x – 25y = 400
2 2 Column I Column II
cuts off a triangle form the asymptotes and that the portion (A) Direction circles of 1. x2 + y2 = 1
of it intercepted between the asymptotes, then the area of x – 2y = 2 and
2 2

this triangle is: x2 + 2y2 = 2 are

a. 10 aq. unit b. 20 sq. unit (B) Direction circles of 2. x2 + y2 = 2
c. 30 sq. unit d. 40 sq unit 3x2 + 2y2 = 6 and

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 495
3x – 2y = 6 are
2 2 94. If the normals at the four points (x1, y1),(x2, y2),(x3, y3) and
(C) Direction circles of 3. x + y = 3
2 2
x2 y2
5x2 – 9y2 = 45 and (x4,y4) on the ellipse + = 1 are concurrent, then the
a 2 b2
x2 + y2 = 1 are 0
1 1 1 1
4. x2 + y2 = 4 value of ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ) ×  + + +  must be:
 x1 x2 x3 x4 
5. x2 + y2 = 5
a. A→ 1,3; B→ 5; C→ 2,4 b. A→ 2,3; B→ 4,5; C→ 3
x2 y 2
c. A→ 1,2; B→ 3; C→ 2,4 d. A→ 4,5; B→ 1,3; C→ 3 95. Tangents are drawn to the ellipse + = 1 at ends of
9 5
Integer latusrectum. If the area of an quadrilateral by λ sq unit,
then the value of λ must be:
87. The normal to the parabola y 2 = 8 x at the point (2, 4)
meets it again at (18, –12). If length of normal chord is 96. Let ∆1 be the are of ∆PQR inscribed in an ellipse and ∆2
λ , then the value of λ 2 must be: be the area of the ∆P'Q'R' whose vertices are the points

88. From a point A common tangents are drawn to the circle lying on the auxiliary circle corresponding to the points P,
Q R, respectively. If the eccentricity of the ellipse is
a2
x2 + y2 = and the parabola y 2 = 4ax. If the area of the
2 4 3 ∆
then the ratio 343 2 must be:
quadrilateral formed by the common tangents, the chords 7 ∆1
of contact of the point A, w.r.t. the circle and the parabola
256 97. If four Points be taken on a rectangular hyperbola such
is λ square unit, then the value of λ must be:
a2 that the chord joining any two is perpendicular to the

89. Three normals with slopes m1 , m2 and m3 are drawn form chord joining the other two and if α, β, γ, δ be the
inclinations to either asymptote of the straight line joining
a point P not on the axis of parabola y 2 = 4 x. If m1m2 = α ,
these points to the centre, then the value of tan α tan β ×
results in the locus of P being a part of parabola, then the
tan γ tan δ must be:
value of (36)α must be:

90. TP and TQ are any two tangents to a parabola and the 98. A triangle is inscribed in xy = c2 and two to its sides are
tangent at a third point R cuts then in P′ and Q′, then the parallel to y = m1x and y = m2x. If m1, m2 are two values of

TP′ TQ′ x2–6x+1=0 and if third side envelopes the hyperbola

value of = must be:
TP TQ xy = c 2 λ , then the value of 16λ 2 must be:
91. A water jet from a fountain reaches its maximum height of
4 m at a distance 0.5 m from the vertical passing through 99. If a circle cuts a rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2 in A, B, C
the point O of water outlet. If λm be the height of the jet
and D are the parameters of these four points be
above the horizontal OX at a distance of 0.75 m from the
point O, then the value of λ6 must be: t1 , t2 , t3 and t4 respectively, then the value of

16t1t2t3t4 must be:

92. If the normal at an end of a latus rectum of an ellipse
x2 y2
+ = 1 passes through one extremity of the minor 100. The equation of the hyperbola whose asymptotes are
a 2 b2
x + 2 y + 3 = 0 and 3x+4y+5=0 which passes through the
axis. If e be the eccentricity of the ellipse then the value of
625(2e2 + 1) 2 must be: point (1,–1) is 3 x 2 + 10 xy + 8 y 2 + 14 x + 22 y + λ = 0, then

the equation of the conjugate hyperbola is 3x 2 + 10 xy + 8 y 2

93. If e be the eccentricity of the ellipse 4( x − 2 y + 1)2 + 9
+ µ x + 22 y + v = 0, then the value of µ + v, must be:
(2 x + y + 2) 2 = 25, then the value of 2187 e 2 must be:

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496 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER Y
P(x,y)
M
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
a a a c d d b d d b 3. (a) X' X
O S(5, 3)
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
b b b c a a a c a c
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Y'
2
d c d d a a b c a a  3x − 4 y + 1 
PM 2 = PS 2 ⇒ ( x − 5) 2 + ( y − 3)2 =  
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.  9 + 16 
c c a a d a a a a b
⇒ 25( x 2 + 25 − 10 x + y 2 + 9 − 6 y )
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
d d c a b All a,b b,c a,d c,d = 9 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 1 − 12 xy + 6 x − 8 y − 12 xy
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. ⇒ 16 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 256 x − 142 y + 24 xy + 849 = 0
a,b,d All a,b b,d a,b a,b a,d a,c,d a,b,c a,b
⇒ (4 x + 3 y ) 2 − 256 x − 142 y + 849 = 0
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
a,c a a b a a a d c d 4. (c) The point (−3, 2) will satisfy the equation y 2 = 4ax
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
1 4
c b d d c a b a c d ⇒ 4 = −12a ⇒ Latus rectum = 4 | a |= 4× | − |=
3 3
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
b c b b a a c 960 1296 1 y
5. (d) Here = t and x − 2 = t 2
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 2
2
729 3125 1215 4 27 2401 1 1296 16 37  y
⇒ ( x − 2) =  
SOLUTION 2
Multiple Choice Questions ⇒ y 2 = 4( x − 2)
1. (a) Comparing the given equation with
6. (d) Here, S ≡ y 2 − 4 x = 0; S (1,3) = 32 − 4.1 > 0
ax + 2hxy + by + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2 2

⇒ P(1,3) is an exterior point.

3
Here, a = 1, b = 1, h = – 1, g = , f = 0, c = 2 S (1,1) = 12 − 4.1 < 0 ⇒ q(1,1) is an interior point.
2
Now, ∆ = abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 7. (b) y = 2 x + λ does not meet the parabola y 2 = 2 x, If
2
3 3 a 1 1 1
⇒ ∆ = (1) (1) (2) + 2   (0) (−1) − (1) (0) 2 − 1  − 2(−1) 2 λ> = = ⇒λ >
 
2 2 m 2.2 4 4
−9
⇒ i.e., ∆ ≠ 0 and h 2 − ab = 1 − 1 = 0 i.e., h 2 = ab
∆= a
4 8. (d) Parabola is y 2 = ax i.e. y 2 = 4   x . . . (i)
4
So, given equation represents a parabola.
Let point of contact is (x1, y1).
 hf − bg gh − af  2(a / 4)
2. (a) Centre of conic is  , 2  ∴ Equation of tangent is y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
 ab − h ab − h 
2
y1
Here, a = 14, h = −2 a ax
⇒ y= ( x) − 1 + y1
b = 11 2 y1 2 y1
g = −22 a
Here, m = = tan 45º
f = −29 2 y1
c = 71 a a
⇒ = 1 ⇒ y1 = .
 (−2)(−29) − (11)(−22) (−22)(−2) − (14)(−29)  2 y1 2
Centre ≡  , 
 (14)(11) − ( −2) (14)(11) − (−2) 2
2
 a a a
From (i), x1 = , So point is  ,  .
Centre ≡ (2,3). 4 4 2

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 497
9. (d) The line x − y + 2 = 0 15. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) be the pole of line 2 x = y w.r.t. parabola
i.e. x = y − 2 meets parabola y = 8 x 2
y 2 = 2 x its polar is yy1 = x + x1
⇒ y 2 = 8( y − 2) = 8 y − 16 Also polar is y = 2 x,
⇒ y − 8 y + 16 = 0
2
y1 1 x1
∴ = =
1 2 0
⇒ ( y − 4) 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 4, 4
1  1
∵ Roots are equal, ∴ x1 = 0, y1 = . So Pole is  0, 2 
∴ Given line touches the given parabola. 2  
∴ x = 4 − 2 = 2, Thus the required point is (b, d). 16. (a) The equation of the axis of the parabola is
10. (b) Any normal to the parabola y 2 = 12 x is y − 2 = 0, which is parallel to the x-axis. So, a ray parallel
to x-axis is parallel to the axis of the parabola. We know
y + tx = 6t + 3t 3 . It is identical with x+ y = k if
that any ray parallel to the axis of a parabola passes
t 1 6t + 3t 3 through the focus after reflection. Here (0, 2) is the focus.
= =
1 1 k
17. (a) Let any point on it be (x , y) then by definition,
6+3
∴ t = 1 and 1 = ⇒k =9
k 1 x− y +3
( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 =
2 12 + 12
11. (b) Since the centroid of the triangle formed by the co-
normal points lies on the axis of the parabola. Squaring and simplifying, we get
7 x 2 + 2 xy + 7 y 2 + 10 x − 10 y + 7 = 0, which is the required
12. (b) Equation of focal chord for the parabola y 2 = 4ax
ellipse.
passes through the point (au 2 , 2au ) and (av 2 , 2av)
x2 y2
2av − 2au 18. (c) We have 16 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 400 ⇒ + =1
⇒ y − 2au = 2 ( x − au 2 ) 25 16
av − au 2
2 a (v − u ) x2 y2
⇒ y − 2au = ( x − au 2 ) or + = 1, where a 2 = 25 and b 2 = 16
a (v − u )(v + u ) a 2 b2
This equation represents an ellipse with eccentricity given
2
⇒ y − 2au = ( x − au 2 ) b2 16 9
v+u by e2 = 1 − = 1− = ⇒ e = 3/5
It this is focal chord, so it would passes through focus (a, 0) a2 25 25

2 So, the coordinates of the foci are (± ae, 0) i.e. (3,0) and
⇒ 0 − 2au = (a − au 2 )
v+u (−3, 0), Thus, F1 and F2 are the foci of the ellipse.
⇒ −uv − u = 1 − u
2 2
Since, the sum of the focal distance of a point on an ellipse is
∴ uv + 1 = 0 equal to its major axis,
Given points (au 2 , 2au ) and (av 2 , 2av), then t1 = u and ∴ PF1 + PF2 = 2a = 10
t2 = v, we know that t1t2 = −1. 19. (a) From the given equation of ellipse a2 = 16, b2 = 25
Hence uv + 1 = 0.
(since b > a )
2a So, a 2 = b2 (1 − e2 ),
13. (b) Equation of diameter of parabola is y = ,
m
∴ 16 = 25(1 − e2 )
1
2. 16 9
1 ⇒ 1 − e2 = ⇒ e2 =
Here a = , m = 1 ⇒ y = 4 25 25
4 1
⇒ 2y =1 3
⇒ e=
5
14. (c) Since the length of the sub-tangent at a point to the
parabola is twice the abscissa of the point. Therefore, the b 5 25
∴ One directrix is y = = =
required length is 8. e 3/5 3

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498 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
20. (c) Focal distance of any point P ( x, y ) on the ellipse is 26. (a) The required equation is T = 0
equal to SP = a + ex. Here x = cos θ . i.e., 3x + 4(2 y ) − 9 = 0
Hence, SP = a + ae cos θ = a (1 + e cos θ ) or 3 x + 8 y = 9.

x2 y2 27. (b) Equation of polar of ( x1 , y1 ) w.r.t the ellipse is

21. (d) The given ellipse is + = 1. The value of the
9 4 xx1 + 4 yy1 = 4 . . . (i)
x2 y 2 Comparing with x + 4 y = 4
expression + − 1 is positive for x = 1, y = 2 and . . . (ii)
9 4
x1 4 y1
negative for x = 2, y = 1 . Therefore P lies outside E and Q = =1
1 4
lies inside E. The value of the expression x 2 + y 2 − 9 is ⇒ x1 = 1, y1 = 1.
negative for both the points P and Q. Therefore P and Q ∴ Coordinates of pole ( x1 , y1 ) = (1,1)
both lie inside C. Hence P lies inside C but outside E.
28. (c) Since every diameter of an ellipse passes through the
22. (c) We know that the line y = mx + c touches the curve
centre and is bisected by it, therefore the coordinates of
x2 y2 the other end are ( − 3, − 2).
+ = 1 iff c 2 = a 2 m 2 + b 2
a 2 b2
Here, a 2 = 4, b 2 = 1, m = 4 29. (a) Let y = m1 x and y = m2 x be a pair of conjugate diameter

∴ c 2 = 64 + 1 ⇒ c = ± 65 x2 y 2
of an ellipse + = 1 and let P( a cosθ , b sin θ ) and
a2 b2
23. (d) By symmetry the quadrilateral is a rhombus. So area is Q(a cos φ , b sin φ ) be ends of these two diameters. Then
our times the area of the right angled triangle formed by
−b 2
the tangents and axes in the 1st quadrant. m1m2 =
a2
Now ae = a 2 − b 2 ⇒ ae = 2 ⇒ Tangent (in the first quadrant)
b sin θ − 0 b sin φ − 0 −b 2
⇒ × =
 5 2 5 y a cos θ − 0 a cos φ − 0 a 2
at one end of latus rectum  2,  is x + . = 1
 3 9 3 5 ⇒ sin θ sin φ = − cosθ cos φ
x y 1 9 ⇒ cos(θ − φ ) = 0
i.e. + = 1. Therefore area = 4. . .3 = 27 sq. units.
9/2 3 2 2
⇒ θ − φ = ± π / 2.
2 2
x y
24. (d) For + = 1, equation of normal at point ( x1 , y1 ), −5 3
a 2 b2 30. (a) Here a 2 = 25, b 2 = 16, x1 = . Length of sub-
2
( x − x1 ) a2
( y − y1 )b 2
is =
x1 y1 a2 25 5 3 5 3 10
tangent = − x1 = + = − .
x1 −5 3 / 2 2 2 3
Here, ( x1 , y1 ) = (0,3) and a 2 = 5, b 2 = 9.
( x − 0) ( y − 3) b2 16  −5 3  8 3
Therefore .5 = .9 or x = 0 i.e., y-axis. Length of subnormal = x =   = .
0 3 a 2 1
25  2  5

25. (a) Let at point ( x1 , y1 ) normal will be

31. (c) Here, focus (S) = (1, –1), eccentricity (e) = 2
( x − x1 ) 2 ( y − y1 )b 2 From definition, SP = e PM
a =
x1 y1
2.( x − y + 1)
x (a 2 − b 2 ) ( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 =
At G, y = 0 ⇒ x = CG = 1 and at g, x = 0 12 + 12
a2
⇒ ( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 1) 2
y (b 2 − a 2 )
⇒ y = Cg = 1 2 = ( x − y + 1)2
b
x12 y12 ⇒ 2 xy − 4 x + 4 y + 1 = 0, which is the required equation of
+ = 1 ⇒ a 2 (CG ) 2 + b(Cg ) 2 = (a 2 − b2 )2 .
a 2 b2 conic (Rectangular hyperbola)

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 499
32. (c) Since the point (4, 1) lies inside the hyperbola   a2 + b2    a 2 + b2  
∴ AG. A ' G =  − a +   sec φ  a +   sec φ 
 16 1   a  a
∴ 4 − 3 − 1 > 0  ;       
  2
∴ Number of tangents through (4, 1) is 0.  a 2 + b2 
=  sec φ − a = (ae ) sec φ − a
2 2 2 2 2 2

 a 
33. (a) The equation of line and hyperbola are y = x − 1 . . . (i)
= a 2 (e 4 sec 2 φ − 1)
and 3 x 2 − 4 y 2 = 12 . . . (ii)
xx1 yy1
From (i) and (ii), we get 3 x 2 − 4( x − 1) 2 = 12 37. (a) From T = 0 i.e., − = 1.
a 2 b2
⇒ 3 x 2 − 4( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 12 or x 2 − 8 x + 16 = 0 x2 y 2
Here, 16 x 2 − 9 y 2 = 144 i.e.,
− =1
⇒ x=4 9 16
From (i), y = 3 so points of contact is (4, 3) So, the equation of chord of contact of tangents drawn from a
 a2m b2  2 x ( −1) y
Points of contact are  ± ,±
point (2, –1) to the hyperbola is − =1
a 2 m 2 − b2 a 2 m2 − b 2  . 9 16
 
i.e., 32 x + 9 y = 144
Here a 2 = 4, b 2 = 3 and m = 1. So the required points of
38. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) be the required point. Then the equation of
contact is (4, 3).
the chord of contact of tangents drawn from ( x1 , y1 ) to the
34. (a) Let the point of intersection of tangents be P( x1 , y1 ).
xx1 yy1
given hyperbola is − =1 . . . (i)
Then the equation of pair of tangents from P( x1 , y1 ) to the a 2 b2
given hyperbola is (4 x 2 − 9 y 2 − 36)(4 x12 − 9 y12 − 36) The given line is lx + my + n = 0 . . . (ii)
= [4 x1 x − 9 y1 y − 36]2 . . . (i) Equation (i) and (ii) represent the same line
x1 y 1
From SS1 = T 2 ∴ = − 21 =
a 2l b m −h
or x 2 ( y12 + 4) + 2 x1 y1 xy + y 2 ( x12 − 9) + ... = 0 . . . (ii)
−a 2 l b2 m
Since angle between the tangents is π / 4. ⇒ x1 = , y1 = ;
n n
2 [ x12 y12 − ( y12 + 4)( x12 − 9)]  a2l b2 m 
∴ tan(π / 4) = . Hence the required point is  − , .
y + 4+ x −9
2
1
2
1  n n 
Hence locus of P( x1 , y1 ) is ( x 2 + y 2 − 5) 2 39. (a) Let ( x1 , y1 ) be the given point.
= 4(9 y − 4 x + 36).
2 2
x2 y2 xx yy
It’s polar w.r.t. + = 1 is 21 + 21 = 1
a 2 b2 a b
a2 x b2 y
35. (d) From + = a2 + b2 b2  xx1  b 2 x1 b2
x1 y1 i.e., y = 1 − = − x +
y1  a 2  a 2 y1 y1
Here a 2 = 16, b 2 = 9 and ( x1 , y1 ) = (8, 3 3)
x2 y2
16 x 9 y This touches u − =1
⇒ + = 16 + 9 a 2 b2
8 3 3 2
 b2  2  b x1 
2
b 4 a 2 b 4 x12
  = a . 2  − b ⇒ 2 = 4 2 − b
2 2
i.e., 2 x + 3 y = 25. If
 y1   a y1  y1 a y1
36. (a) The equation of normal at (a secφ , b tan φ ) to the given
b 2 b 2 x12
⇒ = −1
hyperbola is ax cos φ + by cot φ = (a + b ) 2 2
y12 a 2 y12
This meets the transverse axis i.e., x-axis at G. So the co- x12 y12
⇒ − =1
  a2 + b2   a 2 b2
ordinates of G are  
  sec φ , 0  and the co-ordinates
 a   x2 y2
∴ −
Locus of ( x1 , y1 ) is = 1.
of the vertices A and A' are A(a, 0) and A '(−a, 0) a 2 b2
respectively. Which is the same hyperbola.

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500 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
40. (b) Coordinates of P and D are (a sec φ , b tan φ ) and 43. (c) Since the general equation of second degree represents
(a tan φ , b sec φ ) respectively. a rectagular hyperbola if ∆ ≠ 0, h 2 > ab and coefficient of
Then (CP) 2− (CD)2 = a 2 sec2 φ + b 2 tan 2φ −a 2 tan 2φ − b 2 sec2φ x 2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0.
= a 2 (sec2 φ − tan 2 φ ) − b 2 (sec 2 φ − tan 2 φ ) Therefore the given equation represents a rectangular
= a 2 (1) − b 2 (1) = a 2 − b 2 . hyperbola if λ + 5 = 0
i.e., λ = −5.
41. (d) Let P ( x1 , y1 ) be a point on the hyperbola
 c
x2 y 2 x2 y2 44. (a) The equation of the tangent at  ct ,  is
2
− 2 = 1, then 12 − 12 = 1  t 
a b a b
The chord of contact of tangent from P to the hyperbola ty = t 3 x − ct 4 + c
x2 y2 xx yy  c
− = 2 is 21 − 21 = 2 . . . (i) If it passes through  ct ',  then
a2 b2 a b  t'
x y
The equation of asymptotes are − =0 . . . (ii) tc 3
a b ⇒ = t ct '− ct 4 + c
t'
x y
And + =0 . . . (iii) ⇒ t = t 3t '2 − t 4t '+ t '
a b
The point of intersection of the asymptotes and chord are ⇒ t − t ' = t 3t '(t '− t )

 2a 2b   2a −2b  1
 , ;  , , ⇒ t'= −
x
 1 / a − y1 / b x1 / a − y1 / b   1x / a + y1 / b x1 / a + y1 / b  t3
(0, 0) 45. (b) Let the equation of circle be x 2 + y 2 = a 2 . . . (i)
1 Parametric equation of rectangular hyperbola is
∴ Area of triangle = | ( x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) |
2
c
x = ct , y =
1 −8ab  t
=  2 2 2 
= 4ab.
2  x1 / a − y1 / b 
2
Put the values of x and y in equation (i) we

42. (d) Given, equation of hyperbola 2x2 +5xy +2y2 +4x+5y = 0 c2

get c 2t 2 + = a2
t2
and equation of asymptotes
⇒ c 2t 4 − a 2 t 2 + c 2 = 0
2 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 + 4 x + 5 y + λ = 0 . . . (i)
which is the equation of a pair of straight lines. We know c2
Hence product of roots t1t2t3t4 = =1
that the standard equation of a pair of straight lines is c2
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
46. (a,b,c,d) Given, circle is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 . . . (i)
Comparing equation (i) with standard equation, we get
and hyperbola be xy = c 2
. . . (ii)
5 5
a = 2, b = 2, h = , g = 2, f = and c = λ.
2 2 c2
from (ii) y = .
We also know that the condition for a pair of straight lines x
is abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 = 0. c4
Putting in (i), we get x 2 + = a2
25 25 x2
Therefore, 4λ + 25 − −8− λ = 0
2 4 ⇒ x4 − a 2 x2 + c4 = 0
−9λ 9 ∴ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0,
or + = 0 or λ = 2
4 2
Substituting value of λ in equation (i), x1 x2 x3 x4 = c 4

we get, 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 + 4 x + 5 y + 2 = 0. Since both the curves are symmetric in x and y,

∴ y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 = 0; y1 y2 y3 y4 = c 4 .

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 501
NCERT Exemplar Problems 49. (a, d) Equation of tangent and normal at point P( at , 2at ) 2

More than One Answer is ty = x = at 2 and y = −tx + 2at + at 2

2
47. (a, b) The equation of tangent to y = x , be y = mx − m .
2
Let centroid of ∆PTN is R(h, k)
4
Putting in y = − x 2 + 4 x − 4, we should only get one value at 2 + (−at 2 ) + 2a + at 2 2at
∴ h= and k =
3 3
of x ie, Discriminant must be zero.
2
m2  3k 
⇒ 3h = 2a + a ⋅  
∴ mx − = −x2 + 4x − 4  2a 
4
m2 9k 2
⇒ x 2 + x(m − 4) + 4 − =0 ⇒ 3h = 2a +
4 4a
⇒ D=0 ⇒ 9k 2 = 4a(3h − 2a)
Now, (m − 4) 2 − (16 − m 2 ) = 0 ( at 2 , 2at )
⇒ 2m( m − 4) = 0 P
⇒ m = 0, 4 (− at , 0)
2
N (2a + at 2 , 0)
T y = −tx + 2at + at 3
∴ y = 0 and y = 4 (x – 1) are the required tangents.
ty = x + at 2
Hence, (a) and (b) are correct answers.

48. (b, c) The equation x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4 represents an ellipse with

4a  2a 
2 and 1 as semi-major and semi-minor axes and ∴ Locus of centroid is y 2 = x− 
3  3 
3
eccentricity .  2a  2a a
2 ∴ Vertex  , 0  ; directrix x − =−
y
 3  3 3
a
(0,1) ⇒ x=
3
4a
x' x Latusrectum =
(–2,0) A (2,0) 3
P (− 3, −1/ 2) Q ( 3, −1/ 2)  a 2a 
(0,–1) ∴ Focus  + ,0  ie, (a, 0).
A' 3 3 
y'  t2 + t2 
50. (c, d) Here, coordinate M =  1 2 , t1 + t2  ie, mid-point
 1  1  2 
Thus, the ends of latusrectum are  3,  and  3, −  ,
 2  2 of chord AB. MP = t1 + t2 = r . . . (i)
 1  1 2t2 − 2t1
 − 3,  , and  − 3, −  . Also, mAB = =
2
(when AB is chord)
 2  2
t2 − t1
2 2
t2 + t1
Now, PQ = 2 3 2
Thus, the coordinates of the vertex of the parabolas are ⇒ mAB = [from equation. (i)]
r
 −1 + 3   −1 − 3  2
and A  0,
  and A '  0,  and corresponding Also, mA ' B ' = − (when A’B’ is chord)
 2   2  r
Hence, (c, d) is the correct option.
3 1− 3 
equations are ( x − 0) 2 = −4 ⋅ y+ 

2  2  51. (a, b, d) Normal to y 2 = 4 x, is y = mx − 2m − m3 which
3 −1 − 3  passes through (9, 6) ⇒ 6 = 9m − 2m − m3
and ( x − 0) 2 = 4 ⋅  y − 
2  2  ⇒ m3 − 7 m + 6 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 2, − 3
ie, x2 + 2 3 y = 3 − 3 ∴ Equation of normals are, y − x + 3 = 0, y + 3x − 33 = 0
and x − 2 3 y = 3 + 3
2 And y − 2 x + 12 = 0

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502 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
52. (a, b, c, d) It is given that x + y = a 2 2 2
. . . (i)  1   1 
∴ A  1,  or  1, − 
And xy = c 2 . . . (ii)  2  2
2
We obtain x + c / x = a 2 4 2 2
 1 
∴ Form equation (i), 1 + 2   = 2b
2

⇒ x4 − a2 x2 + c4 = 0 . . . (iii)  2
Now, x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 will be roots of equation. (iii) ⇒ b2 = 1
Therefore, Σ x1 = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0 and product of the Equation of ellipse is x 2 + 2 y 2 = 2
roots x1 x2 x3 x4 = c 4  1 
Coordinate of foci (± ae, 0) =  ± 2 ⋅ , 0  = ( ± 1, 0)
Similarly, y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 = 0  2 

and y1 y2 y3 y4 = c 4 Hence, option (i) and (ii) are correct.

If major axis is along y-axis, then
Hence, all options are correct.
1 a2
= 1− ⇒ b 2 = 2a 2
53. (a, b) Given, 2 x 2 − 2 y 2 = 1 2 b2

x2 y2 2x
⇒ − =1 . . .(i) ∴ 2 x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2 ⇒ y ' = −
1 1 y
   
2 2 −2
⇒ y ' =
Eccentricity of hyperbola = 2 
 2
1
sec θ ,
1
2

tan θ 

sin θ

So, eccentricity of ellipse = 1/ 2 As ellipse and hyperbola are orthogonal

x2 y2 2
Let equation of ellipse be + = 1( a > b) ∴ − ⋅ cos ecθ = −1
a 2 b2 sin θ

b2 π
⇒
1
= 1− ⇒ cos ec 2θ = 1 ⇒ θ = ±
2 a2 4

b2 1 ∴ 2 x + y = 2a
2 2 2

⇒ =
a2 2 1 5
⇒ 2+ = 2a 2 ⇒ a 2 =
⇒ a = 2b
2 2 2 4
∴ x 2 + 2 y 2 = 2b 2 . . .(ii) 5
∴ 2 x2 + y2 = , corresponding foci are (0, ±1).
2
 1 1 
Let ellipse and hyperbola intersect at A secθ, tanθ  2 2

 2 2  54. (b, d) Here, equation of ellipse x + y = 1

4 1
dy dy x 2
On differentiating equation (i) 4 x − 4 y =0⇒ = b 1 3
dx dx y ⇒ e2 = 1 − 2
= 1− =
a 4 4
dy sec θ
= = cos ecθ and differentiating equation (ii), 3
dx at A tan θ ∴ e= and focus ( ± ae , 0) ⇒ ( ± 3 , 0)
2
dy
2x + 4 y =0 x2 y2 b2
dx For hyperbola 2
− 2 = 1, e12 = 1 + 2
a b a
dy x 1
=− = − cos ecθ 1 4 b2 4
dx at A 2y 2 where, e12 = = ⇒ 1+ 2 =
2
e 3 a 3
Since, ellipse and hyperbola are orthogonal.
1 b2 1
∴ − cos ec 2θ = − 1 ∴ = . . . (i)
2 a2 3
⇒ cosec 2θ = 2 and hyperbola passes through (± 3, 0)
π
⇒ θ =± 3
4 ⇒ =1
a2

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 503
⇒ a =3
2
. . . (ii) ⇒ e=
4
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get b = 1 2
. . . (iii) 5
2 2 Centre: X = 0, Y = 0
x y
∴ Equation of hyperbola is − = 1 Focus is (± ae1 , 0) ⇒ x − 3 = 0, y − 5 = 0
3 1
∴ Centre ≡ (3, 5)
 2 
⇒ ± 3⋅ , 0  ⇒ ( ± 2, 0) (ii) and (iv) are correct answers.
Foci: X = 0, Y = ± be
 3 
⇒ x − 3 = 0, y − 5 ± 4
55. (a, b) Equation of tangent, parallel to y = 2 x − 1
⇒ y=5±4
⇒ y = 2 x ± 9(4) − 4 . . . (i )
∴ Foci (3, 1) and (3, 9) ; Major axis 2b = 10
∴ y = 2 x ± 32
57. (a, d) Let ( x1 , y1 ) be a point then x12 + 3 y12 = 37 . . .(i)
xx yy
The equation of tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) is 1 − 1 = 1 . . . (ii) Equation of tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) is xx1 + 3 yy1 = 37
9 4
y 2x − y = 1 Tangent x1
Slope of tangent = −
3 y1
P ( x1 , y1 ) 3 y1 6
(–3,0) O ½ (3,0) Then, slope of normal = = (given)
–1 x1 5
5 y1
x2 y 2
− =1
∴ x1 = . . .(ii)
9 4 2

−1 ± 32 25 y12
2
= = From equation (i) and (ii) + 3 y12 = 37
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 4
x1 − y1 1
9 4 ⇒ y12 = 4
9 ∴ y1 = ± 5
⇒ x1 = −
2 2 From equation and (ii), x1 = ± 5
1 ∴ Required points (5, 2) and (–5, –2)
And y1 = −
2
58. (a, c, d) Equation of tangent to 16 x 2 + 11 y 2 = 256 at
9 1
or x1 = , y1 =  16 
2 2 2  4cos θ , sin θ  is 4cos θ x + 11sin θ y = 16
 11 
56. (a, b) 25 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 150 x − 90 y + 225 = 0 The perpendicular form centre (1, 0) is equal to radius
⇒ 25( x + 6 x) + 9( y − 10 y ) + 225 = 0
2 2
(1 + 15) = 4
⇒ 25{( x − 3) 2 − 9} + 9{( y − 5) 2 − 25} + 225 = 0 4cos θ − 16
or =4
⇒ 25( x − 3) + 9( y − 5) = 225
2 2
(16cos 2 θ + 11sin 2 θ )
( x − 3) 2 ( y − 5) 2 1
⇒ + . . .(i) on simplification, we get cos θ =
32 52 2
Let x − 3 = X , y − 5 = Y 5
or − (not possible)
X2
Y 2 2
Then, equation (i) becomes + =1 . . .(ii)
32 52 π 5π
or θ =± ,
X 2
Y 2 3 3
Now, comparing equation (ii) with + =1
a2 b2 59. (a, b, c) Since, the product of the two eccentricities e and
∴ a = 3, b = 5 e′ is 1. Either e = e′ = 1, in which case both the conics are
⇒ a 2 = b 2 (1 − e 2 ) parabolas of if e > 1, e′ < 1 and vice-versa
⇒ 9 = 25(1 − e ) 2
So, one of them is an ellipse and the other is a hyperbola.

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504 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
x 2
y 2 63. (a) Reason is true, equation in Assertion is
60. (a, b) − =1
25 16 ( x − 1) = −2( y − 3/ 2) which is a parabola with axis
2

Equation of tangent in terms of slope x − 1 = 0, using Reason, Assertion is also True.

y = mx ± (25m − 16) 2
64. (b) In Assertion, if the equation of the ellipse is
or ( y − mx) 2 = 25m 2 − 16 x2 y2 2b 2 1
+ 2 = 1, then = × 2a
It is passing through (6, 2), then (2 − 6 m ) = 25 m − 16
2 2
a 2
b a 3
⇒ 4 + 36m 2 − 24m = 25m 2 − 16 b2 1
⇒ =
a2 3
⇒ 11m 2 − 24m + 20 = 0
1
⇒ 1 − e2 =
24 20 3
∴ m1 + m2 = , m1m2 =
44 11 2
⇒ e2 =
61. (a,c) Equation of the tangent at (a secα , b tan α ) to the 3
So The Assertion is true. In Reason, equation of the ellipse is
x2 y2 x y
hyperbola + = 1 is sec α − tan α = 1 which meets x 2 + y 2 ( 2 / 3 )( 4 − x ) (by definition of ellipse)
2

a 2 b2 a b
the transverse axis y = 0 at the point T ( a cos α , 0) whose ⇒ 3( x 2 + y 2 ) = 2(16 − 8 x + x 2 )

distance from the focus (ae,0) is ae − a cos α and from the ⇒ x 2 + 16 x + 3 y 2 = 32

focus Note that ae > a cos α Since, e > 1. ⇒ ( x + 8) 2 + 3 y 2 = 96

( x + 8) 2 y 2
⇒ + =1
Assertion and Reason 96 32
62. (a) Solving for the points of intersection we have Length of the semi-major axis = 96 = 4 6
x + 4x − 6x + 1 = 0
2
So, The Reason is also true but does not lead to Assertion.
Y
65. (a) Reason is true and using it in Assertion, the vertex is
y2 = 4x
(1, 2) on the line x = 0 at a distance 1 from the focus (0, 0), So
the vertex is at the point (0, 1) and the Assertion is also
O X true.
x2 + y 2 − 6x + 1 = 0

(1, –2)
66. (a) Equation of a tangent to y 2 = 16 3x is

4 3 x2 y 2
y = mx and to + = 1 is x = m1 y + 4m12 + 2
⇒ ( x − 1) = 0
2
m 2 4
⇒ x =1 1 2 1
or y= x− 4+ 2 , m =
⇒ y=±2 m1 m1 m1
Thus the two curves meet at (1, 2) and (1, − 2) 4 3 
2
2 
and   =  − 4 + 2 
Tangent at (1, 2) to y 2 = 4 x is y (2) = 2( x + 1)  m   m1 
⇒ x − y +1 = 0 48
⇒ = 4 + 2m 2
Tangent at (1, 2) to the circle C2 is m2
⇒ m 4 + 2m2 − 24 = 0
2 x + 1y − 3( x + 1) + 1 = 0
⇒ m2 = 4
or x − y + 1 = 0 same as the tangent to the curve
⇒ m = ±2
C1 , Similarly the tangent at the point (1, − 2) to the two
Showing that both the are true and Reason is a correct
curves is x + y + 1 = 0
explanation for Assertion.
⇒ Reason is true and hence Assertion is also true.

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 505
67. (a) If the angles in reason are α and β s.t. α + β = π / 2 Comprehension Based
then the product of the slopes is tan α tan β = 1, and the   1
72. (b) Since, R  − a, a  t −   lies on y = 2 x + a
reason is true. In assertion, any tangent to the ellipse is   t 
y = mx + a 2 m 2 + b 2 which passes through
P(at 2 , 2at )

( a 2 − b 2 secθ , a 2 − b2 tan θ ) R

⇒ (a − b )(tan θ − m secθ ) = a m 2 + b 2
2 2 2 2
  1
 −a, a  t −  
  t 
Product of the slopes
y 2 = 4ax
 a −2a 
(a − b ) tan θ − b
2 2 2 2
a sin θ − b
2 2 2
 2, 
= = =1 t t 
(a 2 − b 2 )sec2 θ − a 2 a 2 sin 2 θ − b 2
So, by Reason, Assertion is also true,  1
⇒ a ⋅  t −  = −2 a + a
 t
68. (d) Assertion is false, Equation of any tangent to the
1
1
parabola is y = mx + and equation of the perpendicular ⇒ t − = −1
m t
1 1 Thus, length of focal chord
from the focus S (1, 0) on it is y = − x + and these
m m 2
 1  2 
 1
intersect at x = 0, directrix is x = −1 = a  t +  = a  t −  + 4  = 5a
 t  t  
Reason is true, tangents and normals at (a, ± 2a ) are
2at − 0 2
respectively x ± y + a = 0 and x ± y − 3a = 0 which enclose 73. (d) mOP = =
at 2 − 0 t
a square, length of a side = 2 2a.
−2a / t
mOQ = = −2t
69. (c) In assertion, focus is on the x-axis at a distance a from a / t2
the vertex so assertion is true. y
Reason is false as the length of the latusrectum of the
P (at 2 , 2at )
parabola is 12 which is greater than the diameter of the
circle and the common chord is of length less than the θ
x
O
diameter.
70. (d) Reason is true as the distance between the foci of θ  a −2a 
 2, 
x 2
y 2 t t 
2
− 2 = 1 is 2es where e is the eccentricity and 2a the
a b 2  1
+ 2t 2t + 
length of the transverse axis.
= 
t
∴ tan θ = t ,
Using it in Assertion, length of transverse axis is 2
1 − ⋅ 2t 1− 4
(4 + 6) 2 10 × 4 t
= = 8, so the Assertion is false.
5/ 4 5 1 2 5
where t + = 5 =
71. (c) Reason is false. Equation of the normal is t −3
ax by
− = a 2 − b2 74. (d) Figure is self explanatory
cosθ sin θ
P
(3,4)
In Assertion, L( ae, b 2 / a ) = ( a cos θ , b sin θ ) D

⇒ cos θ = e B

ax by F
So, normal at L, − = a 2e2 A
e 1− e 2 (3,0)

Which meets the major axis y = 0 at x = ae3 and the

assertion is true.

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506 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
8 ⇒ x=−
13
not acceptable
8 6
75. (c) Equation of AB is y − 0 = 5 ( x − 3) = ( x − 3)
9
− −3 − 24 Now, for x = 6,
5
y = ±2 3
P(3,4)
Required equation is ( x − 6) 2 + ( y + 2 3 )( y − 2 3 ) = 0
 9 8 ⇒ x 2 − 12 x + y 2 + 24 = 0
− , 
 5 5
B A ⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 12 x + 24 = 0
(3,0)
79. (c) Pair of asymptotes is given by xy − 3 y − 2 x + λ = 0 ...(i)
1
⇒ y = − ( x − 3) Where λ is any constant such that it represent two straight
3
⇒ x + 3y = 3 . . .(i) lines.

Equation of the straight line perpendicular to AB through ∴ abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 = 0

P is 3x − y = 5. Equation of PA is x – 3 = 0. 3 1 1
2

⇒ 0 + 2 × − × −1× − 0 − 0 − λ ×   = 0
The equation of straight line perpendicular to PA through 2 2 2
 −9 8  ∴ λ=6
B  ,  is y = 8
 5 5 5 From equation (i), asymptotes of given hyperbola are
 11 8  given by xy − 3 y − 2 x + 6 = 0
Hence, the orthocentre is  ,  .
 5 5 80. (d) Let the asymptotes be 2 x + 3 y + λ = 0 and

76. (a) Equation of AB is y − 0 = − 1 ( x − 3) 3x + 2 y + µ = 0

3 Since, asymptotes passes through (1,2) then λ = −8, µ = −7
x + 3 y − 3 = 0 | x + 3 y − 3 |2 = 10[( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4) 2 ]
Let the equation of hyperbola be
(Look at coefficient of x2 and y2 in the answers) (2 x + 3 y − 8)(2 x + 3 y − 7) + γ = 0 . . .(i)

77. (b) Equation of tangent to hyperbola having slope m is ∵ It passes through (5,3), then (10 + 9 − 8)(15 + 6 − 7) + γ = 0

y = mx + 9 m 2 − 4 . . .(i) ⇒ 11× 14 + γ = 0

Equation of tangent to circle is ∴ γ − 154

Putting the value of γ in equation (i), then
y = m ( x − 4) + 16 m 2 + 16 . . . (ii)
(2 x + 3 y − 8)(2 x + 3 y − 7) = 154
2
Equation (i) and (ii) will be identical for m = satisfy.
5 b π
81. (b) 2 tan −1   =
∴ Equation of common tangent is 2 x − 5 y + 4 = 0. a 3

x2 y2 b π
78. (a) The equation of the hyperbola is − = 1 and that ⇒ tan −1   =
9 4 a 6
of circle is x 2 + y 2 − 8 x = 0 b 1
⇒ =
a 3
x2 x2 − 8x
For their points of intersection + =1 b
9 4 or a=
3
⇒ 4 x 2 + 9 x 2 − 72 x = 36
Let e be an eccentricity of conjugate hyperbola, then
⇒ 13x 2 − 72 x − 36 = 0
a 2 = b 2 (e 2 − 1)
⇒ 13x 2 − 78 x + 6 x − 36 = 0
⇒ 3b 2 = b 2 (e 2 − 1)
⇒ 13x( x − 6) + 6( x − 6) = 0
⇒ e2 = 4
13
⇒ x = 6, x = −
6 ∴ e=2

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 507
82. (c) The transverse axis is the bisector of the angle between P (2, 6)
A (2, 4)
asymptotes containing the origin and the conjugate axis is
the other bisector. The bisectors of the angle between
(3 x − 4 y − 1) (4 x − 3 y − 6)
asymptotes are =± C (2,1)
5 5
⇒ (3x − 4 y − 1) = ± (4 x − 3 y − 6)
⇒ x + y −5 = 0
and x − y − 1 = 0 B (2, –2)

Hence, transverse axis and conjugate axis are ∴ Point (2, 6) are outside the ellipse.
x + y − 5 = 0 and x − y − 1 = 0 The equation of the given ellipse be rewritten as
9( x − 2) 2 + 8( y − 1) 2 = 72
83. (b) 16 x 2 − 25 y 2 = 400
( x − 2) 2 ( y − 1) 2
y ⇒ + =1
A 8 9
Centre of ellipse is (2, 1) and axis parallel to y-axis
P Vertices are x − 2 = 0 and y − 1 = ± 3
∴
x′ x
C
Or (2, –2) and (2, 4)
B ∴ Minimum distance L = PA = 2 and maximum distance
y′ G = PB = 8
Then, L + G = 10, G − L = 6
2 2
x x
⇒ − =1 . . .(i)
52 4 2 (B) Let S = 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 8 x − 36 y + 4
Let P(5sec φ , 4 tan φ ) be any point on the hyperbola (i)
∴ Value of S at (1, 2) is S1 = 4(1) 2 + 9(2) 2 + 8(1) − 36(2) + 4
x y
Equation of tangent at P is sec φ − tan φ = 1 . . .(ii) = 4 + 36 + 8 − 72 + 4 = −20 < 0
5 4
4 ∴ Point (1, 2) are outside the ellipse.
and asymptotes of equation (i ) are y = ± x . . .(iii) The equation of the given ellipse be rewritten as
5
x y 4( x + 1) 2 + 9( y − 2) 2 = 36
Solving equation (ii) and (iii), then sec φ ∓ tan φ = 1
5 4 ( x + 1) 2 ( y − 2) 2
5 ⇒ + =1
or x= 9 4
(sec φ ± tan φ ) Centre of ellipse is (–1, 2) and axis parallel to x-axis
5(sec φ + tan φ ) + (sec φ + tan φ ) ∴ Vertices are x + 1 = ± 3 and y − 2 = 0 or (–4, 2) and (2, 2)
=
(sec φ ∓ tan φ )
∴ Minimum distance L = PA = 1and maximum distance
Then we get A ≡ [5(sec φ + tan φ ), 4(sec φ + tan φ )] and G = PA′ = AA′ − PA = 6 − 1 = 5
B ≡ [5(sec φ − tan φ ), − 4(sec φ − tan φ )]
∴ L + G = 6, G − L = 4, LG + G L = 6
5(sec φ + tan φ ) 4(sec φ + tan φ ) 1 (C) Here 3x + 4 y = 0 and 4x − 3y = 0 are mutually
1
∴ Area of ∆ABC = 5(sec φ − tan φ ) −4(sec φ − tan φ ) 1
2 3x + 4 y
0 0 1 perpendicular lines, then substituting = X and
32 + 42
1 4x − 3y
= | −20 − 20 |= 20 =Y
2
(4) 2 + ( −3) 2
Match the Column
84. (b) (A) Let S = 9 x 2 + 8 y 2 − 36 x − 16 y − 28 P (1, 2)
A′ C (–1, 2) A (2,
∴ Value of S at is (2, 6) (–4, 2)

S1 = 9(2) 2 + 8(6) 2 − 36(2) − 16(6) − 28 Then, the given equation can be written as
= 36 + 288 − 72 − 96 − 28 = 128 > 0 4 X 2 + 9Y 2 = 36

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508 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
2 2 2 2
X Y x y
⇒ + =4 ⇒ − =1
9 4 2 3
∴ Vertices, X = ± 3, Y = 0 Director circle is x 2 + y 2 = 2 − 3 = − 1 (not defined)
3x + 4 y 4x − 3y (C) 5 x 2 − 9 y 2 = 45
Or ± 3, =0
5 5
x2 y2
4x ⇒ − =1
Or 3 x + 4 y ±15, y = 9 5
3
∴ Director circle is x 2 + y 2 = 9 − 5 = 4
 9 12   9 12 
Vertices are  ,  and  − , − 
5 5   5 5 i.e., x 2 + y 2 = 4 and director circle of x 2 + y 2 = 1 is x 2 + y 2 = 2
∵ Given point is a vertex.
∴ Minimum distance L = 0 and maximum distance Integer
G = Length of major axis = 2 × 3 = 6 87. (c) Comparing the given parabola (i.e., y2 = 8x) with
Then L + G = 6, G − L = 6 y2 = 4ax
∴ 4a = 8
85. (a) Since, equation of normal to the parabola y 2 = 4ax is ∴ a=2
y + xt = 2at + at passes through (3, 0).
3
Since, normal at ( x1 , y1 ) to the parabola y 2 = 4ax is
⇒ 3t = 2t + t 3
(∵a = 1) y1
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
⇒ t = 0,1 − 1 2a
∴ Coordinates of the normals are P(1, 2), Q(0, 0), R(1, –2). Here, x1 = 2 and y1 = 4
1 4
Thus, (1) Area of ∆ PQR = ×1× 4 = 2 Equation of normal is y − 4 = − ( x − 2)
2 ∴
4
2  ⇒ y − 4 = −x + 2
(3) Centroid of ∆PQR =  , 0 
3 
⇒ x+ y−6 =0 . . . (i)
Equation of circle passing through P, Q, R is
( x − 1)( x − 1) + ( y − 2)( y + 2) + λ ( x − 1) = 0 Solve equation (i) and y 2 = 8 x then y 2 = 8(6 − y )

⇒ 1 − 4 − λ = 0 ⇒ λ = −3 ⇒ y 2 + 8 y − 48 = 0

∴ Required equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 − 5 x = 0 ⇒ ( y + 12)( y − 4) = 0

∴ y = −12 and y = 4
5  5
∴ Centre  , 0  and radius .
2  2 Then x = 18 and x = 2
Hence, point of intersection of normal and parabola are
86. (a) (A) x 2 − 2 y 2 = 2
(18,–12) and (2, 4) therefore normal meets the parabola at
x2 y2 (18,–12) and length of normal chord is distance between
⇒ − =1
2 1
their points = PQ = (18, − 12) 2 + (−12 − 4) 2 = 16 2
∴ Director circle is x 2 + y 2 = 2 − 1 = 1
= λ (given)
i.e., x 2 + y 2 = 1 and x 2 + 2 y 2 = 2
∴ λ2 = 5/ 2 ( 2.5 ≈ 3) .
x2 y 2
⇒ + =1
2 1 88. (960) Here, centre of the circle is the vertex of the
Director circle is x 2 + y 2 = 2 + 1 = 3 i.e., x 2 + y 2 = 3 parabola and both circle and parabola are symmetrical
(B) 3 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 6 about axis of parabola. In this case the point of
intersection of common tangents must lie on the directrix
x2 y 2
⇒ + =1 and axis of the parabola. i.e., A(–a, 0)
2 3
Chord of contact of circle w.r.t., A(–a,0) is
∴ Director circle is x 2 + y 2 = 2 + 3 = 5
a2
i.e., x 2 + y 2 = 5 and 3 x 2 − 2 y 2 = 6 x (−a) + y ⋅ 0 =
2

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 509

x=−
a TQ′ t1 − t3 ′ ′
∴ Similarly, = or TP = TQ = 1
2 TQ t1 − t2 TP TQ
 a a
∴ Coordinates of R is  − ,  and chord of contact of
 2 2 91. (729) The path of the water jet is a parabola. Let the
parabola w.r.t. A (− a,0) is y ⋅ 0 = 2a ( x − a ) equation of the water jet being a parabola is
i.e., x = a y = ax 2 + bx + c . . . (i)
∴ Coordinates of P is (a, 2a) the path is symmetrical to the lie AB, the maximum height,
∴ Area of quadrilateral PQRS' = 2 so, it strikes the x-axis at E such that AE = OA = 0.5 m
{Area of ∆PAS – Area of ∆RAN} i.e., OE = 2OA = 2(0.5) = 1m
1 1 a a a 2 15 2 Coordinates of B and E are (0.5, 4) and (1, 0) respectively
= 2  ⋅ 2a ⋅ 2a − ⋅ ⋅  = 4a 2 − = a sq unit
2 2 2 2 4 4 since, O, B, E and on equation (i)
2
256 1 1
∴ λ=
15 a
Then 2 λ = 960 ∴ o = c, 4 = a + b + c, 0 = a + b + c
4 a 4 2
Solving these we get a = −16, b = 16, c = 0
89. (1296) Any normal of the parabola y2 = 4x with slope m is
From equation (i), the equation of the parabola is
y = mx − 2m − m3
y = − 16 x 2 + 16 x . . . (ii)
It is pass through P, then k = mh − 2m − m3
Let P be a point on the parabola (ii), such that P is at a
m3 + (2 − h)m + k = 0 . . . (i) distance 0.75 m from y-axis and let P is at a distance h
Thus, m1m2 m3 = −k from x-axis
α m3 = −k (∵ m1m2 = α ) ∴ Coordinates of P is (0.75, h)
∵ P lies on equation. (ii) so we have
k
⇒ m3 = − h = −16(0.75) 2 + 16(0.75)
α
∵ m3 is a root of equation (i), then 9 3
= −16   + 16   = −9 + 12 = 3 = m
−k 3
 k   16  4
+ (2 − h)  −  + k = 0 k + (2 − h)kα − kα = 0
3 2 3

α3  α  ∴ λ=3
∴ Locus of P(h, k) is y + (2 – x) yα – yα = 0
3 2 3 Then, λ6 = 36 = 729
⇒ y3 + (2 – x) α2 – α3 = 0 (∵ y ≠ 0)
92. (3125) The coordinates of an end of the latus rectum are
(P does not lie on the axis of the parabola)
( ae, b 2 / a ). The equation of normal at P ( ae, b 2 / a ) is
⇒ y2 = α2x – 2α2 +α3
If it is a part of parabola y2 = 4x then α2 = 4 and a 2 x b2 ( y)
− = a2 − b2
–2α2 + α3 = 0 ae b 2 / a
⇒ α2 (α – 2) = 0 ax
Or − ay = a 2 − b 2
⇒ α – 2 = 0, α ≠ 0 e

∴ α=2 (0, b) B  b2 
P  ae, − 
α  a 
∴ (36) = (36)2 = 1296

90. (1) Let Parabola be y 2 = 4 ax and coordinates of P and Q (–a, 0) A′ S A (a, 0)

on this parabola are P ≡ ( at12 , 2 at1 ) and Q ≡ ( at 22 , 2 at 2 ); T is

B′ (0, –b)
the point of intersection of tangents at t1and t2.
∴ Coordinates of T ≡ {at1 , t 2 , a (t1 + t2 )} It passes through on extremity of the minor axis whose
Similarly, P′ ≡ {at3 , t1 , a (t3 + t1 )} Q′ ≡ {at2 , t3 , a (t2 + t3 )} coordinates are (0, − b)
Let TP' : TP = λ : 1 ∴ 0 + ab = a 2 − b 2
t3 − t 2 TP′ t3 − t2 or (a 2b 2 ) = (a 2 − b 2 ) 2
∴ λ= or =
t1 − t2 TP t1 − t2 or a 2 a 2 (1 − e 2 ) = ( a 2 e 2 ) 2

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510 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
or 1− e = e
2 4
94. (4) Let point of concurrent is (h, k )
′ ′
e + e −1 = 0 Equation of normal at ( x′, y′) is, x − x2 = y1 − y2
4 2
or
x′ / a y′ / b
or (e 2 ) 2 + e 2 − 1 = 0
It is passes through (h, k ) , then
−1 ± 1 − 4
∴ e =
2
y ′2 {a 2 ( h − x ′) + b 2 x′}2 = b 4 k 2 x ′2 . . .(i)
2
′2 ′2
5 −1 But x 2 = y 2 = 1
⇒ e =
2
a b
2
b2
(taking + ve sign) 2e2 + 1 = 5 or y ′2 = 2 ( a 2 − x ′2 ) . . .(ii)
a
∴ 625(2e 2 + 1)2 Value of y′2 from equation (ii), putting in equation (i), we
= 625 × 5 = 3125 b2 2
get (a − x′2 ){a 2 h + (b 2 − a 2 ) x′}2 = b 4 k 2 x′2
93. (1215) The equation of the ellipse can be written as a2
2 2 b2 2
 x − 2 y +1   2x + y + 2  ⇒ ( a − x '2 ){a 4 h 2 + (b 2 − a 2 ) 2 x '2 + 2a 2 hx '(b 2 − a 2 )}
4 × 5  + 9 × 5  = 25 a2
 5   5 
2 2
= b 4 k 2 x '2
 x − 2 y + 1   2x + y + 2 
    Arranging above as a fourth degree equation in x′, we get
or  5  
+
5  =1
⇒ −(a 2 − b 2 ) 2 x '4 + 2ha 2 (a 2 − b 2 ) x '3 + x '2 (...)
(5 / 4) (5 / 9)
−2a 4 h(a 2 − b 2 ) x '+ a 6 h 2 = 0
X2 Y2
or + =1
a2 b2 Above equation being of fourth degree in x′, therefore
Here a > b roots of the above equation are x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 then
∴ Equation of major axis is Y = 0 2ha 2 (a 2 − b 2 ) 2ha 2
( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ) = − = . . . (iii)
i.e., 2 x + y + 2 = 0 −( a 2 − b 2 ) 2 (a 2 − b 2 )
and equation of minor axis is X = 0 1 1 1 1 Σx1 x2 x3
i.e., x − 2 y + 1 = 0  + + + =
 x1 x2 x3 x4  x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x4
Centre X = 0, Y = 0
2a 4 h (a 2 − b 2 )
⇒ x − 2 y +1 = 0 −( a 2 − b 2 ) 2 2(a 2 − b 2 )
= = . . .(iv)
2x + y + 2 = 0 ah6 2
a 2h
We get x = −1, y = 0 −( a 2 − b 2 ) 2
Multiplying equation (iii) and (iv), we get
2b 2 2 × 5 / 9 8
Length of latusrectum = = = 1 1 1 1
a 5/ 4 9 ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ) ×  + + +  = 4
Eccentricity b = a (1 − e )
2 2 2
 x1 x2 x3 x4 
5 5 2 2
⇒ = (1 − e 2 ) 95. (27) x + y = 1
9 9 9 5
4 5 4 2
⇒ = 1 − e2 ⇒ e2 = 1 − = ⇒ e=
9 9 5 3
5
⇒ e2 = Q
9  b2   b2 
 −ae,   ae, 
 a  a
5
∴ e=
3
R F′ C F P
⇒ e2 = 5/ 9
5  b2   b2 
∴ 2187 e 2 = 2187 × = 1215  ae, −   − ae, − 
9  a S  a

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Conic Section (Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola) 511
 5 It will meet the hyperbola, where x ( x tan θ ) = c . 2

One end of latusrectum is  2, 

 3 i.e., x = c cot θ
 5  2x y
Equation of tangent at  2,  is + =1 Putting x = c cot θ in equation (i) then y = c (tan θ )
 3 9 3
∴ The four points are (c cot θ ,c (tan θ ) where Q =α , β ,γ ,δ
1 9 27
F and F ′ be foci Area of ∆CPQ = × ×3 = The line joining the points α and β is perpendicular to the
2 2 4
27 line joining the points γ and δ .
∴ Area of an quadrilateral PQRS = 4 × = 27 sq unit
4 Therefore, the product of their slopes = −1
∴ λ = 27 c tan β − c tan α c tan δ − c tan γ
i.e., × = −1
96. (2401) Let P (a cos θ1 , b sin θ1 ), Q (a cos θ 2 , b sin θ 2 ) and c cot β − c cot α c cot δ − c cot γ

R (a cos θ 3 , b sin θ 3 ) be the vertices of the triangle inscribed ⇒ ( − tan α tan β ) × ( − tan γ tan δ ) = −1

x2 y2 or tan α tan β tan γ tan δ = 1

in the ellipse + = 1 . The points on the auxiliary
a 2 b2 98. (1296) Let a triangle PQR be inscribed in xy = c 2
circle corresponding to these points P′(a cos θ1 , a sin θ1 ), Let the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle be
Q′(a cos θ 2 , a sin θ 2 ) and  c  c  c
P  ct1 ,  , Q  ct2 ,  and R  ct3 , 
R′(a cos θ3 , a sin θ 3 )  t1   t 2   t 3 

a cosθ1 b sin θ1 1 Now, the equation of chord joining P and Q is

1
∴ ∆1 = Area of ∆PQR = a cosθ 2 b sin θ 2 1 x + yt1t2 = c(t1 + t2 ) . . . (i)
2 a cosθ b sin θ 3 1
3
And the equation of chord joining Q and R is
cosθ1 sin θ1 1 x + yt2t3 = c(t2 + t3 ) . . .(ii)
1
= ab cosθ 2 sin θ 2 1 y P
2 cosθ sin θ 3 1
3

a cosθ1 a sin θ1 1
1
And ∆ 2 = Area of ∆P′Q′R′ = a cosθ 2 a sin θ 2 1 Q R
2 a cosθ b sin θ 3 1 x′ x
3 C

cosθ1 sin θ1 1
1 ∆ b 1
= a 2 cosθ 2 sin θ 2 1 Clearly, 1 = = (1 − e 2 ) =
2 cosθ sin θ 3 1 ∆ 2 a 7
3 y′
∆1 Let equation (i) be parallel to y = m1 x and equation (ii) be
Then, 343 2401
∆2 parallel to y = m2 x
1 1
97. (1) Let the rectangular hyperbola is xy = c 2 . . .(i) ∴ m1 = − and m2 = −
t1t2 t2t3
y
m1 t3 m 
∴ = i.e., t3 =  1  t1 . . . (iii)
m2 t1  m2 
θ Again the equation to the third side RP is
x′ x
C
m  m 
x + yt3t1 = c(t3 + t1 ) x + y  1  t12 = c  1 t1 + t1 
m
 2 m
 2 
or ym1t12 − ct1 ( m1 + m2 ) + xm2 = 0 . . . (iv)
y′
Since, the center of hyperbola (i) is origin (0, 0) and t1 being parameter. Since, t1 is real the envelope of
equation of an asymptotes are x = 0 and y = 0. equation (iv) is given by the discrimination of equation
(iv) = 0
The equation of line through (0, 0) and makes an
angle θ with an asymptote (x-axis) is y = x tan θ

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512 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
i.e., c ( m1 + m 2 ) − 4 ym1 ⋅ xm 2 = 0
2 2
100. (37) Combined equation of asymptotes is
(x + 2y + 3) (3x + 4y + 5) = 0
or 4m1m2 xy = c ( m1 + m2 )
2 2
. . .(v)
or 3x2 + 10xy + 8y2 + 14x + 22y + 15 = 0 . . .(i)
∵ m1 and m2 are roots of x 2 − 6 x + 1 = 0
Also, we know that the equation of the hyperbola differs
∴ m1 + m2 = 6, m1m2 = 1 from that of asymptotes by a constant.
Then from equation (v), 4 xy = c 2 (6) 2 Let the equation of the hyperbola be
3x2 + 10xy + 8y2 + 14x + 22y + λ = 0 . . .(ii)
Then xy = 9c 2
Since, it passes through (1, –1) then
∴ λ =9
3(1) 2 + 10(1)(−1) + 8(−1)2 + 14(1) + 22( −1) + λ = 0
⇒ 16 λ 2 = 16(9) 2 = 16 × 81 = 1296
⇒ 3 − 10 + 8 + 14 − 22 + λ = 0
99. (16) Let the equation of circle ∴ λ =7
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + k = 0 . . .(i)
From equation (ii) equation of hyperbola is
and the equation of the rectangular hyperbola is
3 x 2 + 10 xy + 8 y 2 + 14 x + 22 y + 7 = 0 . . .(iii)
xy = c 2 . . .(ii)
But we know the equation of conjugate hyperbola
c = 2 (combined equation of an asymptotes) – (equation of
Put x = ct and y = in equation (i)
t hyperbola)
2
then c 2 t 2 + c2 + 2 gct + 2 fc + k = 0 ⇒ 6 x 2 + 20 xy + 16 y 2 + 28 x + 44 y + 30 − 3 x 2
t t
⇒ c 2 t 4 + 2 gct 3 + kt 2 + 2 fct + c 2 = 0
−10 xy − 8 y 2 − 14 x − 22 y − 7 = 0

This equation being fourth degree in t, Let the roots be or 3 x 2 + 10 xy + 8 y 2 + 14 x + 22 y + 23 = 0

t1 , t2 , t3 , t4 then t1t 2 t3t4 = 1 ∴ µ = 14 and v = 23
∴ 16 t1t2t3t4 = 16 ×1 = 16 ∴ µ + v = 14 + 23 = 27

***

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Vector Algebra 513

22 Vector Algebra



 


  



QUICK LOOK If AB = a , BC then a + b is the vector represented by AC.










Physical quantities are divided into two categories– scalar ∴ AB + BC = AC
quantities and vector quantities. Those quantities which have
If A, B, C, D and E are in order then
only magnitude and which are not related to any fixed direction















AB + BC + CD + DE = AE
in space are called scalar quantities, or briefly scalars.
















AB + AC = AB = AD = 2 AE
Examples of scalars are mass, volume, density, work,
temperature etc. where ABDC is a parallelogram, E being the point of
A scalar quantity is represented by a real number along with a intersection of the diagonals.
  
suitable unit. Second kind of quantities are those which have
a+0 = a
both magnitude and direction. Such quantities are called     

−a is the negative of the vector a such that a + ( − a ) = 0.
vectors. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum,
weight, force etc. are examples of vector quantities. Resultant of Two Forces
  

R = P + Q | R |= R = P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos θ
Vectors and Their Representation

Vector quantities are specified by definite magnitude and

 Q sin θ
where | P | = P, | Q |= Q , tan α =
definite direction. P + Q cos θ

Vector quantities are represented by directed line segments. →



 Q
Vector AB,. i.e., AB is a vector whose magnitude is →
represented by the length AB and its direction is represented R

by the direction from A to B along the line segment. θ

α θ
→



 P
AB
Figure: 22.4
Figure: 22.1










The magnitude of the vector AB is written as | AB | or simply Deduction: When | P |=| Q |,
AB. P sin θ sin θ θ
  i.e., P = Q, tan α = = = tan ;

Unit vector a is a vector whose magnitude | a |= 1. Zero P + P cos θ 1 + cos θ 2
 θ
vector is a vector of 0 magnitude. The direction of 0 (zero ∴ α=
vector) is indeterminate. 2






 Hence, the angular bisector of two unit vectors a and b is along

If AB = CD and AB || CD then AB = CD.






 the vector sum a + b.

AB = CD ⇒ AB = CD and AB || CD
A B Note

The internal bisector of the angle between any two vectors
C D
Figure :22.2
is along the vector sum of the corresponding unit vectors.
Addition of Vectors
The external bisector of the angle between two vectors is
C along the vector difference of the corresponding unit
vectors.
  B(b)
a +b 
µ(aˆ − bˆ ) µ (aˆ + bˆ )
b

External Internal
A  B bisector bisector
a
A
Figure: 22.3 O (a)

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514 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Scalar Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar Vectors
C D Z
P (x,y,z)
k̂

E r

O N iˆ
A B Y
Figure :22.5 x
iˆ M y Q
 X

If k is a scalar then ka is a vector having the same (or
 Figure: 22.8
opposite) direction as that of a whose magnitude is |k| times      
 i , j , k i , j and k are three unit vectors along X, Y and Z axes
that of a.
    
∴ ka || a and | ka |=| ka |=| k || a | respectively where each pair of axes are mutually
    perpendicular.

k ( a + b ) = ka + kb   
   ∴ | i | = 1 = | j | =| k |

p (qa ) = ( pq )a = q( pa )

 a

Unit vector along a = aˆ =  Let P be a point whose coordinates are (x, y, z).
|a| 
The position vector of P is r where
















   
Position Vector of a Point r = OQ + QP = (OM + ON ) + QP = xi + yj + zk = ( x, y, z )

If O is the origin and P is any point then the position vector 



 | r |=| OP |= OQ 2 + QP 2 = (QN 2 + ON 2 ) + QP 2
of P = OP.

If the position vectors of points A and B are a and
 = x2 + y2 + z 2

b respectively then the position vector of the point P cos ∠POZ = cos(90° − ∠POQ )
  z z
mb + na = sin ∠POQ = = 
dividing AB in the ratio m : n is . OP | r |
m+n
P x y
Similarly, cos ∠POX =  , cos ∠POY = 
m P n |r | |r |
 
A(a ) B (b ) 
The direction of r is given by the direction cosines
O (origin)
x y z
Figure: 22.6 Figure :22.7  ,  , 
|r | |r | |r |
    

Relation between two Collinear Vectors: If a and b are two
The position vector of the point (x, y, z) is r = xi + yj + zk .
   
collinear (or parallel) vectors then there exists a scalar ë such
Any vector a in space can be written linearly in i , j , k i.e.,
  
that b = λ a.   
a = λ i + µj + vk
   
Relation between Three Coplanar Vectors
If r = xi + yj + zk is equally inclined with axes then
  

If a , b and r are three vectors in a plane then there exists x y z
  =  =  i.e., x = y = z.
  |r | |r | |r |
two unique scalars x, y such that r = xa + yb
     

If r = x1a + y1b as well as r = x2 a + y2b then x1 = x2 , y1 = y2 .   
Addition of Vectors Expressed in Terms of i , j , k
Relation between four Vectors in Space        
If a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k then
   

If a , b , c and r are four vectors in space (of which no three    
a + b = (a1 + b1 )iˆ + (a2 + b2 ) j + (a3 + b3 )k
are coplanar) then there exists three unique scalars x, y, z    
    a − b = (a1 − b1 )iˆ + (a2 − b2 ) j + (a3 − b3 )k
such that r = xa + yb + zc
       

If r = x1a + y1b + z1c as well as r = x2 a + y2b + z2 c then Condition of Collinearity of Three Points: The points A,B







x1 = x2 , y1 = y2 , z1 = z2 . and C are collinear if AB = λ AC

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Vector Algebra
  
515
Condition of Coplanarity of four Points of Three Vectors: Let A(a ) be the vertex of the angle BAC where b and c are
The points A,B,C and D are coplanar if the three









 vectors along AB and AC respectively. The equations of the
vectors AB, AC and AD are coplanar,i i.e, if two scalars x, y can  
   b c 









 bisectors of ∠BAC are r = a + t   ±  
be found such that AB = x AC + y AD
|b | | c |
where t is a scalar parameter.
Position Vector of a point of Section
 

If A( a ), B (b ) be two points then the position vector of the
Shortest Distance between two Non-Coplalar Lines
 
a +b A L B
middle point P of AB is .
2
  

If A( a ), B (b ) and C (c ) be the vertices of a triangle ABC then
   C
a +b +c M
D
the position vector of the centroid G is .
3 Figure :22.10

Vector Conditions for Geometrical Results
If two lines AB, CD do not intersect, there is always a line

Line segments AB and CD are equal ⇔ | AB |=| CD | cutting both the lines perpendicularly. The intercept on this








Lines AB and CD are parallel ⇔ AB = kCD line made by AB and CD is called the shortest distance






  between the lines AB and CD. In the figure, the shortest
or AB × CD = 0.






 distance = LM where ∠ALM = ∠CML = 90°

Lines AB and CD are perpendicular ⇔ AB ⋅ CD = 0







In the above figure, shortest distance LM

A, B, C will be collinear ⇔ AB = k AC





















 ML

A, B, C, D will be coplanar ⇔ AB = λ AC + µ AD or = | projection of AC along ML | = AC ·


 .









 | ML |
[ AB AC AD ] = 0

A vector perpendicular to the plane passing through the Equation of a Plane







points A, B and C is AB × AC.
The equation of the plane passing through the points
      
A( a ), B(b ) and C (c ) is (a) r = xa + yb + (1 − x − y ) c where
Equation of Straight Lines 
r is the position vector of any point on the plane and x, y

The equation of the straight line passing through the
     
    
point (a ) and parallel to the vector (b ) is r = a + tb are parameters. (b) [r − a r − b r − c ] = 0
    
where t is an arbitrary scalar and r is the position vector of
Four point whose position vectors are a , b , c and d will be
   
any point on the line. coplanar if xa + yb + zc + wd = 0 where x + y + z + w = 0.

The equation of the straight line passing through the point 
    
The equation of the plane passing through A( a ) and
(a ) and (b ) is r = (1 − t ) a + tb where t is an arbitrary scalar.    
   perpendicular to the vector p is (r − a )· p = 0

Three points whose position vectors are a , b , c are collinear
  
if λ a + µb + ν c = 0 where λ + µ +ν = 0 Vector Equation of a Sphere
D
Equations of Bisectors of the Angle between two Lines
C


c C
A E

A  B B
b
Figure :22.11
Figure :22.9

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516 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
The vector equation of a sphere whose centre has the position When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis ON with an
    
vector a and radius is ρ , is | r − a | = ρ , r being the position angular velocity ω then the velocity ω then the velocity v of a
  
vectors for any point on the sphere. particle P is given by v = w × r



 
where r = OP and w = w (unit vector along ON).
Volume of a Tetrahedron
B Product of Two Vectors

r
Scalar product of two vectors
 
A

The scalar product (or dot product) a ·b of two vectors
      
F a and b is a scalar quantity such that a ·b =| a || b |cos θ
Figure :22.12     
where θ is the angle between a and b . a ⊥ b ⇔ a ·b = 0


The volume of a tetrahedron

The angle θ between two units vectors aˆ, bˆ is given by
1
= (area of the base) (corresponding altitute) cos θ = aˆ ⋅ bˆ.
3 
  a  
1 1









The projection of b̂ on the vector a = b ·  , i.e., b ·a
= · | AB × AC || ED | |a|
3 2            

i ·i = 1 = j · j = k ·k and i · j = 0 = j ·k = k ·i .
1


















= | AB × AC || ED |cos 00 for AB × AC || ED    
6
a ⋅b = b ⋅a
      
1








 1









a ·( b + c ) = a ·b + a ·c
= ( AB × AC )· ED = [ AB AC ED ]     
6 6   

If a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k then
1












 1








  
= [ AB AC EA + AD = [ AB AC AD ] a ·b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
6 6
        



















( a + b ) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2 a ·b where a ·a = a 2 , etc
AB, AC , EA are coplanar and so [ AB AC EA] = 0.

Work Done by a Force Vector: The work done by the force Vector Product of two Vectors
  
F in shifting a particles from the point A to the point B
The vector product (or cross product) a × b of two vectors



         
= AB · F = r · F a and b is a vector quantity such that a × b =| a | | b | sin θ nˆ
 
where θ = angle between a , b and n̂ is a unit vector
Vector Moment (Torque) of a Force Vector About a Point    
A perpendicular to the plane a and b such that a , b , nˆ from a

r right-handed triad.
   

a || b ⇔ a × b = 0

P F      

a × b ⊥ a and a × b ⊥ b
Figure :22.13
   
If the force F acts at the point P then the vector moment of F   a ×b

Unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is   .



  
about the point A = AP × F = r × F
 | a ×b |
 

The angle θ between a , b is given by sin θ =| aˆ × bˆ | .
Rotation About an Axis 

The vector area ∆ of the triangle whose two sides represent
N
   1   1  
ω vectors a and b = (a × b ) and area (scalar) | a × b | .
2 2
P The vector area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent
   
sides represent vectors a and b = a × b are area (scalar)

r  
| a ×b |.
O                

i ×i = 0 = j × j = k ×k i × j = k, j ×k = i ,k ×i = j
Figure: 22.14

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Vector Algebra 517
   

a × b = −b × a. a1 a2 a3

               then [a b c ] = b1 b2 b3
i × k = − k × i = − j , k × j = − j × k = −i , j × i = −i × j = −k
       c1 c2 c3
a × (b + c ) = a × b + a × c .
          

If a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k then Condition for Coplanarity of Three Vectors: a , b and c are
     
i j k coplanar ⇔ [a , b c ] = 0
 
a × b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3 Vector Triple Product
  

The vector product of a × b and c is a vector triple product
Product of Three or More Vectors         
of the three vectors a , b and c . ( a × b ) × c , a × (b × c ) are
Scalar triple product
vector triple products.
c         

a × (b × c ) = ( a ·c )b − ( a ·b )c . This is a vector in the plane of
 
b and c .
        

(a × b ) × c = (a ·c )b − (b ·c )a. This is a vector in the plane of
 
a and b
a

Scalar Product of Four Vectors

   
b

( a × b )·( c × d ) is a scalar product of four vectors. It is a dot
   
Figure: 22.15 product of the vectors a × b and c × d .
   
   It is scalar triple product of the vectors a , b and c × d as

The dot product of the vectors a × b with the vectors c is a    
   well as a scalar triple product of the vectors a × b , c and d .
scalar triple product of the three vectors a , b , c and it is    
       a ·c a ·d
written as (a × b ). c . It is a scalar quantity. The magnitude of
(a × b )·(c × d ) =    
b ·c b ·d
  
(a × b ). c is equal to the volume V of a parallelopiped whose
   Vector Product of Four Vectors
three concurrent edges are represented by a, b and c as
   
shown in the figure.
( a × b ) × (c × d ) is a vector product of four vectors.
   
∴ Volume of the parallelepiped whose three concurrent edges If is the cross product of the vectors a × b and c × d .
             
are a , b , c = (a × b ) ⋅ c
a × { b × (c × d )},{(a × b ) × c}× d are also different vectors
         

(a × b )·c = a ·(b × c ) i.e., dot and cross can be interchanged products of four vectors a , b , c and d .
in a scalar triple product and each scalar triple product is

written as [ a b c ]. To Express a Vector in Terms of Noncoplanar Vectors
        

[ a b c ] = [b c a ] = [ c a b ]
If a , b are two known noncollinear vectors then a , b , a × b
    

[ a b c ] = −[b a c ] = −[ a c b ] = −[ c b a ] are three noncoplanar vectors. So, any vector x can be
    
   written as x = λ a + µb + ν a × b where λ , µ ,ν are unknown

[ a b c ] = 0 if a = b
  scalars.
or b = c
 
If are three known noncoplalar vectors then any vectors can
or c = a
be written as where λ , µ ,ν are unknown scalars.
   
or at least one vector = 0 or a , b and c are coplanar
 Note:

[i j k ] = 1 
          The above two ways of expressing x is useful in solving vector


If a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k , b = b1iˆ + b2 j + b3 k , c = c1i + c2 j + c3 k equations.

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518 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS a. Are collinear
Rectangular Resolution of a Vector in Two and Three b. Form an equilateral triangle
Dimensional Systems c. Form a scalene triangle
d. Form a right angled triangle
1. If a is a non-zero vector of modulus a and m is a non-
zero scalar, then m a is a unit vector if : Linear Independence and Dependence of Vectors
a. m = ±1 b. m =| a |
8. Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors such that no two
1
c. m = d. m = ± 2 of these are collinear. If the vector a + 2b is collinear with
|a|
c and b + 3c is collinear with a ( λ being some non-zero
2. For a non-zero vector a, the set of real numbers, satisfying scalar) then a + 2b + 6c equals:
| (5 − x) a | < | 2a | consists of all x such that: a. 0 b. λ b
a. 0 < x < 3 b. 3 < x < 7 c. λ c d. λ a
c. −7 < x < −3 d. −7 < x < 3
9. If the vectors 4i + 11j + mk , 7i + 2 j + 6k and i + 5 j + 4k are
Properties of Vectors coplanar, then m is:









 a. 38 b. 0
3. If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, then AD + EB + FC = ?









 c. 10 d. – 10
a. O b. 2 AB c. 3 AB d. 4 AB
10. The perimeter of the triangle whose vertices have the
4. The unit vector parallel to the resultant vector position vectors (i + j + k ), (5i + 3j − 3k ) and (2i + 5 j + 9k ),
of 2i + 4j −5k and i + 2 j + 3k is: is given by:
1 i + j+ k a. 15 + 157 b. 15 − 157
a. (3 i + 6 j − 2 k) b.
7 3
c. 15 − 157 d. 15 + 157
i + j + 2k 1
c. d. (−i − j + 8k) 11. The magnitudes of mutually perpendicular forces a, b and
6 69
c are 2, 10 and 11 respectively. Then the magnitude of its
5. The vector c, directed along the internal bisector of the resultant is:
angle between the vectors a =7i − 4 j− 4k and b =−2i − j +2k a. 12 b. 15
with | c |= 5 6, is: c. 9 d. None

5 5 12. The position vectors of P and Q are 5i + 4 j + ak and

a. (i − 7 j + 2k ) b. (5i + 5 j + 2k )
3 3 −i + 2 j − 2k respectively. If the distance between them is
5 5 7, then the value of a will be:
c. (i + 7 j + 2k ) d. (−5i + 5 j + 2k )
3 3 a. – 5, 1 b. 5, 1
c. 0, 5 d. 1, 0
Position Vector
13. If a, b, c, d be the position vectors of the points A, B, C
6. If position vector of a point A is a + 2b and a divides AB
and D respectively referred to same origin O such that no
in the ratio 2 : 3, then the position vector of B is:
three of these points are collinear and a + c = b + d, then
a. 2a − b b. b − 2a
quadrilateral ABCD is a:
c. a − 3b d. b
a. Square b. Rhombus
7. Let α , β , γ be distinct real numbers. The points with c. Rectangle d. Parallelogram
position vectors α i + β j + γ k , β i + γ j + α k , γ i + α j + β k ?



A (αi + βj + γk)
14. If OP = 8 and OP makes angles 45° and 60° with OX-




axis and OY-axis respectively, then OP = ?
a. 8( 2i + j ± k ) b. 4( 2i + j ± k )
1 1
B
(β i + γ j + αk )
C c. ( 2i + j ± k ) d. ( 2i + j ± k )
(γi + αj + βk) 4 8

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Vector Algebra 519
15. The position vectors of A and B are 2i − 9 j − 4k and 23. In cartesian co-ordinates the point A is ( x1 , y1 ) where




6i − 3 j + 8k respectively, then the magnitude of AB is: x1 = 1 on the curve y = x 2 + x + 10. The tangent at A cuts







a. 11 b. 12 the x-axis at B. The value of the dot product OA. AB is:
c. 13 d. 14 520
a. − b. −148 c. 140 d. 12
16. ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at A. Forces of 3










magnitude 2 2, 5 and 6 act along BC , CA and AB 24. The projection of a = 2i + 3 j − 2k on b = i + 2 j + 3k is:
respectively. The magnitude of their resultant force is: 1 2 −2
a. b. c. 14 d.
a. 4 b. 5 14 14 14
c. 11 + 2 2 d. 30 25. Let u , v , w be such that | u | = 1,| v | = 2,| w | = 3. If the
17. What should be added in vector a = 3i + 4 j − 2k to get its projection v along u is equal to that of w along u and
resultant a unit vector i ? v , w are perpendicular to each other then | u − v + w |

a. − 2i − 4 j + 2k b. −2i + 4 j − 2k equals:

c. 2i + 4 j − 2k d. None of these a. 14 b. 7 c. 14 d. 2




 26. A particle is acted upon by constant forces 4i + j − 3k and

18. In a trapezium, the vector BC = λ AD. We will then find












 3i + j − k which displace it from a point i + 2 j + 3k to the
that p = AC + BD is collinear with AD , If p = µ AD , then:
point 5i + 4 j + k. The work done in standard units by the
a. µ = λ + 1 b. λ = µ + 1
force is given by:
c. λ + µ = 1 d. µ = 2 + λ a. 15 b. 30 c. 25 d. 40

19. If ABCD is a parallelogram and the position vectors of A, 27. A groove is in the form of a broken line ABC and the
B, C are i + 3 j + 5k , i + j + k and 7i + 7 j + 7k , then the position vectors of the three points are respectively
2i − 3 j + 2k , 3i + 2 j − k and i + j + k. A force of magnitude
position vector of D will be:
a. 7i + 5 j + 3k b. 7i + 9 j + 11k 24 3 acts on a particle of unit mass kept at the point A
and moves it along the groove to the point C. If the line of
c. 9i + 11j + 13k d. 8i + 8 j + 8k
action of the force is parallel to the vector i + 2 j + k all
along, the number of units of work done by the force is:
Product of Two Vectors
a. 144 2 b. 144 3
20. (a . i ) i + (a . j) j + (a .k ) k = ? c. 72 2 d. 72 3
a. a b. 2a 28. If a, b,c are non-zero vectors such that a .b = a .c, then
c. 3a d. 0 which statement is true:
21. If | a |= 3,| b |= 4 then a value of λ for which a + λb is a. b = c b. a ⊥ (b − c)

perpendicular to a − λb is: c. b = c or a ⊥ (b − c) d. None of these

a. 9/16 b. 3/4 29. If a, b, c are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then
c. 3/2 d. 4/3 |a+b+c| =?
a. 3 b. 3 c. 1 d. 0
22. The vectors a = 2λ 2 i + 4λ j + k and b = 7i − 2 j + λk make
30. If θ be the angle between the unit vectors a and b, then
an obtuse angle whereas the angle between b and k is
θ
acute and less than π / 6, then domain of λ is: cos =?
2
1 1 1
a. 0 < λ < b. λ > 159 a. | a − b | b. |a+b|
2 2 2
1
c. − < λ < 0 d. Null set |a−b| |a+b|
c. d.
2 |a+b| |a−b|

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520 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
31. If the vector i + j + k makes angles α , β , γ with vectors 39. The vectors c , a = xi + yj + zk and b = j are such that a, c,
i, j, k respectively, then: b form a right handed system, then c is:
a. α = β ≠ γ b. α = γ ≠ β a. zi − xk b. 0 c. yj d. − z i + x k
c. β = γ ≠ α d. α = β = γ 40. The area of a triangle whose vertices are A(1, − 1, 2),
32. If a unit vector lies in yz–plane and makes angles of 30° B (2,1, − 1) and C (3, − 1, 2) is:
and 60° with the positive y-axis and z-axis respectively,
a. 13 b. 13 c. 6 d. 6
then its components along the co-ordinate axes will be:
41. If a = i + j + k , b = i + 3 j + 5k and c = 7i + 9 j + 11k , then the
3 1 3 1
a. , ,0 b. 0, , area of the parallelogram having diagonals a + b and
2 2 2 2
b + c is:
3 1 1 3
c. , 0, d. 0, ,
2 2 2 2 1 6
a. 4 6 b. 21 c. d. 6
2 2
33. A vector whose modulus is 51 and makes the same angle
i − 2 j + 2k − 4i − 3k 42. If a and b are unit vectors such that a × b is also a unit
with a = ,b= and c = j, will be: vector, then the angle between a and b is:
3 5
a. 5i + 5 j + k b. 5i + j − 5k π π
a. 0 b. c. d. π
3 2
c. 5i + j + 5k d. ± (5i − j − 5k )
43. If a + b + c = 0 , then which relation is correct:
1 a. a = b = c = 0 b. a . b = b . c = c . a
34. If d = λ (a × b) + µ (b × c) + ν (c × a) and [abc] = , then
8
c. a × b = b × c = c × a d. None of these
λ + µ + ν is equal to:
44. (2a + 3 b) × (5 a + 7 b) = ?
a. 8d .(a + b + c) b. 8d × (a + b + c)
a. a × b b. b × a
d d
c. .(a + b + c) d. × (a + b + c) c. a + b d. 7 a + 10 b
8 8
45. | (a × b ) . c | =| a | | b | | c |, if :
35. If | a | = 3, | b | = 1,| c | = 4 and a + b + c = 0, then
a. a . b = b . c = 0 b. b . c = c . a = 0
a .b + b .c + c .a = ?
c. c . a = a . b = 0 d. a . b = b . c = c . a = 0
a. – 13 b. – 10
c. 13 d. 10 46. If a × b = b × c ≠ 0, where a, b and c are coplanar vectors,
36. If a is any vector in space, then: then for some scalar k:
a. a = (a . i ) i + (a . j) j + (a . k ) k a. a + c = k b b. a + b = k c

b. a = (a × i ) + (a × j) + (a × k ) c. b + c = k a d. None of these

c. a = j (a . i ) + k (a . j) + i (a . k )
Moment of a Force and Couple
d. a = (a × i ) × i + (a × j) × j + (a × k ) × k
47. Three forces i + 2 j − 3k , 2i + 3 j + 4k and i − j + k are
37. If a = (1, − 1, 2), b = (−2,3,5), c = (2, − 2, 4) and i is the unit acting on a particle at the point (0, 1, 2). The magnitude of
vector in the x-direction, then (a − 2 b + 3 c ). i = ? the moment of the forces about the point (1, – 2, 0) is:
a. 11 b. 15 a. 2 35 b. 6 10
c. 18 d. 36
c. 4 17 d. None of these
Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors 48. The moment of the couple formed by the forces 5i + k and
38. The sine of the angle between the vectors −5i − k acting at the points (9, − 1, 2) and (3, − 2,1)
a = 3 i + j + k , b = 2i − 2 j + k is: respectively is:
74 25 37 5 a. −i + j + 5k b. i − j − 5k
a. b. c. d.
99 99 99 41 c. 2 i − 2 j − 10 k d. −2i + 2 j + 10k

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Vector Algebra 521
Scalar Triple Product Scalar and Vector product of Four Vectors
49. If u, v and w are three non-coplanar vectors, then 57. a × [a × (a × b)] is equal to:
(u + v − w ).[(u − v) × ( v − w )] equals: a. (a × a).(b × a) b. a .(b × a) − b .(a × b)
a. 0 b. u .( v × w ) c. [a .(a × b)] a d. (a . a) (b × a)
c. u .(w × v ) d. 3u .( v × w )
58. [b × c c × a a × b] is equal to:
50. If a,b,c are non-coplanar vectors and λ is a real number, a. a × (b × c) b. 2[a b c]
then the vectors a + 2b + 3c, λ b + 4c and (2λ − 1)c are non- c. [a b c ] 2
d. [a b c ]
coplanar for:
a. No value of λ b. All except one value of λ 59. Let the vectors a, b, c and d be such that
c. All except two values of λ d. All values of λ (a × b) × (c × d) = 0. Let P1 and P2 be planes determined by
pair of vectors a, b and c, d respectively. Then the angle
51. x, y, z are distinct scalars such that [ xa + yb + zc,
between P1 and P2 is:
xb + yc + za, xc + ya + zb] = 0 where a,b, c are non-
coplanar vectors then: π
a. 0° b.
a. x + y + z = 0 b. x + y + z = 0 4
π π
c. x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 c. d.
3 2
52. If a, b, c are three non-coplanar vector, then
a . b × c b .a × c Vector Equations
+ =?
c × a .b c .a × b
60. If a = i + j + k , a.b = 1 and a × b = j − k, then b = ?
a. 0 b. 2
a. i b. i − j + k c. 2 j − k d. 2i
c. – 2 d. None of these
53. If the vectors 2 i − 3 j, i + j − k and 3 i − k form three 61. Let p,q,r be three mutually perpendicular vectors of the

concurrent edges of a parallelopiped, then the volume of same magnitude. If a vector x satisfies equation
the parallelopiped is: p × | (x − q) × p | +q× | (x − r ) × q | + r × | (x − p) × r | = 0, then
a. 8 b. 10 x is given by:
c. 4 d. 14 1 1
a. (p + q − 2r ) b. (p + q + r )
54. If the vectors 2 i − j + k , i + 2 j − 3 k and 3i + λj + 5 k be 2 2
1 1
coplanar, then λ = ? c. (p + q + r ) d. (2p + q − r )
3 3
a. – 1 b. – 2
62. Let the unit vectors a and b be perpendicular and the unit
c. – 3 d. – 4
vector c be inclined at an angle θ to both a and b. If
55. If a = 2 i + j − k, b = i + 2 j + k and c = i − j + 2k, then c = α a + β b + γ (a × b), then:
a . (b × c ) = ? a. α = β = cos θ , γ 2 = cos 2θ
a. 6 b. 10
b. α = β = cos θ , γ 2 = − cos 2θ
c. 12 d. 24
c. α = cos θ , β = sin θ , γ 2 = cos 2θ
Vector Triple Product d. None of these
56. Let a, b and c be non-zero vectors such that 63. The locus of a point equidistant from two given points
1 whose position vectors are a and b is equal to:
(a × b) × c = | b || c | a. If θ is the acute angle between the
3  1   1 
a. r − (a + b)  .(a + b) = 0 b. r − (a + b)  .(a − b) = 0
vectors b and c , then sin θ equals:  2   2 
2 2 2  1 
a. b. c.
2
d.
1 c. r − (a + b)  . a = 0 d. [r − (a + b)]. b = 0
3 3 3 3  2 

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522 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS 71. The vectors 2iˆ − λ ˆj + 3λ kˆ and (1 + λ )iˆ − 2λ ˆj + kˆ include
More than One Answer an acute angle for:

 
64. Let a = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ, b = iˆ + 2 j − kˆ and c = iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ be three a. all values of m b. λ < −2
  1
vectors. A vector in the plane of b and c whose projection c. λ > − d. λ ∈ [ −2, − 1/ 2]
 2
on a is of magnitude 2 / 3, is:

a. 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 3kˆ b. 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ 72. Let a = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ, b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ and c = iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ be three
 
c. −2iˆ − ˆj + 5kˆ d. 2iˆ + ˆj + 5kˆ vectors. A vector in the plane of b and c whose projection

at a is of magnitude (2 / 3) ?
65. Which of the following expressions are meaningful
a. 2i + 3 j − 3k b. 2i + 3 j + 3k
question?
  
a. u ⋅ (v × w)
  
b. (u ⋅ v ) ⋅ w c. −2i − j + 5k d. 2i + j + 5k
     
c. (u ⋅ v ) w d. u × (v ⋅ w) 73. The vector (x, x +1, x + 2),(x + 3, x + 4, x + 5) and (x + 6, x + 7, x +8)
  are coplanar for:
66. Let a and b be two non-collinear unit vectors. If
         a. all values of x b. x < 0
u = a − (a ⋅ b )b and v = a × b , then | v | is:
    c. x > 0 d. None of these
a. | u | b. | u | + | u ⋅ a |
      
c. | u | + | u ⋅ b | d. | u | +u ⋅ (a + b ) Assertion and Reason
 Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
67. Let A be vector parallel to line of intersection of planes
the correct option out of the options given below:
P1 and P2 through origin. P1 is parallel to the vectors
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
2 ˆj + 3kˆ and 4 ˆj − 3kˆ and P2 is parallel to ĵ − kˆ and correct explanation of the assertion.

3iˆ + 3 ˆj , then the angle between vector A and 2iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ is: b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of the assertion.
π π
a. b. c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
2 4
d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
π 3π
c. d. e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
6 4
 
74. Assertion: If vectors a and c are non-collinear then the
68. The vector(s) which is/are coplanar with vectors          
lines r = 6a − c + λ (2c − a); r = a − c + µ (a + c ) are coplanar
iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ and iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ, are perpendicular to the vector
Reason: There exist λ and µ such that the two values of
iˆ + ˆj + kˆ is/are: 
r become same
a. ĵ − kˆ b. −iˆ + ˆj   
75. Given that a, b , c are the position vectors of the vertices of
c. iˆ − ˆj d. − ĵ + kˆ ∆ABC
      1      

69. If a , b , c | a | = 4, | b | = 2 and the angle between a and b is Assertion: The area of ∆ABC is [a × b + b × c + c × a ]
2
π   Reason: Cross product is distributive over addition of
then (a × b ) is:
6 vectors

a. 48 b. (a ) 2 c. 16 d. 32 76. Let A, B, C be three point with position vectors
  iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ, 2iˆ + 3kˆ,3iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
70. If the unit vectors a and b are inclined at an angle 2θ







such that a − b < and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , then θ lies in the interval: Assertion: The angle between AB and AC is acute







Reason: If θ is the angel between AB and AC then
 π  5π  π π   π 5π 
a.  0,  b.  , π  c.  ,  d.  ,
 2 6 
17
 6  6  6 2 cos θ =
21 22

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Vector Algebra 523
         84. The volume of the parallelopiped whose adjacent edges
77. Assertion: (( a × b ) × (a × c )) ⋅ d = b ⋅ d [abc ]
  
      are represented by the vectors a , b and c is:
Reason: (a × b ) ⋅ c = a ⋅ (b × c )
a. 24 2 b. 24 3
      1  
78. If a, b , c be three unit vectors such that a × (b × c ) = b , b , c c. 32 2 d. 32 3
2
being non-parallel 85. The height of the parallelopiped whose adjacent edges are
  
π represented by the vectors a , b and c is:
Assertion: The angle betweens
2
2 2 2 2
  π a. 4 b. 3 c. 4 d. 3
Reason: The angle between a and c is 3 3 3 3
3
86. The volume of the tetrahedron whose adjacent edges are
  3       1   
79. If a ⋅ c = , b ⋅ d = 2, a ⋅ d = 3 and b ⋅ c = represented by the vectors a , b and c is:
2 2
    4 3 8 2 16 16 2
Assertion: a × b , c , d are non coplanar a. b. c. d.
            2 3 3 3
Reason: (a × b ) ⋅ (c × d ) = (b ⋅ c )(a ⋅ d ) − (a ⋅ c )(b ⋅ d )
87. The height of the tetrahedron whose adjacent edges are
      
80. Suppose that a , b , c are non-coplanar such [a b c ] = 8 represented by the vectors a , b and c is:
     
Assertion: a × b , b × c , c × a are coplanar 2 2 2 2
a. 2 b. 4 c. 3 d.
     3 3 3 3
Reason: [a × b b × c c × a ] = 64

    88. The volume of the triangular prism whose adjacent edges

81. Let a + b = 2 a − b = 1   
are represented by the vectors a , b and c is:
 
Assertion: The angle between a and b is acute a. 12 2 b. 12 3
   2  2
Reason: 4a ⋅ b = a + b − a − b c. 16 2 d. 16 3

82. Assertion: Unit vectors perpendicular to iˆ − ˆj + kˆ, iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ Paragraph –II

1 ˆ   
are ± (i − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) If a , b and c be any three non-coplanar. Then the system
4         
 a′, b′ and c′ which satisfies a ⋅ a′ = b ⋅ b′ = c ⋅ c′ = 1

Reason: Unit vectors perpendicular to a and b are            
  and a ⋅ b′ = a ⋅ c′ = b ⋅ a′ = b′ ⋅ c′ = c ⋅ a′ = c ⋅ b′ = 0
a ×b  
±   . Is called the reciprocal system to the vectors a , b and c

| a ×b |
  
   89. The value of [a ' b ' c '] is:
83. If a , b , c are non-coplanar vectors then
   
     
Assertion: a + b , b + c , c + a are non coplanar a. < [abc ] b. = [abc ]
 
       
Reason: [a + b b + c c + a ] = [ a b c ] c. > [abc ] d. 0

     
90. The value of (a × a′) + (b × b′) + (c × c′) is:
Comprehension Based      
a. a + b + c b. a′ + b′ + c′
Paragraph-I
c. ≠ 0 d. = 0
     
Let a , b , c be three vectors such that | a | = | b | = | c |= 4 and      
 π 91. If value of (a′ × b′) + (b′ × c′) + (c′ × a′) is:
   π
angle between a and b is , angle between b and c is and a. 0 b. 1
3 3
     
  π (a + b + c ) (a′ + b′ + c′)
angle between c and a is . c.  d.   
3 [a b c ] [a′ b′ c′]

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524
  
Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
92. If the system of vectors e1, e 2 , e3 is reciprocal to the system a. A→1,3,4,5; B→1,3,5; C→1,2,3,5
            b. A→1,2,3; B→1,2,3,4,5; C→1,2,3,4,5
e1 , e2 , e3 , then the value of ( a ⋅ e 1 )e1 + ( a ⋅ e 2 )e2 + ( a ⋅ e 3 )e3
c. A→1,2,3,4; B→1,2,3; C→1,2,3,4,5
is:
d. A→1,4,5; B→2,3,4,5; C→1,3
a. 0 b. 1
c. a
 
d. 3a 95. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
Column I Column II
                1. a , b , c are coplanar
93. The value of [a b c ]{(a′ ⋅ a′)a + (a′ ⋅ b′)b + (a′ ⋅ c′)c} is: (A) If a + b, b + c and c + a
 
a. 0 b. a × b are coplanar, then
            
c. b × c d. [a b c ]−2 (B) If a × b , b × c and c × a 2. a + b + c = 0
are coplanar, then
Match the Column         
(C) If 2a + b + c , 2b + c 3. [a + b b + c c + a ] = 0
94. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:   
and a + b + 2c are
Column I Column II
coplanar, then
(A) If V1 ,V2 ,V3 are the volumes 1. 2V1 + 3 V3 = 5 V2      
4. a × b + b × c + c × a = 0
of parallelopiped,   
triangular prism and 5. [a , b , c ] = 0
tetrahedron respectively. a. A→1,3,4,5; B→1,2,3,4; C→1,2,3,4,5
The three conterminous b. A→1,2,3,4,5; B→1,2,3,4,5; C→1,2,3,4,5
edges of all three figures c. A→1,2,3,4,5; B→1,2,3; C→1,2,3,4,5
d. A→1,2,3,4; B→2,3,4,5; C→3,4,5
are the vectors iˆ − ˆj − 6kˆ,
iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ and 2iˆ − 5 ˆj + 3kˆ, Integer
then 96. A, B, C, D are any four points in the space. If
(B) If V1 ,V2 ,V3 are the volumes 2. V1 + V3 + V3 = 60


















| AB × CD + BC × AD + CA × BD | = λ (area of ∆ABC ) then
of parallelopiped,
the value of 125λ must be
triangular prism and
tetrahedron respectively. 97. ‘P’ is any arbitrary point on the circum circle of the
The three conterminous equilateral triangle of side length 26 unit, then the value of










edges of all three figures | PA |2 + | PB |2 + | PC |2 must be
are the vectors        
−2i + 3 j − 3k , 4i + 5 ˆj − 3kˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 98. b and c are non-collinear vectors. a × (b × c ) + (a ⋅ b )b
     
and 6iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ, then = (4 − 2 x − sin y )b + ( x 2 − 1)c and (c ⋅ c )a = c , then the

(C) If V1 ,V2 ,V3 are the volumes 3. V1 + 3V3 = 3V2 value of xsin y + (4sin y)4 x + 15 must be
of parallelopiped, triangular 99. If G1 , G2 , G3 are the centroids of the triangular faces OBC,
prism and tetrahedron
OCA, OAB of a tetrahedron OABC. If λ be the ratio of
respectively. The three
the volume of the tetrahedron to the volume of the
conterminous edges of all
parallelepiped with OG1 , OG2 , OG3 as coterminous edges.
three figures are the
Then the value of 2008 λ must be
vectors −3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ,
4iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ and 2iˆ + 2 ˆj, 100. If the distance of the point B(iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) from the line

then which is passing through A(4iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ) and which is

4. V1 + V2 + V3 = 50 
parallel to the vector c = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ is λ , then the value
5. V1 :V2 : V3 = 6:3:1 of λ 6 + λ 4 + λ 4 + 1 must be

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Vector Algebra 525
ANSWER 4. (a) Resultant vector r = (2i + 4 j − 5k ) + (i + 2 j + 3k )
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. = 3i + 6 j − 2k
c b d a a c b a c a 1
Unit vector parallel to r = r
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. |r|
b a d b d b a a b a
1 1
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. = (3i + 6 j − 2k ) = (3i + 6 j − 2k )
3 + 6 + ( −2)
2 2 2 7
b d b b c d c c a b
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 5. (a) Let a = 7 i − 4 j − 4 k and b = −2i − j + 2k
d b d a a a a a a b
 a b 
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Now required vector c = λ  + 
a c c b d a b b b c
|a| |b|
 7i − 4 j − 4k −2i − j + 2k 
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
= λ + 
a a c d c a d c a a  9 3 
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. λ λ2
( i − 7 j + 2k ) | c | = × 54 = 150
2
b b b a,c a,c a,c b,d a,d b,c a,b
=
9 81
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 5
b,c a,c a,b,c a a c d b c d
⇒ λ = ±15 ⇒ c = ± (i − 7 j + 2 k )
3
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
6. (c) A (a + 2 b )
b a c c a d b c b d
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 2
C
(a )
c c c a b 500 1352 272 4518 1111
3
SOLUTION
O B (x)
Multiple Choice Questions
Let position vector of B is x.
1. (c) As m a is a unit vector, | m a |= 1
The point C (a) divides AB in 2 : 3.
⇒ | m || a | =1
2x + 3(a + 2b )
∴ a=
⇒ | m |=
1 2+3
|a| ⇒ 5a = 2x + 3a + 6b
1 ∴ x = a − 3b
⇒ m=±
|a|
7. (b) AB = (α − β ) 2 + ( β − γ ) 2 + (γ − α ) 2
2. (b) We have, | (5 − x) a | < | 2a |
= BC = CA
⇒ | 5 − x || a | < 2 | a | ⇒ | 5 − x |< 2 ∴ ABC is an equilateral triangle.
⇒ −2 < 5 − x < 2 ⇒ 3 < x < 7.
8. (a) As a + 2b and c are collinear
3. (d)
E D a + 2b = λ c . . . .(i)
Again b + 3c is collinear with a
F C ∴ b + 3c = µ a . . . (ii)
Now, a + 2b + 6c = (a + 2b) + 6c
A






B


 = λ c + 6c = (λ + 6) c . . . (iii)
We have AD + EB + FC





















 Also, a + 2b + 6c = a + 2(b + 3c)
= ( AB + BC + CD) + ( ED + DC + CB) + FC





















 = a + 2 µ a = (2 µ + 1) a . . . (iv)
= AB + ( BC + CB) + (CD + DC ) + ED + FC From (iii) and (iv), (λ + 6) c = (2 µ + 1) a












= AB + O + O + AB + 2 AB But a and c are non-zero , non-collinear vectors,
















= 4AB [ ED = AB, FC = 2 AB] ∴ λ + 6 = 0 = 2µ + 1. Hence, a + 2b + 6c = 0 .

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526




Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
9. (c) As the three vectors are coplanar, one will be a linear 15. (d) AB = (6 − 2)i + (−3 + 9) j + (8 + 4)k = 4i + 6 j + 12k
combination of the other two.



| AB | = 16 + 36 + 144 = 14.
∴ 4i + 11j + mk = x(7i + 2 j + 6k ) + y (i + 5 j + 4k )
⇒ 4 = 7x + y . . . (i) 16. (b) R cosθ = 6cos 0° + 2 2 cos(180° − B) + 5cos 270°
11 = 2 x + 5 y . . . (ii) C
m = 6x + 4 y . . . (iii)
2 2
3 23 5
From (i) and (ii), x = ,y =
11 11
3 23
From (iii), m = 6 × + 4 × = 10. A B
11 11 6

∵ Vectors 4i +11j + mk ,7i + 2 j +6k and i +5j + 4k are coplanar. R cos θ = 6 − 2 2 cos B . . . (i)
4 11 m R sin θ = 6sin 0° + 2 2 sin(180° − B) + 5sin 270°
∴ 7 2 6 =0
R sin θ = 2 2 sin B − 5 . . . (ii)
1 5 4
From (i) and (ii), R = 36 + 8cos B − 24 2 cos B + 8sin 2 B
2 2

⇒ 4(8 − 30) − 11(28 − 6) + m(35 − 2) = 0

+ 25 − 20 2 sin B
⇒ −88 − 11× 22 + 33m = 0
= 61 + 8 (cos 2 B + sin 2 B ) − 24 2 cos B − 20 2 sin B
⇒ −8 − 22 + 3m = 0
∵ ABC is a right angled isosceles triangle
⇒ 3m = 30
i.e., ∠B = ∠ C = 45°
⇒ m = 10.
1 1
∴ R 2 , = 61 + 8(1) − 24 2 ⋅ − 20 2 ⋅ = 25
10. (a) a = 4i + 2 j − 4k 2 2
∴ R = 5.
⇒ | a | = 16 + 16 + 4 = 6
b = −3i + 2 j + 12k 17. (a) Let b should be added, then a + b = i
⇒ b = i − a = i − (3i + 4 j − 2k ) = −2i − 4 j + 2k.
⇒ | b | = 144 + 4 + 9 = 157

























c = −i − 4 j − 8k 18. (a) We have, p = AC + BD = AC + BC + CD = AC + λ AD + CD



















⇒ | c | = 64 + 16 + 1 = 9 = λ AD + ( AC + CD) = λ AD + AD = (λ + 1) AD.




Hence, perimeter is 15 + 157. Therefore, p = µ AD ⇒ µ = λ + 1.







11. (b) R = 4 + 100 + 121 = 15. 19. (b) Let position vector of D is x i + y j + z k, then AB = DC
⇒ −2 j − 4k = (7 − x)i + (7 − y ) j + (7 − z )k
12. (a) 7 = (5 + 1) 2 + (4 − 2)2 + (a + 2) 2
⇒ x = 7, y = 9, z = 11.
⇒ a + 2 = ±3
Hence position vector of D will be 7i + 9 j + 11k.
Or a = −5, 1.
20. (a) Let a = a1i + a2 j + a3k
13. (d) Given a + c = b + d
∴ a . i = (a1i + a2 j + a3k ). i = a1 , a . j = a2 , a . k = a3
1 1
⇒ (a + c) = (b + d) ∴ (a . i) i + (a . j) j + (a .k ) k = a1i + a2 j + a3k = a.
2 2










Here, mid points of AC and BD coincide, where AC and 21. (b) a + λ b is perpendicular to a − λ b




BD are diagonals. In addition, we know that diagonals of ∴ (a + λb).(a − λb) = 0
a parallelogram bisect each other. ⇒ | a |2 − λ ( a . b ) + λ ( b . a ) − λ 2 | b |2 = 0
Hence, quadrilateral is parallelogram.
⇒ | a |2 − λ 2 | b |2 = 0
14. (b) Here is the only vector 4( 2i + j ± k ), whose length is |a| 3
⇒ λ=± =±
8. |b| 4

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Vector Algebra 527
22. (d) As angle between a and b is obtuse, a . b < 0 b
24. (b) Projection of a on b = a .bˆ = a .
⇒ (2λ i + 4λ j + k ).(7 i − 2 j + λ k ) < 0
2 |b|
(2i + 3 j − 2k ).(i + 2 j + 3k ) 2 + 6 − 6 2
⇒ 14λ 2 − 8λ + λ < 0 = = =
| i + 2 j + 3k | 14 14
⇒ λ (2λ − 1) < 0
1 25. (c) Without loss of generality, we can assume v = 2i and
⇒ 0<λ < . . . (i) w = 3j.
2
π Let u = xi + yj + zk , | u | = 1
Angle between b and k is acute and less than .
6 ⇒ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 . . . (i)
b . k = | b |.| k |cosθ Projection of v along u = Projection of w along u
⇒ λ = 53 + λ .1.cosθ2 ⇒ v .u = w .u

 π ⇒ 2i .( xi + yj + 2k ) = 3 j.( xi + yj + zk )
⇒ F = (24 3) θ <
6 ⇒ 2x = 3 y
π
⇒ cos θ > cos ⇒ 3 y − 2x = 0
6
Now, | u − v − w | = | xi + yj + zk − 2i + 3j |
3
⇒ cosθ >
2 = | (x − 2) i + (y + 3) j + z k | = ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 3) 2 + z 2
λ 3 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 2 (3 y − 2 x) + 13 = 1 + 2 × 0 + 13 = 14.
⇒ > =
53 + λ 2 2


⇒ 4λ 2 − 3(53 + λ 2 ) > 0 26. (d) Total force F = (4i + j − 3k ) + (3i + j − k )

⇒ λ 2 > 159 = 7i + 2 j − 4k

⇒ λ < − 159 or λ > 159 . . . (ii) Displacement d = (5i + 4 j + k ) − (i + 2 j + 3k )

From (i) and (ii), λ = φ . = 4i + 2 j − 2k
∴ Domain of λ is null set. Work done = F .d = (7i + 2 j − 4k ).(4i + 2 j − 2k )
23. (b) Given curve is y = x 2 + x + 10 . . . (i) = 28 + 4 + 8 = 40.

when x = 1, y = 12 + 1 + 10 = 12
 i + 2j + k
27. (c) F = (24 3)
∴ A ≡ (1,12) | i + 2j + k |




∴ OA = i + 12 j 24 3
= (i + 2 j + k ) = 12 2(i + 2 j + k )
dy 6
From (i), = 2x + 1
dx Displacement r = position vector of C – Position vector of
A = (i + j + k ) − (2i − 3j + 2k ) = (−i + 4 j − k )
Equation of tangent at A is y − 12 =  
dy
( x − 1)

 dx  (1,12) Work done by the force W = r . F
⇒ y − 12 = (2 ×1 + 1)( x − 1) = (− i + 4 j − k ).12 2 (i + 2 j + k ) = 12 2 ( −1 + 8 − 1) = 72 2.
⇒ y − 12 = 3 x − 3
28. (c) a .b = a .c ⇒ a .b − a .c = 0 ⇒ a .( b − c ) = 0
∴ y = 3( x + 3)
⇒ Either b − c = 0 or a = 0 ⇒ b = c or a ⊥(b − c ).
This tangent cuts x-axis (i.e., y = 0 ) at (−3,0)
∴ B ≡ (−3, 0) 29. (a) Three mutually perpendicular unit vectors = a , b and c.


















 Therefore | a | =| b | =| c | = 1 and a .b = b.c = c .a = 0 .
OB = −3i + 0. j = −3i; OA. AB = OA .(OB − OA)
We know that | a + b + c |2= (a + b +c).(a + b + c) = | a |2 + | b |2
= (i + 12 j).(−3i − i − 12 j)
+ | c |2 +2(a . b + b . c + c . a ) = 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 = 3
= (i + 12 j).(−4i − 12 j)
= −4 − 144 = −148. Or | a + b + c | = 3.

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528 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
30. (b) (a + b ).(a + b ) = | a | + | b | + 2a . b
2 2
34. (a) d . c = λ(a × b ) . c + µ(b × c ) . c + ν (c × a ) .c
θ θ 1 λ
or | a + b |2 = 2.2cos 2 ⇒ cos = |a +b |. = λ [a b c ] + 0 + 0 = λ [a b c ] =
2 2 2 8
Hence λ = 8 (d . c ), µ = 8 (d . a ) and ν = 8 (d . b )
31. (d) Angle between i + j + k and i is equal to
Therefore, λ + µ + ν = 8 d . c + 8 d. a + 8 d . b
 (i + j + k ). i 
−1 −1  1 
cos   ⇒ α = cos   = 8 d . (a + b + c ).
 | i + j + k | | i |   3
 1  35. (a) (a + b + c )2 = 0
Similarly angle between i + j + k and j is β = cos −1  
 3 ⇒ | a | 2 + | b | 2 + | c | 2 +2 a .b + 2 b .c + 2 c .a = 0
 1  ⇒ 9 + 1 + 16 + 2(a .b + b .c + c .a ) = 0
and between i + j + k and k is γ = cos −1  .

 3 26
⇒ a .b + b .c + c .a = − = −13 .
Hence, α = β = γ . 2

36. (a) Let a = a1 i + a 2 j + a3 k, then a .i = a1 , a . j = a 2 , a .k = a 3

32. (b) Let unit vector be yi + zk , then y 2 + z 2 = 1 . . . (i)
∴ a = (a . i)i + (a . j) j + (a . k )k .
( yj + zk ).( yj)
Since given that cos30° =
| yj + zk | | yj | 37. (a) a = (1, − 1, 2), b = (− 2, 3, 5 ), c = (2, − 2, 4 )
y 2
3 3 So, a = (1, −1, 2) ≡ i − j + 2k
⇒ = ⇒y= , (∵ y 2 + z 2 = 1 by (i))
( y +z )y
2 2 2 2 b = (−2,3,5) ≡ − 2i + 3j + 5k
(y j + zk ). z k 1 and c = (2,−2,4 ) ≡ 2 i − 2 j + 4 k
Similarly, cos 60 ° = ⇒z=
| y j + z k | | zk | 2 ⇒ a − 2b + 3c = (i − j + 2k ) − 2(−2i + 3j + 5k ) +3(2i − 2 j + 4k )
3 1 = 11 i − 13 j + 4 k and (a − 2 b + 3 c ) . i = 11 .
Hence the components of unit vector are 0, , .
2 2
Trick: Since the vector lies in yz − plane, so it will be i j k
38. (a) a × b = 3 1 1 = 3i − j − 8k ;
3 1 1 3
either 0 i + j + k or 0 i + j + k . But the vector 2 −2 1
2 2 2 2
3 1 | a×b | 74 74
j + k makes angle 30 ° with y − axis and that of 60 ° sin θ = = =
2 2 | a || b | 11. 9 99
with z-axis.
39. (a) a, c, b form a right handed system.
33. (d) Let the required vector be α = d1i + d 2 j + d 3 k , where
Hence, b × a = c
d 12 + d 22 + d 32 = 51 , (given) . . . (i)
⇒ c = j × ( xi + yj + zk )
Now, each of the given vectors a , b , c is a unit vector
= − xk + zi = zi − xk
d.a d.b d .c
cos θ = = =



| d || a | | d || b | | d || c | 40. (b) AB = (2i + j − k ) − (i − j + 2k )
Or d . a = d .b = d . c = i + 2 j − 3k ,




| d |= 51 cancels out and | a | = | b | = | c | = 1 AC = (3i − j + 2k ) − (i − j + 2k ) = 2i
1 1 1






Hence, (d 1 − 2 d 2 + 2 d 3 ) = (−4 d 1 + 0 d 2 − 3 d 3 ) = d 2 Area of triangle ABC = | AB × AC |
3 5 2
⇒ d1 − 5d 2 + 2d3 = 0 and 4 d 1 + 5 d 2 + 3 d 3 = 0 1
= | (i + 2 j − 3k ) × 2i |
d d d 2
On solving, 1 = 2 = 3 = λ (say)
5 −1 − 5 1
Putting d1 , d 2 and d 3 in (i), we get λ = ±1 = | −4k − 6 j | = | −3 j − 2k |
2
Hence the required vectors are ±(5 i − j − 5 k). = 13
Trick : Check it with the options.

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Vector Algebra 529
41. (a) Area of the parallelogram with diagonals a + b and ∴ Moment about P = (−i + 3 j + 2k ) × (4i + 4 j + 2k )
1 i j k
b+c = | (a + b) × (b + c) |
2 = −1 3 2 = − 2i + 10 j − 16k
1 4 4 2
= |{(i + j + k) + (i + 3j + 5k)}×{(i + 3j + 5k) + (7i + 9j + 11k)}|
2
Magnitude of the moment = | −2i + 10 j − 16k |
1
= | {(2i + 4 j + 6k ) × (8i + 12 j + 16k )} |
2 = 2 12 + 52 + 82 = 2 90 = 6 10
= 4 | (i + 2 j + 3k ) × (2i + 3j + 4k ) | 5 i+k
48. (b) F
i j k A
(9,–1,2)
= 4| 1 2 3 | = 4 | −i + 2 j − k | = 4 6
(3,–2,1)
2 3 4 B

–F –5i–k
π
42. (c)| a × b | = 1 ⇒ | sin θ | = 1 ⇒ sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ = .




2 Moment of the couple, = BA × F

43. (c) Since a + b + c = 0 = {(9 − 3) i + (−1 + 2) j + (2 − 1)k}× (5i + k )

⇒ a × (a + b + c) = 0 ⇒ a × a + a × b + a × c = 0 i j k
= (6i + j + k ) × (5i + k ) = 6 1 1 = i − j − 5k
⇒ a × b = −a × c = c × a . . . (i)
5 0 1
Similarly, b × (a + b + c) = 0 ⇒ a × b = b × c . . . (ii)
By (i) and (ii), we get a × b = b × c = c × a. 49. (b) (u + v − w ).[u − v × ( v − w)]

44. (b) 14(a × b) + 15(b × a) = b × a. = (u + v − w).[(u × v) − (u × w ) − 0 + ( v × w)]

= [u u v ] + [ v u v] − [w u v ] − [u u w ] –
45. (d) We have | (a × b ).c | =| a || b || c |
[ v u w ] + [w u w ] + [u v w ] + [ v v w ] − [w v w ]
⇒ | a || b | sin θ n.c =| a || b || c | = 0 + 0 − [u v w ] − 0 + [u v w ] + 0 + [u v w ] + 0 − 0 = [u v w ]
⇒ | a || b || c | sin θ cos α =| a || b || c | = u .( v × w).
π
⇒ | sin θ || cos α |= 1 ⇒ θ = and α = 0 50. (c) As a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors.
2
⇒ a ⊥ b and c || n
∴ [abc] ≠ 0

⇒ a ⊥ b and c is perpendicular to both a and b Now, (a × i ) 2 = (a × i ).(a × i ) and (2λ − 1) c will be non-coplanar
∴ a , b , c are mutually perpendicular iff (a + 2b + 3c).{(λ b + 4c) × (2λ − 1) c} ≠ 0
Hence, a .b = b .c = c .a = 0 . i.e., (a + 2 b + 3 c ) . {λ(2λ − 1) (b × c )} ≠ 0

46. (a) Since a × b = b × c ≠ 0 ⇒ a × b − b × c = 0 i.e., λ (2λ − 1)[a b c] ≠ 0

⇒ a × b + c × b = 0 ⇒ (a + c) × b = 0 1
∴ λ ≠ 0,
⇒ a + c is parallel to b ⇒ a + c = k b. 2
Thus, given vectors will be non-coplanar for all values of λ
47. (b) F
1
except two values: λ = 0 and .
(0,1,2) 2
A
r 51. (a) a,b,c are non-coplanar
(1,–2,0)
P ∴ [a b c] ≠ 0


Total force F = (i + 2 j − 3k ) + (2i + 3j + 4k ) + (i − j + k ) Now, [ xa + yb + zc, xb + yc + za, xc + ya + zb] = 0
= 4i + 4 j + 2k ⇒ ( xa + yb + zc).{( xb + yc + za) × ( xc + ya + zb)} = 0






Moment of the forces about P = r × F = PA × F ⇒ ( xa + yb + zc).{( x 2 − yz ) (b × c) + ( z 2 − xy ) (a × b)




PA = (0 − 1) i + (1 + 2) j + (2 − 0)k = −i + 3j + 2k +( y 2 − zx) (c × a)} = 0

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530 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
⇒ x ( x − yz )[abc ] + y ( y − zx )[b c a ] + z ( z − xy )[c a b ] = 0
2 2 2
57. (d) = a × [(a . b)a − (a . a)b]
⇒ ( x 3 − xyz )[a b c] + ( y 3 − xyz )[abc] + ( z 3 − xyz )[abc] = 0 = (a.b) (a × a) − (a . a) (a × b)
As [abc] ≠ 0, x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3 xyz = 0 = (a . b) 0 + (a . a) (b × a) = (a . a) (b × a)

⇒ ( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z − xy − yz − zx) = 0
2 2 2
58. (c) [(b × c)( c × a), (a × b)]

⇒
1
( x + y + z ){( x − y )2 + ( y − z ) 2 + ( z − x) 2 } = 0 = (b × c).{[ c × a) × (a × b)}
2 = (b × c).{[ca b] a − [a a b]c}
⇒ x+ y+ z = 0
= (b × c).{[a b c] a − 0}
or x=y=z
= [b c a][abc] = [abc]2
But x, y, z are distinct.
∴ x + y + z = 0. 59. (a) (a × b) × (c × d) = 0

a.b × c b.a × c [abc] [bac] [abc] [abc] ⇒ (a × b ) is parallel to (c × d)

52. (a) + = + = − = 0.
c × a.b c.a × b [cab] [cab] [cab] [cab] Hence plane P1 , determined by vectors a, b is parallel to the
plane P2 determined by c, d
53. (c) Here, OA = 2 i − 3 j = a (say)
∴ Angle between P1 and P2 = 0
OB = i + j − k = b (say)
(As the planes P1 and P2 are parallel).
and OC = 3 i − k = c (say)
2 −3 0 60. (a) Let b = b1i + b2 j + b3k
Hence volume is [a b c ] = a . (b × c ) = 1 1 − 1 = 4 . i j k
3 0 −1
Now, j − k = a × b = 1 1 1
54. (d) If the given vectors are coplanar, then their scalar b1 b2 b3
2 −1 1 ⇒ b3 − b2 = 0, b1 − b3 = 1, b2 − b1 = −1
triple product is zero. 1 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ λ = −4 . ⇒ b3 = b2 , b1 = b2 + 1
3 λ 5
Now, a. b = 1 ⇒ b1 + b2 + b3 = 1
i j k ⇒ 3b2 + 1 = 1 ⇒ b2 = 0
55. (c) a . (b × c ) = a . 1 2 1 = a . (5 i − j − 3 k )
⇒ b1 = 1, b3 = 0. Thus b = i
1 −1 2
= (2i + j − k ) . (5 i − j − 3 k ) = 10 − 1 + 3 = 12 . 61. (b) Let | p | = | q | = | r | = k
∴ p = k pˆ , q = k qˆ , r = k rˆ
1
56. (a) (a × b) × c = | b || c | a
3 Let x = α pˆ + β qˆ + γ rˆ Now, p × {x − q} × p}
1 = (p . p) (x − q) − {p .(x − q)}p
⇒ (a . c ) b − ( b . c ) a = | b || c | a
3 = | p |2 ( x − q ) − {(p . x) − p . q} p
1
⇒ (a . c ) b = {(b . c ) + | b || c |}a = k 2 ( x − q ) − {| p |(pˆ . xˆ ) − 0}| p | pˆ
3
= k 2 ( x − q ) – | p |2 (pˆ . xˆ ) pˆ = k 2 {x − q − α pˆ )
 1
⇒ (a . c) b = | b || c | cosθ +  a ∴ p × {(x − q) × p} + q × (x − r ) × q} + r × {(x − p) × r} = 0
 3
1 ⇒ k 2 {x − q − α p + x − r − β q + x − p − γ r} = 0
As a and b are not parallel, a . c = 0 and cos θ + =0
3 ⇒ 3x − (p + q + r ) − (α p + β q + γ r ) = 0

⇒ cos θ = −
1 ⇒ 3x − (p + q + r ) − x = 0
3
⇒ 2x − (p + q + r ) = 0
2 2
⇒ sin θ = 1
3 ∴ x= (p + q + r )
2

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Vector Algebra 531
62. (b) We have, | a | = | b |= 1 ⇒ t = 1 or –3
a . b = 0; (as a ⊥b ) On putting t = 1, –3 in equation (i) respectively,
 
c = α a + β b + γ (a × b) . . . (i) we get r = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 3kˆ and r = −2iˆ − ˆj + 5kˆ
  
Taking dot product by a , a . c = α | a |2 + β (a . b) + γ [a a b] 65. (a, c) (a) u ⋅ (v × w) is a meaningful operation. Therefore,
⇒ | a |.| c |cos θ = α .1 + 0 + 0 (a) is the answer.
    
(b) u ⋅ (v ⋅ w) is not meaningful since v ⋅ w is a scalar
⇒ 1.| c |.cos θ = α As | c | = 1; ∴ α = cos θ
quantity and for dot product both quantities should be
Taking dot product of (i) by b b . c = b . a + β | b |2 + γ [b a b ]
vector. Therefore (b) is not the answer.
⇒ | b || c |cos θ = 0 + β .1 + 0   
(c) (u ⋅ v ) ⋅ w is meaningful, since it is a simple
∴ β = 1.1.cos θ = cos θ | c |2 = 1 ⇒ α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 = 1 multiplication of vector and scalar quantity. Therefore (c)
⇒ cos θ + cos θ + γ = 1
2 2 2 is the answer.
    
(d) u × (v ⋅ w) is not meaningful since v ⋅ w is a scalar quantity
∴ γ 2 = 1 − 2 cos 2 θ = − cos 2θ
and for cross product, both quantities should be vector.
Hence, α = β = cos θ , γ 2 = − cos 2θ 
 
66. (a, c) Let θ be the angle between a and b. Since a and
63. (b) P(r) 
b are non-collinear vectors, then θ ≠ 0. and θ ≠ π .
     
We have, a ⋅ b = | a || b | cos θ (∵ | a | = 1, | b | = 1 given)
    
Now, u = a − ( a ⋅ b )b
A(a) B(b)          
⇒ | u | = | a − ( a ⋅ b )b | ⇒ | u | 2 = | a − ( a ⋅ b ) b |2
Let P (r) be a point on the locus.   
⇒ | u | 2 = | a − cos θ b |2
∴ AP = BP ⇒ | r − a |=| r − b |     
⇒ | u | 2 = | a |2 + cos 2 θ | b |2 −2 cos θ | a ⋅ b |
⇒ | r − a |2 = | r − b |2 
⇒ | u | 2 = 1 + cos 2 θ − 2cos θ
⇒ (r − a).(r − a) = (r − b).(r − b)  
⇒ | u | 2 = 1 − cos 2 θ ⇒ | u | 2 = sin 2 θ
⇒ 2r .(a − b) = a . a − b.b   
Also, v = a × b (given)
1  
⇒ r .(a − b) = (a + b).(a − b) 
⇒ | v | 2 = | a × b |2
2
  
 1  ⇒ | v | 2 = | a |2 | b |2 ⋅ sin 2 θ
∴ r - 2 (a + b) ×(a - b) = 0. This is the locus of P
  
⇒ | v | 2 = sin 2 θ
 
∴ | u |2 = | v |2
NCERT Exemplar Problems
            
Now, u ⋅ a = [a − (a ⋅ b ) b ] ⋅ a = a ⋅ a − (a ⋅ b )( b ⋅ a )
More than One Answer 
  = (a ) 2 − cos 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = sin 2 θ
64. (a, c) Given vectors are a = 2iˆ − ˆj + k , b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ and    
 ∴ | u | + | u ⋅ a |= sin θ + sin 2 θ ≠ | v |
c = iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ.       
      ⇒ u ⋅ b = [a − (a ⋅ b ) b ] ⋅ b |
Any vector r in the plane of b and c is r = b + t (c )      
= a ⋅ b − (a ⋅ b )( b ⋅ b )
= iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ + t (iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ)     
= a ⋅ b − a ⋅ b | b |2
= (1 + t )i + (2 + t ) ˆj − (1 + 2t )kˆ . . .(i)    
=a ⋅b − a ⋅b = 0 . . .(i)
  2      
Since, projection of r on a is . ∴ | u | + | u ⋅ b | =| u | + 0 = | u | = | v |
3
        
 
r ⋅a 2 2(1 + t ) − (2 + t ) − (1 + 2t ) 2 Also, u ⋅ ( a + b ) = u ⋅ a + u ⋅ b = u ⋅ a
⇒  = ⇒ =        
|a| 3 6 3 ⇒ | u | + u ⋅ (a + b ) = | u | + u ⋅ a ≠ | v |
⇒ | −(1 + t ) |= 2

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532




Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
  
67. (b, d) Let AO be parallel to line of intersection of planes 72. (a, c) Let r = b + tc

P1 and P2 through origin or r = (1 + t )iˆ + (2 + t ) ˆj + (1 + 2t )kˆ . . .(i)

Normal to plane p1 is n1 = [(2 ˆj + 3kˆ ) × (4 ˆj − 3kˆ )] = −8iˆ  
∵ Projection of r on a is (2 / 3)

Normal to plane p2 is n2 = ( ˆj − kˆ ) × (3iˆ + 3 ˆj ) = 3iˆ − 3 ˆj − 3kˆ  
r ⋅a 2



   ∴  =
∴ OA is parallel to ± ( n1 + n2 ) = 54 ˆj − 54 kˆ |a| 3

∴ Angle between 54( ˆj − kˆ ) and (2iˆ + ˆj − 2 kˆ) is 2(1 + t ) − (2 + t ) − (1 + 2t ) 2

or =±
6 3
 54 + 108  1
cos θ ±  =± ∴ −t −1 = ±2
 3 ⋅ 54 ⋅ 2  2
π 3π ⇒ t = −3,1
∴ θ= , Hence, (b) and (d) are correct answers. 
3 4 Putting in equation (i), we get r = −2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ or
 
 
68. (a, d) Let, a = iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ, b = iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ and c = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ r = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 3kˆ
  
∴ A vector coplanar to a and b , and perpendicular to c 73. (a, b, c) Since, vectors ( x, x + 1, x + 2), ( x + 3, x + 4, x + 5)
  
⇒ λ (a × b ) × c and ( x + 6, x + 7, x + 8) are coplanar.
     
⇒ λ{( a ⋅ c ) v − (b ⋅ c ) a } x x +1 x+2
⇒ λ{(1 + 1 + 4)(iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ ) − (1 + 2 + 1)(iˆ + ˆj + 2 kˆ)} ∴ x+3 x+4 x+5 = 0
x+6 x+7 x+8
⇒ λ{6iˆ + 12 ˆj + 6 kˆ − 6iˆ − 6 ˆj − 122 kˆ}
Applying C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1
⇒ λ {6 ˆj − 6 kˆ}
x 1 2
⇒ 6λ { ˆj − kˆ}
∴ x+3 1 2 =0
1 1
For λ = is correct and λ = − is correct x+6 1 2
6 6
  ⇒ 0 = 0(C2 = C3 )
 
69. (b, c) (a × b ) =| a × b | ∴ x∈R
  1 
| ( a || b | sin π / 6) 2 = 16 × 4 × = 16 = (a ) 2
2 Assertion and Reason
  74. (a) If lines have a common point then there exists λ and
70. (a, b) Since, a and b are unit vectors, we have
µ such that 6 − λ = 1 + µ and −1 + 2λ = −1 + 3µ
   
| a − b | = (a − b ) 2 ⇒ λ = 3, µ = 2
   
∴ ( a ) 2 + (b ) 2 − 2a ⋅ b = 1 + 1 − 2cos 2θ = 2 sin θ
1






  75. (b) Required area = ( AB × AC )
Therefore, | a − b |< 1 2
1 1     1      
⇒ 2 sin θ < 1, sin θ < = ((b − a ) × (c − a)) = [a × b + b × c + c × a ]
2 2 2
 π   5π 









76. (c) AB = BO − OA = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ
⇒ θ ∈  0,  or  , π 
 6  6 



⇒ AC = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 3kˆ
71. (b, c) (2iˆ − λ ˆj + 3λ kˆ ) ⋅ (1 + λ )iˆ − 2λ ˆj + kˆ > 0






AB ⋅ AC 20
⇒ cos θ =





 =
⇒ 2(1 + λ ) + 2λ 2 + 3λ > 0 AB AC 21 22
⇒ 2λ 2 + 5λ + 2 > 0
         
⇒ (2λ + 1)(λ + 2) > 0 77. (d) ((a × b ) × (a × c )) ⋅ d = ( a × b ) ⋅ (( a × c ) × d )
       
 1  = (a × b ) ⋅ [(a ⋅ d )c − (c ⋅ d )a ]
∴ λ ∈ (−∞, − 2) ∪  − , ∞ 
2     
= (a ⋅ d ) ⋅ [a b c ] (the last scalar product is zero)

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Vector Algebra 533
   1 16 8 8 2 1 1
78. (b) a × (b × c ) = b  
2 [a b , c ] = 8 16 8 = 8 1 2 1 = 83 ⋅ 4 = 64 × 32
3

      1 8 8 16 1 1 2
⇒ (a ⋅ c )b − ( a ⋅ b ) c = b
2 
 
  ∴ | [ a b c ] |= 32 2
  1  
⇒ (a ⋅ c − )b − (a ⋅ b ) c = 0
2  
84. (c) Volume of the parallelopiped =| [abc ] |= 32 2
   
⇒ a ⋅ c = 1/ 2 and a ⋅ b = 0
85. (a) Volume of the parallelopiped = (base are) (height)
  1
Cosine of angle between a and c = 1 π
2 ⇒ 32 2 = 2 ×  × 4 × 4 × sin  h = 8 3 × h
2 3
  π  
⇒ angle between a and c is and angle between a and b is
3 2
∴ h=4
π 3
2 86. (d) Volume of the tetrahedron
      
1  1 16 2
79. (c) ( a × b ) ⋅ (c × d ) = (( a × b ) × c ) ⋅ d = [a b c] = × 32 2 =
              6 2 3
= (( a ⋅ c )b − (b ⋅ c ) a ) ⋅ d = ( a ⋅ c )(b ⋅ d ) − (b ⋅ c )( a ⋅ d )
87. (b) Volume of the tetrahedron
       
80. (d) [ a × b , b × c , c × a ] = [ a b c ]2 1
= (base area) (height)
    3
81. (b) | a + b |2 − | a − b |2
     16 2 1  3 2 
 
=| a |2 + | b | +2a ⋅ b − (| a |2 + | b |2 −2a ⋅ b ) =  (4)  × h
3 3  4 

 
= 4a ⋅ b 16 2
4 2 2
82. (a) (iˆ − ˆj + kˆ) × ( iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ) = −iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ ∴ h= 3 = =4
4 3 3 3
      
83. (c) [a + b b + c c + a ] = 2[ a b c ] 3
88. (c) Volume of the triangular prism
Comprehension Based 1  1
= [a b c ] = × (32 2) = 16 2
For 84 to 88 2 2
     
a ⋅u b ⋅u c ⋅u For 89 to 93
              
∵ [a b c ][u v w] = a ⋅ v b ⋅ v c ⋅v By definition of reciprocal system b ⋅ a′ = c ⋅ a′ = 0
       
a⋅w b ⋅w c ⋅w  
i.e., a′ ⊥ b and a′ ⊥ c
  
      ⇒ a ' || (a × c )
a⋅a b ⋅a c ⋅a  
            
∴ [a b c ]2 = [a b c ][a b c ] = a ⋅ b b ⋅ b c ⋅ b . . .(i) ∴ a ' = t (b × c ) . . .(i)
       
a ⋅c b ⋅c c ⋅c Also, a ⋅ a′ = 1
  
   ⇒ 1 = a ⋅ t (b × c )
Now, a ⋅ a = a 2 = | a |2 = 16
1
      π 1 ∴ t= 
a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a = | a | | b | cos = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ = 8 [a b c ]
3 2  
π 1  (b × c )
     
a ⋅ c = c ⋅ a = | a | | c | cos = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ = 8 Now, form equation (i), a′ =   
3 2 [a b c ]
  2
b ⋅ b = b = | b | = 16
2  (c × a )
Similarly, b′ =   
      π 1 [a b c ]
b ⋅ c = c ⋅ b = | b | | c | cos = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ = 8  
3 2  (a × b )
   and c′ =   
c ⋅ c = | c |2 = 42 = 16 From equation (i) [a b c ]

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534
     
Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

      (b × c ) ⋅ {(c × a ) × ( a × b )} Match the Column

89. (b) [a′ b′ c′] = a′ ⋅ (b′ × c′) =    
[ a b c ]3 94. (a) If a, b and c are three coterminous edges of
    
[b × c c × a a × b ] [ a b c ]2 1 parallelopiped, triangular prism and tetrahedron, then
= 3 = 3 = 
[a b c ] [ a b c ] [a b c ]  1 
V1 = [a b c ], V2 = [ a b c ] and
        −1    2
∴ [ a b c ] [ a ′ b ′ c ′] = 1 or [a′ b′ c′] = [a b c ]
1 1
        ∴ V1 : V2 : V3 = 1 : : = 6 : 3 :1
   (b × c ) (c ⋅ a )b − ( a ⋅ b )c 2 6
90. (d) a × a′ = a ×    =   ˆ ˆ 
[a b c ] [a b c ] (A) Here, a = i − j − 6kˆ, b = iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ
  
  ( a ⋅ b )c − (b ⋅ c )b 
And c = 2iˆ − 5 ˆj + 3kˆ
Similarly, b × b′ =  and
[a b c ]
      1 −1 −6
  (b ⋅ c ) a − (c ⋅ a )b ∴ V1 = 1 −1 4
c × c′ = 
[a b c ] 2 −5 3
     
Adding all we get a × a ′ + b × b ′ + c × c′ = 0 = 1(−3 + 20) + 1(3 − 8) − 6(−5 + 2) = 17 − 5 + 18 = 30
           
  (b × c ) × (c × a ) (b × c ⋅ a )c − (b × c ⋅ c )a ∴ V2 = 15 and V3 = 5
91. (c) a′ × b′ =  = 
[ a b c ]2 [ a b c ]2 ∵ 2V1 + 3V3 = 30 + 15 = 45 = 3V2
   ⇒ V1 + V2 + V3 = 50
[ a b c ]c − 0 c −0
= 2 = 
[a b c ] [a b c ] ⇒ V1 + 3V3 = 30 + 15 = 45 = 3V2
 
  a   b And V1 : V2 : V3 = 6 : 3 : 1
Similarly, b′ × c′ =    and c′ × a′ =    
[a b c ] [a b c ] 
(B) Here, a = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 3kˆ, b = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj − 3kˆ and
  
      [a + b + c ] 
c = 6iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ
∴ ( a′ × b′) + (b′ × c′) + (c′ × a′) =   
[a b c ]
−2 3 −3
 
 e ×e ∴ V1 = 4 5 −3
92. (c) e 1 = 2  3
[e1 e2 e3 ] 6 2 −3
  
  [a e e ] = −2(−15 + 6) − 3(−12 + 18) − 3(8 − 30) = 18 − 18 + 66 = 66
∴ [a ⋅ e 1 ] =  2 3
[e1 e2 e3 ] ∴ V2 = 33 and V3 = 11
  
   [a e e ]  2V1 + 3V3 = 132 + 33 = 165 = 5V2
⇒ (a ⋅ e 1 )e1 =  2 3 e1 ∵
[e1 e2 e3 ]
     ⇒ V1 + V2 + V3 = 110
   [a e e ]     [a e e ] 
Similarly, (a ⋅ e 2 )e2 =  2 3 e2 and (a ⋅ e 3 )e3 =  1 2 e3 ⇒ V1 + 3V3 = 66 + 38 = 3V2
[e1 e2 e3 ] [e1 e2 e3 ]
 1   2   3  And V1 : V2 : V3 = 6 : 3 : 1
∴ (a ⋅ e )e1 + (a ⋅ e )e2 + (a ⋅ e )e3   
               (C) Here, a = −3iˆ + ˆj + kˆ, b = 4iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ and c = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj
[ a e2 e3 ] e1 + [a e3 e1 ] e2 + [a e1 e2 ] e3 [e1 e2 e3 ]a 
=   =    =a −3 1 1
[e1 e2 e3 ] [e1 e2 e3 ]
    ∴ V1 = 4 2 4

93. (c) Let b × c = xa + yb + zc . . .(i) 2 0 0
            
∴ (b × c ) ⋅ (b × c ) = x(b × c ) ⋅ a + y (b × c ) ⋅ b + z (b × c ) ⋅ c = −3(0 − 8) − 1(0 − 8) + 1(8 − 4) = 24 + 8 + 4 = 36
   
[a b c ](a′ ⋅ a′) = x[a b c ] + 0 + 0 ∴ V2 = 18 and V3 = 6
   2V1 + 3V3 = 72 + 18 = 90 = 52V2
∴ x = (a′ ⋅ a′)[a b c ] ∵
      
Similarly, y = (a′ ⋅ b′)[a b c ] and z = ( a ′ ⋅ c ′)[ a b c ] ⇒ V1 + V2 + V3 = 60

From equation (i), ⇒ V1 + 3V3 = 36 + 18 = 54 = 3V2

            
b × c = [ a b c ] [( a ′ ⋅ a ′) a + ( a ′ ⋅ b′)b + ( a ′ ⋅ c′) c ] And V1 : V2 : V3 = 6 : 3 : 1

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Vector Algebra
        
535

95. (b) (A) A = b + c , B = c + a and C = a + b Adding all we get
















      
      AB × CD + BC × AD + CA × BD = −2 ( a × b + b × c + c × a )
⇒ A + B + C = 2[ a + b + c ]

















      
     ∴ | AB × CD + BC × AD + CA × BD | = 2 | a × b + b × c + c × a |
∵ a + b , b + c and c + a are coplanar  
 
    = 2 | ( c − a ) × (b − a ) |
[a + b b + c c + a ] = 0






      = 2 | AC × AB |
⇒ (a + b ) ⋅ {(b + c ) × ( c + a )} = 0
          1






⇒ (a + b ) ⋅ {b × c + b × a + c × c + c × a )} = 0 = 4 ⋅ | AC × AB | = 4 (Area of ∆ABC )
2
     
⇒
 
( a + b ) ⋅ {b × c − a × b + 0 + c × a )} = 0 ∴ λ=4
⇒
           
a ⋅ (b × c ) − a ⋅ (a × b ) + a ⋅ (c × a ) + b ⋅ (b × c ) Then, 125 λ = 500
     
−b ⋅ (a × b ) + b ⋅ (c × a ) = 0    
97. (1352) Let PV of P, A, B and C are p, a , b and c respectively
   
⇒ [ a b c ] − 0 + 0 + 0 − 0 + [b c a ] = 0 
and O(0) be the circumcircle of the equilateral triangle ABC.
 
⇒ 2[ abc ] = 0   
a+b +c
  Then, =0 . . .(i)
∴ [abc ] = 0 3
     26
∴ a , b , c are coplanar
 
and | p | = | a | = | b | = | c |= unit . . .(ii)
      3
∵ a + b , b + c , c + a are coplanar


    
         Now, | PA |2 = | a − p |2 = a 2 + p 2 − 2 a ⋅ p
∴ a + b + b + c + c + a = 0 ⇒ 2( a + b + c )


  
   Similarly | PB |2 = b 2 + p 2 − 2b ⋅ p
∴ a +b +c = 0


  
        and | PC |2 = c 2 + p 2 − 2c ⋅ p
Also, a × b + b × c + c × a = [ a b c ] = 0


    
     ∴ Σ | PA |2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 3 p 2 − 2 p ( a + b + c )
(B) a × b , b × c and c × a are coplanar
    = 6 p 2 − 0 [From equation (i) and (ii)]
[a + bb + cc + a ] = 0
(26) 2
⇒
    
[a × b b × c c × a ] = 0 =6 = 2(26) 2 = 1352
3
    
Also, a × b + b × c + c × a = 0 (4)        
98. (272) a × (b × c ) + ( a ⋅ b )b = (4 − 2 x − sin y )b + ( x 2 − 1)c
   
⇒ [ a b c ]2 = 0 ⇒ [a b c ] = 0 (5)           
⇒ (a ⋅ c ) b − ( a ⋅ b )c − ( a ⋅ b )b = (4 − 2 x − sin y )b + ( x 2 − 1)c
     
⇒ a , b , c are coplanar (1) and a + b + c = 0 (2)    
       On comparing, we get a ⋅ c + a ⋅ b = 4 − 2 x − sin y . . .(i)
Also, [a + b b + c c + a ] = 2[ a b c ] = 0  
          and −(a ⋅ b ) = ( x 2 = 1) . . .(ii)
(C) Let A = 2a + b + c , B = a + 2b + c and C = a + b + 2c  
      Adding equation (i) and (ii), then a ⋅ c = x − 1 + 4 − 2 x − sin y
2

∴ A + B + C = 0 (∵ A, B , C are coplanar)
 
      ∴ a ⋅ c = ( x − 1) 2 + 2 − sin y . . .(iii)
⇒ 3( a + b + c ) = 0 ⇒ a + b + c = 0    
   Also, given (a ⋅ c ) a = c
∴ a , b , c are coplanar      
       ⇒ (a ⋅ c )(a ⋅ c ) = ( c ⋅ c )
[ a + b b + c c + a ] = 2[ a b c ] = 0    
       ∴ a ⋅ c = 1 (∵ a ⋅ c ≠ 0)
a × b + b × c + c × a = 0 form above, Also [ a b c ] = 0
Now, from equation (iii) ( x − 1) 2 + 1 − sin y = 0
Integer or sin y = ( x − 1) 2 + 1 ≥ 1
   
96. (500) Let PV of A, B, C and D be a , b , c and 0 Which is possible only when x = 1 and, then sin y = 1






       
∴ AB × CD = (b − a ) × −c = −b × c + a × c ∴ x sin y + (4sin y ) 4 x + 15






       
BC × AD = (c − b ) × −a = −c × a + b × a = (1)1 + 4 4 + 15






       
and CA × BD = (a − c ) × −b = −a × b + c × b = 1 + 256 + 15 = 272

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536 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
99. (4518) Let PV of vertices A, B, C with reference origin O 100. (1111) B = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
  
be a , b , c respectively.
 




 b + c



 c + a



 a + b
Then OG1 = , OG2 = , OG3 =
3 3 3
1 
Let V1 = volume of the tetrahedron OABC = [a b c ] and let A
(4, 2, 2) M C = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ
6










V2 = volume of the parallelopied with OG1 , OG2 , OG3 as AB = OB − OA
coterminous edge = [OG1 OG2 OG3 ] = (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) − (4iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ)
    
b + c c + a a + b  = −3iˆ + 0 ˆj + kˆ
= 
 3 3 3 



| AB | = 9 + 0 + 1 = 10
1     
= [b + c c + a a + b ] Now, AM = Projection of AB along c
27


 
2   AB ⋅ c (−3iˆ + 0 ˆj + kˆ) ⋅ (2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ) −6 + 0 + 6
= [a b c ] =  = = =0
27 |c | (4 + 9 + 36) 7
1   ⇒ BA ⊥ AM
[a b c ]
V1 9 ⇒
λ = =− 6  = Perpendicular distance of B from
V2 2
[a b c ] 4
 



27 AM = AB = 10 = λ (given)

∴
9
2008 λ = 2008 × = 502 × 9 = 4518 ∴ λ 6 + λ 4 + λ 2 + 1 = 1000 + 100 + 10 + 1 = 1111
4

***

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Three Dimensional Geometry 537

23 Three Dimensional Geometry

−1
QUICK LOOK Hence, u 2 = x 2 + y 2 and φ = tan ( y / x) .
Cylindrical co-ordinates of P ≡ (u, φ , u )
The planes XOY, YOZ and ZOX are known as xy-plane, yz-
plane and zx-plane respectively. Let P be a point in space and

Spherical polar co-ordinates: The measures of quantities
distances of P from yz, zx and xy-planes be x, y, z respectively
(with proper signs), then we say that co-ordinates of P are r , θ , φ are known as spherical or three dimensional polar
(x,y,z). Also OA = x, OB = y, OC = z. The three co-ordinate co-ordinates of the point P. If the rectangular cartesian co-
planes (XOY, YOZ and ZOX) divide space into eight parts and ordinates of P are (x, y, z) then z = r cos θ, u = r sinθ
these parts are called octants. ∴ x = u cosφ = r sinθ cosφ, y = u sinφ = r sinθ sinφ and z = r cosθ
Z u x2 + y 2 y
Also r = x + y + z and tan θ = = ; tan φ =
Z 2 2 2 2

C E
z z x
Y′
k
F j P(x, y, z) X′ O
O
X Note
Y
B
The co-ordinates of a point on xy-plane is (x, y, 0), on yz-
i
A D Y plane is (0, y, z) and on zx-plane is (x, 0, z)
X
Z′
The co-ordinates of a point on x-axis is (x, 0, 0), on y-axis is
Figure: 23.1 Figure: 23.2
(0, y, 0) and on z-axis is (0, 0, z)
The following table shows the signs of co-ordinates of points in
Position vector of a point: Let i, j , kˆ be unit vectors along
various octants: OX, OY and OZ respectively. Then position vector of a




point P(x, y, z) is OP = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ .
Table :23.1
Octant co-ordinate OXYZ OX′YZ OXY′Z OX′Y′Z
x + – + – Distance Formula
y + + – –
Distance formula: The distance between two points
z + + + +
Octant co-ordinate
A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is given by
OXYZ′ OX′YZ′ OXY′Z′ OX′Y′Z′
x + – + –
AB = [( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( z2 − z1 )2 ]
y + + – –
z – – – –
Distance from origin: Let O be the origin and P(x,y,z) be
any point, then OP = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ).
Other Methods of Defining the Position of any Point P in
Space Distance of a point from co-ordinate axes

Cylindrical co-ordinates Z
Z C
Y
P(x, y, z) P(x,y,z)
(u, φ, z)
r
(r, θ, φ) A
θ O X
B
X′ O X
φ Y
N
u Figure: 23.4

Y′ Z′ N (x, y, 0) Let P(x,y,z) be any point in the space. Let PA, PB and PC be
Figure: 23.3 the perpendiculars drawn from P to the axes OX, OY and OZ

If the rectangular cartesian co-ordinates of P are ( x, y, z ), respectively. Then, PA = ( y 2 + z 2 )
then those of N are (x, y, 0) and we can easily have the
PB = ( z 2 + z 2 ); PC = ( x 2 + y 2 )
following relations : x = u cosφ, y = u sinφ and z = z.

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538 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Section Formulas
Let A( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) be the vertices

Section formula for internal division
y1 z1 1 x1 z1 1
Z P(x1,y1,z1) 1 1
of a triangle, then ∆ x = y2 z2 1 , ∆ y = x2 z2 1 ,
m1 R(x,y,z) 2 2

y3 z3 1 x3 z3 1
r1 r2  m2
Q(x2,y2,z2)
r3 x1 y1 1
1
Y ∆ z = x2 y2 1
O 2
X
x3 y3 1
Figure: 23.5
Now, area of ∆ABC is given by the relation ∆ = ∆ 2x + ∆ 2y + ∆ 2z .
Let P(x1,y1,z1) and Q(x2,y2,z2) be two points. Let R be a point
on the line segment joining P and Q such that it divides the iˆ ˆj kˆ
1





 1
join of P and Q internally in the ratio m1:m2. Then the co- Also, ∆ = | AB × AC | = x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
2 2
 m x + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1 m1 z2 + m2 z1  x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1
ordinates of R are  1 2 , , 
 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 

Condition of collinearity: Points A( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) ,

Section formula for external division x1 − x2 y1 − y2 z1 − z2
C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) are collinear; If = =
Let P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) be two points, and let R be x2 − x3 y2 − y3 z2 − z3
a point on PQ produced, dividing it externally in the ratio
m1 : m2 (m1 ≠ m2 ). Then the co-ordinates of R are Volume of Tetrahedron
Z B
 m1 x2 − m2 x1 m1 y2 − m2 y1 m1 z2 − m2 z1 
 , , . A P
 m1 − m2 m1 − m2 m1 − m2 
γ
O β
Y
α
Triangle
Co-ordinates of the centroid X

If ( x1 , y1 , z1 ),( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) are the vertices of a Figure: 23.7

triangle, then co-ordinates of its centroid are Volume of tetrahedron with

x1 y1 z1 1
 x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z2 + z3 
 , , . 1 x2 y2 z2 1
 3 3 3  vertices ( xr , yr , zr ); r = 1, 2, 3, 4, is V =

If ( xr , yr , z r ) ; r = 1, 2, 3, 4, are vertices of a tetrahedron, 6 x3 y3 z3 1
x4 y4 z4 1
then co-ordinates of its centroid are
 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 z1 + z2 + z3 + z4  . Direction cosines and Direction ratio
 , , 
 4 4 4  Direction cosines: The cosines of the angle made by a line in

If G (α, β, γ) is the centroid of ∆ABC, where A is ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , anticlockwise direction with positive direction of co-ordinate
B is ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , then C is (3α − x1 − x2 ,3β − y1 − y2 ,3
. γ − z1 − z2 ) axes are called the direction cosines of that line. If α, β, γ be the
x2 ,3β − y1 − y2 ,3γ − z1 − z2 ) angles which a given directed line makes with the positive
direction of the x, y, z co-ordinate axes respectively, then cosα,
Area of triangle cosβ, cosγ are called the direction cosines of the given line and
A(x1,y1,z1) are generally denoted by l, m, n respectively.
Thus, l = cos α , m = cos β and n = cos γ .

By definition, it follows that the direction cosine of the axis of x

are respectively cos 0°, cos90°, cos90° i.e. (1, 0, 0). Similarly
B(x2,y2,z2) C(x3,y3,z3)
direction cosines of the axes of y and z are respectively (0, 1, 0)
Figure: 23.6
and (0, 0, 1).

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Three Dimensional Geometry 539

Relation between the direction cosines 




If P ( x, y, z ) be a point in space such that r = OP has d.c.’s
Z   
l, m, n then x = l | r |, y = m | r |, z = n | r | .
P(x,y,z) 
C
Projection of a vector r on the co-ordinate axes are
z   
γ l | r |, m | r |, n | r | .
β
O   
x α y B Y

r = | r | (liˆ + mjˆ + nkˆ) and r = liˆ + mjˆ + nkˆ
A
X
Direction ratio: Three numbers which are proportional to the
Figure: 23.8
direction cosines of a line are called the direction ratio of that
Let OP be any line through the origin O which has direction
line. If a, b, c are three numbers proportional to direction
cosines l, m, n. Let P = (x, y, z) and OP = r.
cosines l, m, n of a line, then a, b, c are called its direction
Then OP2 = x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 . . . (i)
ratios. They are also called direction numbers or direction
From P draw PA,PB,PC perpendicular on the co-ordinate axes,
components.
so that OA = x, OB = y, OC = z.
l m n
Also, ∠POA = α, ∠POB = β and ∠POC = γ. Hence by definition, we have = = = k (say)
a b c
x
From triangle AOP, l = cos α = ⇒ x = lr ⇒ l = ak, m = bk, n = ck
r
Similarly y = mr and z = nr. ⇒ l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = k 2
Hence from (i), r 2 (l 2 + m 2 + n 2 ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 ⇒ k =±
1

⇒ l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1 a + b2 + c2
2

a b c
or, cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1 l=± ,m=± ,n=±
a +b +c
2 2
a +b +c
2 2
a + b2 + c2
2 2 2

or, sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ = 2

where the sign should be taken all positive or all negative.

Note
Note

If OP = r and the co-ordinates of point P be (x, y, z) then
Direction ratios are not uniques, whereas d.c.’s are unique. i.e.,
x y z
, , .
d.c.’s of line OP are a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ 1
r r r 
 a b c
Let r = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ be a vector. Then its d.r.’s are a, b, c If a

Direction cosines of r = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ are  ,  ,  . 
|r | |r | |r |  |r |
vector r has d.r.’s a, b, c then r = (aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ )

Since −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1, ∀x ∈ R , hence values of l, m, n are a2 + b2 + c2
such real numbers which are not less than –1and not greater
than 1. Hence d.c.'s ∈ [−1,1] . D.c.’s and d.r.’s of a line joining two points
Z Q(x2,y2,z2)

The direction cosines of a line parallel to any co-ordinate axis
are equal to the direction cosines of the co-ordinate axis.
P(x1,y1,z1)

The number of lines which are equally inclined to the co-
Y
ordinate axes is 4.

If l, m, n are the d.c.’s of a line, then the maximum value of X
Figure: 23.9
1
lmn = . The direction ratios of line PQ joining P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
3 3

The angles α,β,γ are called the direction angles of line AB. Q ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) are x2 − x1 = a, y2 − y1 = b and z2 − z1 = c (say).

The d.c.’s of line BA are cos(π − α ), cos(π − β ), and Then direction cosines are,
( x2 − x1 ) ( y2 − y1 ) ( z2 − z1 )
cos(π − γ ) i.e., − cos α , − cos β , − cos γ l= ,m = ,n =
∑( x2 − x1 ) 2
∑( x2 − x1 ) 2
∑( x2 − x1 ) 2

Angles α,β,γ are not coplanar.

α + β + γ is not equal to 360° as these angles do not lie in x2 − x1 y −y z −z
i.e., l = ,m = 2 1 ,n = 2 1 .
PQ PQ PQ
same plane.

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540 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Projection = z2 – z1

Projection of a point on a line
If P is a point (x1,y1,z1) then projection of OP on a line
P whose direction cosines are l,m,n is l1 x1 + m1 y1 + n1 z1 , where
O is the origin.

If l1,m1,n1and l2,m2,n2 are the d.c.’s of two concurrent lines,
A B then the d.c.’s of the lines bisecting the angles between
N
Figure: 23.10 them are proportional to l1 ± l2 , m1 ± m2 , n1 ± n2 .

The projection of a point P on a line AB is the foot N of the

Angle between Two Lines
perpendicular PN from P on the line AB.N is also the same
Cartesian form
point where the line AB meets the plane through P and
C
perpendicular to AB.

Projection of a segment of a line on another line and its
B
length
θ
B
A
θ
A N Figure: 23.14
C D
A′ B′ Let θ be the angle between two straight lines AB and AC whose
direction cosines are l1,m1,n1 and l2,m2,n2 respectively, is given
Figure: 23.11
by cos θ = l1l2 + m1m2 = n1n2, If direction ratios of two lines
The projection of the segment AB of a given line on another a1,b1,c1 and a2,b2,c2 are given, then angle between two lines is
line CD is the segment A'B' of CD where A' and B' are the a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
given by cosθ = .
projections of the points A and B on the line CD. The length a1 + b12 + c12 . a22 + b22 + c22
2

of the projection A′B′. A′B′ = AN = AB cos θ

Condition of perpendicularity : If the given lines are
Projection of a line joining the points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2,
perpendicular, then θ = 90° i.e. cos θ = 0
y2,z2) on another line whose direction cosines are l,m and n :
⇒ l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 or a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
Let PQ be a line segment
where P ≡ ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q = ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and AB be a given line
Condition of parallelism : If the given lines are parallel,
then θ = 0° i.e. sinθ = 0
with d.c.’s as l, m, n. If the line segment PQ makes angle θ with
the line AB, then ⇒ (l1m2 − l2 m1 ) 2 + (m1n2 − m2 n1 )2 + (n1l2 − n2l1 ) = 0, which is true,
Q only when l1m2 − l2 m1 = 0, m1n2 − m2 n1 = 0 and n1l2 − n2l1 = 0
Z K M
θ l1 m1 n1
N′ Q
P ⇒ = = .
P l2 m2 n2
N
O M K′ a1 b1 c1
X
A B Similarly, = = .
Y P′ Q′ a2 b2 c2
Figure: 23.12 Figure: 23.13 The Straight Line
Straight line in Space: Every equation of the first degree
Projection of PQ is P'Q' = PQ cos θ represents a plane. Two equations of the first degree are satisfied
= ( x2 − x1 ) cos α + ( y2 − y1 ) cos β + ( z2 − z1 ) cos γ by the co-ordinates of every point on the line of intersection of
= ( x2 − x1 )l + ( y2 − y1 )m + ( z2 − z1 )n the planes represented by them. Therefore, the two equations
together represent that line. Therefore ax + by + cz + d = 0 and
Note a′x + b′y + c′z + d ′ = 0 together represent a straight line.

For x-axis, l = 1, m = 0, n = 0
Hence, projection of PQ on x-axis = x2 – x1, Projection of
Equation of a Line Passing Through a Given Point
PQ on y-axis = y2 − y1 and Projection of PQ on z-axis
Cartesian form or symmetrical form

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Three Dimensional Geometry

541
Z b Angle between Two lines: Let the cartesian equations of the
 
A( a ) P (r ) x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
two lines be = = . . .(i)
 a1 b1 c1
r
x − x2 y − y 2 z − z 2
O Y and = = . . .(ii)
a2 b2 c2
X a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
Figure: 23.15 cosθ =
Cartesian equation of a straight line passing through a fixed a + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
2
1

point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and having direction ratios a, b, c is
Condition of perpendicularity: If the lines are
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 perpendicular, then a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
= = .
a b c
Condition of parallelism : If the lines are parallel, then

Vector form : Vector equation of a straight line passing a1 b1 c1
= = .
through a fixed point with position vector a and parallel to a a2 b2 c2
   
given vector b is r = a + λb .
Reduction of Cartesian form of the Equation of a line to
Equation of Line Passing Through Two Given Points. Vector form and Vice Versa.

Cartesian to vector: Let the Cartesian equation of a line be

Cartesian form : If A( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) be two given
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
points, the equations to the line AB are = = . . .(i)
a b c
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = This is the equation of a line passing through the point
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1
A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and having direction ratios a, b, c. In vector
The co-ordinates of a variable point on AB can be expressed form this means that the line passes through point having
in terms of a parameter λ in the form 
position vector a = x1iˆ + y1 ˆj + z1kˆ and is parallel to the
λ x2 + x1 λy + y λz + z
x= , y = 2 1 ,z = 2 1 
vector m = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ. Thus, the vector form of (i) is
λ +1 λ +1 λ +1
   
λ being any real number different from –1. In fact, (x, y, z) r = a + λ m or r = ( x1iˆ + y1 ˆj + z1kˆ) + λ (aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ) , where
are the co-ordinates of the point which divides the join of A λ is a parameter.
and B in the ratio λ : 1.
Vector to cartesian: Let the vector equation of a line be
  

Vector form : The vector equation of a line passing through r = a + λm . . .(ii)
     
two points with position vectors a and b is r = a + λ (b − a ) 
Where a = x1iˆ + y1 ˆj + z1kˆ, m = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ and λ is a
Z parameter.
  
A(a ) B(b ) P (r ) 
To reduce (ii) to Cartesian form we put r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ and
equate the coefficients of iˆ, ˆj and k̂ as discussed below.

O Y Putting r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ, a = x1iˆ + y1 ˆj + z1kˆ and

m = aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ in (ii), we obtain
X
Figure: 23.16 xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = ( x1iˆ + y1 ˆj + z1kˆ) + λ (aiˆ + bj + ckˆ)

Changing Unsymmetrical form to Symmetrical form: The Equating coefficients of iˆ, ˆj and k̂ , we get
unsymmetrical form of a line ax + by + cz + d x = x1 + aλ , y = y1 + bλ , z = z1 + cλ
= 0, a ' x + b ' y + c ' z + d ' = 0 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
or = = =λ
Can be changed to symmetrical form as follows: a b c
bd ′ − b′d da′ − d ′a
Intersection of Two lines: Determine whether two lines
x− y− intersect or not. In case they intersect, the following algorithm
ab′ − a′b = ab′ − a′b = z
bc′ − b′c ca′ − c′a ab′ − a′b is used to find their point of intersection.

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542 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

Algorithm for cartesian form: Let the two lines be Note
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 The length of the perpendicular is the perpendicular distance of
= = . . .(i)
a1 b1 c1 given point from that line.
x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2
and = = . . .(ii)
Reflection or image of a point in a straight line
a2 b2 c2 P

Step (i): Write the co-ordinates of general points on (i) and (ii).
The co-ordinates of general points on (i) and (ii) are given by A B
L
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= = = λ and = = =µ
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 Q (image)
Figure: 23.18
respectively. i.e., (a1λ + x1 , b1λ + y1 + c1λ + z1 ) and
(a2 µ + x2 , b2 µ + y2 , c2 µ + z2 ) If the perpendicular PL from point P on the given line be
Step (ii): If the lines (i) and (ii) intersect, then they have a common produced to Q such that PL = QL, then Q is known as the
point. a1λ + x1 =a2 µ + x2 , b1λ + y1 =b2 µ + y2 and c1λ + z1 = c2 µ + z2 . image or reflection of P in the given line. Also, L is the foot
of the perpendicular or the projection of P on the line.
Step (iii): Solve any two of the equations in λ and µ obtained
in step (ii). If the values of λ and µ satisfy the third equation,
Vector Form
then the lines (i) and (ii) intersect, otherwise they do not

Perpendicular distance of a point from a line
intersect. 
P(α )
Step (iv): To obtain the co-ordinates of the point of
intersection, substitute the value of λ (or µ) in the co-ordinates
of general point (s) obtained in step (i).
A       B
r = a + λb L = (a + λb )
Foot of perpendicular from a point A(α, β , γ) to the line
Figure: 23.19
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = . 
Let L is the foot of perpendicular drawn from P (α ) on the
l m n
   
line r = a + λb . Since r denotes the position vector of any
Cartesian form   
point on the line r = a + λb . So, let the position vector of L

Foot of perpendicular from a point A(α, β , γ) to the line 

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 be a + λ b .
= = 
l m n


       (a − α )b  
A(α, β, γ) Then PL = a − α + λb = (a − α ) −   2 b
 |b | 




The length PL, is the magnitude of PL, and required length
of perpendicular.

Image of a point in a straight line
P x − x 1 y − y1 z − z1 
P (α )
= =
l m n
Figure: 23.17

A       B
If P be the foot of perpendicular, then P is r = (a + λ b ) L = (a + λb )
(lr + x1 , mr + y1 , nr + z1 ) . Find the direction ratios of AP and

apply the condition of perpendicularity of AP and the given Q ( β ) (image)
line. This will give the value of r and hence the point P Figure: 23.20
which is foot of perpendicular.    

Let Q ( β ) is the image of P in r = a + λ b Then,

Length and equation of perpendicular: The length of the
  
perpendicular is the distance AP and its equation is the line    2(a − α ) ⋅ b   
β = 2a −  2  b ⋅α
joining two known points A and P.  |b | 

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Three Dimensional Geometry
 
543
   
Shortest Distance between two Straight Lines Vector form : If the lines r = a1 + λ b1 and r = a2 + λb2 intersect,

Skew lines : Two straight lines in space which are neither
then the shortest distance between them is zero. Therefore,
parallel nor intersecting are called skew lines. Thus, the skew          
lines are those lines which do not lie in the same plane. [b1b2 (a2 − a1 )] = 0 ⇒ [(a2 − a1 ) b1b2 ] = 0 ⇒ (a2 − a1 ) ⋅ (b1 × b2 ) = 0
Q
To determine the equation of line of shortest distance : To
l2 Line of shortest
find the equation of line of shortest distance, we use the
distance
following procedure :
l1
From the given equations of the straight lines,
P
x − a1 y − b1 z − c1
Figure: 23.21 i.e. = = = λ (say) . . .(i)

Line of shortest distance : If l1 and l2 are two skew lines, then l1 m1 n1
the straight line which is perpendicular to each of these two x − a2 y − b2 z − c2
and = = = µ (say) . . .(ii)
non-intersecting lines is called the “line of shortest distance.” l2 m2 n2

Note Find the co-ordinates of general points on straight lines (i) and (ii)
There is one and only one line perpendicular to each of lines l1 as (a1+λ l1 , b1 +λ m1 , c1+λ n1 ) and (a2 + λl2 , b2 + µ m2 , c2 + µ n2 ).
and l2.
Let these be the co-ordinates of P and Q, the two
extremities of the length of shortest distance. Hence, find

Shortest distance between two skew lines
the direction ratios of PQ as (a2 + l2 µ ) − (a1 + l1λ ),
x − x1 y − y1
Cartesian form: Let two skew lines be = (b2 + m2 µ ) − (b1 + m1λ ),(c2 + m2 µ ) − (c1 + n1λ ).
l1 m1

Apply the condition of PQ being perpendicular to straight
z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2
= and = = lines (i) and (ii) in succession and get two equations
n1 l2 m2 n2
connecting λ and µ. Solve these equations to get the values
Therefore, the shortest distance between the lines is given by
of λ and µ.
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1

Put these values of λ and µ in the co-ordinates of P and Q to
l1 m1 n1 determine points P and Q.
l2 m2 n2
Find out the equation of the line passing through P and Q,
d=
(m1n2 − m2 n1 ) + ( n1l2 − l1n2 ) + (l1m2 − l2 m1 )
2 2 2
which will be the line of shortest distance.

Vector form : Let l1 and l2 be two lines whose equations are The Plane
        Definition of plane and its equations
l1 : r = a1 + λb1 and l2 : r = a2 + µb2 respectively. Then, Shortest
     Y
 
(b1 × b2 ) ⋅ ( a2 − a2 ) | [b1b2 ( a2 − a2 )] |
distance PQ =   =   XOY-plane
| b1 × b2 | | b1 × b2 | YOZ-plane

Shortest distance between two parallel lines: The shortest X

  
distance between the parallel lines r = a1 + λb and ZOX-plane
 Z
  Figure: 23.22
   | (a − a ) × b |
r = a2 + µb is given by d = 2 2 .
|b |
If point P ( x, y, z ) moves according to certain rule, then it may

Condition for two lines to be intersecting i.e. coplanar
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 lie in a 3-D region on a surface or on a line or it may simply be
Cartesian form : If the lines = = and a point. Whatever we get, as the region of P after applying the
l1 m1 n1
rule, is called locus of P. Let us discuss about the plane or
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= = intersect, then curved surface. If Q be any other point on it’s locus and all
l2 m2 n2
points of the straight line PQ lie on it, it is a plane. In other
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 words if the straight line PQ, however small and in whatever
l1 m1 n1 =0 direction it may be, lies completely on the locus, it is a plane,
l2 m2 n2 otherwise any curved surface.

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544 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

General equation of plane: Every equation of first degree If the plane cuts the intercepts of length a, b, c on co-
of the form Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 represents the equation of x y z
ordinate axes, then its equation is + + = 1.
a plane. The coefficients of x, y and z i.e. A, B, C are the a b c
direction ratios of the normal to the plane.

Equation of co-ordinate planes: XOY-plane: z = 0 YOZ - Normal form: Normal form of the equation of plane is
plane: x = 0 ZOX-plane: y = 0 lx + my + nz = p, where l, m, n are the d.c.’s of the normal to

Vector equation of plane the plane and p is the length of perpendicular from the origin.

A( a )
Equation of plane in particular cases: Equation of plane
N through the origin is given by Ax + By + Cz = 0. i.e. if D = 0,

 a then the plane passes through the origin.
P (r )


Equation of plane parallel to co-ordinate planes or

 n
r
perpendicular to co-ordinate axes
Equation of plane parallel to YOZ -plane (or perpendicular
Figure: 23.23 to x-axis) and at a distance ‘a’ from it is x = a.


Vector equation of a plane through the point A(a ) and Equation of plane parallel to ZOX -plane (or perpendicular
        to y-axis) and at a distance ‘b’ from it is y = b.
perpendicular to the vector n is (r − a ).n = 0 or r ⋅ n = a ⋅ n

Normal form: Vector equation of a plane normal to unit Equation of plane parallel to XOY -plane (or perpendicular
 to z-axis) and at a distance ‘c’ from it is z = c.
vector n̂ and at a distance d from the origin is r ⋅ nˆ = d .
Note
Note
Any plane perpendicular to co-ordinate axis is evidently
  
If n is not a unit vector, then to reduce the equation r ⋅ n = d to parallel to co-ordinate plane and vice versa.

normal form we divide both sides by | n | to obtain
A unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing three
 






 n

d  d AB × AC
r ⋅  =  or r ⋅ nˆ =  . points A, B, C is






|n| |n| |n| | AB × AC |

Equation of plane perpendicular to co-ordinate planes

N

P( r ) or parallel to co-ordinate axes
Equation of plane perpendicular to YOZ-plane or parallel to
x-axis is By + Cz + D = 0.
  Equation of plane perpendicular to ZOX-plane or parallel to
n r
d
y axis is Ax + Cz + D = 0.
O Equation of plane perpendicular to XOY-plane or parallel to
Figure: 23.24
z-axis is Ax + By + D = 0.

Equation of a plane passing through a given point and
Equation of plane passing through the intersection of
parallel to two given vectors : The equation of the plane two planes

passing through a point having position vector a and parallel Cartesian form: Equation of plane through the intersection
     
to b and c is r = a + λb + µ c , where λ and µ are scalars. of two planes P = a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and Q = a2 x + b2 y

Equation of plane in various forms +c2 z + d 2 = 0 is P + λQ = 0, where λ is the parameter.
Intercept form Vector form: The equation of any plane through the
   

C intersection of planes r ⋅ n1 = d1 and r ⋅ n2 = d 2 is
c   
M

P (r )
r ⋅ (n1 + λ n2 ) = d1 + λ d 2 , where λ is an arbitrary constant.

Equation of plane parallel to a given plane
  B Cartesian form: Plane parallel to a given plane
P(a ) L b
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz + d ′ = 0, i.e. only
Figure: 23.25
constant term is changed.

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Three Dimensional Geometry 545
Vector form: Since parallel planes have the common normal, opposite signs. The plane divides the line joining the points
 
therefore equation of plane parallel to plane r ⋅ n = d1 is P and Q externally or internally according to P and Q are
 
r ⋅ n = d 2 , where d2 is a constant determined by the given lying on same or opposite sides of the plane.

condition.
Angle between two planes.

Cartesian form: Angle between the planes is defined as
Equation of plane passing through the given point.

Equation of plane passing through a given point:
angle between normals to the planes drawn from any point.
Equation of plane passing through the point (x1,y1,z1) is Angle between the planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and
A(x – x1) + B(y – y1) + C(z – z1) = 0,where A, B and C are a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 is
d.r.’s of normal to the plane.
 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 

Equation of plane through three points: The equation of cos −1  
plane passing through three non-collinear points (x1,y1,z1),  (a + b + c )(a + b + c ) 
2 2 2 2 2 2
 1 1 1 2 2 2 
(x2,y2,z2) and (x3,y3,z3) is
x y z 1 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 Note
x1 y1 z1 1
=0 or x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0 .
If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 , then the planes are perpendicular to
x2 y2 z2 1
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1
x3 y3 z3 1 each other.
a1 b1 c1

If = = , then the planes are parallel to each other.
Foot of perpendicular from a point A(α, β, γ) to a given plane a2 b2 c2
ax + by + cz + d = 0: If AP be the perpendicular from A to the  

Vector form : An angleθ between the planes r1 ⋅ n1 = d1 and
given plane, then it is parallel to the normal, so that its equation is  
x −α y − β z −γ   n .n
= = = r (say) r2 ⋅ n2 = d 2 is given by cosθ = ±  1 2 .
a b c | n1 || n2 |
Any point P on it is (ar + α , br + β , cr + γ ). It lies on the given
Equation of planes bisecting angle between two given planes
plane and we find the value of r and hence the point P.

Cartesian form: Equations of planes bisecting angles

Perpendicular distance between the planes a1 x + b1 y +c1 z + d1 = 0 and
Cartesian form: The length of the perpendicular from the
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d = 0 are
point P(x1,y1,z1) to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
a1x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d =±
. (a + b + c )
2 2 2
(a22 + b22 + c22 )
a 2 + b2 + c2 1 1 1

Vector form: The perpendicular distance of a point having

  
Vector form: The equation of the planes bisecting the
position vector a from the plane r ⋅ n = d is given by    
  angles between the planes r1 ⋅ n1 = d1 and r2 ⋅ n2 = d 2 are
| a ⋅n − d |
p=     
| r ⋅ n1 − d1 | | r ⋅ n2 − d 2 |
|n|  = 
| n1 | | n2 |
   
Note | r ⋅ n1 − d1 | | r ⋅ n2 − d 2 |
or  = ± 

The distance between two parallel planes is the algebraic | n1 | | n2 |
difference of perpendicular distances on the planes from origin.
 d d

Distance between two parallel planes Ax + By + Cz + D1 = 0 or r ⋅ (nˆ1 ± nˆ2 ) = 1 ± 2 .
| n1 | | n2 |
D2 ~ D1
and Ax + By + Cz + D2 = 0 is .
A + B2 + C 2
2
Image of a point in a plane: Let P and Q be two points and let

Position of two points w.r.t. a plane : Two points π be a plane such that
P(x1,y1,z1) and Q(x2,y2,z2) lie on the same or opposite sides

Line PQ is perpendicular to the plane π, and
of a plane ax+by+cz +d = 0 according to

Mid-point of PQ lies on the plane π.
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d and ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d are of same or
Then either of the point is the image of the other in the plane π.

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546 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
To find the image of a point in a given plane, we proceed as General equation of sphere: The general equation of a sphere
follows is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2 wz + d = 0 with centre
P ( x1 , y1 , z )
(−u , − v, − w). i.e. (–(1/2) coeff. of x, –(1/2) coeff. of y, –(1/2)
ax + by + cz + d = 0
coeff. of z) and, radius = u 2 + v 2 + w2 − d
From the above equation, we note the following characteristics
R
of the equation of a sphere :
π
It is a second degree equation in x, y, z;
( x1 + ar , y1 , + br , z1 + cr )

Q
The coefficients of x 2 , y 2 , z 2 are all equal;

Figure: 23.26

The terms containing the products xy, yz and zx are absent.

Write the equations of the line passing through P and
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
normal to the given plane as = = . Note
a b c

Write the co-ordinates of image Q as ( x1+ ar, y1, +br, z1 + cr ). The equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2 wz + d = 0 represents,

Find the co-ordinates of the mid-point R of PQ.
A real sphere, if u 2 + v 2 + w2 − d > 0 .

Obtain the value of r by putting the co-ordinates of R in the

A point sphere, if u 2 + v 2 + w2 − d = 0 .
equation of the plane.

Put the value of r in the co-ordinates of Q.
An imaginary sphere, if u 2 + v 2 + w2 − d < 0 .

If u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − d < 0, then the radius of sphere is
Coplanar lines: Lines are said to be coplanar if they lie in the
same plane or a plane can be made to pass through them. imaginary, whereas the centre is real. Such a sphere is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 called “pseudo-sphere” or a “virtual sphere.
Cartesian form: If the lines = = and
l1 m1 n1 l2
The equation of the sphere contains four unknown constants
y − y2 z − z 2 u, v, w and d and therefore a sphere can be found to satisfy
= = are coplanar
m2 n2 four conditions.
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
Then l1 m1 n1 =0. Equation in sphere in various forms.
l2 m2 n2
Equation of sphere with given centre and radius
Cartesian form: The equation of a sphere with centre (a, b,
The equation of the plane containing them is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2 c) and radius R is ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b) 2 + ( z − c ) 2 = R 2 . . .(i)
l1 m1 n1 l1 = 0 or m1 n1 = 0 . If the centre is at the origin, then equation (i) takes the form
l2 m2 n2 l2 m2 n2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 , which is known as the standard form of
     

Vector form : If the lines r = a1 + λ b1 and r = a2 + λb2 are the equation of the sphere.
   
coplanar, then [a1b1b2 ] = [a2b1b2 ] and the equation of the plane 
Vector form: The equation of sphere with centre at C (c ) and
        
containing them is [r b1 b2 ] = [a1 b1 b2 ] or [r b1 b2 ] = [a2 b1 b2 ].  
radius ‘a’ is | r − c | = a
Sphere
Diameter form of the equation of a sphere

P(r ) Cartesian form: If ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are the co-


ordinates of the extremities of a diameter of a sphere, then
C (a )
its equation is ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) + ( y − y1 )( y − y2 )
+ ( z − z1 )( z − z2 ) = 0
Figure:23.27
A sphere is the locus of a point which moves in space in such a Vector form: If the position vectors of the extremities of a
 
way that its distance from a fixed point always remains diameter of a sphere are a and b , then its equation is
constant. The fixed point is called the centre and the constant          
distance is called the radius of the sphere. (r − a ) ⋅ ( r − b ) = 0 or | r |2 − r ⋅ (a − b ) + a ⋅ b = 0

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Three Dimensional Geometry 547
Section of a sphere by a plane When two spheres touch each other the common tangent plane
is S1 – S2 = 0 and when they cut in a circle, the plane of the
circle is S1– S2= 0; coefficients of x2,y2,z2 being unity in both
C the cases. Let p be the length of perpendicular drawn from the
centre of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 to the plane Ax + By + Cz + D
P Q = 0 then
M
The plane cuts the sphere in a circle iff p < r and in this
Figure: 23.28
case, the radius of circle is r 2 − p 2 .
Consider a sphere intersected by a plane. The set of points
common to both sphere and plane is called a plane section of a
The plane touches the sphere iff p = r.
sphere. The plane section of a sphere is always a circle. The
The plane does not meet the sphere iff p < r.
equations of the sphere and the plane taken together represent
Equation of concentric sphere: Any sphere concentric with
the plane section.
the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +2ux + 2vy + 2 wz + d = 0 is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + ux + vy
Let C be the centre of the sphere and M be the foot of the
+ ythe
x 2 of
perpendicular from C on the plane. Then M is the centre
2
+ z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2 wz + λ = 0, where λ is some real which makes it

circle and radius of the circle is given by PM = CP 2 − CM 2 a sphere.

The centre M of the circle is the point of intersection of the Intersection of straight line and a sphere: Let the equations
plane and line CM which passes through C and is perpendicular of the sphere and the straight line be
to the given plane. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 . . .(i)

Centre: The foot of the perpendicular from the centre of the
x −α y − β z −γ
sphere to the plane is the centre of the circle. (radius of and = = = r (say) . . .(ii)
2 2 l m n
circle) = (radius of sphere) – (perpendicular from centre of
Any point on the line (ii) is (α + lr , β + mr , γ + nr ).
spheres on the plane)2
If this point lies on the sphere (i) then we have,

Great circle: The section of a sphere by a plane through the
centre of the sphere is a great circle. Its centre and radius (α + lr ) 2 + ( β + mr ) 2 + (γ + nr ) 2 + 2u (α + lr ) + 2v ( β + mr ) + 2 w(γ + nr )
are the same as those of the(α + ( β + mr ) + (γ + nr ) + 2u (α + lr ) + 2v( β + mr ) + 2w(γ + nr ) + d = 0
+ lr )sphere.
given
or r 2 [l 2 + m 2 + n 2 ] + 2 r[l (u + α ) + m (v + β )] + n ( w + γ )]
Condition of tangency of a plane to a sphere: A plane
touches a given sphere if the perpendicular distance from the + (α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + 2uα + 2v β + 2 wγ + d ) = 0 . . .(iii)
centre of the sphere to the plane is equal to the radius of the This is a quadratic equation in r and so gives two values of r
sphere. and therefore the line (ii) meets the sphere (i) in two points

Cartesian form: The plane lx + my + nz = p touches the which may be real, coincident and imaginary, according as
root of (iii) are so.
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2 wz + d = 0, if
Angle of intersection of two spheres: The angle of intersection
(ul + vm + wn − p ) 2 = (l 2 + m 2 + n 2 )(u 2 + v 2 + w2 − d )
  of two spheres is the angle between the tangent planes to them at

Vector form: The plane r ⋅ n = d touches the sphere their point of intersection. As the radii of the spheres at this
 
  | a ⋅n − d | common point are normal to the tangent planes so this angle is
| r − a | = R if  =R.
|n| also equal to the angle between the radii of the spheres at their
point of intersection. If the angle of intersection of two spheres is
Note
a right angle, the spheres are said to be orthogonal.
Two spheres S1 and S2 with centres C1 and C2 and radii r1 and r2

Condition for orthogonality of two spheres: Let the
respectively
equation of the two spheres be

Do not meet and lies farther apart iff | C1C2 | > r1 + r2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2 wz + d = 0 . . . (i)

Touch internally iff | C1C2 | = | r1 − r2 |
and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u ' x + 2v ' y + 2w ' z + d ' = 0 . . . (ii)

Touch externally iff | C1C2 | = r1 + r2
If the sphere (i) and (ii) cut orthogonally, then

Cut in a circle iff | r1 − r2 | < | C1C2 | < r1 + r2 2uu ′ + 2vv′ + 2 ww′ = d + d ′, which is the required

One lies within the other if | C1C2 | < | r1 − r2 | . condition.

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548 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Line , Changing Unsymmetrical form to Symmetrical form
Distance and Section Formula and Angle between Two lines
9. If the direction ratio of two lines are given by
1. The distance of the point (4, 3, 5) from the y-axis is:
3lm − 4ln + mn = 0 and l + 2m + 3n = 0 , then the angle
a. 34 b.5 between the lines is:
c. 41 d. 15 π π π π
a. b. c. d.
2. If the x-co-ordinate of a point P on the join of Q (2, 2, 1) 2 3 4 6
and R (5, 1, –2) is 4, then its z-co-ordinate is: 10. If a line makes angles α, β, γ, δ with four diagonals of a
a. 2 b. 1 cube, then the value of sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ + sin 2 δ is:
c. –1 d. –2
4 8 7
a. b. 1 c. d.
Triangle and Tetrahedron 3 3 3

3. If centroid of tetrahedron OABC, where A, B, C are given 11. The d.c.’s of the line 6 x − 2 = 3 y + 1 = 2 z − 2 are:
by (a, 2, 3), (1, b, 2) and (2, 1, c) respectively be (1, 2, – 1 1 1 1 2 3
a. , , b. , ,
1), then distance of P(a, b, c) from origin is equal to: 3 3 3 14 14 14
a. 107 b. 14 c. 1, 2, 3 d. None of these
c. 107 / 14 d. None of these 12. The vector equation of line through the point A(3, 4, –7)
and B(1, –1, 6) is
Direction Cosines and Direction Ratio. a. r = (3i + 4 j − 7k ) + λ (i − j + 6k )
4. A line which makes angle 60° with y-axis and z-axis, then b. r = (i − j + 6k ) + λ (3i + 4 j − 7k )
the angle which it makes with x-axis is: c. r = (3i + 4 j − 7k ) + λ (−2i − 5 j + 13k )
a. 45° b. 60°
d. r = (i − j + 6k ) + λ (4i + 3 j − k )
c. 75° d. 30°
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x −1 y−5 z −6
5. A line passes through the points (6, –7, –1) and (2,–3, 1). 13. If the lines = = and = =
−3 2k 2 3k 1 −5
The direction cosines of line, so directed that the angle
made by it with the positive direction of x-axis is acute, are at right angles, then k = ?
are: a. –10 b. 10/7 c. –10/7 d. –7/10
2 −2 −1 −2 2 1 x − x2
a. , , b. , , 14. Distance of the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) from the line
3 3 3 3 3 3 l
2 2 1 2 −2 1 y − y2 z − z 2
c. , , d. , , = = , where l, m and n are the direction
3 3 3 3 3 3 m n
cosines of line is:
1 1 1
6. If the direction cosines of a line are  , ,  , then:
c c c a. ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2 + ( z1 − z2 ) 2 −

a. c > 0 b. c = ± 3 [l ( x1 − x2 ) + m( y1 − y2 ) + n( z1 − z2 )]2
c. 0 < c < 1 d. c > 2
b. ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 + ( z2 − z1 ) 2
7. If r is a vector of magnitude 21 and has d.r.’s 2, –3, 6.
Then r is equal to: c. ( x2 − x1 )l + ( y2 − y1 )m + ( z2 − z1 )n
a. 6i − 9 j + 18k b. 6i + 9 j + 18k d. None of these
c. 6i − 9 j − 18k d. 6i + 9 j − 18k x y z x y z
15. The angle between the lines = = and = = is:
1 0 −1 3 4 5
Projection 1 1
a. cos −1 b. cos −1
5 3
8. The projection of a line on co-ordinate axes are 2, 3, 6.
1 1
Then the length of the line is: c. cos −1 d. cos −1
2 4
a. 7 b. 5 c. 1 d.11

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Three Dimensional Geometry 549
16. The angle between the lines whose direction cosines are Intersection of Two Lines and Foot of Perpendicular
proportional to (1, 2, 1) and (2, –3, 6) is:
23. A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, 1, 2 meets
−1 
2  −1 
1  each of the lines x = y + a = z and x + a = 2y = 2z. The co-
a. cos  
 b. cos  

7 6  7 6  ordinates of each of the points of intersection are given
 3   5  by:
c. cos −1  
 d. cos −1  

7 6  7 6  a. (2a, 3a, 3a) (2a, a, a) b. (3a, 2a, 3a) (a, a, a)
c. (3a, 2a, 3a) (a, a, 2a) d. (3a, 3a, 3a) (a, a, a)
17. The angle between the lines whose direction cosines
satisfy the equations l + m + n = 0 , l 2 + m 2 − n 2 = 0 is x −1 y +1 z −1 x −3 y − k z
24. If the line = = and = = intersect,
given by: 2 3 4 1 2 1
2π π 5π π then k = ?
a. b. c. d.
3 6 6 3 a. 2/9 b. 9/2
x +1 y+3 z−4 c. 0 d. –1
18. The angle between two lines = = and
2 2 −1 25. The co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn
x − 4 y + 4 z +1 from the point A(1, 0, 3) to the join of the points B(4, 7, 1)
= = is:
1 2 2 and C(3, 5, 3) are:
a. cos −1   b. cos −1  
1 2 a. (5/3, 7/3, 17/3) b. (5, 7, 17)
9 9 c. (5/3, –7/3, 17/3) d. (–5/3, 7/3, –17/3)

c. cos −1   d. cos −1  
3 4
26. The length of the perpendicular from the origin to line
9 9
r = (4i + 2 j + 4k ) + λ (3i + 4 j − 5k ) is:
19. The angle between the pair of lines with direction ratios
a. 2 5 b. 2 c. 5 2 d. 6
(1, 1, 2) and ( 3 − 1,− 3 − 1,4 ) is:
a. 30° b. 45° Shortest Distance Between Two Straight Lines
c. 60° d. 90°
x −1 y−2
27. The shortest distance between the lines =
20. If direction ratios of two lines are 5, − 12, 13 and −3, 4, 5 2 3
then the angle between them is: z −3 x−2 y −4 z −5
= and = = is :
−1
a. cos (1/ 65) −1
b. cos (2 / 65) 4 3 4 5
−1 1 1 1 1
c. cos (3/ 65) d. π / 2 a. b. c. d.
6 6 3 3
x −5 y −7 z + 2
21. The point of intersection of the lines = = ,
3 −1 1 28. The shortest distance between the lines r = (i + j − k )
x +3 y −3 z −6 +λ (3i − j) and r = (4i − k ) + µ (2i + 3k ) is:
= = is:
− 36 2 4
a. 6 b. 0
5 10
a. 21, , b. ( 2, 10 , 4 ) c. 2 d. 4
3 3
c. (−3, 3, 6) d. (5, 7, − 2) 29. If the straight lines x = 1 + s, y = 3 − λ s, z =1+λ s and
t
Reduction of Cartesian form of the Equation of a line to x = , y = 1 + t , z = 2 − t with parameters s and t
2
Vector form and Vice Versa
respectively, are co-planar, then λ equals:
22. The cartesian equations of a line are 6 x − 2 . a. 0 b.–1
= 3 y + 1 = 2 z − 2 The vector equation of the line is: c. –1/2 d. –2
1 1 
a. r =  i − j + k  + λ (i + 2 j + 3k ) Coplanar Lines
3 3 
b. r = (3i − 3 j + k ) + λ (i + 2 j + 3k ) 30. The ratio in which the plane x − 2 y + 3 z = 17 divides the

c. r = (i + j + k ) + λ (i + 2 j + 3k ) line joining the point (–2, 4, 7) and (3, –5, 8) is:

a. 10 : 3 b. 3 : 1 c. 3 : 10 d. 10 : 1
d. None of these

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550 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
31. The xy-plane divides the line joining the points (–1, 3, 4) 40. A non-zero vector a is parallel to the line of intersection
and (2, –5, 6) of the plane determined by the vectors i, i + j and the
a. Internally in the ratio 2:3 b. Internally in the ratio 3:2 plane determined by the vectors i – j, i + k. The angle
c. Externally in the ratio 2:3 d. Externally in the ratio 3:2 between a and the vector i – 2j + 2k is:
32. The equation of the plane, which makes with co-ordinate π 3π 2π 3π
a. or b. or
axes a triangle with its centroid (α, β, γ), is: 4 4 4 4
x y z π 3π
a. α x + β y + γ z = 3 b. + + = 1 c. or d. None of these
α β γ 2 2

x y z 41. The d.r.’s of normal to the plane through (1, 0, 0) and (0,
c. α x + β y + γ z = 1 d. + + =3
α β γ 1, 0) which makes an angle π / 4 with plane x + y = 3,
33. Angle between two are:
planes x +2 y +2 z =3 and −5 x + 3 y + 4 z = 9 is: a. 1, 2,1 b. 1,1, 2 c. 1, 1, 2 d. 2,1,1
3 2 19 2 Plane
a. cos −1 b. cos −1
10 30 42. The angle between the planes 3x − 4 y + 5 z = 0 and
9 2
−1 3 2
−1 2 x − y − 2 z = 5 is:
c. cos d. cos
20 5
π π
a. b.
34. Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8 and 3 2
4 x + 2 y + 4 z + 5 = 0 is: π
c. d. None of these
a. 9/2 b. 5/2 c. 7/2 d. 3/2 6
35. A tetrahedron has vertices at O(0,0, 0), A(1,2,1), B(2, 1, 3) 43. If a plane cuts off intercepts –6, 3, 4 from the co-ordinate
and C(–1, 1, 2). Then the angle between the faces OAB axes, then the length of the perpendicular from the origin
and ABC will be: to the plane is:
1 13 12 5
 19   17  a. b. c. d.
a. cos −1   b. cos −1   61 61 29 41
 35   31 
c. 30° d. 90° 44. The value of k for which the planes 3x − 6 y − 2 z = 7 and
36. The distance of the point (2, 1, –1) from the plane 2 x + y − kz = 5 are perpendicular to each other, is:
x − 2 y + 4 z = 9 is: a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
13 13 13 13 45. The equation of the plane containing the line of
a. b. c. d.
21 21 21 21 intersection of the planes 2 x − y = 0 and y − 3z = 0 and
37. A unit vector perpendicular to plane determined by the perpendicular to the plane 4 x + 5 y − 3z − 8 = 0 is:
points P(1, –1, 2), Q(2, 0, –1) and R(0, 2, 1) is: a. 28 x − 17 y + 9 z = 0 b. 28 x + 17 y + 9 z = 0
2i − j + k 2i + j + k −2i + j + k 2i + j − k c. 28 x − 17 y + 9 x = 0 d. 7 x − 3 y + z = 0
a. b. c. d.
6 6 6 6
46. A point moves so that its distances from the points (3, 4, –2)
38. If P = (0, 1, 0), Q =(0, 0, 1), then projection of PQ on the and (2, 3, – 3) remains equal. The locus of the point is:
plane x + y + z = 3 is: a. A line
a. 3 b. 3 c. 2 d. 2 b. A plane whose normal is equally inclined to axes
c. A plane which passes through the origin
39. The reflection of the point (2, –1, 3) in the plane
d. A sphere
3x − 2 y − z = 9 is:
47. The equation of a plane which passes through (2, –3, 1)
 26 15 17   26 −15 17  and is normal to the line joining the points (3, 4, –1) and
a.  , ,  b.  , , 
 7 7 7  7 7 7  (2, –1, 5) is given by:
 15 26 −17   26 17 −15  a. x + 5 y − 6 z + 19 = 0 b. x − 5 y + 6 z − 19 = 0
c.  , ,  d.  , , 
7 7 7   7 7 7  c. x + 5 y + 6 z + 19 = 0 d. x − 5 y − 6 z − 19 = 0

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Three Dimensional Geometry 551
48. The plane ax + by + cz = 1 meets the co-ordinate axes in A, Sphere and Angle of Intersection of Two Spheres.
B and C. The centroid of the triangle is:
56. The intersection of the spheres x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 7 x
a b c
a. (3a,3b,3c) b.  , ,  −2 y − z = 13 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x + 3 y + 4 z = 8 is the
 3 3 3
same as the intersection of one of the sphere and the
 3 3 3  1 1 1 
c.  , ,  d.  , ,  plane:
a b c  3a 3b 3c 
a. 2 x − y − z = 1 b. x − 2 y − z = 1
49. If P be the point (2, 6, 3), then the equation of the plane c. x − y − 2 z = 1 d. x − y − z = 1
through P at right angle to OP, O being the origin, is:
a. 2 x + 6 y + 3z = 7 b. 2 x − 6 y + 3z = 7 57. The point at which the line joining the points (2, –3, 1)
c. 2 x + 6 y − 3z = 49 d. 2 x + 6 y + 3z = 49 and (3, –4, –5) intersects the plane 2 x + y + z = 7 is:
a. (1, 2, 7) b. (1, –2, 7)
Projection of a Line on a Plane c. (–1, 2, 7) d. (1, –2, –7)
x −1 y −1 z−k
50. Value of k such that the line = = is 58. The equation of the plane passing through the lines
2 3 k
x −4 y −3 z −2 x −3 y −2 z
perpendicular to normal to the plane r (2i + 3j + 4k ) = 0 is: = = and = = is:
1 1 2 1 −4 5
a. –13/4 b. –17/4
a. 11 x − y − 3 z = 35 b. 11 x + y − 3 z = 35
c. 4 d. 5
c. 11 x − y + 3 z = 35 d. None of these
x−2
51. The sine of angle between the straight line =
3 x −2 y −3 z −4
59. The line = = is parallel to the plane:
y−3 z −4 3 4 5
= and the plane 2 x − 2 y + z = 5 is:
4 5 a. 3 x + 4 y + 5 z = 7 b. 2 x + y − 2 z = 0
2 3 2 4 10 c. x + y − z = 2 d. 2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 0
a. b. c. d.
5 10 5 2 6 5 60. The equation of the line passing through (1, 2, 3) and
52. The equation of line of intersection of the planes parallel to the planes x − y + 2 z = 5 and 3 x + y + z = 6 , is:
4 x + 4 y − 5 z = 12 , 8 x + 12 y − 13z = 32 can be written as: x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x −1 y − 2 z −1
a. = = b. = =
x y −1 z − 2 x y z−2 −3 5 4 −3 −5 4
a. = = b. = =
2 3 4 2 3 4 x −1 y − 2 z −1
c. = = d. None of these
−3 −5 −4
x −1 y − 2 z x −1 y − 2 z
c. = = d. = =
2 3 4 2 −3 4 x + 3 y − 2 z +1
61. The line = = and the plane
53. The equation of the plane containing the two lines 3 −2 1

x −1 y +1 z x y − 2 z +1 4 x + 5 y + 3 z − 5 = 0 intersect at a point:
= = and = = is:
2 −1 3 2 −1 −3 a. (3, 1, –2) b. (3, – 2, 1)
a. 8 x + y − 5 z − 7 = 0 b. 8 x + y + 5 z − 7 = 0 c. (2, –1, 3) d. (–1, –2, –3)
c. 8 x − y − 5 z − 7 = 0 d. None of these 62. If a plane passes through the point (1,1,1) and is
54. The plane which passes through the point (3,2,0) and the x −1 y −1 z −1
perpendicular to the line = = , then its
x−3 y −6 z−4 3 0 4
line = = is:
1 5 4 perpendicular distance from the origin is:
a. x − y + z = 1 b. x + y + z = 5 a.
3
b.
4
c.
7
d. 1
4 3 5
c. x + 2 y − z = 1 d. 2 x − y + z = 5
63. A plane which passes through the point (3, 2, 0) and the
55. The distance between the line r = (i + j + 2k )
x −3 y −6 z −4
+ λ (2i + 5 j + 3k ) and the plane r.(2i + j − 3k ) = 5 is: line = = is:
1 5 4
5 6 7 8 a. x − y + z = 1 b. x + y + z = 5
a. b. c. d.
14 14 14 14 c. x + 2 y − z = 0 d. 2 x − y + z = 5

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552 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
x y z 71. If OABC is a tetrahedron such that OA2 + BC2 = OB2 + CA2
64. The angle between the line = = and the plane
2 3 4 = OC2 + AB2 then:
3x + 2 y − 3z = 4 is: a. OA ⊥ BC b. OB ⊥ CA
a. 45° b. 0° c. OC ⊥ AB d. AB ⊥ BC
 24  72. The equation of a line 4x – 4y – z + 11 = 0 = x + 2y – z – 1
c. cos −1   d. 90°
 29 22  can be put as:
x y −2 z −3 x−4 y − 4 z − 11
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS a. = = b. = =
2 1 4 −2 2 2
More than One Answer
x −2 y z −3 x−2 y −2 z
x −1 y +1 z x +1 y +1 z c. = = d. = =
65. If the straight lines = = and = = 2 1 4 2 1 4
2 K 2 5 2 k
are coplanar, then the plane(s) containing these two lines 73. If –2, 2, 1are direction ratios of a line, then its direction
is/are: cosiness are:
a. y + 2 z = –1 b. y + z = –1 2 2 1 2 2 1
a. − , , b. ,− ,
c. y – z = –1 d. y – 2z = –1 3 3 3 3 3 3
66. If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y′− y tan x = 2 x sec x 2 2 1 2 2 1
c. ,− ,− d. − , , −
and y(0), then: 3 3 3 3 3 3
π  π π  π
2 2
a. y   = b. y '   = 74. The equation of a sphere which passes through (1,0,0),
4 8 2  4  18 (0,1,0) and (0,0,1) and whose centre lies on the curve 4xy
π  π  π  4π 2π
2 2
= 1is:
c. y   = d. y '   = +
3 9 3 3 3 3 a. x2 + y2 + z2 – x – y – z = 0
b. x2 + y2 + z2 + x+y + z –2 = 0
67. A line l passing through the origin is perpendicular to the
c. x2 + y2 + z2 + x + y + z = 0
lines l1 : (3 + t )iˆ + (−1 + 2t ) ˆj + (4 + 2t )kˆ, −∞ < t < ∞ d. x2 + y2 + z2 – x – y – z–2 = 0
l2 : (3 + 2s )iˆ + (3 + 2 s ) ˆj + (2 + s )kˆ, −∞ < s < ∞
Assertion and Reason
Then, the coordinate(s) of the point(s) on l2 at a distance
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
of 17 from the point of intersection of l and l1 is (are)
the correct option out of the options given below:
7 7 5 a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
a.  , ,  b. (–1,–1,0)
 3 3 3 correct explanation of the assertion.
7 7 8 b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
c. (1,1,1) d.  , , 
9 9 9 correct explanation of the assertion.
y z y z c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
68. Two lines L1 : x = 5, = and L2 : x = α , =
3 − α −2 −1 2 − α d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
are coplanar. Then, α can take value(s): e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 75. Assertion: The point A(3,1,6) is the mirror image of the
69. From a point P(λ,λ,λ), perpendiculars PQ and PR are point B(1,3,4) in the plane x – y + z = 5.
drawn respectively on the lines y = x, z = 1 and y = – x, z Reason: The plane x – y + z = 5 bisects the line segment
= – 1. If P is such that ∠QPR is a right angle, then the joining A(3,1,6) and B(1,3,4).
possible value(s) of λ is: (are) 76. Assertion: If the distance of the point P(1, –2, 1) from the
a. 2 b. 1 c. –1 d. − 2 plane x + 2y – 2z = α where α > 0, is 5, then the foot of
x−2 y−3 z −4 x −1 y − 4 z − 5 the perpendicular from P to the plane is (8/3, 4/3, –7/3)
70. The lines = = and = = are
1 1 −k k 2 1 Reason: A line through P(1, –2, 1)and perpendicular to
coplanar if the plane x + 2y – 2z = α intersects the plane at Q. If PQ =
a. k = 0 b. k = – 1 c. k = – 3 d. k = 3 5 then α = 10.

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Three Dimensional Geometry 553
77. Consider the plane 3x – 6y – 2z = 15 and 2x + y – 2z = 5. Reason: If a line is parallel to a plane, then the distance
Assertion: The parametric equations of the line of between the line and the plane is equal to the length of the
intersection of the given planes are x = 3 + 14t, y =1 + 2t, perpendicular form any point on the line to the plane.
z15t; t being the parameter 84. Assertion: The direction cosines of the line 6x – 2 = 3y
Reason: the vector 14iˆ + 2 ˆj + 15kˆ is parallel to the line of +1 = 2z – 2 are same as the direction cosines of the normal
intersection of the given planes. to the plane 2x + 3y + z = 14
Reason: The direction angles of a normal to the plane are
78. Assertion: The point A(1,0,7) is the mirror image of the
π π π
x y −1 z − 2 , , and the length of the perpendicular form the
point (1, 6, 3) in the line = = 4 4 2
1 2 3
x y −1 z −2 origin on the plane is 2, equation of the plane is x + y = 2
Reason: The line = = bisects the line segment
1 2 3
joining A(1,0,7)and B(1,6,3) Comprehension Based

x −1 y z + 1 x − 2 y +1 z Paragraph –I
79. L1 : = = , L2 : = =
1 −1 1 1 2 3 x +1 y + 2 z +1 x − 2 y + 2 z −3
Assertion: L1 and L2 are coplanar and the equation of the
Consider the lines L1 : = = , L2 : = =
3 1 2 1 2 3
plane containing them is 5 x + 2 y − 3 z − 8 = 0
85. The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 is:
Reason: L1 and L2 intersect at a point.
−iˆ + 7 ˆj + 7 kˆ −iˆ − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ
80. Vertices of a triangle ABC are A(1,1,0), B(1,0,1) and a. b.
C(0,1,1) 99 5 3
Assertion: The radius of the circum circle of the triangle −iˆ + 7 ˆj + 5kˆ 7iˆ − 7 ˆj − kˆ
c. d.
ABC is 2 / 3. 5 3 99
Reason: The centre of the circum circle of the triangle
86. The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is:
ABC lies on the plane x + y + z – 2 = 0
a. 0 unit b. 17 / 3 unit
x y z
81. Consider the line L : = = and the plane π : x + y + z = 0 c. 41/ 5 3 unit d. 17 / 5 3 unit
1 2 3
Assertion: If P is a point on L at a distance 14 from the 87. The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the plane passing
origin O and N is the foot of the perpendicular from P to through the point (–1, –2, –1) and whose normal is
the plane π, then ON = 2 perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 is:
Reason: If R is a point on L such that the perpendicular
a. 2 / 75 unit b. 7 / 75 unit
distance of R from the plane π is 3 then the coordinates
c. 13 / 75 unit d. 23 / 75 unit
of R are (1, 2, 3)
x +1 y + 2 z +1 x − 2 y +1 z − 3
81. L1 : = = , L2 : = = Paragraph –II
3 1 2 1 2 3
Assertion: The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 Let two planes P1 :2x – y + z = 2 and P3 : x + 2y – z = 3

−iˆ − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ 88. The equation of the plane through the intersection of P1
is
5 3 and P2 and the point (3,2,1) is:
Reason: The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the plane a. 3x – y + 2z – 9 = 0 b. x – 3y + 2z +1 = 0
passing through the point (–1, –2, –1) and whose normal c. 2x – 3y + z – 1 = 0 d. 4x – 3y + 2z – 8 = 0
23
is perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 is 89. Equation of the plane which passes through the point
5 3
(–1,3,2) and is perpendicular to each the planes P1 and P2
82. Assertion: The distance between the line r =2iˆ+2 ˆj +3kˆ +λ is:
10 a. x + 3y – 5z + 2 = 0 b. x + 3y + 5z – 18 = 0
(iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ) and the plane r.(iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ) = 5 is
3 3 c. x – 3y – 5z + 20 = 0 d. x – 3y + 5z = 0

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554 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
90. The equation of the acute angle bisector of planes P1 and a. A→3, B→2, C→4, D→2
P2 is: b. A→2, B→4, C→3, D→1
a. x − 3 y + 2 z + 1 = 0 b. 3 x + y − 5 = 0 c. A→1, B→3, C→2, D→4
d. A→4, B→1, C→3, D→2
c. x + 3 y − 2 z + 1 = 0 d. 3 x + z + 7 = 0
91. The equation of the bisector of angle of the planes P1 and 95. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
P2 which not containing origin is: Column I Column II
a. x – 3y + 2z + 1 = 0 b. x + 3y = 5 (A) If maximum and minimum 1. λ + µ = 6
c. x + 3y + 2z + 2 = 0 d. 3x + y = 5 distances of sphere x2 + y2
+ z2 – 4x + 6y – 8z + 4 = 0
92. The image of plane P1 in the plane mirror P2 is:
from (–0, 0, 10) and λ and
a. x + 7y – 4x + 5 = 0 b. 3x + 4y – 5z + 9 = 0
µ, then
c. 7x – y + 4z – 9 = 0 d. None of the above
(B) If maximum and minimum 2. λ + µ = 10
distance of sphere x2 + y2
Match the Column
+ z2 + 2x – 2y – 4z – 19 = 0
93. Consider the following linear equations ax + by + cz = 0, from (0, 3, 4) and λ and µ,
bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0 then
Column I Column II (C) If maximum and 3. λ + µ = 14
(A) a + b + c ≠ 0 and a2 1. the equations represent minimum distance of
+ b2 + c2 = ab + bc + planes meeting only at sphere x2 + y2 + z2 – 2x
ca a single point – 4y + 2z – 3 = 0 from(–1,
(B) a + b + c = 0 and a2 2. the equations represent 4, –2) are λ and µ, then
+ b2 + c2 ≠ ab + bc + the line x = y = z 4. λ – µ = 6
ca 5. λ – µ = 10
(C) a + b + c ≠ 0 and 3. the equations represent a. A→3,5 B→2,4 C→1,4
a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ ab + bc identical planes b. A→3,4 B→1,4 C→2,4
+ ca c. A→3,2 B→2,3 C→1,4
(D) a + b + c = 0 and a2 4. the equations represent d. A→3,5 B→4,3 C→1,2
+ b2 + c2 = ab + bc the whole of the three
Integer
+ ca dimensional space
96. A variable plane is at a constant distance p form the origin
a. A→3, B→1, C→4, D→2
and meets the axes in A, B and C. If the locus of the
b. A→3, B→2, C→1, D→4
centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is x–2 + y–2 + z–2 =λp–2
c. A→1, B→3, C→2, D→4
d. A→4, B-1, C→3, D→2 then the value of 160λ must be
x + 4 y + 6 z −1
x −1 y z + 3 x − 4 y +3 z + 3 97. The lines = = and 3x – 2y + z + 5 = 0 =
94. Consider the lines L1 : = = , L2 : = = 3 5 −2
2 −1 1 1 1 2
2x + 3y + 4z–k are coplanar for k is equal to
and the planes P1 : 7 x + y + 2 z = 3, P2 : 3 x + 5 y − 6 z = 4. Let
ax + by + cz = d the equation of the plane passing through 98. The shortest distance between the z-axis and the lines
the point of intersection of lines L1 and L2 and x + y + 2 z − 3 = 0, 2 x + 3 y + 4 z − 4 = 0 must be
perpendicular to planes P1 and P2. Match Column I with 99. If the volume of tetrahedron formed by planes whose
Column II and select the correct answer using the code equations are y + z = 0, z + x = 0, x + y = 0 and x + y + z =
given below the lists: 1 is λ cubic unit then the value of 729λ must be
Column I Column II
(A) a = 1. 13 100. If the angle of intersection of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x
(B) b = 2. –3 −4 y − 6 z + 10 = 0 with the sphere, the extremities of
(C) c = 3. 1 whose diameter are (1, 2, –3) and (5,0,1) is cos–1(λ), then
(D) d = 4. –2 the value of 9999|λ| must be

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Three Dimensional Geometry 555
ANSWER 4. (a) Given that β = γ = 60°
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. i.e. m = cos β = cos 60° = 1/ 2 , n = cos γ = cos 60° = 1/ 2
c c a a a b a b a c
∵ l 2 + m2 + n 2 = 1
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
1 1 1
b c a a a a d d c a ⇒ l2 = 1− − =
4 4 2
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
1 1
a a b b a d b b d c ⇒ l= ⇒ cos α = ⇒ α = 45°
2 2
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
c d a c a c b c b a 5. (a) Let l, m, n be the d.c.’s of a given line.
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Then, as it makes an acute angle with x-axis, therefore l>0.
b b c a a b a d d a Direction ratios = 4, –4, –2 or 2, –2, –1 and Direction
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 2 −2 −1
cosines = , , .
b c a a d a b d b a 3 3 3
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
b
6. (b) We know that l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1
c a b b,c b,d b,c a,d c a,c
1 1 1
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. ⇒ + + =1
a,b,c a,b a,c a,b b a d b b b c 2 c 2 c2
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 3
⇒ =1
c c a d b d c b c a c2
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. ⇒ c=± 3.
d c b a a 2560 2 2 486 6666
7. (a) D.r.’s of r are 2, –3, 6. Therefore, its d.c.’s are
SOLUTION 2 −3 6
l = ,m = ,n =
Multiple Choice Questions 7 7 7
∴ r = | r | (l i + m j + n k )
1. (c) Distance = x 2 + z 2 = 16 + 25
= 41 2 3 6 
= 21  i − j + k  = 6i − 9 j + 18k .
 7 7 7 
 5k + 2 k + 2 −2k + 1 
2. (c) Let the point P be  , , . 8. (b) Let AB be the line and its direction cosines be cosα,
 k +1 k +1 k +1 
cosβ, cosγ. Then the projection of line AB on the co-
5k + 2
∵ Given that =4 ordinate axes are ABcosα, ABcosβ, ABcosγ.
k +1
∴ AB cosα = 2, AB cosβ = 3, AB cosγ = 6
⇒ k=2
−2(2) + 1 ⇒ AB 2 (cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ ) = 22 + 32 + 62 = 49
∴ z-co-ordinate of P = = −1
2 +1 ⇒ AB 2 (1) = 49 ⇒ AB = 7
3. (a) (1, 2, –1) is the centroid of the tetrahedron
9. (a) We have, l + 2m + 3n = 0 . . .(i)
0 + a +1+ 2
∴ 1= 3lm − 4ln + mn = 0 . . .(ii)
4
0 + 2 + b +1
From equation (i), l = −(2m + 3n)
⇒ a = 1, 2 =
4 Putting the value of l in equation (ii)
0+3+ 2+ c ⇒ 3( −2m − 3n)m + mn − 4(−2m − 3n)n = 0
⇒ b = 5, −1 =
4 ⇒ −6m 2 − 9mn + mn + 8mn + 12n 2 = 0 ⇒ 6 m 2 − 12 n 2 = 0
⇒ c = – 9.
⇒ m2 − 2n 2 = 0 ⇒ m + 2n = 0 or m − 2n = 0
∴ (a,b,c) = (1, 5, –9).
l + 2m + 3n = 0 . . .(i)
Its distance from origin = 1 + 25 + 81 = 107
0.l + m + 2n = 0 . . .(iii)
System of co-ordinates, Direction cosines and direction
ratios, Projection 0.l + m − 2n = 0 . . .(iv)

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556 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
l m n 12. (c) Position vector of A is a = 3i + 4 j − 7k and that of B is
From equation (i) and equation (iii), = =
2 2 −3 − 2 1 b = i − j + 6k
l m n We know that equation of line in vector form, r =a+λ (b−a)
From equation (i) and equation (iv), = =
−2 2 − 3 2 1
r = (3i + 4 j − 7k ) + λ (−2i − 5 j + 13k ) .
Thus, the direction ratios of two lines are 2 2 − 3, − 2,1
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
And −2 2 − 3, 2,1 ; (l1, m1 , n1 ) = (2 2 − 3, − 2,1) , 13. (a) We have = =
−3 2k 2
(l2 , m2 , n2 ) = (−2 2 − 3, 2,1) x −1 y − 5 z − 6
And = =
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 . 3k 1 −5
Since lines are ⊥ to each other.
Hence, the angle between them π/2.
So, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
10. (c) Y (0,a,0)
C a B(a,a,0) (−3)(3k ) + (2k )(1) + (2)(−5) = 0
(a,a,a)
(0,a,a) G a ⇒ −9k + 2k − 10 = 0 ⇒ −7k = 10 ⇒ k = −10 / 7 .
D (0,0,0)
X′ a A
X 14. (a) Let r1 = ( x2 − x1 )i + ( y2 − y1 ) j + ( z2 − z1 ) k
O
(0,0,a)
(a,0,0) r2 = li + mj + nk
E F
Z (a,0,a) r2 .r1
∴ cos θ =
Let side of the cube = a | r1 || r2 |
Then OG, BE and AD, CF will be four diagonals.
Also, d = | r1 | sin θ , d 2 =| r1 |2 sin 2 θ
d.r.’s of OG = a, a, a = 1, 1, 1
d.r.’s of BE = –a, –a, a = 1, 1, –1 (x2, y2, z2)

d.r.’s of AD = –a, a, a = –1, 1, 1

d.r.’s of CF = a, –a, a = 1, –1, 1 d
Let d.r.’s of line be l, m, n. θ
Therefore angle between line and diagonal (x1, y1, z1) d.c.'s (l, m, n)

l +m+n l +m−n ⇒ d =| r1 | (1 − cos θ )

2 2 2

cos α = , cos β = ,
3 3  r1.r2 
⇒ d 2 = | r1 |2  1 − 2 
−l + m + n l −m+n  | r 2
1 | | r2 | 
cos γ = , cos δ =
3 3 ⇒ d 2 =| r1 |2 −(r1.r2 )2 , {where | r2 |= 1 }
⇒ cos α + cos β + cos γ + cos δ
2 2 2 2
⇒ d = | r1 |2 −(r1.r2 ) 2
1
= [(l + m + n) 2 + (l + m − n) 2 + ( −l + m + n) 2 Therefore, distance of the point ( x 1 , y1 , z1 ) from the line is
3
4 d = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 + ( z2 − z1 ) 2
+(l − m + n)2 ] =
3
−[l ( x2 − x1 ) + m( y2 − y1 ) + n( z2 − z1 )]2
8
⇒ sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ + sin 2 δ =
3  3+0−5 
15. (a) θ = cos −1  
11. (b) We have 6 x − 2 = 3 y + 1 = 2 z − 2  1 + 1 9 + 16 + 25 
6 x − (2 / 6) 3 y + (1/ 3) 2( z − 1)  −2  −1  1 
⇒ = = = cos −1   = cos   .
1 1 1  ±10  5
x − (1/ 3) y + (1/ 3) z − 1  (1)(2) + (2)(−3) + (1)(6) 
⇒ = =
1/ 6 1/ 3 1/ 2 16. (a) θ = cos −1  
 1 + 2 + 1 2 + (−3) + 6 
2 2 2 2 2 2

x − (1/ 3) y + (1/ 3) z − 1
⇒ = = d.r.’s of line are (1, 2, 3).
1 2 3 2 − 6 + 6 −1  2 
cos −1   = cos  .
Hence, d.c.’s of line are (1/ 14, 2 / 14, 3/ 14)  6 49  7 6 

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Three Dimensional Geometry 557
17. (d) l + m + n = 0, l + m − n = 0
2 2 2 23. (b)

and l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 A
P
B
1 1
Solving above equations, we get m = ± ,n=± C D
2 2 Q

And l = 0 .
x y+a z
π π Given lines are = = =λ (say)
∴ θ = or . 1 1 1
3 2
∴ Point is P(λ,λ – a, λ)
 (2) (1) + (2) (2) + (−1) (2)  x+a y z
18. (d) θ = cos −1   and = =
 2 + 2 +1 1 + 2 + 2  1 1/ 2 1/ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

4 x+a y z
= cos −1 . i.e. = = =µ (say)
9 2 1 1
∴ Point Q (2µ – a, µ, µ)
1( 3 − 1) − 1( 3 + 1) + 2 × 4 Since d.r.’s of given lines are 2, 1, 2
19. (c) cos θ =
6 24 and d.r.’s of PQ = (2µ – a – λ, µ – λ + a, µ – λ)
6 2µ − a − λ µ − λ + a µ − λ
= According to question, = =
12 2 1 2
⇒ θ = 60° . Then, λ = 3a , µ = a.
Therefore, points of intersection are P(3a, 2a, 3a)
(−15 − 48 + 65)
20. (a) θ = cos −1 and Q(a, a, a).
25 + 144 + 169 9 + 16 + 25 Alternative Method: Check by option x = y + a = z
 2  −1  1  i.e. 3a = 2a + a = 3a
= cos −1 
 (13 2) (5 2)  cos  65 
= .
  ⇒ a=a=a
and x + a = 2 y = 2 z
x−5 y −7 z+2
21. (a) Given lines are, = = = r1 , (say) i.e.a + a = 2a = 2a
3 −1 1
⇒ a = a = a.
x+3 y −3 z −6
and = = = r2 , (say) Hence (b) is correct.
−36 2 4
∴ x = 3r1 + 5 = −36r2 − 3 x −1 y + 1 z −1
24. (b) We have, = = = r1 (Let)
2 3 4
y = −r1 + 7 = 3 + 2r2
x = 2r1 + 1,
and z = r1 − 2 = 4r2 + 6
y = 3r1 − 1,
5 10
On solving, we get x = 21, y = , z = . z = 4r1 + 1
3 3
Trick: Check through options i.e. point is (2r1 + 1, 3r1 − 1, 4r1 + 1)

22. (a) The given line is 6 x − 2 = 3 y + 1 = 2 z − 2 x−3 y −k z

and = = = r2
1 2 1
x − 1/ 3 y + 1/ 3 z − 1
⇒ = = (Let) i.e. point is (r2 + 3, 2r2 + k , r2 ) .
1 2 3
This show that the given line passes through (1/3, –1/3) If the lines are intersecting, then they have a common
and has direction ratio 1, 2, 3. point.
1 1 ⇒ 2r1 + 1 = r2 + 3,
Position vector a = i − j + k and is parallel to vector
3 3 3r1 − 1 = 2r2 + k ,
b = i + 2 j + 3k . 4r1 + 1 = r2
1 1  On solving, r1 = −3/ 2, r2 = −5
Hence, r =  i − j + k  + λ (i + 2 j + 3k ) .
3 3  Hence, k = 9/2.

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558 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
x − 4 y − 7 z −1 1 2 2
25. (a) Equation of BC, = = 2 3 4
−1 −2 2
3 4 5 1
A(1, 0,3) = =
1+1+ 4 6
(b1 × b 2 ).(a 2 − a1 )
28. (b) S.D. =
| b1 × b 2 |
90o
[(3i − j) × (2i + 3k )].(3i − j)
B
D
C =
(4, 7, 1) (3, 5, 3) | (3i − j) × (2i + 3k ) |
x − 4 y − 7 z −1 (−3i − 9 j + 2k ).(3i − j) −9 + 9 + 0
i.e. = = = r (say) = =
1 2 −2 9 + 81 + 4 94
Any point on the given line is D(r + 4, 2r + 7, − 2r + 1) Hence, S.D. = 0
Then, d.r.’s of AD = (r + 4 −1, 2r + 7 − 0, − 2r + 1 − 3)
x −1 y + 3 z −1
29. (d) We have = = =s
i.e. d.r.’s of AD = (r + 3, 2r + 7, − 2r − 2) 1 −λ λ
and d.r.’s of BC = (–1, –2, 2) 2x y −1 z − 2
and = = =t
Since AD is ⊥ to given line, 1 1 −1
∴ (−1)( r + 3) + (2 r + 7)( −2) + (2)( −2r − 2) = 0 x − 0 y −1 z − 2 t
i.e. = = =
⇒ −r − 3 − 4r − 14 − 4r − 4 = 0 1 2 −2 2
⇒ −9r − 21 = 0 Since, lines are co-planar,

⇒ r = −7 / 3 x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
Then, l1 m1 n1 =0
∴ D is {4 – (7/3), 7– (14/3), (14/3)+1} l2 m2 n2
i.e. D is (5/3, 7/3, 17/3).
−1 4 1

26. (d) α = 0.i + 0.j + 0.k
⇒ 1 −λ λ =0
1 2 −2

P(α )
On solving, λ = −2 .

 ax + by1 + cz1 + d 
30. (c) Required ratio = −  1 
 ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d 
A r = a + λb B
L  −2 − 8 + 21 − 17  6 3
 = − = = .



   (a − α ).b   3 + 10 + 24 − 17  20 10
PL = (a − α ) − 
 | b |2 
b
  z1 4 2
31. (c) Required ratio = − = −  = −



  (4i + 2 j + 4k ).(3i + 4 j − 5k )  z2  
6 3
PL = (4i + 2 j + 4k ) −  
 9 + 16 + 25  ∴ xy-plane divide externally in the ratio 2 : 3.
(3i + 4 j − 5k )
x y z
32. (d) We know that + + =1 . . .(i)
 12 + 8 − 20  a b c
= 4i + 2 j + 4k −   .(3i + 4 j − 5k )
 50 
a b c



 Centroid  , , 
PL = 4i + 2 j + 4k  3 3 3




The length of PL is magnitude of PL i.e. α = a / 3, β = b / 3, γ = c / 3




i.e., Length of perpendicular = | PL | = 16 + 4 + 16 = 6 . ⇒ a = 3α , b = 3β , c = 3γ
x y z
2 −1 4 − 2 5 − 3 From equation (i), + + =1
2 3 4 3α 3β 3γ
3 4 5 x y z
27. (b) S.D. = . ∴ + + =3.
(15 − 16) + (12 − 10) + (8 − 9)
2 2 2
α β γ

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Three Dimensional Geometry 559
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 38. (c) Given plane is x + y + z – 3 = 0. From point P and Q
33. (a) We know that, cos θ =
draw PM and QN perpendicular on the given plane and
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
QR ⊥ MP.
1(−5) + 2(3) + 2(4) 9 3 2 P(0, 1, 0)
= = =
1 + 4 + 4 25 + 9 + 16 3.5 2 10
3 2  (0,0,1) Q R
i.e. θ = cos −1 
 10 
.
 

34. (c) We have 2 x + y + 2 z − 8 = 0 . . .(i)

N M
and 4 x + 2 y + 4 z + 5 = 0
0 +1+ 0 − 3 2 2
or 2x + y + 2z + 5 / 2 = 0 . . .(ii) | MP | = = | NQ | =
1 +1 +1
2 2 2
3 3
(5 / 2) + 8 21 7
Distance between the planes = = = .
4 +1+ 4 2.3 2 | PQ |= (0 − 0)2 + (0 − 1) 2 + (1 − 0) 2 = 2
| RP | = | MP | − | MR | = | MP | − | NQ | = 0
35. (a) Angle between two plane faces is equal to the angle
(i.e. R and P are the same point)
between the normals n1 and n2 to the planes. n1 ,the normal
to the face OAB is given by ∴ | NM | = | QR | = PQ 2 − RP 2 = ( 2) 2 − 0 = 2
i j k 39. (b) Let P be the point (2, –1, 3) and Q be its reflection in the







OA× OB = 1 2 1 = 5i − j − 3k . . .(i) given plane.
2 1 3 Then, PQ is perpendicular to the given plane






 Hence, d.r.’s of PQ are 3, –2, 1 and consequently, equations of
n 2 , the normal to the face ABC, is given by AB × AC .
x − 2 y +1 z − 3
PQ are = =
i j k 3 −2 −1
n 2 = 1 −1 2 = i − 5 j − 3k . . .(ii) Any point on this line is (3r + 2, − 2r − 1, − r + 3)
−2 −1 1 Let this point be Q. Then midpoint of PQ
If θ be the angle between n 1 and n 2  3r + 2 + 2 −2r − 1 − 1 −r + 3 + 3 
= , , 
n1.n 2 5.1 + 5 + 9  2 2 2 
Then cos θ = =
| n1 || n 2 | 35 35  3r + 4 −r + 6 
= , − r − 1, 
19  19   2 2 
cos θ = ⇒ θ = cos −1   . This point lies in given plane i.e.
35  35 
 3r + 4   −r + 6 
36. (c) Distance of the plane from (2, 1, –1) 3  − 2(− r − 1) −  =9
 2   2 
2 − 2(1) + 4(−1) − 9 13 ⇒ 9r + 12 + 4r + 4 + r − 6 = 9
= = .
1 + 4 + 16 21 4
⇒ 14r = 8 ⇒ r =






 7
PQ × PR Hence, the required point Q is
37. (b) We know that,






| PQ × PR |
 4 4 −4   26 −15 17 
 3   + 2, − 2   − 1, + 3  . =  ,






 , 
PQ = i + j − 3k , PR = −i + 3j − k  7 7 7   7 7 7
i j k







PQ × PR = 1 1 −3 = 8i + 4 j + 4k 40. (a) Equation of plane containing i and i + j is
−1 3 −1 [r − i, i, i + j] = 0 ⇒ (r − i ).[i × (i + j)] = 0







And | PQ × PR |= 4 6 ⇒ [( x − 1) i + yj + zk ].k = 0 ⇒ z = 0 . . . (i)
Equation of plane containing i – j and i + k is
4(2i + j + k ) 2i + j + k
Hence, the unit vector is i.e. . ⇒ [r − (i − j) i − j i + k ] = 0
4 6 6

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560 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
⇒ (r − i + j)[( i − j) × ( i + k )] = 0 47. (a) Obviously, (x – 2) + 5(y + 3) – 6 (z – 1) = 0
⇒ x+ y−z =0 . . .(ii) ⇒ x + 5y – 6z + 19 = 0.

Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k . Since a is parallel to (i) and (ii) 1 1 1

 a +0+0 0+ b +0 0+0+ c 
a3 = 0 , a1 + a2 − a3 = 0 48. (d) Centroid is  , , 
 3 3 3 
⇒ a1 = −a2 , a3 = 0  
Thus a vector in the direction of a is u = i − j . If θ is the  1 1 1
i.e.,  , ,  .
angle between a and i − 2 j + 2k .  3a 3b 3c 
1(1) + (−1)(−2) 3 49. (d) Distance of point P from origin OP = 4 + 36 + 9 = 7
Then cos θ = ± =±
1+1 1+ 4 + 4 2.3 Now d.r’s of OP = 2–0, 6 – 0, 3 – 0 = 2, 6, 3
1 2 6 3
⇒ cos θ = ± ⇒ θ = π / 4 or 3π / 4 ∴ d.c’s of OP = , ,
2 7 7 7
41. (b) Let d.r.’s of normal to plane (a, b, c) ∴ Equation of plane in normal form is lx + my + nz = p
a ( x − 1) + b( y − 0) + c( z − 0) = 0 . . .(i) 2 6 3
⇒ x + y + z = 7 ⇒ 2 x + 6 y + 3z = 49 .
7 7 7
It is passes through (0, 1, 0).
x −1 y −1 z − k
∴ and the plane , is given by. 50. (a) We have, = = or vector form of
2 3 k
(a) The line is perpendicular to the plane if and only if.
(b) The line is parallel to the plane if and only if. equation of line is r = (i + j + kk ) + λ (2i + 3j + kk )
(c) The line lies in the plane if and only if and. i.e. b = 2i + 3 j + kk and normal to the plane, n = 2i + 3 j + 4k .
Given that, b.n = 0 ⇒ (2i + 3 j + kk ).(2i + 3 j + 4k ) = 0
 6 + 4 − 10  π
42. (b) θ = cos −1  −1
 = cos (0) = 2 .
 50 9  ⇒ 4 + 9 + 4k = 0 ⇒ k = −13/ 4 .
al + bm + cn
x y z 51. (b) We know that sin θ =
43. (c) Equation is + + = 1 or −2 x + 4 y + 3z = 12 a + b2 + c2 l 2 + m2 + n2
2
−6 3 4
3(2) + 4(−2) + 5(1) 3
∴ Length of perpendicular from origin =
12
=
12
. sin θ = =
4 + 16 + 9 29 9 + 16 + 25 4 + 4 + 1 5 2.3
2
44. (a) Planes are perpendicular, if 6 − 6 + 2k = 0 Hence, sin θ =
10
⇒ k =0.
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
52. (c) Let equation of line = = . . .(i)
45. (a) Equation of plane containing the line of intersection of l m n
planes is, (2 x − y ) + λ ( y − 3 z ) = 0 . . . (i) We have 4 x + 4 y − 5 z = 12 . . .(ii)
Also, plane (i) is perpendicular to 4 x + 5 y − 3z − 8 = 0 and 8 x + 12 y − 13z = 32 . . .(iii)
∴ 4 (2) + 5(λ − 1) − 3(−3λ ) = 0 Let z = 0. Now putting z = 0 in (ii) and (iii),
3 we get, 4 x + 4 y = 12 , 8 x + 12 y = 32 ,on solving these
⇒ 14λ = − 3 ⇒ λ = −
14 equations, we get x = 1, y = 2 .
Put the value of λ in (i), we get 28 x − 17 y + 9 z = 0, which Equation of line passing through (1,2,0) is
is the required plane. x −1 y − 2 z − 0
= =
l m n
46. (b) According to question, ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4) 2 + ( z + 2) 2
From equation (i) and (ii), 4l + 4m − 5n = 0
= ( x − 2)2 + ( y − 3) 2 + ( z + 3) 2 and 8l + 12m − 13n = 0
∴ The equation reduces to a plane as 2nd degree terms cancel l m n l m n
⇒ = = i.e. = = .
out. 8 12 16 2 3 4
The equation is 2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 7, hence equally inclined x −1 y − 2 z
Hence, equation of line is = = .
to axes. 2 3 4

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Three Dimensional Geometry 561
53. (a) Any plane through the first line may be written as 56. (a) We have the spheres
a ( x − 1) + b( y + 1) + c ( z ) = 0 . . .(i) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 7 x − 2 y − z − 13 = 0
Where, 2a − b + 3c = 0 . . .(ii) and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x + 3 y + 4 z − 8 = 0
It will pass through the second line, if the point (0, 2, –1)
Required plane is S1 – S2 = 0
on the second line also lies on (i)
∴ (7 x + 3x) − (2 y + 3 y ) − ( z + 4 z ) − 5 = 0
i.e. if a (0 − 1) + b(2 + 1) + c(−1) = 0 ,
i.e. 10 x − 5 y + (−5 z ) − 5 = 0
i.e., −a + 3b − c = 0 . . . (iii)
a b c ⇒ 2x − y − z = 1 .
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get = =
− 8 −1 5
 2 (2) + (− 3)(1) + (1)(1) − 7 
a b c 57. (b) Ratio −  
i.e = =  2 (3) + (− 4)(1) + (− 5)(1) − 7 
8 1 −5
∴ Required plane is 8( x − 1) + 1( y + 1) − 5( z ) = 0  −5  1
=− =− 
⇒ 8x + y − 5z − 7 = 0 .  −10  2
2(2) − 3(1) − 3(2) − ( − 4)
x−3 y−6 z−4 ∴ x= = 1, y = = −2
54. (a) Any plane through the line = = is 1 1
1 5 4
1(2) − ( − 5)
a ( x − 3) + b( y − 6) + c ( z − 4) = 0 . . .(i) and z = =7.
1
where, a + 5b + 4c = 0 . . .(ii) Therefore, P (1, − 2, 7) .
Plane (i) passes through (3, 2, 0), if Trick: As (1, – 2, 7) and (– 1, 2, 7) satisfy the equation
a (3 − 3) + b(2 − 6) + c(0 − 4) = 0 2 x + y + z = 7, but the point (1, – 2, 7) is collinear with
−4b − 4c = 0 i.e. b + c = 0 . . .(iii) (2, – 3, 1) and (3, – 4, – 5).
From equation (ii) and (iii), a + b = 0 . Note: If a point dividing the join of two points in some
∴ a = −b = c . particular ratio, then this point must be collinear with the
∴ Required plane is a ( x − 3) − a ( y − 6) + a ( z − 4) = 0 i.e. given points.
x − y + z −3+6− 4 = 0 58. (d) a ( x − 4) + b ( y − 3) + c ( z − 2) = 0
i.e. x − y + z =1.
∴ a + b + 2c = 0
x−3 y −6 z−4 x −3 y−6 z −4 and a − 4b + 5c = 0
Short Trick 3 − 3 2 − 6 0 − 4 = 0 −4 −4 a b c
1 5 4 1 5 4 = = =k
5 + 8 2 − 5 −4 − 1
⇒ x − y + z =1. a b c
= = =k
13 −3 −5
55. (d) The given line is r = (i + j + 2k ) + λ (2i + 5 j + 3k ) Therefore, the required equation of plane is
a = i + j + 2k , b = 2i + 5 j + 3k −13x + 3 y + 5 z + 33 = 0 .
Given plane, r.(2i + j − 3k ) = 5
59. (b) Trick: Since line is parallel to plane if
⇒ r.n = p al + bm + cn = 0
Since b.n = 4 + 5 − 9 = 0 ∴ From option b., 3(2) + 4(1) + 5(−2) = 0 .
∴ The line is parallel to plane. Thus the distance between
Clearly, 2 x + y − 2 y = 0 is the required plane.
line and plane is equal to length of perpendicular from a
point a = i + j + 2k on line to given plane. x −1 y − 2 z − 3
60. (a) = =
(i + j + 2k ).(2i + j − 3k ) − 5 l m n
Hence, required distance = or l − m + 2n = 0
4 +1+ 9
and 3l + m + n = 0
2 +1− 6 − 5 8
= = . x −1 y − 2 z − 3
14 14 ∴ = = .
−3 5 4

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562 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
x + 3 y − 2 z +1 NCERT Exemplar Problems
61. (b) Line is = = = λ (Let)
3 −2 1 More than One Answer
x = 3λ − 3; x −1 y +1 z x +1 y +1 z
65. (b, c) Since, = = and = =
y = −2λ + 2; z = λ − 1 line intersects plane, therefore, 2 K 2 5 2 k
are coplanar.
4(3λ − 3) + 5(−2λ + 2) + 3(λ − 1) − 5 = 0
2 0 0
⇒ λ =2. ⇒ 2 K 2 =0
So, x = 3; 5 2 K

y = −2; ⇒ K2 = 4
⇒ K = ±2
z =1.
  
Since the point (3,–2,1) satisfies both the equations. ∴ n1 = b1 × d1 = 6 ˆj − 6kˆ, for k = 2
  
∴ n2 = b2 × d 2 = 14 ˆj + 14kˆ, for k = – 2
A B C
62. (c) According to = = , direction ratio of plane are   
l m n So, equation of planes are (r − a ) ⋅ n1 = 0
respectively (3, 0, 4). ⇒ y − z = −1
Equation of plane passing through point (1, 1, 1) is   
and (r − a ) ⋅ n2 = 0
⇒ A( x − x1 ) + B ( y − y1 ) + C ( z − z1 ) = 0 ⇒ y + z = −1
⇒ 3( x − 1) + 0( y − 1) + 4( z − 1) = 0
π /2  2  π − x 
⇒ 3x + 4 z − 7 = 0 66. (b, d) I = ∫  x + log    cos x dx
−π / 2
  π + x 
3x 4 z 7
Normal form of plane is, + = a
5 5 5 As, ∫−a
f ( x)dx = 0, when f (− x) = − f ( x)
7 π /2 π /2
∴ Perpendicular distance from (0, 0, 0) = . ∴ I=∫ x 2 cos x dx + 0 = 2 ∫ ( x 2 cos x) dx
−π / 2 0
5
π /2
63. (a) Plane passing through (3, 2, 0) is = 2{( x 2 sin x)π0 / 2 − ∫ 2 x ⋅ sin x dx}
0

A( x − 3) + B ( y − 2) + c( z − 0) = 0 . . . (i) π 2 π /2 
= 2  − 2{(− x ⋅ cos x)π0 / 2 − ∫ 1 ⋅ (− cos x) dx}
x−3 y−6 z−4  4 0

Plane (i) is passing through the line, = =
1 5 4 π 2  π 2  π2 
∴ A(3 − 3) + B (6 − 2) + C (4 − 0) = 0 = 2  − 2(sin x)π0 / 2  = 2  − 2  =  − 4
 4   4   2 
0. A + 4B + 4C = 0 . . . (ii)
x−0 y −0 z −0
and also 1.A + 5B + 4C = 0 . . . (iii) 67. (b, c) Let l : = =
a b c
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get x − y + z = 1 .
Which is perpendicular to l1 : (3iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ) + t (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ)
x−3 y −6 z −4
Trick: Required plane is 3 − 3 2 − 6 0 − 4 = 0 l2 : (3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ) + s (2iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ)
1 5 4 ˆj kˆ
iˆ
Solving, we get x − y + z = 1. ∴ DR’s of l, is 1 2 2 = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 2kˆ
2 2 1
64. (b) Angle between the plane and line is
aa′ + bb′ + cc′ ∴
x y
= =
z
= k1 , k2
sin θ = l:
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a′2 + b′2 + c′2 −2 3 −2
Now, A(−2k1 ,3k1 , −2k1 ) and B (−2k2 ,3k2 , −2k2 )
Here, aa′ + bb′ + cc′
= 2 × 3 + 3× 2 − 4 × 3 = 0 Since, A lies on l1

∴ sin θ = 0 ∴ (−2k1 )iˆ + (3k1 ) ˆj − (2k1 ) kˆ = (3 + t )iˆ + (−1 + 2t ) ˆj + (4 + 2t ) kˆ

⇒ θ = 0°. ⇒ 3 + t = −2k1 , − 1 + 2t = 3k1 , 4 + 2t = −2k1

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Three Dimensional Geometry 563
∴ k1 = −1 Let the coordinates of R on L2 be (β, –β, –1)
⇒ A(2,–3,2) Direction ratios of PQ are λ − α , λ − α , λ − 1.
Let any point on l2 (3 + 2 s,3 + 2 s, 2 + 5) Now, PQ ⊥ L1

⇒ (2 − 3 − 2 s ) 2 + (−3 − 3 − 2 s ) 2 + (2 − 2 − s )2 = 17 ∴ 1(λ − α ) + 1 ⋅ (λ − α ) + 0 ⋅ (λ − 1) = 0 ⇒ λ = α

⇒ 9 s 2 + 28s + 37 = 17 ∴ Q (λ , λ ,1)

⇒ 9 s 2 + 28s + 20 = 0 Direction ratio of PR are λ − β , λ + β , λ + 1.

⇒ 9 s 2 + 18s + 10s + 20 = 0 Now, PR ⊥ L2

−10 ∴ 1(λ − β ) + (−1)(λ + β ) + 0(λ + 1) = 0
⇒ s = −2,
9 λ −β −λ −β = 0 ⇒ β = 0
7 7 8 ∴ R(0,0,–1)
Hence, (–1, –1, 0) and  , ,  are required points.
9 9 9 Now, as ∠QPR = 90º
68. (a, d) Then, ( x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 ),(a1 , b1 , c1 ) (as a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0, if two lines with DR’s

and (a2 , b2 , c2 ) are coplanar a1 , b1 , c1 ; a2 , b2 , c2 are perpendicular)

x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 ∴ (λ − λ )(λ − 0) + (λ − λ )(λ − 0) + (λ − 1)(λ + 1) = 0

i.e., a1 b1 c1 =0 ⇒ (λ − 1)(λ + 1) = 0
a2 b2 c2 ⇒ λ =1
y z or λ = –1
Here, x = 5, =
3 − α −2 λ = 1 rejected as P and Q are different points.
x−5 y−0 z −0 ⇒ λ = –1
⇒ = = . . . (i)
0 −(α − 3) −2
70. (a, c) The given lines are coplanar, if
y z 2 −1 3 − 4 4 − 5 1 −1 −1
and x = α , =
−1 2 − α 0= 1 1 −k = 1 1 −k
x −α y − 0 z − 0 k 2 1 k 2 1
⇒ = = . . . (ii)
0 −1 2 −α
Applying C2 → C2 + C1 and C3 → C3 + C1
5 −α 0 0
1 …0 …0
⇒ 0 3−α −2 = 0
=1 2 1− k
0 −1 2 −α
k k + 2 1+ k
⇒ (5 − α )[(3 − α )(2 − α ) − 2] = 0
or 2(1 + k ) − (k + 2)(1 − k ) = 0
⇒ (5 − α )[α 2 − 5α + 4] = 0
or k 2 + 3k = 0
⇒ (5 − α )(α − 1)(α − 4) = 0
⇒ k = 0, 3
⇒ α = 1, 4, 5


 


 


 
71. (a, b, c) Let OA = a , OB = b , OC = c , then
69. (c) Line L1 given by y = x, z = 1 can be
     
a ⋅ a + (b − c ) ⋅ (b − c )
x y z −1 x y z −1
expressed L1 : = = ; = = = α (say)      
1 1 0 1 1 0 = b ⋅ b + (c − a ) ⋅ (c − a )
⇒ x = α, y = α, z = 1  
⇒ 2b ⋅ c = −2c ⋅ a
 
Let the coordinates of Q on L1 be (α,α,1)   
⇒ (a − b ) ⋅ c = 0
Line L2 given by y = –x, z = –1 can be expressed as






or AB ⋅ OC = 0
x y z +1 x y z +1
L2 : = = = = = β (say) Hence, AB ⊥ OC
1 −1 0 1 −1 0
⇒ x = β , y = − β , z = −1 Similarly, BC⊥OA and CA⊥OB

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564 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
72. (a, b) The given equation are Assertion and Reason
4 x − 4 y − z + 11 = 0 . . .(i) 75. (b) Direction ratio of AB are 1 – 3, 3 – 1, 4 – 6 or 1, –1, 1
x + 2y − z +1 = 0 . . .(ii) ⇒ AB is normal to the plane x − y + z = 6. Also the midpoint
The DR’s of normals to the planes (i) and (ii) are 4,–4,–1 (2, 2, 5) of AB lies on x − y + z = 5. Thus the plane bisects
and 1,2,–1 respectively. the line segment AB so Reason is true.
Let DR’s of line of intersection of plane be l,m,n As the plane is the perpendicular bisector of the segment
As the line of intersection of the planes is perpendicular to AB, A is the mirror image of B in the plane and Assertion
the normals of the both planes, we get 4l − 4m − n = 0 and is also true but does not follow from Reason alone.

l + 2m − n = 0 76. (a) Equation of the line through P perpendicular to the

plane is
l m n
By cross multiplication = = x −1 y + 2 z −1 r r
6 3 12 = = = =
1 2 −2 1+ 4 + 4 3
l m n
Or = = Coordinates of a point on this line at a distance r form P are
2 1 4
If x = 0, equation (i) and (ii) becomes −4 y − z + 11 = 0 , r 2r −2 r 
 + 1, − 2, + 1
2 y − z −1 = 0
3 3 3 
If this represents the point Q then it lies on the plane.
Solving, we get y = 2, z = 3
r  2r   −2 r 
x y −2 z −3 +1+ 2 − 2  − 2 + 1 = α
∴ Equation of line is = = 3  3   3 
2 1 4
Since PQ = 5,r = 5
Also x = 4, y = 4, z = 11 satisfies equation (i) and (ii)
5 4×5 4×5
Hence, (b) is also the correct option. ⇒ α = +1+ −4+ − 2 = 10
3 3 3
73. (a, c) The direction cosines of the given line are given by So the Reason is true. Q is now the foot of the perpendicular
−2 2 1 form P to the plane and its coordinates are (8/3, 4/3, –7/3)
± ,± ,±
(−2)2 + 22 + 12 (−2)2 + 22 + 12 (−2)2 + 22 + 12 and hence Assertion is also true.

2 2 1 77. (d) Equation of the line in Assertion can be written as

⇒ The required direction cosines are − , ,
3 2 3 x − 3 y −1 z − 0
= = = t. This is the line of intersection of
2 2 1 14 2 15
Or ,− ,− the planes, then the point (3,1,0) which lies on the line
3 3 3
must be on both the planes which is not true and hence the
74. (a, b) Let the equation of the sphere be Assertion is false. Direction ratios of the line of
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 intersection of the given planes is (–6)(–2)–(–2)(1),
Since, it pass through (1,0,0)(0,1,0) and (0,0,1) (–2)(2)–(–2)(3), 3(1)–2(–6)
d +1 i.e., 14, 2, 15; showing that the vector in Reason is parallel to
We have, u = v = w = − the line of intersection of the planes and thus Reason is true.
2
Since the centre (−u , − v, − w) lies on 4xy = 1 78. (b) Midpoint of the segment AB is

d + 1  d + 1   1+1 0 + 6 7 + 3 
We have, 4    =1 
 2
,
2
,
2 
 = (1, 3, 5)
 2  2 
x y −1 z − 2
⇒ (d + 1)2 = 1 Which lies on the line = = so Reason is true.
1 2 3
⇒ d +1 = ± 1 Next, direction ratios of AB are 0, 6, –4 and the given line
⇒ d=0 are 1, 2, 3.
or d = –2 Since 0 × 1 + 6 × 2 + (−4) × 3 = 0, the line AB is
and the equation of the sphere is x 2+ y 2 + z 2− x − y − z = 0 perpendicular to the given line showing than Assertion is
also true, but Reason is not a correct explanation for
or x2 + y2 + z 2 + x + y + z − 2 = 0
Assertion.

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Three Dimensional Geometry 565
1 − 2 0 + 1 −1 − 0 83. (a) Reason is true, in Assertion, line is parallel to the
79. (b) Since 1 −1 1 = 0, the lines L1 and L2 are vector iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ and the normal to the plane is parallel to
1 2 3
iˆ +5ˆj +kˆ. Since 1 – 5 + 4 = 0 the two vectors are
coplanar and the equation of the plane containing then is
perpendicular so the line is parallel to the plane and using.
x −1 y z +1
2 ×1 + 2 × 5 + 3 ×1 − 5 10
1 −1 1 = −(5 x + 2 y − 3 z − 8) = 0 Reason, required distance is =
1 + 25 + 1 3 3
1 2 3
and the Assertion is also true.
So, Assertion is true.
1 −1 1 84. (d) Direction ratios of the line is Assertion are 1, 2, 3 and
L1 and L2 are not parallel as ≠ ≠ and are coplanar
1 2 3 of the plane are 2, 3, 1 so their direction cosines are
so the intersect at a point and the Reason is also true but different and the Assertion is false. In Reason, direction
does not lead to Assertion π π π
cosines of the normal to the plane are cos ,cos ,cos
4 4 2
80. (b) As the triangle ABC is equilateral the circum centre is
1 1
2 2 2 i.e., , , 0;
 , ,  , the centroid of the triangle and hence the radius 2 2
3 3 3
 1   1 
2 2 2 So, the equation of the plane is   x +   y + 0z = 2
 2  2 2 2  2  2
= 1 −  + 1 −  +   =
 3  3 3 3 or x + y = 2, Reason is true.
Assertion is the true. Reason is also true as the centre of
the circum circle lies on the plane x + y + z – 2 = 0 Comprehension Based
through A, B, C 85. (b) The equations of given lines in vector form may be

81. (c) Any point on L is P(r,2r,3r), written as L1 : r = (−iˆ − 2 ˆj − kˆ) + λ (3iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ)

OP 2 = 14 = r 2 + 4 r 2 + 9 r 2 and L2 : r = (2iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) + µ (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ)
⇒ r2 = 1 Since, the vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 .

 r + 2r + 3r  36
2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
PN 2 =   = 6 = 12
 1+1+1  ∴ 3 1 2 = −iˆ − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ
1 2 3
⇒ ON 2 = OP 2 − PN 2 = 2
⇒ Assertion is true. Let R(r,2r,3r), ∴ Required unit vector
r + 2r + 3r (−iˆ − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ) 1
The = 3 = = (−iˆ − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ)
1+1+1 (−1) + (−7) + (5)
2 2 2
5 3
1 86. (d) The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is
⇒ r=±
2
{(2 − (−1))iˆ + (2 − 2) ˆj + (3 − (−1))kˆ} ⋅ (−iˆ − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ)
So, Reason is false.
5 3
82. (c) L1 and L2 are parallel to the vectors aˆ = 3iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ and
(3iˆ + 4kˆ) ⋅ (−iˆ − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ) 17
bˆ = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ respectively. The vector perpendicular to = = unit
5 3 5 3
both L1 and L2 is â × bˆ and the required unit vector is
87. (c) The equation of the plane passing through the point
−iˆ − 7 ˆj + 5kˆ (–1, –2, –1) and whose normal is perpendicular to both the
,
1 + 49 + 25 given lines L1 and L2 may be written as
So, Assertion is true, In Reason, equation of the plane is ( x + 1) + 7( y + 2) − 5( z + 1) = 0 ⇒ x + 7 y − 5 z + 10 = 0
−( x + 1) − 7( y + 2) + 5( z + 1) = 0 whose distance from The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the plane
13 1 + 7 − 5 + 10 13
(1, 1, 1) is , so the Reason is false. = = unit.
5 3 1 + 49 + 25 75

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566 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
88. (b) The equation of any plane through the intersection of Match the Column
P1 and P2 is P1 + λ P2 = 0 a b c
⇒ (2 x − y + z − 2) + λ ( x + 2 y − z − 3 = 0) . . . (i) 93. (b) Let ∆ = b c a
c a b
Since, it passes through (3,2,1),
Then (6 − 2 + 1 − 2) + λ (3 + 4 − 1 − 3) = 0 1
= − (a + b + c)[(a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2 ]
2
∴ λ = –1
(A) If a + b + c ≠ 0
From equation (i), we get x − 3 y + 2 z + 1 = 0
and a2 + b2 + c2
Which is the required plane, = ab + bc + ca
89. (c) The equation of any plane through (–1,3,2) is ⇒ ∆=0
a ( x + 1) + b( y − 3), + c ( z − 2) = 0 . . .(i) and a=b=c≠0
⇒ the equations represent identical planes.
If this plane (i) is perpendicular to P1 then
(B) a+b+c=0
2a − b + c = 0 . . .(ii)
and a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ ab + bc + ca
and if the plane (ii) is perpendicular to P2, then
ax + by = ( a + b) z
a + 2b − c = 0 . . .(iii)
bx + cy = (b + c) z
a b c
From equation (ii) and (iii), we get = = ⇒ (b 2 − ac) y = (b2 − ac) z ⇒ y = z
−1 3 5
Substituting these proportionate values of a, b, c in ⇒ ax + by + cy = 0
equation (ii). ⇒ ax = ay
We get the required equations as ⇒ x = y = z.
= −( x + 1) + 3( y − 3) + 5( z − 2) = 0 (C) a + b + c ≠ 0 and a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ ab + bc + ca
or x − 3 y − 5 z + 20 = 0 ⇒ ∆≠0
⇒ the equation represent planes meeting at only one point.
90. (a) The given planes can be written as
(D) a + b + c = 0 and a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca
−2 x + y − z + 2 = 0 and − x − 3 y − z + 3 = 0
⇒ a=b=c=0
Here, (−2)(−1) + (1)(−2) + (−1)(1) = −1 < 0 ⇒ the equations represent whole of the three dimensional
(−2x + y − z + 2) (− x − 2 y + z + 3) space.
Equation of bisectors =±
(4 + 1 + 1) 1+ 4 +1 x − 1 y − 0 z − (−3)
94. (a) L1 : = =
2 −1 1
∴ Acute angle bisector is (−2 x + y − z + 2)
iˆ ˆj kˆ
= (− x − 2 y + z + 3) 
Normal of plane P : n = 7 1 2
⇒ x − 3y + 2z +1 = 0
3 5 −6
91. (d) Equation of bisector which not containing the origin is
= iˆ(−16) − ˆj (−42 − 6) + kˆ(32)
(−2 x + y − z + 2) (− x − 2 y + z + 3)
=− = −16iˆ + 48 ˆj + 32kˆ
(4 + 1 + 1) (1 + 4 + 1)

DR’s of normal n = iˆ − 3 ˆj − 2kˆ
⇒ 3x + y − 5 = 0
Point of intersection of L1 and L2.
92. (c) The image of plane P1 in the plane mirror P2 ,then
⇒ 2 K1 + 1 = K 2 + 4 and −k1 = k2 − 3
2(2.1 + (−1).2 + 1.(1))( x + 2 y − z − 3)
∴ k1 = 2 and k 2 = 1
= (1 + 4 + 1)(2 x − y + z − 2)
∴ Point of intersection (5, –2, –1)
⇒ −( x + 2 y − z − 3) ∴ Equation of plane. 1.( x − 5) − 3( y + 2) − 2( z + 1) = 0
= 3(2 x − y + z − 2) ⇒ x − 3 y − 2 z − 13 = 0 ⇒ x − 3 y − 2 z = 13
⇒ 7x − y + 4z − 9 = 0 ∴ a = 1, b = −3, c = −2, d = 13

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Three Dimensional Geometry 567
95. (a) Integer
(A) 96. (2560) Let the equation of the variable plane be
 x  y z
B
A  +   +  =1 . . .(i)
C P a b c
(–0, 0, 10)
Given that the plane is at a distance p form (0, 0, 0)
1
∴ p=
Let f ( x, y, z ) = x + y + z − 4 x + 6 y − 8 z + 4
2 2 2
 1   1  2  1 2 
2

  +   +   
∴ f (0, 0, 10) = 0 + 0 + 100 + 0 + 0 − 80 + 4 = 24 > 0  a   b   c  
∴ Point P(0, 0, 10) lies outside the sphere. Centre of the 1 1 1 1
or = + + . . .(ii)
p2 a2 b2 c 2
sphere C≡(2, –3, 4) and radius r = (4 + 9 + 16 − 4) = 5
Also, the plane (i) meets the axes in A, B and C. So the
∴ Maximum distance λ = PB = CB + CP = 5 + 7 = 12
coordinates of O, A, B and C are (0, 0, 0), (a, 0, 0), (0, b,
and minimum distance µ = PA = CP − CA = 7 − 5 = 12
0) and (0, 0, c) respectively
∴ λ + µ = 14, λ − µ = 10 (3, 5) Let (x,y,z) be the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC, then
(B) 1 1
x = (0 + a + 0) = a
4 4
B A 1
C P Similarly y = b
4
1
and z = c
4
Let f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x − 2 y − 4 z − 19 or a = 4 x,
∴ f (0, 3, 4) = 0 + 9 + 16 + 0 − 6 − 16 − 9 b = 4 y,
∴ Point P(0,3,4) lies inside the sphere. Centre of the sphere c = 4z
C ≡ (–1,1,2) Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get
and radius r = (1 + 1 + 4 + 19) = 5 1 1 1 1
= + +
∴ Maximum distance λ = PB = CB + CP + r + CP = 5 + 3 = 8 p 2 16 x 2 16 y 2 16 z 2
and minimum distance or x −2 + y −2 + z −2
λ = PB = CA – CP = r – CP = 5 – 3 = 2
= 16 p −2
∴ λ + µ = 10, λ − µ = 6 (2, 4)
∴ λ = 16
(C) ⇒ 160λ
= 160 ×16
B P
C = 2560

97. (2) Any point on the first line in symmetrical form is (3r –4,
5r – 6, – 2r + 1). If the lines are coplanar, this point must lie
Let f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x − 4 y + 2 z − 3
on both the planes which determine the second line.
∴ f (−1, 4, − 2) = 1 + 16 + 4 + 2 − 16 − 4 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 3(3r − 4) − 2(5r − 6) − 2r + 1 + 5 = 0 . . .(i)
∴ Point P(–1,4,–2)lies on the sphere. and 2(3r − 4) + 3(5r − 6) + 4(−2r + 1) − k = 0 . . .(ii)
Radius of the sphere r = (1 + 4 + 1 + 3) = 3 From equation (i)
∴ Maximum distance λ = PA = 2r = 6 we get r = 2
and minimum distance µ = 0 Now substituting r = 2 equation (ii)
∴ λ + µ = 6, λ – µ = 6(1, 4) then k = 4

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568 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

1 −1... 0 ...0
98. (2) The equation of any plane containing the given line is
1 1 2
( x + y + 2 z − 3) + λ (2 x + 3 y + 4 z − 4) = 0 = 1 0 2 = − 0 2 = −   (−4) =
6 1 0 0 6 2 0 6 3
⇒ (1 + 2λ ) x + (1 + 3λ ) y + (2 + 4λ ) z − (3 + 4λ ) = 0 . . .(i)
2
If the plane is parallel to z-axis ∴ 729λ = 729 × = 486
3
∴ (1 + 2λ )(0) + (1 + 3λ )(0) + (2 + 4λ )(1) = 0
100. (6666) Let C1,C2 be the centres of the spheres and P be
1
⇒ λ =− their point of intersection. Then the angle between the
2
spheres is the angle between their radi C1P and C2P.
Put in equation (i), the required plane is
∴ In ∆C1 PC2 , C1 P = r1 , C2 P = r2
 3
0 + 1 −  y + 0 − (3 − 2) = 0 and C1C2 = d
 2
⇒ y+2=0 . . .(ii) ∴ If θ be the required angle, then cos θ = cos ∠ C1 PC2
∴ Shortest distance = distance of any point say (0, 0, 0) on z- C1 P 2 + C2 P 2 − C1C22 r12 + r22 − d 2
= =
2 2C1 P ⋅ C2 P 2r1r2
axis form plane (ii) = =2
(1) 2 Now the given spheres are
99. (486) The planes are x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x − 4 y − 6 z + 10 = 0 . . .(i)
y+z =0 . . .(i) and ( x − 1)( x − 5) + ( y − 2)( y − 0) + ( z + 3)( z − 1) = 0
z+x=0 . . .(ii) or x2 + y2 + z 2 − 6 x − 2 y + 2 z + 2 = 0 . . .(ii)
x+ y =0 . . .(iii) Centre and radius of equation (i) are (1, 2, 3) and 2
x + y + z =1 . . .(iv) Center and radius of equation (ii) are (3, 1, –1) and 3
The point of intersection of the plane (i), (ii) and (iii) is ∴ r1 = 2, r2 = 3, d 2 = [(3 − 1) 2 + (1 − 2) 2 + ( −1 − 3) 2 ] = 21
obviously the origin i.e., (0, 0, 0).
 r 2 + r22 − d  −1  4 + 9 − 21 
∴ cos −1  1  = cos 
 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 
Solving equation (ii), (iii) and (iv) we get y = 1, z = 1 and
 2r1r2 
i.e., these planes intersect in (–1, 1, 1). Similarly the other
two vertices of the tetrahedron are (1, –1, 1) and (1, 1, –1)  2
= cos −1  − 
x1 y1 z1 −1 1 1  3
1 1
∴ Required volume = x2 y2 z2 = 1 −1 1 ∴ λ=−
2
6 6 3
x3 y3 z3 1 1 −1
2
Applying C2 → C2 + C1 ⇒ 9999 λ = 9999 ×
3
and C3 → C3 + C1 , then = 6666

***

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www.jeebooks.in Mathematical Reasoning and
Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 569

24 Boolean Algebra
QUICK LOOK For example, consider the following compound statements:

p and q: A line is straight and extends indefinitely in both
Mathematical Reasoning: In mathematical language, there are directions.
two kinds of reasoning-inductive and deductive. We have
already discussed the inductive reasoning in the context of The Components of Statements are
mathematical induction. In this chapter, we shall discuss some p : A line is straight
fundamentals of deductive reasoning. q : A line extends indefinitely in both directions.
Both these statements are true, therefore, the compound
Statement: A sentence is called mathematically acceptable
statement is true.
statement if it is either true or false but not both.

p and q : 0 is less than every positive integer and every
negative integer.
Negation of statement: The denial of a statement is called
negation of the statement. If p is a statement, then the negation
The components of statements are
of p is also a statement and is denoted by ~ p and read and ‘not
p’ p : 0 is less than every positive integer.
q : 0 is less than every negative integer.
For example, If
The second statement is false. Therefore, the compound
p: Diagonals of a rectangle are equal, Then
statement is false.
~ p: Diagonals of a rectangle are not equal.

p and q : All living things have two legs and two eyes.
This may also be written as
~ p: It if false that diagonals of a rectangle are equal. The components of statements are
p : All living things have two legs.
We may also write it as q : All living things have two eyes.
~ p: There is at least one rectangle whose diagonals are not Both these statements are false. Therefore, the compound
equal. statements is false.

Compound Statement: A compound statement is a statement Caution

which is made up of two or more statements. Each statement is A statement with ‘And’ is not always a compound statement.
called a compound statement. For example, consider the statement:
A mixture of alcohol and water can be separated by chemical
The Connecting Word ‘AND’
methods.
We can connect the two statement by the word ‘AND’
This statement cannot be considered as a compound statement
For example, p : All rational numbers are real
with ‘And’. Here, the word ‘And’ refers to two things – alcohol
q : All real numbers are complex
and water.
p and q : All rational numbers are real and all real numbers are
complex.
The Connecting Word ‘OR’
Truth Value of p and q The statement p, q may be connected by the connecting word
The compound statement with ‘and’ is true if all its compounds ‘OR’, i.e., p or q.
of statements are true otherwise it is false, i.e., it is false when For example,

p is true and q is false p : Cold drink is available at dinner.

p is false and q is true q : Coffee is available at dinner.

p is false and q is false p or q : Cold drink or coffee is available at dinner.

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570 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Exclusive ‘OR’ Note
In a statement p or q, if exactly one of the two alternatives The words ‘And’ and ‘Or’ are called connectives and ‘There
occurs, the connecting of world ‘OR’ is exclusive. exists’ and ‘For all’ care called quantifiers.
For example, consider the statement q or q : An ice cream or
Implications
pepsi is available with a thali in a restaurant. The statements with “If-then”, “only ir” and “if and only if” are
This means that a person who does not want ice cream can have known as implications.
a pepsi along with thali or one does not want pepsi can have an “If p then q”
ice cream along with thali. A person cannot have both ice The statement “if p then q” says that in the event if p is true
cream and pepsi. This is called exclusive ‘OR’. then q must be true.
For example, consider the following statement:
Inclusive ‘OR’ If a number is a multiple of 4 then it is a multiple of 2.
In a statement p or q, if at least one of the two alternatives Here, p: A number is a multiple of 4.
occurs, the connecting of word “OR” is inclusive. q: The number is a multiple of 2.
For example, consider the statement. When p is true i.e., a number is a multiple of 4, then q is true
i.e., the number is a multiple of 2.
p or q : A student who has taken physics or mathematics can
apply for M.Tech programme. This means that the students “If p then q” is the same as the following
who have taken physics or mathematics or both can apply for
p implies q: It is denoted by p ⇒ q. The symbol ⇒ stands
the M. Tech programme. In this case, we are using inclusive for implies.
‘OR’ This says that a number is a multiple of 4 implies that it is a
multiple of 2.
Truth Value of p or q
p is a sufficient condition for q.
hen p and q statements both are false, then p or q is also false, This says that knowing that a number is a multiple of 4 is
otherwise it is true. sufficient to conclude that it is a multiple of 2.
Thus, p or q is true when
p only if q.

p is true, q is false. This says that a number is a multiple of 4 only if it is a

p is false, q is true. multiple of 2.

p and q both are true.
q is necessary condition for p.
This says that when a number is a multiple of 4, it is
Quantifiers
necessary a multiple of 2.
Quantifiers are phrases like, “There exists” and “For all”.

~ q implies ~ p.
“There Exists” This says that if a number is not a multiple of 2, then it is
There exists, is used of at least one. not a multiple of 4.
For example, consider the statement
p: There exists, a quadrilateral whose all sides are equal. Truth Value of “If p then q”.
The statements is equivalent to Truth value of the statement ‘If p then q” is false when p is true
and q is false otherwise it is true i.e., it is true when
There is at least one quadrilateral whose all sides are equal.

p is true, q is true
“For All”
p is false, q is true
The quantifier “for all” or “for every” can be interpreted as
p is false, q is false
saying that all the members of the given set S where the
property applies must satisfy that property. Note
For example, consider the statement There methods are adopted to test the truth value of this
statement:

Assuming that p is true, prove that q must be true.
p: For every prime number p, p is an irrational number.

Assuming that q is false, prove that p must be false.
This means that if S denotes the set of all prime numbers, then
Assuming that p is true and q is false, obtain a
for all the members p of the set S, P is an irrational number. contradiction.

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Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 571
Converse Statement Construction of truth table: In order to construct the truth
If p and q are two statements, then the converse of the table for a compound statement, we first prepare a table
implication “if p then q” is “if q then p”. consisting of rows and columns. At the top of the initial
columns, we write the variables denoting the sub-statements or
Contrapositive Statement constituent statements and then we write their truth values, in
If p and q are two statements, then the contrapositive of the the last column. We write the truth value of the compound
implication “if p then q” if “if ∼ q then ∼ p ". statement on the basis of the truth values of the constituent
statements written in the initial columns.
“If And Only If” Implication
If p and q are two statements, then the compound statement Logical Equivalence
p ⇒ q and q ⇒ p is called “if and only if” implication and is The “problem of induction” is not solved by discovery but by
denoted by p ⇔ q. the creation of definitions that make our inductions true over as
wide a range as possible. Every definition entails ontological
commitments that are testable, and so long as none of those
Truth Value of “If and Only if”
tests fail the generalizations embodied in those definitions will
The statement with “if and only if” is true when
stand. In mathematical language, there are two kinds of

p is true, q is true
reasoning-inductive and deductive.

p is false, q is false

The statement with “if and only if” is false when Basic Logical Connectives or Logical Operators

p is true, q is false The phrases or words which connect simple statements are

p is false, q is true called logical connectives or sentential connectives or simply
connectives or logical operators. In the following table, we list
Use of Venn Diagrams in Checking Truth and Falsity of some possible connectives, their symbols and the nature of the
Statements compound statement formed by them.
In this section, we shall discuss how Venn diagrams are used to
represent truth and falsity of statements or propositions. For Table 24.1: Connective and Symbol
Connective Symbol Nature of the compound statement
this, let us consider the statement: “All teachers are scholars”.
formed by using the connective
Let us assume that this statement is true. To represent the truth and ∧ Conjunction
of the above statement, we define the following sets or ∨ disjunction
S U If....then ⇒ or → Implication or conditional
T If and only if (iff) ⇔ or ↔ Equivalence or bi-conditional
not ~ or
Negation
x

Conjunction: Any two simple statements can be connected

Figure 24.1: Venn Diagram by the word “and” to form a compound statement called the
conjunction of the original statements. Symbolically if p
U = the set of all human beings and q are two simple statements, then p ∧ q denotes the
S = the set of all scholars
conjunction of p and q and is read as “p and q”.
And T = the set of all teachers

Disjunction or alternation Any two statements can be
Clearly, S ⊂ U and T ⊂ U connected by the word “or” to form a compound statement
According to the above statement, if follows that T ⊂ S . called the disjunction of the original statements.
Thus, the truth of the above statement can be represented by the Symbolically, if p and q are two simple statements, then
Venn diagram shown in p ∨ q denotes the disjunction of p and q and is read as “ p or

Truth Tables q”.

Definition: A table that shows the relationship between the
Negation: The denial of a statement p is called its negation,
truth value of a compound statement S (p, q, r,...) and the truth written as ~ p. Negation of any statement p is formed by
values of its sub-statement p, q, r,...etc, is called the truth table writing “It is not the case that ...“or” It is false that...” before
of statement S. p or, if possible by inserting in p the word “not”.

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572 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Negation is called a connective although it does not If statements S1 (p, q, r…) and S2 (p, q, r…) are logically
combine two or more statements. In fact, it only modifies a equivalent, then we write S1 ( p, q, r ,...) ≡ S 2 ( p, q, r...)
statement. It follows from the above definition that two statements S1 and

Implication or conditional statements: Any two S2 are logically equivalent if they have identical truth tables i.e.,
statements connected by the connective phrase “if then” the entries in the last column of the truth tables are same.
give rise to a compound statement which is known as an
implication or a conditional statement. Negation of compound statements: Writing the negation of
compound statements having conjunction, disjunctions,
If p and q are two statements forming the implication ‘if p implication, equivalence, etc, is not very simple. So, let us
then q′, then we denote this implication discuss the negation of compound statement.
by " p ⇒ q " or " p → q ". In the implication " p ⇒ q ", p is the
Negation of conjunction: If p and q are two statements,
antecedent and q is the consequent. Truth table for a then ~ ( p ∧ q) ≡ (~ p ∨ ~ q)
conditional a statement
Negation of disjunction: If p and q are two statements,
Table 24.2: Truth Table then ~ ( p ∨ q) ≡ (~ p ∧ ~ q)
p q p⇒q
Negation of implication: If p and q are two statements,
T T T then ~ ( p ⇒ q ) = ( p ∧ ~ q )
T F F
Negation of biconditional statement or equivalence: If p
F T T and q are two statements, then
F F T ~ ( p ⇔ q) = ( p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (q ∧ ~ p)

Biconditional statement: A statement is a biconditional Tautologies and Contradictions

statement if it is the conjunction of two conditional Let p,q,r,…be statements, then any statement involving p,q,r,…
statements (implications) one converse to the other. and the logical connectives ∧, ∨, ~, ⇒, ⇔ is called a statement

Thus, if p and q are two statements, then the compound pattern or a Well Formed Formula (WFF). For example

p∨q
statement p ⇒ q and q ⇒ p is called a biconditional

p⇒q
statements or an equivalence and is denoted by p ⇔ q.

(( p ∧ q ) ∨ r ) ⇒ ( s ∧ ~ s )
Thus, p ⇔ q : ( p ⇒ q) ∧ ( q ⇒ p)

( p ⇒ q ) ⇔ (~ q ⇒ ~ p ) etc. are statement patterns.

Truth Table for a Biconditional Statement: Since p ⇔ q is

A statement is also a statement pattern. Thus, we can define
the conjunction of p ⇔ q and q ⇔ p. So, we have the following statement pattern as follows.
truth table for p ⇔ q.
Statement pattern: A compound statement with the
repetitive use of the logical connectives is called a statement
Table 24.3: Truth Table pattern or a well- formed formula.
p q p⇒q q⇒p p ⇔ q (p ⇒ q) ^ (q ⇒ p)
Tautology: A statement pattern is called a tautology, if it is
T T T T T always true, whatever may be the truth values of constitute
T F F T F statements. A tautology is called a theorem or a logically
F T T F F
valid statement pattern. A tautology, contains only T in the
last column of its truth table.
F F T T T

Contradiction: A statement pattern is called a
contradiction, if it is always false, whatever may the truth
Logically equivalent statement: Two compound values of its constitute statements. In the last column of the
S1 ( p, q, r ,...) and S2 ( p, q, r...) are said to be logically truth table of contradiction there is always F.
equivalent, or simply equivalent if they have the same truth
values for all logically possibilities. Note
The negation of a tautology is a contradiction and vice versa.

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Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 573
*
Algebra of Statements (a) ~ S ( p1, p2 ,...., pn ) ≡ S (~ p1,~ p2 ,....,~ pn ),
In the previous section, we have seen that statements satisfy (b) ~ S * ( p1 , p2 ,...., pn ) ≡ S (~ p1 , ~ p2 ,...., ~ pn )
many standard results. In this section, we shall state those
results as laws of algebra of statements. The following are some
Boolean Algebra
laws of algebra of statements.
Any expression like x ∧ x ', a ∧ b ', [a ∧ (b ∨ c ')] ∨ ( a '∧ b ' ∧ c)

Idempotent laws: For any statement p, we have,
(a) p ∨ p ≡ p, (b) p ∧ p ≡ p consisting of combinations by ∨ and ∧ of finite number of
elements of a Boolean Algebra B is called a boolean function.

Commutative laws: For any two statements p and q, we
have, (a) p ∨ q ≡ q ∨ p, (b) p ∧ p ≡ q ∧ p Let B = {a, b, c,....} be a boolean algebra by a constant we mean

Association laws: For any three statements p, q, r, we any symbol as 0 and 1, which represents a specified element of
B. By a variable we mean a symbol which represents a arbitrary
have, (a) ( p ∨ q) ∨ r ≡ p ∨ (q ∨ r ),
element of B
(b) ( p ∧ q ) ∧ r ≡ p ∧ (q ∧ r )

Distributive laws: For any three statements p , q , r we have, A non empty set B together with two operations denoted by ‘∨’
(a) p ∧ ( p ∨ q ) ≡ ( p ∧ q) ∨ (q ∧ r ), and ‘∧’ is said to be a boolean algebra if the following axioms
hold:
(b) p ∨ ( p ∧ q) ≡ ( p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ r )

For all x, y ∈ B

Demorgan’s laws: If p and q are two statements, then
(a) x ∨ y ∈ B (Closure property for ∨)
(a) ~ ( p ∧ q) ≡~ p∨ ~ q, (b) ~ ( p ∨ q) ≡~ p ∧ ~ q
(b) x ∧ y ∈ B (Closure property for ∧)

Identity laws: If t and c denote a tautology and a
contradiction respectively, then for any statement p, we
For all x, y ∈ B
have (a) p ∧ t ≡ p , (b) p ∨ c ≡ p, (c) p ∨ t ≡ t , (a) x ∨ y = y ∨ x (Commutative law for ∨)
(d) p ∧ c ≡ c. (b) x ∧ y = y ∧ x (Commutative law for ∧)

Complement laws: For any statements p, we have,
For all x, y and z in B,
(a) p ∨ ~ p = t , (b) p ∧ ~ p = c, (c) ~ t = c, (d) ~ c = t , (a) ( x ∨ y ) ∨ z = x ∨ ( y ∨ z ) (Associative law of ∨)
where t and c denote a tautology and a contradiction (b) ( x ∧ y ) ∧ z = x ∧ ( y ∧ z ) (Associative law of ∧)
respectively.

For all x, y and z in B,

Law of contrapositive: For any two statements p and q, we
(a) x ∨ ( y ∧ z ) = ( x ∨ y ) ∧ ( x ∨ z )
have, p ⇒ q ≡ ~ q ⇒ ~ p
(Distributive law of ∨ over ∧)

Involution laws: For any statement p, we have, ∼ (∼ p) ≡ p
(b) x ∧ ( y ∨ z ) = ( x ∧ y ) ∨ ( x ∧ z )

Duality: Two compound statements S1 and S2 are said to be (Distributive law of ∧ over ∨)
duals of each other if one can be obtained from the other by
There exist elements denoted by 0 and 1 in B such that for
replacing ∧ by ∨ and ∨ by ∧ . all x ∈ B ,

The connective ∧ and ∨ are also called duals of each other (a) x ∨ 0 = x (0 is identity for ∨)

If a compound statements contains the special variable t (b) x ∧ 1 = x (1 is identity for ∧)
(tautology) or c (contradiction), then to obtain its dual we
For each x ∈ B, there exists an element denoted by x′,
replace t by c and c by t in addition to replacing ∧ by ∨ and called the complement or negation of x in B such that
∨ by ∧ . (a) x ∨ x ' = 1

Let S ( p, q) be a compound statement containing two sub- (b) x ∧ x ' = 0 (Complement laws)
statements and S * ( p, q ) be its dual. Then,
(a) ~ S ( p, q ) ≡ S * (~ p, ~ q ), (b) ~ S * ( p, q ) ≡ S (~ p , ~ q ) Principle of duality: The dual of any statement in a boolean
aglebra B is the statement obtained by interchanging the

The above result can be extended to the compound
operation ∨ and ∧, and simultaneously interchanging the
statements having finite number of sub- statements. Thus, if
elements 0 and 1 in the original statement. In a boolean algebra,
S ( p1 , p2 ,.... pn ) is a compound statement containing n sub-
the zero element 0 and the unit element 1 are unique. Let B be a
statement p1 , p2 ,...., pn and S * ( p1 p2 ,...., pn ) is its dual. Then, boolean algebra. Then, for any x and y in B, we have

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574 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
(a) x ∨ x = x (a′) x ∧ x = x circuit.
(b) x ∨ 1 = 1 (b′) x ∧ 0 = 0 There are two basic ways in which switches are generally
(c) x ∨ ( x ∧ y ) = x (c′) x ∧ ( x ∨ y ) = x interconnected. Series and Parallel

(d) 0′ = 1 (d′) 1′ = 0
Series : Two switches a, b are said to be connected ‘in series’ if
(e) ( x′)′ = x
the current can pass only when both are in closed state and the
(f) ( x ∨ y )′ = x′ ∧ y′ (f′) ( x ∧ y )′ = x′ ∨ y′
current does not flow if any one or both are open. The
following diagram will show this circuit.
Important points

In view of (i) (a) and (b) above, one may note that the
operations + and . are infact binary operations on B. a b

We sometimes designate a boolean algebra by (B, ‘∨’, ‘∧’,
Figure 24.2: Series
‘′’, 0, 1) in order to emphasise its six parts; namely the set
B, the two binary operations ‘∨’ and ‘∧’, the complement Parallel: Two switches a, b are said to be connected ‘in
operation ‘′’ and the two special elements 0 and 1. These parallel’ if current flows when any one or both are closed, and
special elements are called the zero element and the unit current does not pass when both are open. The following
element. However, it may be noted that the symbols 0 and 1
diagram will represent this circuit given by a ∨ b . If two
do not necessarily represent the number zero and one.
switches in a circuit be such that both are open (closed)

For the set S of all logical statement, the operations + and
simultaneously, we shall represent them by the same letter.
play the roles of ∨ and ∧, respectively. The tautology t and
Again if two switches be such that one is open and the other is
the contradiction c play the roles of 1 and 0, and the
operation ‘~’ plays the role of ‘′’ closed, we represent them by a and a′.

For P(A) , the set of all subsets of a set A, the
a
operations ∪ and ∩ play the roles of ‘∨’ and ‘∧’, A
and φ play the role of 1 and 0, and complementation plays
the role of ‘′’.
b
Boolean Functions: Any expression like x ∧ x ', a ∧ b ',
Figure 24.3: Parallel
[a ∧ (b ∨ c ')] ∨ (a '∧ b ' ∧ c) consisting of combinations by ∨ and
∧ of finite number of elements of a Boolean Algebra B is
The value of a close switch or when it is on is equal to 1 and
called a boolean function.
when it is open or off is equal to 0.
Let B = {a, b, c,....} be a boolean algebra by a constant we mean An open switch r is indicated in the diagram as follow:
any symbol as 0 and 1, which represents a specified element of
r
B. S1 S2
By a variable we mean a symbol which represents a arbitrary Figure 24.4: Open or off
element of B
If in the expression x′ ∨ ( y ∧ z ) we replace ∨ by + and ∧ by., A closed switch r is indicated in the diagram as follows:
we get x′ + y.z. Here x′ and y ∧ z are called monomials and S1 r S2
the whole expression x′ ∨ ( y ∧ z ) is called a polynomial. Figure 24.5: Closed or on

Switching circuits: By a switch we mean a contact or a device Boolean operations on switching circuits
in an electric circuit which lets (or does not let) the current to Boolean Multiplication: The two switches r and s in the series
flow through the circuit. The switch can assume two states will perform the operation of Boolean multiplication
‘closed’ or ‘open’ (ON or OFF). In the first case the current
r s S2
flows and in the second the current does not flow. S1
Symbols a, b, c, p, q, r , x, y, z, ..... etc. will denote switches in a

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Figure 24.6: AND Circuit
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Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 575
Clearly, the current will not pass from point S 1 to S 2 when
Circuit showing (r ∨ s ) ∧ (r ∨ q )
either or both r, s are open. It will pass only when both are r r
closed. S1 S2
s q
Table 24.4: Truth Table for AND
r s r∧s
(c)

Circuit for: (r ∨ s ) q (u ∨ v ∨ w)
1 1 1
r r
1 0 0
q v S2
0 1 0 S1
s w
0 0 0
(d)
The operation is true only in one of the four cases i.e. when Figure 24.8: (a,b,c and d) Circuits with composite operations
both the switches are closed.
Simplification of circuits: normally mean the least
Boolean Addition: In the case of an operation of addition the complicated circuit with minimum cost and best results. This
two switches will be in the parallel series as shown below. would be governed by various factors like the cost of
equipment, positioning and number of switches, types of
r
material used etc. For us, simplification of circuits would mean
lesser number of switches which we achieve by using different
S1 S2 properties of Boolean algebra. e.g., consider the circuits given
s by (a ∧ b ) ∨ (a ∧ c)
Figure 24.7: Parallel This is represented by

The circuit shows that the current will pass when either or both a b

the switches are closed. It will not pass only when both are open.
Table 24.5: Truth Table for OR
a c
r s r∨s
1 1 1 Figure 24.9: Circuit for (a ∧ b ) ∨ (a ∧ c)

1 0 1
Since (a ∧ b) ∨ (a ∧ c) = a ∧ (b ∨ c)
0 1 1
0 0 0 ∴ The circuit could be simplified to
b
The operation is not true only in one of the four cases i.e., when
both r and s are open. r
Circuits with composite operations
c

Circuit showing : r∧ (s ∨ q)
Figure 24.10: Circuit for ( a ∧ b ) ∨ ( a ∧ c ) = a ∧ (b ∨ c )
s

Logic Gates and Truth Table

r
S1 S2 Logic Gate: The digital circuit that can be analysed with the
q help of Boolean algebra is called logic gate or logic circuit.
(a) A logic gate has two or more inputs but only one output.

Circuit showing r ∨ ( s ∧ q) There are primarily three logic gates namely the OR gate, the
AND gate and the NOT gate.
r
Truth Table: The operation of a logic gate or circuit can be
S1 S2
represented in a table which contains all possible inputs and
s q their corresponding outputs is called the truth table. To write
(b) the truth table we use binary digits 1 and 0.

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576 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Different Logic Gates Table 24.9: Boolean Expression and Truth Table: Y = A ⋅ B
[
A B Y′ = A ⋅ B Y
The ‘OR’ Gate
0 0 0 1
It has two inputs (A and B) and only one output (Y) 0 1 0 1
Boolean expression is Y = A + B 1 0 0 1
Table 24.6: Truth Table 1 1 1 0
A B Y=A+B
0 0 0 The ‘NOR’ gate: From ‘OR’ and ‘NOT’ gate
0 1 1
1 0 1 A Y′ = A + B
1 1 1
B
A
Y A
B ⇒ Y
B
Figure 24.11: OR Gate
Figure 24.15: NOR Gate
The ‘AND’ Gate
It has two inputs and one output.
Boolean expression Y = A + B
Boolean expression is Y = A · B Table 24.10: Truth Table
Table 24.7: Truth Table A B Y′ = A + B Y
A B Y=A·B 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1
The ‘XOR’ gate: From ‘NOT’, ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ gate. Known
A as exclusive OR gate. Or
Y
B
Figure 24.12: AND Gate
The logic gate which gives high output (i.e., 1) if either input A
or input B but not both are high (i.e. 1) is called exclusive OR
The ‘NOT’ Gate gate or the XOR gate.
It has only one input and only one output
It may be noted that if both the inputs of the XOR gate are high,
Boolean expression is Y = A then the output is low (i.e., 0).
A Y ' = A.B
Table 24.8: Truth Table A
A Y =A B
0 1
1 0 Y

A Y A
B
Figure 24.13: NOT Gate B Y '' = A.B

A
Combination of Logic Gates ⇒ Y
B
The ‘NAND’ gate: From ‘AND’ and ‘NOT’ gate
Figure 24.16: XOR Gate

A Y′ = A ·B
AND NOT Boolean expression Y = A ⊕ B = AB + AB
B
Table 24.11: Truth Table
A B Y
A 0 0 0
⇒ Y 0 1 1
B
1 0 1
Figure 24.14: NAND Gate 1 1 0

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Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 577
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 11. ~ ( p ∨ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ q ) is logically equivalent to:
Mathematical Logic a. ~ p b. p
c. q d. ~q
1. Negation of “Ram is in Class X or Rashmi is in Class XII”
is: 12. The inverse of the proposition ( p ∧ ~ q ) ⇒ r is:
a. Ram is not in class X but Ram is in class XII a. ~ r ⇒ ~ p ∨ q b. ~ p ∨ q ⇒ ~ r
b. Ram is not in class X but Rashmi is not in class XII c. r ⇒ p ∧ ~ q d. None of these
c. Either Ram is not in class X or Ram is not in class XII
d. None of these 13. When does the current flow through the following circuit?
q
2. The conditional ( p ∧ q) ⇒ p is:
a. A tautology p r
b. A fallacy i.e., contradiction q
c. Neither tautology nor fallacy a. p, q, r should be closed b. p, q, r should be open
d. None of these c. Always d. None of these
3. Which of the following is a contradiction? 14. Which Venn diagram represent the truth of the statement
a. ( p ∧ q)∧ ~ ( p ∨ q) b. p ∨ (~ p ∧ q) “All students are hard working.”
c. ( p ⇒ q ) ⇒ p d. None of these Where U = Universal set of human beings
S = Set of all students
4. Which of the following is logically equivalent H = Set of all hard workers?
to ~(~ p⇒ q ) ? U S H U
H
a. p ∧ q b. p ∧ ~ q a. S b.
c. ~ p ∧ q d. ~ p ∧ ~ q

5. ~ ( p ∨ q) is equal to: U

c. S=H d. None of these

a. ~ p ∨ ~ q b. ~ p ∧ ~ q
c. ~ p ∨ q d. p ∨ ~ q

6. ~ ( p ∧ q) is equal to: 15. Which Venn diagram represent the truth of the statements
“No child is naughty” Where U = Universal set of human
a. ~ p ∨ ~ q b. ~ p ∧ ~ q
beings; C = Set of children; N = Set of naughty persons?
c. ~ p ∧ q d. p ∧ ~ q N C
N
7. (~ (~ p)) ∧ q is equal to: a. b. C

a. ~ p ∧ q b. p ∧ q U U
N C
c. p ∧ ~ q d. ~ p ∧ ~ q
c. d. None of these
8. ~ ( p ∨ (~ q)) is equal to:
U
a. ~ p ∨ q b. (~ p) ∧ q
c. ~ p ∨ ~ p d. ~ p ∧ ~ q 16. Which Venn diagram represents the truth of the
statement? “No policeman is a thief”?
9. ~ ((~ p) ∧ q) is equal to:
a. p ∨ (~ q) b. p ∨ q a. P T b. P T

c. p ∧ (~ q) d. ~ p ∧ ~ q U U

10. ~ ( p ⇔ q) is: P
c. T d. None of these
a. ~ p ∧ ~ q b. ~ p ∨ ~ q
c. ( p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ q) d. None of these U

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578 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
17. Which Venn diagram represent the truth of the statement 25. The false statement in the following is:
“Some teenagers are not dreamers” a. p ∧ (~ p ) is a contradiction
T D
b. ( p ⇒ q ) ⇔ (~ q ⇒ ~ p) is a contradiction
a. T D b. c. ~ (~ p ) ⇔ p is a tautology
U U
d. p ∨ (~ p ) ⇔ is a tautology
T D

c. d. None of these 26. If p ⇒ (~ p ∨ q) is false, the truth values of p and q are

U
respectively:
a. F, T b. F, F
18. Which of the following Venn diagram corresponds to the c. T, T d. T, F
statement
“All mothers are women” 27. Which of the following is not a proposition?
(M is the set of all mothers, W is the set of all women) a. 3 is a prime
W M
b. 2 is irrational
a. W M b. c. Mathematics is interesting
U U
d. 5 is an even integer

W M
28. ( p ∧ ~ q) ∧ (~ p ∧ q ) is:
c. M d. W
a. A tautology
U U b. A contradiction
c. Both a tautology and a contradiction
19. The negative of q ∨ ~ ( p ∧ r ) is: d. Neither a tautology nor a contradiction
a. ~ q ∧ ~ ( p ∧ r ) b. ~ q ∧ ( p ∧ r )
29. ~ p ∧ q is logically equivalent to:
c. ~ q ∨ ( p ∧ r ) d. None of these
a. p → q b. q → p
20. The propositions ( p ⇒ ~ p) ∧ (~ p ⇒ p) is a: c. ~ ( p → q ) d. ~ ( q → p )
a. Tautology and contradiction
30. Which of the following is the inverse of the proposition:
b. Neither tautology nor contradiction
“If a number is a prime then it is odd?”
c. Contradiction
a. If a number is not a prime then it is odd
d. Tautology
b. If a number is not a prime then it is odd
21. Which of the following is always true? c. If a number is not odd then it is not a prime
a. ( p ⇒ q) ≡ ~ q ⇒ ~ p b. ~ ( p ∨ q) ≡ ∨ p ∨ ~ q d. If a number is not odd then it is a prime
c. ~ ( p ⇒ q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q d. ~ ( p ∨ q) ≡ ~ p ∧ ~ q 31. Which of the following is a statement?
a. Open the door b. Do your homework
22. The contrapositive of ( p ∨ q) ⇒ r is:
c. Switch on the fan d. Two plus two is four
a. r ⇒ ( p ∨ q) b. ~ r ⇒ ( p ∨ q)
32. Which of the following is a statement?
c. ~ r ⇒ ~ p ∧ ~ q d. p ⇒ (q ∨ r )
a. May you live long!
23. If p ⇒ (q ∨ r ) is false, then the truth values of p, q, r are b. May God bless you!
respectively: c. The sun is a star
a. T, F, F b. F, F, F d. Hurrah! we have won the match
c. F, T, T d. T, T, F 33. Which of the following is not a statement?
a. Roses are red
24. The logically equivalent proposition of p ⇔ q is:
b. New Delhi is in India
a. ( p ∧ q) ∨ ( p ∧ q ) b. ( p ⇒ q ) ∧ (q ⇒ p )
c. Every square is a rectangle
c. ( p ∧ q ) ∨ ( q ⇒ p) d. ( p ∧ q ) ⇒ ( q ∨ p) d. Alas! I have failed

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Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 579
34. Which of the following is not a statement? 44. If p, q, r are simple propositions, then ( p ∧ q ) ∧ (q ∧ r) is
a. Every set is a finite set true then
b. 8 is less than 6 a. p, q, r are all false
c. Where are you going? b. p, q, r are all true
d. The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees c. p, q are true and r is false
35. Which of the following is not a statement? d. p is true and q and r are false
a. Please do me a favour b. 2 is an even integer
45. ~ ( p ⇒ q) ⇔ ~ p ∨ ~ q is:
c. 2 + 1 = 3 d. The number 17 is prime
a. A tautology
36. Which of the following is not a statement? b. A contradiction
a. Give me a glass of water c. Neither a tautology nor a contradiction
b. Asia is a continent
d. Cannot come to any conclusion
c. The earth revolved round the sun
d. The number 6 has two prime factors 2, 3 46. ( p ∧ ~ q) ∧ (~ p ∨ q ) is:

37. Which of the following is an open statement? a. A contradiction b. A tautology

a. x is a natural number b. Give me a glass of water c. Either A or B d. Neither A nor B
c. Wish you best of luck d. Good morning to all 47. Which of the following is not logically equivalent to the
38. Negation of the conditional: “If it rains, I shall go to proposition: “A real number is either rational or
school” is? irrational”?
a. It rains and I shall go to school a. If a number is neither rational nor irrational then it is
b. It rains and I shall not go to school not real
c. It does not rains and I shall go to school b. If a number is not a rational or not an irrational, then it
d. None of these is not real
39. Negation of “Paris in France and London is in England” is? c. If a number is not real, then it is neither rational nor
a. Paris is in England and London is in France irrational
b. Paris is not in France or London is not in England d. If a number is real, then it is rational or irrational
c. Paris is in England or London is in France 48. If p: It rains today, q : I go to school, r : I shall meet any
d. None of these friends and s : I shall go for a movie, then which of the
40. Negation is “2 + 3 = 5 and 8 < 10” is following is the proposition:
a. 2 + 3 ≠ 5 and < 10 b. 2 + 3 = 5 and 8 ≮ 10 If it does not rain or if I do not go to school, then I shall
meet my friend and go for a movie.
c. 2 + 3 ≠ 5 or 8 ≮ 10 d. None of these
a. ~ ( p ∧ q) ⇒ (r ∧ s) b. ~ ( p ∧ ~ q) ⇒ (r ∧ s)
41. p ⇒ q can also be written as: c. ~ ( p ∧ q) ⇒ (r ∨ s) d. None of these
a. p ⇒ ~ q b. ~ p ∨ q
49. The negation of the compound proposition p ∨ (~ p ∨ q )
c. ~ q ⇒ ~ p d. None of these
is:
42. If p, q, r are simple propositions with truth values T, F, T, a. ( p ∧ ~ q) ∧ ~ p b. ( p ∧ ~ q) ∨ ~ p
then the truth value of (~ p ∨ q) ∧ ~ r ⇒ p is:
c. ( p ∨ ~ q) ∨ ~ p d. None of these
a. True b. False
50. Which of the following is true?
c. True if r is false d. True if q is true
a. p ⇒ q ≡ ~ p ⇒ ~ q
43. If ( p ∧ ~ r ) ⇒ (q ∨ r ) is false and q and r are both false,
b. ~ ( p ⇒ ~ q) ≡ ~ p ∧ q
then p is:
c. ~ (~ p ⇒ ~ q) ≡~ p ∧ q
a. True b. False
c. May be true or false d. Data insufficient d. ~ ( p ⇔ q) ≡ [~ ( p ⇒ q) ∧ ~ (q ⇒ p)]

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580 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Boolean Algebra 65. a. a ∨ (a ∧ b) = a b. a ∨ (a ∧ b) = b
51. In a Boolean Algebra B, for all x in B, 0′ is equal to: c. a ∨ (a ∧ b) = a ∨ b d. None of these
a. 0 b. 1
66. a. a ∧ (a ∨ b) = b b. a ∧ (a ∨ b) = a
c. x.0 d. None of these
c. a ∧ (a ∨ b) = 0 d. None of these
52. In a Boolean Algebra B, for all x in B, 1′ = ?
a. 0 b. 1 67. a. x ∨ x′ x = x′ b. x ∨ x′ x = x
c. x ∧ 1 d. None of these c. x ∨ x′ x = 1 d. None of these

53. Dual of ( x′ ∨ y′)′ = x ∧ y is: 68. a. x ∨ x′y = x b. x ∨ x′y = y

a. ( x′ ∨ y′) = x ∨ y b. ( x′ ∧ y′)′ = x ∨ y c. x ∨ x′y = x ∨ y d. None of these
c. ( x′ ∧ y′)′ = x ∧ y d. None of these 69. a. x ∧ ( x ∨ y ) = x b. x ∧ ( x ∨ y ) = y
54. Dual of x ∨ ( y ∧ x) = x is: c. x ∧ ( x ∨ y ) = 1 d. None of these
a. x ∧ ( y ∨ x) = x b. x ∧ ( y ∧ x) = x 70. An OR gate is the Boolean function defined of :
c. ( x ∨ y ) ∧ ( x ∨ x) = x d. None of these a. f ( x1 , x2 ) = x1 ∧ x2 ; x1 , x2 ∈{0,1}
b. f ( x1 , x2 ) = x1 ∨ x2 ; x1 , x2 ∈{0,1}
Let B = {p, q, r,...} and let two binary operations be denoted c. f ( x1 , x2 ) = x1 ; x1 , x2 ∈{0,1}
by ‘∨' and ‘∧’ or ‘+’ or ‘.’, then d. f ( x1 , x2 ) = x2 ; x1 , x2 ∈{0,1}
55. a. p ∨ p′ = 0 b. p ∧ p′ = 1
71. A NOT gate is the Boolean function defined by:
c. p ∨ p′ = 1 d. None of these a. f ( x) = x, x ∈{0,1} b. f ( x) = x′, x ∈ {0,1}

56. a. p ∧ p′ = 1 b. p ∧ p′ = 0 c. f ( x) = x + x′, x ∈ {0,1} d. None of these

c. p ∨ p′ = 0 d. None of these 72. Negation of the proposition: If we control population

growth, we prosper:
57. a. a ∨ a = 0 b. a ∨ a = a
a. If we do not control population growth, we prosper
c. a ∨ 1 = a d. None of these b. It we control population growth, we do not prosper
58. a. a ∧ a = 1 b. a ∧ a = a c. We control population but we do not prosper
d. We do not control population, but we prosper
c. a ∧ a = 0 d. None of these
73. Which Venn diagram represent the truth of the statement
59. a. a ∨ 1 = a b. a ∨ 1 = 1
“All smokers are drinkers and all drinkers are smokers”?
c. a ∨ 1 = 0 d. None of these U U

60. a. a ∨ a′ = 0 b. a ∨ a′ = 1 a. S=D b. S D

c. a ∨ a′ = a d. None of these
S D U
61. a. a ∧ a′ = 1 b. a ∧ a′ = 0
c. a ∧ a′ = a d. None of these c. d. None of these

62. a. 0′ = 0 b. 0′ = 1
c. 1′ = 1 d. None of these 74. For the circuits shown below, the Boolean polynomial is:
~p q
63. a. (a ∨ b)′ = a′ ∨ b′ b. (a ∨ b)′ = a′ ∧ b′
p ~q
c. (a ∨ b)′ ∨ a ∨ b d. None of these

64. a. (a ∧ b)′ = a′ ∨ b′ b. (a ∧ b)′ = a′ ∧ b′

a. (~ p ∨ q ) ∨ ( p ∨ ~ q ) b. (~ p ∧ p ) ∧ ( q ∧ q )
c. (a ∧ b)′ = a ∨ b d. None of these
c. (~ p ∧ ~ q) ∧ (q ∧ p ) d. (~ p ∧ q) ∨ ( p ∧ ~ q )

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Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 581
75. Let p be the proposition : Mathematics is a interesting and 80. For the given combination of gates, if the logic states of
let q be the propositions that Mathematics is difficult, then inputs A, B, C are as follows A = B = C = 0 and A = B = 1,
the symbol p ∧ q means: C = 0 then the logic states of output D are:
A
a. Mathematics is interesting implies that Mathematics is
B G2
difficult G1
D
b. Mathematics is interesting implies and is implied by C
Mathematics is difficult a. 0, 0 b. 0, 1
c. Mathematics is interesting and Mathematics is difficult c. 1, 0 d. 1, 1
d. Mathematics is interesting or Mathematics is difficult
81. Which of the following gates will have an output of 1?
76. An AND gate is the Boolean function defined by:
a. f ( x1 , x2 ) = x1 : x2 , x1 , x2 ∈{0,1} 1 0
a. b.
0 1
b. f ( x1 , x2 ) = x1 + x2 , x1 , x2 ∈ {0,1}
0 0
c. f ( x1 , x2 ) = x1 , x1 , x2 ∈ {0,1} c. d.
1 1

d. f ( x1 , x2 ) = x2 , x1 , x2 ∈ {0,1}
82. Which represents NAND gate?

77. If p and q are simple propositions, then p ⇒ q is false

a. b.
when:
a. p is true and q is true
b. p is false and q is true c. d.
c. p is true and q is false
83. The given truth table is of:
d. Both p and q are false
A X
0 1
Logic Gates and Truth Table 1 0
78. The combination of ‘NAND’ gates shown here under a. OR gate b. AND gate
(figure) are equivalent to: c. NOT gate d. None of above

A 84. To get an output 1 from the circuit shown in the figure,

C the input must be:
A
B B

A C
B C

a. An OR gate and an AND gate respectively a. A = 0, B = 1, C = 0 b. A = 1, B = 0, C = 0

b. An AND gate and a NOT gate respectively c. A = 1, B = 0, C = 1 d. A = 1, B = 1, C = 0
c. An AND gate and an OR gate respectively 85. The combination of the gates shown in the figure below
d. An OR gate and a NOT gate respectively. produces:
79. The truth table shown in figure is for: A
A
A 0 0 1 1 Y
B 0 1 0 1 B
Y 1 0 0 1 B

a. XOR b. AND a. NOR gate b. OR gate

c. XNOR d. OR c. AND gate d. XOR gate

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582 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
86. Sum of the two binary numbers (1000010)2 and (11011) 2 is: 96. The connective in the statement “Earth revolves round the
a. (111101) 2 b. (111111) 2 c. (101111) 2 d. (111001) 2 Sun and Moon is a satellite of earth”, is
a. or b. Earth
87. The truth-table given below is for which gate:
c. Sun d. and
A 0 0 1 1
97. The negation of the statement “A circle is an ellipse”, is
B 0 1 0 1
a. An ellipse is a circle b. An ellipse is not a circle
C 1 1 1 0
c. A circle is not an ellipse d. None of these
a. XOR b. OR c. AND d. NAND
Match the Column
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
98. Match the statements in column I with those given in
More than One Answer
column II.
88. Which of the following is a logical statement? Column I Column II
a. Open the door (A) p : ‘switch on the 1. is not a statement
b. What a beautiful girl! light’
c. Are you going to Delhi? (B) Negation of p : ‘for 2. there exists an even
d. All prime numbers are odd numbers. all even integers x, x2 integer x whose square
89. Which of the following is not a logical statement? is also even’ is is not even
a. Two plus two equals four (C) Converse of the 3. if x2 is an even integer
b. The sum of two positive numbers is positive statement: ‘if x is an then x is also an even
c. Tomorrow is Friday even integer then x2 is integer
d. Every equilateral triangle is an isosceles triangle. also an even integer’ is
90. Which of the following is a logical statement? a. A→ 1; B→ 2; C→ 3 b. A→ 1; B→ 3; C→ 2
a. She is a Mathematics graduate c. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2 d. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2
b. There are 40 days in a moth 99. Match the statements in column I with those given in
c. How far is Chandigarh from here? column II.
d. Mathematics is fun. Column I Column II
91. Which of the following is not a logical statement? (A) Quantifier in the 1. every
a. 8 is less than 6 statement: ‘every
b. Every set is a finite set square is a rectangle’ is
c. The sun is a star (B) Quantifier in the 2. there exists
d. Kashmir is far from here. statement: ‘there exists
a number which is
92. Which of the following is not a logical statement?
equal to its square’ is
a. Today is Monday
(C) Negation of p: ’12 is 3. 12 is divisible neither
b. There is no rain without clouds
divisible by 3 or 5’ is by 3 nor by 5
c. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other then
a. A→ 1; B→ 2; C→ 3 b. A→ 1; B→ 3; C→ 2
it is a parallelogram
d. Square of a real number is always negative c. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2 d. A→ 3; B→ 4; C→ 2
100. Match the statements in column I with those given in
93. Which of the following is a statement? column II.
a. x is a real number b. Switch off the fan Column I Column II
c. 6 is a natural number d. Let me go (A) Contra-positive of 1. ∼ q → ∼ p
94. Which of the following is not a statement? p→ q is
a. Smoking is injurious to health (B) The statement ‘if x is 2. is a true statement
b. 2 + 2 = 4 any real, then x ≤ x’
c. 2 is the only even prime number (C) The statement ‘1 is a 3. is a false statement
d. Come here
prime number’
95. The connective in the statement “2 + 7 > 9 or 2 + 7 < 9,” is a. A→ 1; B→ 3; C→ 4 b. A→ 1; B→ 2; C→ 3
a. and b. or c. > d. < c. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2 d. A→ 3; B→ 4; C→ 2

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Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 583
ANSWER 5. (b) ~ ( p ∨ q ) ≡ ~ p ∧ ~ q .
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
6. (a) ~ ( p ∧ q ) ≡ ~ p ∨ ~ q .
d a a d b a b b a c
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 7. (b) (~ (~ p )) ∧ q = p ∧ q .
a b a a a a c c b c
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
8. (b) ~ ( p ∨ (~ q )) ≡ ~ p ∧ ~ (~ q ) ≡ (~ p ) ∧ q .
c c a b b d c b d b
9. (a) ~ ((~ p ) ∧ q ) ≡ ~ (~ p ) ∨ ~ q ≡ p ∨ (~ q ) .
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
d c d c a a a b b c 10. (c) ~ ( p ⇔ q) = ( p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (q ∧ ~ p) .
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
11. (a) ~ ( p ∨ q) ∨ (~ p ∨ q))
b a a b c a b a a c
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. ≡ (~ p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q )
b a b a c b b b b b ≡ ~ p ∧ (~ q ∨ q) ≡ ~ p .
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
12. (b) Inverse of p ⇒ q is ~ p ⇒ ~ q
b b b a a b b c a b
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. ∴ inverse of ( p ∧ ~ q) ⇒ r is
b c a d c a c b c d ~ ( p ∧ ~ q) ⇒ ~ r i.e. (~ p ∨ q) ⇒ ~ r .
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
c a c c b a d d c b
13. (a) p, q, r should be closed for the current to flow.
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 14. (a) All students are hard working means S ⊆ H.
d a c d b d c a a a
15. (a) “No child is naughty” means C ∩ N = φ
SOLUTION i.e. there is no common element between C and N.
Multiple Choice Questions
16. (a) No policeman is a thief means P ∩ T = φ
1. (d) Let p: Ram is in Class X, q : Rahim is in class XII i.e. there is no common element between P and T.
Given proposition is p ∨ q
17. (c) Some teenagers are not dreamers means teenagers
Its negation is ~ ( p ∨ q) = ~ p ∧ ~ q
which are not dreamers.
i.e. Ram is not in class X and Rahim is not in class XII.
18. (c) All mothers are women.
2. (a) M ⊆ W.
p q p∧q ( p ∧ q) ⇒ p
19. (b) ~ (q ∨ ~ ( p ∧ r ))
T T T T
= ~ q ∧ (~ (~ ( p ∧ r ))
T F F T
F T F T = ~ q ∧ ( p ∧ r) .
F F F T 20. (c)
∴ ( p ∧ q ) ⇒ p is a tautology. p ~p p⇒~p ~p⇒ p ( p ⇒ ~ p ) ∧ (~ p ⇒ p )
T F F T F
3. (a)
F T T F F
p q p∧q p∨q ~ ( p ∨ q) (p ∧ q) ∧ ~ (p ∨ q)
Clearly, ( p ⇒ ~ p) ∧ (~ p ⇒ p) is a contradiction.
T T T T F F
T F F T F F 21. (c) p ⇒ q ≡ ~ p ∨ q
F T F T F F ∴ ~ ( p ⇒ q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q .
F F F F T F
22. (c) Contrapositive of p ⇒ q is ~ q ⇒ ~ p
∴ ( p ∧ q) ∧ (~ ( p ∨ q)) is a contradiction.
∴ contrapositive of ( p ∨ q) ⇒ r is
4. (d) Since ~ ( p ⇒ q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q ~ r ⇒ ~ ( p ∨ q)
~ (~ p ⇒ q ) = ~ p ∧ ~ q i.e. ~ r ⇒ (~ p ∧ ~ q ) .

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584 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
23. (a) p ⇒ q is false only when p is true and q is false. 39. (b) Let p : Paris is in France, q : London is in England
∴ p ⇒ q is false when p is true and q ∨ r is false, and ∴ we have p ∧ q

q ∨ r is false when both q and r are false. Its negation is ~ ( p ∧ q ) = ~ p ∨ ~ q

Hence truth values of p, q and r are respectively T, F, F. i.e. Paris is not in France or London is not in England.
40. (c) Let p : 2+ 3 = 5, q : 8 < 10
24. (b) ( p ⇒ q ) ∧ (q ⇒ p ) means p ⇔ q .
Given proposition is : p ∧ q
25. (b) p ⇒ q is logically equivalent to ~ q ⇒ ~ p Its negation is ~ ( p ∧ q) = ~ p∨ ~ q
∴ ( p ⇒ q ) ⇔ (~ q ⇒ ~ p) is a tautology but not a ∴ we have 2+ 3 ≠ 5
contradiction. or 8 ≮ 10.
26. (d) p ⇒ (~ p ∨ q) is false means p is true and ~ p ∨ q is 41. (b) p ⇒ q ≡ ~ p ∨ q .
false.
42. (a) ~ p ∨ q means F ∨ F = F, ~ r means F (~ p ∨ q)∧ ~ r
⇒ p is true and both ~p and q are false.
⇒ p is true and q is false. means F
∵ [(~ p ∨ q ) ∧ ~ r ] ⇒ p means T
27. (c) Mathematics is interesting is not a logical sentence. It
[∵ in p ⇒ q we have FTT]
may be interesting for some persons are may not be
interesting for others. 43. (a) Given result means p ∧ ~ r is true, q ∨ r is false.
∴ This is not a propositions.
44. (b) ( p ∧ q) ∧ (q ∧ r ) is true means p ∧ q , q ∧ r are both
28. (b) ( p ∧ ~ q) ∧ (~ p ∧ q) = ( p ∧ ~ p) ∧ (~ q ∧ q) = f ∧ f = f . true. ⇒ p, q, r are all true.
(By using associative laws and commutatine laws)
45. (c)
∴ ( p∧ ~ q) ∧ (~ p ∧ q) is a contradiction.
p q p⇒q ~(p⇒q) ~p ~q ~p∨~ ~(p⇒q)
29. (d) ~ p ∧ q = ~ (q → p ) . q ⇔ ~p∨~q

30. (b) p : A number is a prime.

Q : It is odd.
We have p ⇒ q T T T F F F F T
The inverse of p ⇒ q is ~ p ⇒ ~ q T F F T F T T T
F T T F T F T F
i.e., If a number is not a prime then it is not odd.
F F T F T T T F
31. (d) “Two plus two is four” is a statement. Last column shows that result is neither a tautology nor a
32. (c) “The sun is a star” is a statement. contradiction.

33. (d) “Alas ! I have failed” is not a statement. 46. (a)

p q ~p ~q p∧~q ~p∨q (p∧~q)∧(~p∨q)
34. (c) “Where are you going?” is not a statement.
T T F F F T F
35. (a) “Please do me a favour” is not a statement. T F F T T F F
36. (a) “Give me a glass of water” is not a statement. F T T F F T F
F F T T F T F
37. (a) “x is a rational number” is an open statement.
Clearly, ( p ∧ ~ q) ∧ ( p ∨ ~ q) is a contradiction.
38. (b) p : It rains, q : I shall go to school
Thus, we have p ⇒ q 47. (b) It is correct.
∵ 3 is not rational but it is real.
Its negation is ~ ( p ⇒ q)
i.e. p∧~q 48. (a) Correct result is (~ p ∨ ~ q ) ⇒ (r ∧ s )
i.e. It rains and I shall not go to school. So, ~ ( p ∧ q) ⇒ (r ∧ s) .

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Mathematical Reasoning and Boolean Algebra 585
49. (a) ~ [ p ∨ (~ p ∨ q )] ≡ ~ p ∧ ~ (~ p ∨ q ) 73. (a) All smokers are drinkers and all drinkers are smokers.
≡ ~ p ∧ (~ (~ p) ∧ ~ q) ∴ S ⊆ D and D ⊆ S
This means S = D.
≡~ p ∧ ( p ∧ ~ q) .
74. (d) For the given circuit, Boolean polynomial is
50. (c) ~ ( p ⇒ q) ≡ p ∧ ~ q
(~ p ∧ q) ∨ ( p ∧ ~ q ) .
∴ ~ (~ p ⇒ ~ q ) ≡ ~ p ∧ ~ (~ q) ≡ ~ p ∧ q
Thus ~ (~ p ⇒ ~ q) ≡ ~ p ∧ q . 75. (c) p ∧ q means Mathematics is interesting and
Mathematics is difficult.
51. (b) It is obvious.
76. (a) It is definition.
52. (a) It is obvious.
77. (c) p ⇒ q is false, when p is true and q is false.
53. (b) Change ‘∨’ to ‘∧’ and ‘∧’ to ‘∨’.
Since q, r are false
54. (a) Change ‘∨’ to ‘∧’ and ‘∧’ to ‘∨’.
∴ q ∨ r is false.
55. (c) p ∨ p′ = 1 . Since r is false
56. (b) p ∧ p′ = 0 . ∴ ~r is true.
Since p ∧ ~ r is true
57. (b) a ∨ a = a .
∴ p is true.
58. (b) a ∧ a = a .
78. (b) C = A.B = A + B = A + B (De morgan’s theorem)
59. (b) a ∨ 1 = 1 .
A A⋅B
60. (b) a ∨ a′ = 1 . C
B
61. (b) a ∧ a′ = 0 . Hence output C is equivalent to OR gate.
62. (b) 0′ = 1 . C = AB . AB = AB + AB = AB + AB = AB
In this case output C is equivalent to AND gate.
63. (b) (a ∨ b)′ = a′ ∧ b′ .
79. (c) For ‘XNOR’ gate Y = A B + AB
64. (a) (a ∧ b)′ = a′ ∨ b′ .
i.e. 0.0 + 0.0 = 1.1 + 0.0 = 1 + 0 = 1
65. (a) a ∨ (a ∧ b) = a ∧ 1 ∨ a ∧ b = a ∧ (1 ∨ b) = a ∧ 1 = a .
0. 1 + 0.1 = 1.0 + 0.1 = 0 + 0 = 0
66. (b) a ∧ (a ∨ b) = a ∧ a ∨ a ∧ b . 1.0 + 1.0 = 0.1 + 1.0 = 0 + 0 = 0
= a ∧ 1 ∨ a ∧ b = a ∧ (1 ∨ b) = a ∧ 1 = a . 1. 1 + 1.1 = 0.0 + 1.1 = 0 + 1 = 1

67. (b) x ∨ x′ ∧ x = ( x ∨ x′) ∧ ( x ∨ x) = 1 ∧ ( x ∨ x) = 1 ∧ x = x 80. (d) The output D for the given combination

68. (c) x ∨ x′ ∧ y = ( x ∨ x′) ∧ ( x ∨ y ) = 1 ∧ ( x ∨ y ) = x ∨ y D = ( A + B).C = ( A + B) + C

If A = B = C = 0 then
69. (a) x ∧ ( x ∨ y ) = x ∧ x ∨ x ∧ y = x ∨ x ∧ y
D = (0 + 0) + 0 = 0 + 0 = 1 + 1 = 1
= x ∧ 1 ∨ x ∧ y = x ∧ (1 ∨ y ) = x ∧ 1 = x.
If A = B = 1 , C = 0 then
70. (b) It is definition.
71. (b) It is definition. D = (1 + 1) + 0 = 1 + 0 = 0 + 1 = 1

72. (c) p : we control population, q : we prosper. 81. (c) For ‘NAND’ gate (option c), output
∴ we have p ⇒ q
= 0.1 = 0 = 1
Its negation is ~ ( p ⇒ q)
82. (a) AND + NOT → NAND
i.e. p∧~q
i.e. we control population but we do not prosper. 83. (c) For ‘NOT’ gate X = A

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586 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
84. (c) The Boolean expression for the given combination is 87. (d) For ‘NAND’ gate C = A.B
output Y = (A + B).C
i.e. 0.0 = 0 = 1 , 0.1 = 0 = 1
The truth table is
A B C Y =(A+B).C 1.0 = 0 = 1 , 1.1 = 1 = 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 NCERT Exemplar Problems
0 1 0 0 More than One Answer
0 0 1 0
88. (d) The sentence in (a) is imperative, (b) is exclamatory
1 1 0 0
and (c) is a question.
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 89. (c) The sentences in (a), (b) and (d) are true statements.
1 1 1 1
90. (b) The sentence in (b) is always false, whatever month
Hence A = 1, B = 0, C = 1
we may consider.
A
85. (b) A 91. (d) The sentence in (a), (b) and (c) are respectively false,
false and true statements. The sentence in (d) is
Y
ambiguous become of the word ‘here’.

B 92. (a) Here, the statement in (a) is an ambiguous sentence,

B which is true if spoken on Monday and false if spoken on
Y = A.B = A + B = A + B other days.
This output equation is equivalent to OR gate. 93. (c) (a) is an open sentence, (b) is imperative and (d) is a
5 4 3 2 will.
86. (a) (100010)2 = 2 × 1 + 2 × 0 + 2 × 0 + 2 × 0 +
21 × 1 + 20 × 0 = 32 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 = (34)10 94. (d) The sentence in (d) is imperative.
and (11011)2 = 24 ×1 +23× 1 + 22 × 0 + 21 × 1 + 20 ×1
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = (27)10 95. (b) The given statement is a disjunction.
∴ Sum (100010)2 + (11011)2 = (34)10 + (27)10 = (61)10 96. (d) The given statement is a disjunction.
2 61 Remainder
97. (c) The negation of the given statements is “A circle is not
2 30 1 LSD
an cllipse”.
2 15 0
2 7 1
Match the Column
2 3 1
2 1 1 98. (a)
0 1 MSD
99. (a)
∴ Required sum (in binary system)
(100010)2 + (11011)2 = (111101)2 100. (a)

***

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Practice Test 1 587
Practice Test 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 9. The angle of elevation of a tower from a point A due south
of it is 30° and from a point B due west of it is 45°. If the
1. {x ∈ R :| x − 2 | = x 2 } = ?
height of the tower be 100 meters, then AB = ?
a.{ – 1, 2} b.{1, 2}
a.150 m b.200 m
c.{ – 1, – 2} d.{1, – 2}
c.173.2 m d.141.4 m
2. If 1, ω,ω 2 are the cube roots of unity then
 x
ω (1 + ω ) − (1 + ω 2 )ω = ?
2 3
10. If f ( x) =  e1/ x + 1 , when x ≠ 0 , then:
 0, when x = 0
a. 1 b.–1 c. i d.0
a. lim f ( x) = 1
1 −2  x→0+
3. If A =   , then A + A equals:
T

 5 3  b. lim f ( x) = 1
x→0−

 2 3  2 −4  c. f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0
a.   b.  
 3 6 10 6  d. None of these
 2 4
c.   d. None of these dy
 −10 6  11. If y = log x + log x + log x + .....∞ , then =?
dx
1 1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 x x
4. + + + …∞ = ? a. b.
2! 3! 4! 2 y −1 2 y +1
a. e b. 2e 1 1
c. d.
c. e/2 d. None of these x(2 y − 1) x(1 − 2 y)

5. n −1
C3 + n −1C4 > n C3, then the value of n is: x2 − x + 1
12. If x is real, then greatest and least values of are:
a.7 b. < 7 x2 x + 1
1 1
c. > 7 d. None of these a. 3, − b. 3,
2 3
3 1 1 1
6. If P( B) = , P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = and P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = , c. −3, − d. None of these
4 3 3 3
then P( B ∩ C ) is:
10 x 9 + 10 x log e 10
1 1 13. ∫ 10 x + x10 dx = ?
a. b.
12 6 1 1
a. − +c b. log(10 x + x10 ) + c
1 1 2 (10 + x10 ) 2
x
c. d.
15 9 1 1
c. +c d. None of these
2 (10 x + x10 ) 2
7. If angle θ be divided into two parts such that the tangent
of one part is k times the tangent of the other and φ is 14. The area formed by triangular shaped region bounded by
their difference, then sinθ = ? the curves y = sin x, y = cos x and x = 0 is:
k +1 k −1 2 −1
a. sin φ b. sin φ a. b. 1
k −1 k +1
c. 2 d. 1 + 2
2k − 1
c. sin φ d. None of these dy
2k + 1 15. The solution of the differential equation = 1 + x + y + xy
dx
is:
8. Which of the following functions is not defined at x = 0 ?
x2 x2
a. tanh x b. cosech x a. log(1 + y) = x + +c b. (1 + y ) 2 = x + +c
2 2
c. sin x d. sechx c. log(1 + y ) = log(1 + x ) + c d. None of these

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588 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
16. Distance between the two parallel lines y = 2x + 7 and 25. How many different nine digit numbers can be formed
y = 2x + 5 is: from the number 22 33 55 888 by rearranging its digits so
5 2 2 1 that the odd digits occupy even positions?
a. b. c. d. a. 16 b. 36
2 5 5 5
c. 60 d. 180
17. If g + f = c, then the equation x + y + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2 2 2 2
26. Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x) = 2 x + sin x for
will represent:
x ∈ R. Then f is:
a. A circle of radius g b .A circle of radius f
a. one to one and onto b. one to one but not onto
c. A circle of diameter c d. A circle of radius 0 c. onto but not one to one d. neither one to one nor onto
18. The slope of the line touching both the parabolas 27. The value of x in the given equation
y 2 = 4 x and x 2 = −32 y is: x −
1
x+
1
4x − 3 2
=3 2
− 2 2 x−1 is:
1 3
a. b. 4 3
2 2 a. b.
3 2
1 2
c. d. 2 5
8 3 c. d.
   1 3
19. If a , b , c are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal
magnitudes, then the angle between the vectors a and
 28. The imaginary part of cosh(α + i β ) is:
   a. cosh α cos β b. sinh α sin β
a + b + c is:
π π 1 π c. cos α cosh β d. cos α cos β
a. b. c. cos −1 d.
3 6 3 2
29. Adj . ( AB ) − ( Adj. B )( Adj. A) = ?
20. The distance of the point (2, 3, 4) from the line a. Adj. A − Adj B b. I
y 1 c. O d. None of these
1 − x = = (1 + z ) is:
2 3
30. If n geometric means be inserted between a and b then
1 4 2 3
a. 35 b. 35 c. 35 d. 35 the nth geometric mean will be:
7 7 7 7
n n −1

21. If f ( x) is an odd periodic with period 2, then f (4) is:  b  n −1 b n

a. a   b. a  
a.0 b. 2 a a
n 1
c. 4 d. – 4
 b  n +1  b n
c. a   d. a  
22. The solution of the equation 1 + a + a2 + a3 + ....... + a x a a
= (1 + a )(1 + a 2 )(1 + a 4 ) is given by x is equal to:  n +1
2n

31. nn   is:
a.3 b.5  2 
c.7 d. None of these 3 3
 n +1  n +1
a. Less than   b. Greater than  
23. If the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of  2   2 
(α 2 x 2 − 2α x + 1) 51 vanishes, then the value of α is: c. Less than ( n!)3 d. Greater than ( n !) 3
a. 2 b. –1
32. The sum of the series
c.1 d. – 2
12 12 + 22 12 + 22 + 32 12 + 2 2 + ... + n 2
 π  π + + +…+ + …∞ E
24. If f ( x) = sin 2 x + sin 2  x +  + cos x cos  x +  and 1 ⋅ 2! 2 ⋅ 3! 3 ⋅ 4! n ⋅ (n + 1)!
 3  3
quals:
5
g   = 1, then ( gof )( x) is equal to: 1
4 a. e2 b. ( e + e −1 ) 2
2
a. 2 b. 1
3e − 1 4e + 1
c. 3 d. 4 c. d.
6 6

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Practice Test 1 589
33. If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the 41. The equation of the base of an equilateral triangle is
first 100 natural numbers, then the probability that all x + y = 2 and the vertex is (2, –1). The length of the side
three of them are divisible by both 2 and 3 is: of the triangle is:
4 4 4 4 3 2
a. b. c. d. a. b. 2 c. d.None of these
55 35 33 1155 2 3
3π
34. Given that π < α < , then the expression 42. A variable circle passes through the fixed point (2,0) and
2
touches the y-axis . Then the locus of its centre is:
π α 
(4sin 4 α + sin 2 2α ) + 4 cos 2  −  is equal to: a. A circle b. An Ellipse
4 2 c. A hyperbola d. A parabola
a. 2 b. 2 + 4sin α   
  
c. 2 − 4sin α d. None of these 43. If | a + b | > | a − b |, then the angle between a and b is:
1 + tanh x π
35. is equal to: a. Acute b. Obtuse c. d. π
1 − tanh x 2
a. e 2 x b. e −2 x 44. If a plane cuts off intercepts –6, 3, 4 from the co-ordinate
c. i d. – 1 axes, then the length of the perpendicular from the origin
to the plane is:
36. From a point a metre above a lake the angle of elevation
of a cloud is α and the angle of depression of its reflection
1 13 12 5
a. b. c. d.
is β. The height of the cloud is: 61 61 29 41

a sin (α + β ) a sin (α + β ) 45. p ⇒ q can also be written as:

a. metre b. metre
sin (α − β ) sin ( β − α ) a. p ⇒ ~ q b. ~ p ∨ q
a sin ( β − α ) c. ~ q ⇒ ~ p d. None of these
c. metre d. None of these
sin (α + β )
46. A lady gives a dinner party for six guests. The number of
5 ways in which they may be selected from among ten
 2 − x , when x < 2
 friends, if two of the friends will not attend the party
37. If f ( x) =  1 , when x = 2 , then:
 3 together is:
 x − 2 , when x > 2 a. 112 b. 140
a. f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2 c. 164 d. None of these

b. f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 2  3cos x + 4sin x  dy ?

47. If y = cos −1   , then =
c. lim f ( x) = 1  5  dx
x→2
a. 0 b. 1 c. − 1 d. 2
d. None of these
2 48. The area of the region bounded by y = | x − 1| and y = 1
38. The maximum value of x 4 e − x is:
is:
a. e2 b. e−2 c. 12e −2 d. 4e−2
a. 2 b. 1
cos 2 x 1
39. ∫ (cos x + sin x) 2
dx = ? c.
2
d. None of these

a. log cos x + sin x + c b. log(cos x − sin x) + c 49. The number of values of c such that the straight line
1 x2
c. log(cos x + sin x) + c d. − +c y = 4 x + c touches the curve + y 2 = 1 is:
cos x + sin x 4
a. 0 b. 2
40. The general solution of the equation
c. 1 d. ∞
(e y + 1) cos xdx + e y sin xdy = 0 is:
50. Number of division of the form (4n + 2), n ≥ 0 of the
a. (e y + 1)cos x = c b. (e y − 1)sin x = c
integer 240 is:
c. (e y + 1)sin x = c d. None of these a. 4 b. 8 c. 10 d. 3

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590 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS a. a = b and c ≠ b b. a = c and a ≠ b
More than One Answer c. a ≠ b and c ≠ b d. a = b = c
51. Let a, b ∈ R and f : R → R be defined by f ( x) = 57. A straight line through the vertex P of a triangle PQR
a cos (| x − x |) + b | x | sin (| x + x |). Then f is
3 3
intersects the side QR at the point S and the circumcircle
a. differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1 of the triangle PQR at the point T . If S is not the centre
b. differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0 of the circumcircle, then:
c. NOT differentiable at x = 0 if a = 1 and b = 0 1 1 2 1 1 2
a. + < b. + >
d. NOT differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 1 PS ST QS × SR PS ST QS × SR
3 +i 1 1 4 1 1 4
52. Let w = and P = {W n : n = 1, 2,3,...}. Further c. + < d. + >
2 PS ST QR PS ST QR
 1  −1 
H1 =  z ∈ C : Re z >  and H 2 =  z ∈ C : Re z <  , 58. Tangents drawn from the point P (1, 8) to the circle
 2  2
x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 4 y − 11 = 0 touch the circle at the points A
where C is the set of all complex numbers. If z1 ∈
and B. The equation of the circumcircle of the triangle
P ∩ H 1 , z2 ∈ P ∩ H 2 and O represents the origin, then
PAB is:
∠z1Oz2 = ?
a. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y + 19 = 0
π π 2π 5π b. x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 10 y + 19 = 0
a. b. c. d.
2 6 3 6
c. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 6 y − 29 = 0
53. Which of the following values of α satisfy the equation?
d. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 4 y + 19 = 0
(1 + α) 2 (1 + 2α) 2 (1 + 3α) 2
(2 + α) 2 (2 + 2α) 2 (2 + 3α) 2 = −648α ? 59. Let (x, y) be any point on the parabola y2 = 4x. Let P be
(3 + α) 2 (3 + 2α)2 (3 + 3α)2 the point that divides the line segment from (0, 0) to (x, y)
a. –4 b. 9 in the ratio 1 : 3. Then the locus of P is:
c. –9 d. 4 a. x 2 = y b. y2 = 2x
6 4 c. y 2 = x d. x 2 = 2y
54. If α = 3 sin −1   and β = 3 cos −1   , where the inverse
 11  9 60. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram ABCD are given by
 
trigonometric functions take only the principal values, AB = 2iˆ + 10 ˆj + 11kˆ and AD = −iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ. The side AD
then the correct option(s) is (are)?
is rotated by an acute angle α in the plane of the
a. cos β > 0 b. sin β < 0
parallelogram so that AD becomes AD. If AD makes a
c. cos(α + β ) > 0 d. cos α < 0 right angle with the side AB, then the cosine of the angle
α is given by:
55. Let f : R → R be a function such that f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y),
8 17
∀x,y ∈ R If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, then: a. b.
9 9
a. f (x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing
1 4 5
zero c. d.
9 9
b. f (x) is continuous ∀x ∈ R
61. If the distance of point P(1, −2,1) from the plane
c. f ′(x) is constant ∀x ∈ R
x + 2 y − 2 z − α , where α > 0, is 5, then the foot of the
d. f(x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
perpendicular from P to the plane is:
56. Let f, g and h be real-valued functions defined on the 8 4 7  4 4 1
2 2 2 2 a.  , , −  b.  , − , 
interval [0, 1] by f ( x) = e x + e − x , g ( x) = xe x + e − x and 3 3 3  3 3 3
2 2
h( x) = x 2 e x + e − x . If a, b and c denote, respectively, the  1 2 10  2 1 5
c.  , ,  d.  , − , 
absolute maximum of f, g and h on [0, 1] then: 3 3 3  3 3 2

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Practice Test 1 591
62. The Boolean Expression (p∧q∼)∨(∼p∧q) is equivalent to: Assertion and Reason
a. ∼p∧q b. p ∧ q c. p ∨ q d. p∨∼q Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
63. z = ax + by, a, b being positive, under constraints y ≥ 1, the correct option out of the options given below:
x − 4 y + 8 ≥ 0, x, y ≥ 0 has: a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
correct explanation of the assertion.
a. Finite maximum
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
b. Finite minimum
correct explanation of the assertion.
c. An unbounded minimum solution c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
d. An unbounded maximum solution d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
64. Given that the regression coefficients are – 1.5 and – 0.5, e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
the value of the correlation coefficient is: 71. Let A = {1,2,3}and B = {3,8}?
a. 0.75 b. 0.7 c. – 0.87 d. – 0.5 Assertion: (A∪B) × (A∩B) = {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)(8,3)}
65. If M and N are any two events, then the probability that Reason: (A×B) ∩ (B×A) = {(3,3)}
exactly one of them occurs is: 72. Assertion: f:R→R is a function defined by f ( x) = 5 x + 3.
a. P( M ) + P( N ) − 2 P( M ∩ N )
x−3
If g = f −1 , then g ( x) =.
b. P( M ) + P( N ) − P( M ∪ N ) 5
c. P( M ) + P( N ) − 2 P( M ∩ N ) Reason: If f : A → B is a bijection and g : B → A is the
inverse of f, then fog is the identity function on A.
d. P( M ∩ N ) − P( M ∩ N )
73. Let X and Y be two sets:
66. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability
Assertion: X ∩ (Y ∩ X ) ' = φ
that both E and F happen is 1/12 and the probability that
neither E nor F happen is ½. Then: Reason: If X∪Y has m elements and X∩Y has n elements
a. P( E ) = 1/ 3, P( F ) = 1/ 4 b. P ( E ) = 1/ 2, P( F ) = 1/ 6 then symmetric difference X ∆Y has m − n elements

c. P( E ) = 1/ 6, P ( F ) = 1/ 2 d. P ( E ) = 1/ 4, P ( F ) = 1/ 3 74. Assertion: If a,b,c ∈R– {0}, then at least one ax 2 + bx + c

4 = 0, bx2 + cx +a=0 and cx + ax + b =0 has imaginary
67. If tan θ = − , then sin θ is : roots.
3
4 4 4 4 Reason: If a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0, then imaginary roots of the
a. − but not b. − or equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 occur in conjugate pair.
5 5 5 5
4
but not −
4 x x 2 x3 x 4
c. d. None of these 75. Assertion: The equation f ( x)1 + + + + = 0 has
5 5 1 2! 3! 4!
68. The value of the expression 3 cos ec 20 ° − sec 20 ° is two pairs of repeated roots.
equal to: Reason: Polynomial equation P(x) = 0 has a repeated root
a. 2 b. 2sin 20°/sin 40° α if P(α) = 0 and P' (α) = 0.
c. 4 d. 4sin 20°/sin40°
76. Assertion: If z 2 − z + 1 = 0 and n is a natural number,
69. Let h( x) = min{x, x } for every real number of x, then:
2
n
n
then ∑ ( z k + z − k ) 2 = n + 3   where [x] denotes the
a. h is continuous for all x k =1 3
b. h is differentiable for all x greatest integer ≤ x.
c. h '( x) = 1, for all x > 1 Reason: If ω ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, then
d. h is not differentiable at two values of x −1 if k is not a multipleof 3
ω k + (ω ) = 
70. If f ( x) = min{1, x 2 , x3 }, then: 2 if k is a multipleof 3.
a. f ( x) is continuous everywhere
2i 1
b. f ( x) is continuous and differentiable everywhere 77. Assertion: The maximum value of f (θ ) = is
3 − ieiθ 2
c. f ( x) is not differentiable at two points 2i
Reason: The minimum value of f (θ ) = is 1.
d. f ( x) is not differentiable at one point 3 − ieiθ

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592 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
a b  2
84. If the tangents to the ellipse at M and N meet at R and the
78. Suppose X =   satisfies the equation X – 4X + 3I = O
c d  normal to the parabola at M meets the x-axis at Q, then the
ratio of area of the triangle MQR to area of the
Assertion: If a + d ≠ 4, then there are just two such matrices X.
quadrilateral MF1NF2 is:
Reason: There is infinite number of matrices X, satisfying
a. 3 : 4 b. 4 : 5 c. 5 : 8 d. 2 : 3
X2 – 4X + 3I = 0.
a a12  x  y 
79. Let A =  11  , X =  1 Y =  1  Paragraph III
 a21 a22   x2   y2  Read the following passage and answer the questions. If a
Assertion: If X ′AX = O for each X, then A must be a continuous f defined on the real line R, assumes positive and
skew-symmetric matrix. negative values in R, then the equation f(x) = 0 has a root in R.
Reason: If A is symmetric and X ′AX = O for each X, For Illustration:, if it is known that a continuous function f on R
then A = O is positive at some point and its minimum values is negative,
n then the equation f(x) = 0 has a root in R. Consider f(x) = kex – x
80. Assertion: If Sn = ∑ ak = 3n2 + 2n − 7 for each n, then,
k =1
for all real x where k is real constant.
a1 , a2 , a3 ... are in A.P. 85. The line y = x meets y = ke x for k ≤ 0 at:
Reason: Sum to n terms of an A.P. is always of the form a. no point b. one point
an2 + bn. c. two points d. more than two points

Comprehension Based 86. The positive value of k for which ke x − x = 0 has only one
Paragraph -I root is:
Let A, B, C be three sets of complex numbers as defined below 1
a. b. 1 c. e d. log e 2
A = {z : Im z ≥ 1} e

B = {z :| z − 2 − i |= 3} Match the Column

C = {z : Re((1 − i ) z ) = 2}.  2 kπ   2kπ 
87. Let zk = cos   + i sin   ; k = 1, 2,...,9.
 10   10 
81. Let z be any point in A ∩ B ∩ C. Then,
Column I Column II
| z + 1 − i | + | z − 5 − i | lies between:
2 2
(A) For each zk there exists a zj such 1. True
a. 25 and 29 b. 30 and 34 zk. zj = 1
c. 35 and 39 d. 40 and 44 (B) There exists 2. False
82. Let z be any point in A ∩ B ∩ C and let w be any point a k ∈ {1, 2,.....,9} such
satisfying | w − 2 − i |< 3. Then, | z | − | w | +3 lies between: that z1.z = zk has no solution z in
a. –6 and 3 b. –3 and 6 the set of complex numbers
c. –6 and 6 d. –6 and 9 |1 − z1 ||1 − z2 | ..... |1 − z9 | 3. 1
(C) equals
Paragraph II 10
Let F1 ( x1 , 0) and F2 ( x2 , 0), for x1 < 0 and x2 > 0, be the foci of
9
 2 kπ  4. 2
(D) 1 − ∑ cos   equals
k =1  10 
x2 y2
the ellipse + = 1. Suppose a parabola having vertex at the a. A→2; B→1; C→3; D→4 b. A→3; B→2; C→1; D→4
9 8
c. A→1; B→2; C→3; D→4 d. A→1; B→3; C→4; D→2
origin and focus at F2 intersects the ellipse at point M in the
π
first quadrant and at point N in the fourth quadrant. 88. Let ( x, y ) be such that sin −1 ( ax) + cos −1 ( y ) + cos −1 (bxy ) = .
2
83. The orthocenter of the triangle F1MN is: Match the statements in Column I with the statements in
 9  2  Column II:
a.  − , 0  b.  , 0 
 10  3  Column I Column II
 9  2  (A) If a = 1 and 1. lies on the circle
c.  , 0  d.  , 6 
 10  3  b = 0, then ( x, y ) x2 + y2 = 0

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Practice Test 1 593
(B) If a =1 and b = 1, then 2. lies on ( x − 1)( y −1) =0
2 2 a. A→1,2; B→2,4; C→3,4; D→1,3
(x,y) b. A→1,2,3; B→1,4; C→3,4; D→1,2
(C) If a =1 and b = 2, then 3. lies on y = x c. A→3; B→2,3; C→1,2,3; D→1,3
(x,y) d. A→2; B→2,4; C→1,4; D→1,2
(D) If a=2 and b =2, then 4. lies on (4 x 2−1)( y 2−1) =0 Integer
(x,y) 91. Let f be a function form the set of positive integers to the
a. A→1; B→2; C→1; D→4 b. A→4; B→2; C→1; D→3 set of real numbers i.e., f : N →R, such that
c. A→1; B→2; C→3; D→4 d. A→1; B→3; C→4; D→2 (i) f (1) =1
(ii) f (1) + 2 f (2) + 3 f (3) + ... + nf ( n ) = n ( n + 1) f ( n ) = n(n +1)
89. Match the Statements/Expressions in Column I with the
1
Statements/Expressions in Column II: f (n) from n ≥ 2, then the value of must be:
f (1004)
Column I Column II
sin x cos x π 
x + 2 x + 4 1. 0
2
92. If f ( x) = , then the value of −256 2 f ′  
(A) The minimum value of tan x cot x 4
x+2
is must be:
(B) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of 2. 1 93. If the greatest and least values of the function f ( x)
real numbers, where A is = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 1 on [0,2] are λ and µ, then the value of
symmetric, B is skew symmetric, λ4 +µ8must be:
and (A+B) (A–B) = (A–B) =
 cos8 x − cos 7 x  sin 3 x sin 2 x
(A+B).If ( AB)t = (−1) k AB, where 94. If ∫  = − + c, then the value
 1 + 2cos5 x  a b
( AB )t is the transpose of the of (ab)4 must be:
matrix AB , then the possible values 95. The differential equation whose solution represents the
of k are d2y dy
family y = ae3 x + be5 x is − 8 + λ y = 0, then the value
(C) Let a = log 3 log 3 2. An integer k 3. 2 dx 2
dx
−a of λ must be
satisfying 1 < 2( − k +3 )
< 2, must be
less than 96. If (λ,2) is an interior point of ∆ABC formed by x + y = 4,
(D) If sin θ + cos φ , then the possible 4. 3 3x–7y = 8 and 4x–y= 31 then λ∈(a,b), the value of 6a+8b
must be:
1 π
value of  θ ± φ −  are 97. If G1,G2,G3, are the centroids of the triangular faces OBC,
π 2
OCA, OAB of a tetrahedron OABC. If λ be the ratio of
a. A→3; B→2,4; C→3,4; D→1,3
the volume of the tetrahedron to the volume of the
b. A→2; B→2,3; C→2,4; D→1,2
parallelepiped with OG1,OG2,OG3 as coterminous edges.
c. A→3; B→2,3; C→1,2; D→1,3
Then the value of 2008λ must be:
d. A→2; B→2,4; C→1,4; D→1,2
98. If the volume of tetrahedron formed by planes whose
90. In the following [x] denotes the greatest integer less than equations are y + z = 0, z + x = 0, x + y = 0 and x + y + z = 1 is
or equal to x. Match the functions in Column I with the λ cubic unit then the value of 729λ must be:
properties Column II:
99. TP and TQ are any two tangents to a parabola and the
Column I Column II
tangent at a third point R cuts then in P' and Q', then the
(A) x | x | 1. continuous in ( −1, 1) TP′ TQ′
value of = must be:
(B) | x| 2. differentiable in ( −1, 1) TP TQ
(C) x + [ x] 3. strictly increasing in  1
100. If X and Y are independent binomial variates B  5,  and
(−1, 1)  2
(D) | x − 1| + | x + 1| 4. not differentiable at least  1
B  7,  . If the value of P(X+Y=3)isλ,then the value of
at one point in (−1, 1)  2
4096λ must be:

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594 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
n −1 n −1
ANSWER 5. (c) C3 + C4 > n C3 ⇒ n C4 > n C3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. n
C4 n−3
d d a c c a a b b c n
>1⇒ > 1 ⇒ n > 7.
C3 4
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
c b b a a b d a c d 3 1
6. (a) Given, P( B ) = , P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 4 3
a c c b c a b b c c 1
and P = ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 3
b,d c d a,c a b b d c c Which can be shown in Venn diagram
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. ∴ P ( B ∩ C ) = P ( B ) − {P ( A ∩ B ∩ C + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ))}
c d a c b b b b b a
3 1 1 3 2 1
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. = − +  = − =
4  3 3  4 3 12
a,b c,d b,c b,c,d b,c d b,d b c a
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. A B (A ∩ B ∩ C)

a d b,d c a,c a,d b c a,c,d a,d (A ∩ B ∩ C)

71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
(B ∩ C )
b c b b d a d b b d
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. C
c d a c a a c a a b
7. (a) Let A + B = θ and A − B = φ .
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
2008 512 626 6561 15 110 4518 486 1 220 Then tan A = k tan B
k tan A sin A cos B
SOLUTION or = =
1 tan B cos A sin B
Multiple Choice Questions Applying componendo and dividendo
k + 1 sin A cos B + cos A sin B
1. (d) | x − 2 | = x 2 ⇒ =
k − 1 sin A cos B − cos A sin B
⇒ x − 2 = x2 or 2 − x = x2 sin( A + B) sin θ k +1
= = ⇒ sin θ = sin φ .
⇒ x − x + 2 = 0 or x + x − 2 = 0
2 2
sin( A − B) sin φ k −1
⇒ x2 + x − 2 = 0 8. (b) cosechx is not defined at x = 0.
[∵ x 2 − x + 2 = 0 does not gives any real root]
9. (b) OB = 100 cot 45°
⇒ ( x + 2)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −2,1. OA = 100 cot 30°
2. (d) ⇒ AB = (OA2 + OB 2 ) = 200m.
ω 2 (1 + ω )3 − (1 + ω 2 )ω = ω 2 (−ω 2 )3 − ω (−ω )
= −ω 2 + ω 2 = 0.
45°
1 −2   1 5  2 3 B O
30°
3. (a) A =   , A =  −2 3 , A + A =  3 6  .
T T

 5 3     

1 1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 A
4. (c) S = + + + …∞
2! 3! 4! 10. (c) f (0) = 0
n −h −h
(n + 1) f (0−) = lim = lim =0
1+ 2 +… + n 2 1 h →0 e +1 −1/ h
h → 0 1
Here Tn = = = 1 + 1/ h
(n + 1) ! ( n + 1) ! 2(n − 1) ! e
∞
1 ∞ 1 1 h
S = ∑ Tn = ⇒ f (0+ ) = lim = 0.
⇒
n =1
∑ = e.
2 n =1 (n − 1) ! 2
h→0 e +1
1/ h

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Practice Test 1 595

11. (c) y = log x + y ⇒ y 2 = log x + y 16. (b) Given lines are 2 x − y + 7 = 0

dy 1 dy dy 1 and 2 x − y + 5 = 0
⇒ 2y = + ⇒ =
dx x dx dx x(2 y − 1) Both the lines are on same side of origin.
7−5 2
Distance between two parallel lines = =
x2 − x + 1 2 +1
2 2
5
12. (b) Let y =
x2 + x + 1
dy ( x 2 + x + 1)(2 x − 1) − ( x 2 − x + 1)(2 x + 1) 17. (d) Radius of given circle = g 2 + f 2 − c
⇒ =
dx ( x 2 + x + 1) 2 ⇒ g 2 + f 2 = c (given),
dy 2x2 − 2 ∴ Radius = 0.
⇒ = 2 = 0 ⇒ 2x2 − 2 = 0
dx ( x + x + 1) 2
18. (a) For parabola, y 2 = 4 x
d 2 y 4 ( − x 3 + 3 x + 1)
⇒ x = −1, + 1 ⇒ = 1
dx 2 x2 + x + 1 Let y = mx +
m
d2y
At x = −1, < 0, the function will occupy maximum value, be tangent line and it touches the parabola x 2 = − 32 y .
dx 2
d2y  1
∴ f (−1) = 3 and at x = 1 > 0, ∴ x 2 − 32  mx + 
dx 2  m
the function will occupy minimum value 32
⇒ x 2 + 32mx + =0
1 m
∴ f (1) = .
3 ∵ D=0

13. (b) Put x10 + 10 x = t ⇒ (10 x 9 + 10 x log e 10) dx = dt ,  32 

∴ (32 m ) 2 − 4 ⋅   = 0
m
10 x9 + 10x loge 10 1
then ∫ 10x + x10
dx = ∫ dt = log t + c
t
⇒ m3 = 1 / 8
∴ m = 1/ 2
= log( x10 + 10 x ) + c.
  
14. (a) Given required area has been shown in the figure. 19. (c) Since a , b and c are mutually perpendicular, so
Y      
a ⋅b = b ⋅c = c ⋅a = 0
y = cos x    
Angle between a and a + b + c is
y = sin x    
a ⋅ (a + b + c )
⇒ cos θ =     . . .(i)
X | a || a + b + c |
x = π /4   
Now | a | = | b | = | c | = a
π            
x= is the point of intersection of both curve | a + b + c | 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 a ⋅b + 2 b ⋅ c + 2 c ⋅ a
4
π /4
= a2 + a2 + a2 + 0 + 0 + 0
∴ Required area = ∫ (cos x − sin x ) dx   
0 ⇒ | a + b + c |2 = 3a 2
 1 1  2   
= [sin x + cos x]π0 / 4 =  + −1 = − 1 = 2 − 1. ⇒ | a + b + c | = 3a
 2 2  2
1
dy Putting this value in (i), we get θ = cos −1 .
15. (a) = 1 + x + y + xy 3
dx
20. (d) Required distance
dy
⇒ = (1 + x)(1 + y ) 3
dx = ∑( x1 − x2 ) 2 − [ ∑ l ( x1 − x2 )]2 =
35
7
dy
⇒ = (1 + x) dx 21. (a) Given f ( x + 2) = f ( x) and f (− x)
1+ y
and f (− x) = − f ( x) and clearly
x2
On integrating, we get log(1 + y ) = + x + c. f (0) = 0, f (2) = 0, f (4) = 0
2

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596 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
22. (c) We have 1 + a + a + ....... + a = (1 + a )(1 + a )(1 + a )
2 x 2 4
4
x
8 4 4
x 3/ 2

⇒   = ⇒   = 
(1 − a x+1 ) 3 3 3 3 3
⇒ = (1 + a )(1 + a 2 ) + (1 + a 4 )
(1 − a ) 3
∴ x=
x +1 2
⇒ (1 − a ) = (1 − a )(1 + a )(1 + a )(1 + a ) 2 4

Trick: Cheak the equation with options then only option

⇒ (1 − a x +1 ) = (1 − a 8 ) ⇒ x + 1 = 8 ⇒ x = 7.
(b) satisfies the equation.
23. (c) The sum of the coefficients of the polynomial 28. (b) cosh (α + i β ) = cosh α cosh (i β ) + sinh α sinh (i β )
(α 2 x 2 − 2α x + 1)51 is obtained by putting x = 1 in
Imaginary part = sinh α sin β .
(α 2 x 2 − 2α x + 1)51.
29. (c) It is understandable.
Therefore by hypothesis (α 2 − 2α + 1)51 = 0 ⇒ α = 1
30. (c) If n geometric means g1 , g 2 .......gn are to be inserted
5
24. (b) on simplifying f ( x) , we get f ( x) = between two positive real numbers a and b , then
4
a, g1 , g 2 ......g n , b are in G.P. Then
25. (c) X − X − X − X − X . The four digits 3, 3, 5, 5 can be
g1 = ar , g 2 = ar 2 ........g n = ar n
4!
arranged at (–) places in = 6 ways. b
1/( n +1)
2!2! So, b = ar n +1 ⇒ r =  
The five digits 2, 2, 8, 8, 8 can be arranged at (X) places in a
n /( n +1)
5! b
= 10 ways. Now nth geometric mean ( g n ) = ar n = a   .
2!3! a
Total number of arrangements = 6 × 10 = 60 ways (Since, Aliter: As we have the mth G.M. is given by
event A and B are independent, therefore A ∩ B = A × B). m
 b  n +1
26. (a) f '( x) = 2 + cos x > ∀x Gm = a  
a
Hence f ( x) is always Now replace m by n we get the required result.
increasing, hence it will be one-one. Range is R. Hence f 2n
 n +1
will be onto. Key concept: If domain of f ( x) is [a, b] then 31. (b, d) y = n n  
 2 
the domain of f ( g ( x)) is values of x for which 4
3 81 81
g ( x) ∈ [ a , b ] Put n = 2, y = 2 2   = 4. = −ɶ 20
2 8× 2 4
1 1 3
27. (b) Equation, 4 x − 3
x−
=3
x+
− 2 2 x −1  n + 1  27
2 2
(a) =   = <y
1 1  2  8
x+ x−
⇒ 2 2 x + 2 2 x −1 = 3 2
+3 2 3
 n + 1  27
1 (b) =   = <y
 1 x−
 2  8
⇒ 22 x 1 +  = 3 2
(1 + 3)
 2 (c) = (2!)3 = 8 < y
1 3
3 x− x−
⇒ 2 2 x. = 3 .4 ⇒ 22 x − 3 = 3
2 2 (d) = (2!)3 = 8 < y.
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Taking log both sides 32. (c) Tn =
6n(n + 1)!
⇒ (2 x − 3)log 2 = ( x − 3/ 2) log3
1  2n + 1 
⇒
3
2 x log 2 − 3log 2 = x log 3 − log 3
∴ S= ∑
6  (n)! 
2
3 1  1 1 
⇒ x log 4 − x log 3 = 3log 2 − log 3
2
= ∑  2. + 
6  (n − 1)! (n)!
4 1 1
⇒ x log   = log 8 − log 3 3 = [2.e + e − 1] = [3e − 1].
3 6 6

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Practice Test 1 597
33. (d) Since, three distinct numbers are to be selected from 1 1
37. (b) lim f ( x ) = and lim f ( x) = and f (2) = 1.
first 100 natural numbers. x →2− 2 x →2+ 2
⇒ n(S) = 100C3 2

E(favourable events) = All three of them are divisible by both 2 38. (d) f ( x) = x 4 e − x
2 2
and 3. ⇒ f ′( x) = 4 x 3e− x + x 4 e − x (−2 x)
⇒ divisible by 6 ie, {6, 12, 18,…, 96} Thus, out of 16 we For max., f ′( x) = 0
have to select 3. 2 2

∴ n(E) = 16C3 ⇒ 4 x3e − x − 2 x5 e− x = 0

C 16
4 ⇒ x2 = 2 ⇒ x = ± 2
∴ Required probability = 100 3 = 2 2 2 2
C3 1155 f ′′( x) = 12 x 2 e− x + 4 x 3e − x (−2 x) − 10 x 4 e − x − 2 x5 e − x (−2 x)
3π ⇒ f ′′( 2) = 24e −2 − 32e −2 − 40e −2 + 32e−2 = −ve
34. (a, c) Given that π < α < i.e., α is in third quadrant.
2
Hence, f ( x) is max. at x = 2
π α 
Now, (4sin α + sin 2α ) + 4 cos  − 
4 2 2

4 2 ∴ Maximum value = 4e−2 .

π α  cos 2 x (cos x − sin x)(cos x + sin x)

= (4sin 4 α + 4sin 2 α cos 2 α ) + 2.2 cos 2  −  39. (c) ∫ dx = ∫ dx
(cos x + sin x) 2 (cos x + sin x) 2
4 2
cos x − sin x
 π  =∫ dx
= 4sin 2 α (sin 2 α + cos 2 α ) + 2 1 + cos  − α   cos x + sin x
 2 
Put t = sin x + cos x ⇒ dt = (cos x − sin x)dx, then it reduces
= ±2 sin α + 2 + 2 sin α
1
On taking –ve, answer is 2 and on taking +ve, answer is to ∫ t
dt = log t + c = log(sin x + cos x) + c.
3π
2 + 4sin α but π < α < ,
4 40. (c) (e y + 1)cos xdx + e y sin xdy = 0
Hence answer is 2–4 sin α because sin α is –ve in third e y dy cos x
quadrant. ⇒ + dx = 0
e y + 1 sin x
 e x − e− x  On integrating both the functions, we get
1+
 1 + tanh x   e x + e− x  e + e + e − e log(e y + 1) + log(sin x) = log c
35. (a)   =  −x
 = x −x x −x
 1 − tanh x   e − e  e + e − e + e
x

 1− x −x  ⇒ (e y + 1)sin x = c.
 e +e 
  41. (c) Let p be the length of the perpendicular from the
  e x + e − x + e x − e− x
= = x  2e x  vertex (2, –1) to the base x + y = 2 .
−x =  = e2 x .
−x 
−x −x
 e −e  e +e −e +e
x x
2 e
   
  2 −1− 2 1
Then p = =
a sin(α + β ) 1 +12 2
2
36. (b) ( H + a ) cot β = ( H − a ) cot α H =
sin( β − α )
If ‘a’ be the length of the side of triangle, then
sin(α + β ) p = a sin 60°
Using cot α + cot β =
sin α sin β
1 a 3 2
sin( β − α ) ⇒ = ⇒a =
and cot α − cot β = . 2 2 3
sin α sin β
C 42. (d) Suppose the centre of circle be (h, k). Since it touches
H–a
the y- axis.
P α ∴ Radius of circle = h
a β Now (h – 2)2 + k2 = h2
O
Q ⇒ h2 + 4 – 4h + k2 = h2
H
⇒ k2 = 4h – 4
Hence the locus of centre is y2 = 4x – 4, which is a
C′ parabola.

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598 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
  
43. (a) | a + b | > | a − b | 50. (a) Since, 240 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 4

Squaring both sides, ∴ Total number of divisors = (4 + 1)(2)(2) = 20

    Out of these 2, 6, 10, and 30 are of the form 4n + 2.
we get a 2 + b 2 + 2a ⋅ b > a 2 + b 2 − 2a ⋅ b
  Therefore, (a) is the answer.
⇒ 4a ⋅ b > 0 ⇒ cosθ > 0
Hence θ < 90°, (acute). NCERT Exemplar Problems

x y z More than One Answer

44. (c) Equation is + + =1
−6 3 4
51. (a, b) at x = 0, x = 0 is repeated root of
or −2 x + 4 y + 3z = 12
g ( x ) =| x | sin | x 3 + x |
∴ Length of perpendicular from origin
12 12 hence f ( x ) is differentiable and at x = 1
= =
4 + 16 + 9 29 ⇒ a cos | x 3 − x |= a cos( x 3 − x ) as cos( −θ ) = cos(θ )
45. (b) p ⇒ q ≡ ~ p ∨ q . ∴ f ( x ) is differentiable

46. (b) Either 6 selected out of 8 or one from 2 and 5 from 8

iπ  nπ 
= 8C6 + 2 C1 + 8C5 =140. 3+i i 
52. (c, d) w = = e 6 , so wn = e  6 

2
3 4  nπ 1 nπ
47. (b) y = cos −1  cos x − sin x  Now, for z1 , cos > and for z2 , cos <−
1
5 5  6 2 6 2
3 4 Possible position of z1 are A1 , A2 , A3 whereas of z2 are
Putting = r cos θ , = r sin θ
5 5
B1 , B2 , B3 So, possible value of ∠z1 Oz2 according to the
⇒ r = 1 ⇒ y = cos −1[cos θ cos x − sin θ sin x ] = θ + x
2π 5π
dy given option is or .
⇒ = 1. 3 6
dx

48. (b) y = x − 1, if x > 1 53. (b, c) We get

and y = −( x − 1), if x < 1 (1+ α)2 (1 + 2α)2 (1 + 3α)2

1 2
3 + 2α 3 + 4α 3 + 6α = − 648α (R3 → R3 − R2 ; R2 → R2 − R1 )
1 2  x2   x2  5 + 2α 5 + 4α 5 + 6α
Area = ∫ (1 − x)dx + ∫ ( x − 1)dx =  x −  +  − x 
0 1
 2 0  2 1
α2 − 2 4α2 − 2 9α2 − 2
 1    1  1 1 3 + 2α 3 + 4α 3 + 6α = − 648α ( R1 → R1 − R2 ; R3 → R3 − R2 )
= 1 −  +  −  − 1  = + = 1.
 2    2  2 2 2 2 2
Y x =1
−2α 2 −5α 2 −9α 2 − 3
⇒ −2α −2α 3 + 6α = − 648α
y=1
0 0 2
x=2
Alternate solution
X
1 1 1 1 2α α 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x+y=1 ∆= 1 2 4 4 4α α 2 = − 2α 1 2 4 4 2 1 = − 2α3 1 2 4 1
y=x–1
1 3 9 9 6α α 2 1 3 9 9 3 1 1 3 9 1
49. (b) For ellipse, condition of tangencyα isα c 2 = a 2 m2 1+ b12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∆= xα2 α 2 2 = − 2α 1 2 4 4 2 1 = − 2α 3 1 2 4 1 2 4 = −2α3 × 4
Given line is y = 4 x + c and curve + y =1
4α α 1 3 9 9 3 1 1 3 9 1 3 9
⇒ c 2 = 4 × 4 2 + 1 = 65
⇒ −8α 3 = −648α ⇒ α = ± 9
⇒ c = ± 65

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Practice Test 1 599
π 3π 69. (c) y = 4x and Q will lie on it
2
54. (b, c, d) <α <π,π < β <
2 2 (h,k) 4h,4k
3π 5π O P Q
⇒ <α + β <
2 2 (0,0)
⇒ sin β < 0; cos α < 0 ⇒ cos(α + β ) > 0.
⇒ (4k) 2 = 4 × 4h
f (x + h) − f (x) f (x) + f (h) − f (x)
55. (b, c) f ′(x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h ⇒ k2 = h
f (x + 0) ⇒ y 2 = x (replacing h by x and k by y)
f (h) f (h) + f (0)
= lim = lim = f (x) + f (0)
h →0 h h →0 h 60. (a) Evaluating midpoint of PR and QS which
= f (0) = 0
S ( −3iˆ + 2 ˆj ) R (3iˆ + 2 ˆj )
= f ′(0) = A const = k (say)
∴ f (0) = kx + c but f (0) = 0 ⇒ k = 0 ⇒ f (x) = kx
2 2 2 2 M
56. (d) f ( x ) = e x + e − x ⇒ f '( x ) = 2 x (e x − e − x ) ≥ 0∀x ∈ [0,1]
Clearly for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 f ( x) ≥ g ( x) ≥ h( x) P ( −2iˆ − ˆj ) Q (4iˆ)

1  iˆ   
∵ f (1) = g (1) = h(1) = e + and f(1) is the greatest
e gives M ≡  + ˆj  , same for both. PQ = SR = 6iˆ + ˆj
2 
1  
∴ a = b = c = e + ⇒ a = b = c. PS = QR = −iˆ + 3 ˆj
e
 
57. (b, d) PS × ST = QS × SR ⇒ PQ ⋅ PS ≠ 0 :
       
P PQ || SR, PS || QR and|PQ|=|SR|,|PS|=|QR|
Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram but not rhombus or rectangle.

O 61. (a) Distance of point (1, −2,1) from plane x + 2 y − 2 z = α

R is 5 ⇒ α = 10.
Q S
x −1 y + 2 z −1
Equation of PQ = = =t
T 1 2 −2
1 1 Q ≡ (t + 1,2t − 2, −2t + 1) and
+
PS ST > 1 × 1
5 +α 5
2 PS ST PQ = 5 ⇒ t = =
9 3
1 1 2
⇒ + >
PS ST QS × SR  8 4 −7 
⇒ Q ≡  , , .
QS + SR QR 3 3 3 
> QS × SR > QS × SR
2 2 62. (d) [(p∧∼q) ∨q] ∨(∼p∧q)
1 2
⇒ > = (p∨q) ∧ (∼q ∨ q) ∨ (∼ p ∧q)
QS × SR QR
= (p∨q) ∧ [t ∨ (∼p ∧ q)]
1 1 4 = (p ∨ q ) ∧ t = p ∨ q
⇒ + > .
PS ST QR
63. (b,d) Finite minimum and An unbounded maximum
58. (b) The centre of the circle is C (3, 2). Since CA and CB
solution
are perpendicular to PA and PB,CP is the diameter of the
circumcircle of triangle PAB. Its equation is 64. (c) r = byx . bxy = − 1.5 × 0.5 = −0.87
( x − 3) ( x − 1) + ( y − 2) ( y − 8) = 0
Answer is negative, because both of the regression
or x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 10 y + 19 = 0
coefficients are negative.

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600 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
65. (a,c) P(exactly one of M, N occurs) 69. (a, c, d)
= P{( M ∩ N ) ∪ ( M ∩ N )} = P ( M ∩ N ) + P ( M ∩ N ) y
y = min {x,x2}
= P( M ) − P(M ∩ N ) + P( N ) − P( M ∩ N )
= P( M ) + P( N ) − 2 P( M ∩ N ) x' x
Also, P(exactly one of them occurs)
= {1 − P ( M ∩ N )}{1 − P ( M ∪ N )}
y'
= P( M ∪ N ) − P(M ∩ N ) = P( M ) + P( N ) − 2 P(M ∩ N )
From the figure, h( x) is continuous all x, but h( x) is not
1
66. (a,d) Both E and F happen ⇒ P( E ∩ F ) = differentiable at two points x = 0 and x = 1. (due to sharp
12
edges). Also h '( x) = 1, ∀x > 1
1
And neither E nor F happens ⇒ P( E ∩ F ) =
2 70. (a, d) Here, f ( x) = min{1, x 2 , x 3 } which could be
But for independent events, we have graphically shown as
1
P( E ∩ F ) = P( E ) P( F ) = . . .(i) y 1
12 ln 3
6
and P( E ∩ F ) = P( E ) P( F )
y =1
= {1 − P( E )}{1 − P( F )}
1 x
= 1 − P( E ) − P( F ) + P( E ) P( F ) 3 O 1
3 −3
x/2
lim
1 1 x→2 3x − 9
⇒ = 1 − {P( E ) + P( F )} +
2 12 ⇒ f(x) is continuous for x ∈ R and not differentiable at x = 1
1 1 7 due to sharp edge.
⇒ P( E ) + P ( F ) = 1 − + = . . .(ii)
2 12 12
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Assertion and Reason
1 1
either P( E ) = and P( F ) = 71. (b) A ∪ B = {1, 2,3,8}, A ∩ B = {3}
3 4
⇒ ( A ∪ B) × ( A ∩ B) = {(1,3),(2,3),(3,3),(8,3)}
1 1
or P( E ) = and P( F ) = ⇒ Assertion is true. ( x, y ) ∈ ( A × B) ∩ ( B × A)
4 3
67. (b) Since, tan θ < 0 ⇒ ( x, y ) ∈ A × B and ( x, y ) ∈ B × A
∴ Angle θ is either in the second or fourth quadrant. ⇒ x ∈ A ∩ B, y ∈ A ∩ B
Then, sin θ > 0 or < 0 ⇒ {(3,3) = ( A × B) ∩ ( B × A)}
4 4 ⇒ Reason is also true but is not a correct explanation for
∴ sin θ may be or −
5 5 Assertion.
68. (c) 3 cos ec 20° − sec 20° y −3 y −3
72. (c) Let y = 5 x + 3 ⇒ x = ⇒ g ( y) =
= tan 60° cos ec 20° − sec 20° 5 5
sin 60° cos 20° − cos 60° ⋅ sin 20° x −3
= Or g ( x) = , so Assertion is true.
cos 60° ⋅ sin 20° ⋅ cos 20° 5
Reason is false because g : B → A
sin (60° − 20°)
= And f : A → B
cos 60° ⋅ sin 20° ⋅ cos 20°
sin 40° ⇒ for: B→B and g = f –1 →fog is an identity function on B
=
1 73. (b) X ∩ (Y ∪ X )' = X ∩ (Y '∩ X ') = X ∩ X '∩ Y ' = φ .
⋅ sin 20° cos 20°
2
⇒ Assertion is true. X∆Y = (X ~ Y) ∪(Y ~ X) = (X ∪Y) ~(X ∩Y)
2sin 20° cos 20°
= =4 ⇒ Number of elements in X ∆Y = m − n
1
sin 20° cos 20° ⇒ Reason is true but does explain Assertion.
2

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Practice Test 1 601
74. (b) If each of the three equation has real roots, then Comprehension Based
b − 4ac ≥ 0, c − 4ab ≥ 0 and a − 4ab ≥ 0
2 2 2
81. (c) The points (–1,1) and (5,1) are the extremities of a
⇒ a 2b 2c 2 ≥ 64a 2b2 c 2 . A contradiction. diameter of the given circle.
Hence, | z + 1 − i |2 + | z − 5 − i |2 = 36.
75. (d) If α is a repeated root of f ( x) = 0, then f (α ) = 0 and
f '(α ) = 0. 82. (d) || z | − | w ||<| z − w | and | z − w | =Distance between z and
α α2 α3 α4 α α2 α3 w z is fixed. Hence, distance between z and w would be
∴ 1+ + + + = 0 and 1 + + + =0
1 2! 3! 4! 1 2! 3! maximum for diametrically opposite points.
α 4 ⇒ | z − w |< 6 ⇒ −6 <| z | − | w |< 6
⇒ = 0 ⇒ α = 0. But α = 0 does not satisfy f ( x) = 0.
4! ⇒ −3 <| z | − | w | +3 < 9.

76. (a) For Reason, note that ω k = ω k = 1 if k is a multiple of 3, x2 y2

83. (a) Ellipse: + =1 . . .(i)
and if k is not a multiple of 3, then one of ω , ω equal ω k k
9 8
y
and other equals ω2. Next, note that roots of z 2 − z + 1 = 0 y2 = 4x
are –ω and −ω = −ω = −1/ ω. 2 M

Now, use ( z k + z − k ) 2 = [(−ω ) k + (ω k )]2 F1 (−1,0)

x
R
F2 (1,0)
1 if k is not a multiple of 3 N
=
4 if k is a multiple of 3
Foci of ellipse are (±1,0)
4 4 2
77. (d) f (θ ) = 2
= = Equation of parabola having vertex (0, 0)
(3 + sin θ ) 2 + cos 2 θ 10 + 6sin θ 5 + 3sin θ
and focus (1, 0) is y 2 = 4 x . . .(ii)
∴ f(θ)2 is maximum when cos θ = −1,
x2 4 x
and minimum when cos θ = 1. Thus, 1/ 2 ≤ f (θ ) ≤ 1. From equation (i) and ( i) + =1
9 8
78. (b) X 2 − 4 X + 3I = O 3
⇒ 2 x 2 + 9 x − 18 = 0 ⇒ x = , −6 (rejected)
⇒ ( x − I )( X − 3I ) = O 2
 (a − 1)(a − 3) + bc b(a + d − 4)   0 0  3  3 
⇒  =  ∴ M  , 6  and N  , − 6 
 c(a + d − 4) (d − 1)(d − 3) + bc   0 0   2   2 
If a + d ≠ 4, then b = 0, c = 0 3 
Equation of altitude from vertex M  , 6  is
(a − 1)(a − 3) = 0,( d − 1)(d − 3) = 0. 2 

⇒ a = 1,3, d = 1,3 ( y − 6 ) = 2 56 =  x − 23  Put y = 0 we get

As a + d ≠ 4, a = 1, d = 1 or a = 3, d = 3.
−12 3 −9
1  0  ⇒ = x− ⇒ x=
79. (b) Let E1 =   , E2 =   . 5 2 10
0 1 
 −9 
⇒ Orthocenter of ∆F1MN is  ,0 
As X ′AX = O ∀ X , E1' AE1 = O ⇒ a1 = 0  10 
E2' AE2 = O ⇒ a22 = 0. 3 
84. (c) Equation of tangent at point M  , 6  to the ellipse
Next, ( E1 + E2 )' A( E1 + E2 ) = O 2 
 0 a12  x(3/ 2) y 6
+ =1
Thus, A =  is a skew-symmetric matrix. is
 − a12 0  9 8
Put y = 0 ⇒ R is (6, 0)
In case A is symmetric, a12 = a21
∴ 2a12 = 0 ⇒ a12 = 0. Thus, A = O, in this case. 3 
Equation of normal to the parabola at point M  , 6  is
2 
80. (d) Sum to n terms of an A.P. is of the form an + bn 2 and
not of the form c + bn +an2 where c ≠ 0. (y − 6) = − 6 3
x− 
2  2

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602 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
7  π
Put y = 0 ⇒ Q is  ,0  (B) If a = 1, b = 1 then sin −1 x + cos −1 y + cos−1 xy =
2  2
1 5 ⇒ cos −1 x − cos −1 y = cos −1 xy
⋅ ⋅ 6
Area of ∆MQR 5
Now = 2 2 = ⇒ xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 = xy (taking sine on both the sides)
Area of quadrilateral MF1 NF2 1
⋅2⋅2 6 8
2 π
(C) If a = 1, b = 2 then sin −1 x + cos −1 y + cos −1 (2 xy ) =
2
85. (a) Let y = x intersect the curve y = ke x at exactly one
⇒ sin −1 x + cos −1 y = sin −1 (2 xy )
point when k ≤ 0.
y ⇒ xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 = 2 xy
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 1 (on squaring)
π
x' x (D) If a = 2, b = 2 then sin −1 (2 x) + cos −1 ( y ) + cos −1 (2 xy ) =
2
⇒ 2 xy + 1 − 4 x 2 1 − y 2 = 2 xy
y'
⇒ (4 x 2 − 1)( y 2 − 1) = 0
86. (a) Let f ( x) = ke − x f '( x ) = ke − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = − In k
x x

89. (a) A→ 3; B→ 2,4; C→ 3,4; D→ 1,3

f "( x ) = ke x
x2 + 2x + 4
∴ [ f "( x)]x =− In k = 1 > 0 (A) y=
x+2
Hence, f (− In k ) = 1 + In k ⇒ x 2 + (2 − y ) x + 4 − 2 y = 0
1 ⇒ y 2 + 4 y − 12 ≥ 0 y ≤ −6 or y ≥ 2
For one root of given equation 1 + In k = 0 ⇒ k =
e
Minimum value is 2.
Match the Column (B) ( A + B) ( A − B) = ( A − B) ( A + B)
87. (c) A→ 1, B→ 2, C→ 3, D→ 4, ⇒ AB = BA as A is symmetric and B is skew symmetric
(A) zk is 10 root of unity ⇒ zk will also be 10 root of unity.
th th
⇒ ( AB)t = − AB
Take z j as zk . ⇒ k = 1 and k = 3
zk (C) a = log 3 log3 2 ⇒ 3− a = log 2 3
(B) z1 ≠ 0 take z = , we can always find z.
z1 3
Now 1 < 2− k + log 2 < 2
(C) z − 1 = ( z −1 )( z − z1 )...( z − z9 )
10
⇒ 1 < 3.2− k < 2
⇒ ( z − z1 )( z − z2 )...( z − z9 ) = 1 + z + z 2 + ... + z 9∀z ∈ complex 3
⇒ log 2   < k < log 2 (3)
number. 2
Put z = 1 (1 − z1 )(1 − z2 )...(1 − z9 ) = 10. ⇒ k = 1 or k < 2 and k < 3.
(D) 1 + z1 + z2 + ... + z9 = 0 π  π
(D) sin θ = cos φ ⇒ cos  − θ  = cos φ − θ = 2nπ ± φ
⇒ Re(1) + Re( z1 ) + ... + Re( z9 ) = 0 2  2

⇒ Re( z1 ) + Re( z2 ) + ... + Re( z9 ) = −1. 1 π

θ ± φ −  = −2n ⇒ 0 and 2 are possible.
π  2
9
2kπ
⇒ 1 − ∑ cos = 2. 90. (b) A→ 1,2,3; B→ 1,4; C→ 3,4; D→ 1,2
k =1 10
(A) x | x | is continuous, differentiable and strictly increasing
88. (a) A→ 1, B→ 2, C→ 1, D→ 4, in (−1, 1).
(A) If a = 1, b = 0 then sin −1 x + cos −1 y = 0
(B) | x | is continuous in (−1, 1) and not differentiable at
⇒ sin −1 x = − cos −1 y
x = 0.
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 1. (C) x + [ x] is strictly increasing in (−1, 1) and discontinuous at
x=0

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Practice Test 1 603
⇒ not differentiable at x = 0.  cos8 x − cos 7 x 
94. (6561) Let I = ∫   dx
(D) | x − 1| + | x + 1| = 2 in (−1, 1).  1 + 2cos5 x 
⇒ the function is continuous and differentiable in (−1, 1).  15 x   − x   15 x   x 
2sin   sin   dx 2sin   sin  
=∫  2    = 2  2   2  dx
Integer   5x   ∫  2 5x 
1 + 2  1 − 2sin 2     3 − 4sin 
  2   2 
91. (2008) Given f (1) + 2 f (2) + 3 f (3) + … + nf (n)
 15 x   x 
= n (n + 1) f (n) . . .(i) 2sin   sin  
=∫  2   2  dx
Replacing n by n +1,  15 x   5x 
sin   / sin  
Then f (1) + 2 f (2) + 3 f (3) + … + nf ( n) + ( n + 1) f (n + 1)  2   2 
 5x   x 
= (n + 1)( n + 2) f (n + 1) . . .(ii) = −∫ 2sin   sin   dx
 2  2
Subtracting equation (i) form from equation (ii),
= − ∫ (cos 2 x − cos 3 x ) dx
Then we get (n+1)(n +1) f ( n+1) = (n +1)(n+2) f (n+1) −n(n+1) f (n)
sin 2 x sin 3 x
⇒ nf ( n) = ( n + 1) f ( n + 1) =− + + c ∴ a = 3 and b = 2
2 3
From which we concluded that ∴ (ab ) 4 = (32 ) 4 = 38 = 6561
2 f (2) = 3 f (3) = 4 f (4) = … = nf (n)
95. (15) y = ae3 x + be5 x
Substituting the value of 2 f (2),3 f (3),… in terms of
or ae 3 x + be 5 x − y = 0 . . .(i)
nf (n) in equation (i),
dy dy
We have f (1) + (n − 1)n f (n) = n(n + 1) f (n) ∴ = 3ae3 x + 5be5 x or 3ae3 x + 5be5 x − =0 . . .(ii)
dx dx
1 1 2n Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, then
⇒ f (1) = 2nf (n) = =
f ( n) f (1) 1 d2y
9ae3 x + 25be5 x − =0 . . .(iii)
1 dx 2
∴ = 2 × 1004 = 2008
f (1004) 1 1 y
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 3 5 dy / dx = 0
cos x − sin x sin x cos x
92. (512) f ′( x) = + 9 25 d 2 y / dx 2
tan x cot x sec 2 x −cosec 2 x
Expanding w.r.t. R1 , then
1 1 1 1
π  − −  d2y dy   d 2 y dy 
f ′  = 2 2 + 2
4
2  5 2 − 25  − 1 3 2 − 9  + (75 − 45) = 0
1 1 2 −2  dx dx   dx dx 
2 2 2 d2y dy
= − − =− 2 ⇒ 2 2
− 16 + 30 y = 0
2 2 2 dx dx
−256 2 f ′ (π / 4 ) = −256 2 × − 2 = 512 ∴
d2y dy
− 8 + 15 y = 0
dx 2 dx
93. (626) Given f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 1 ∴ λ = 15
∴ f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 x + 9 = 3( x − 1)( x − 3 96. (110) Let P ≡ (λ , 2)
For maxima or minima f ′( x) = 0 First draw the exact diagram of ∆ABC the
∴ x = 1, 3 but 3 ∉ [0, 2] point P (λ , 2) move on the line y = 2 for all λ .
∴ Only one critical point in [0, 2] is x = 1 Now D and F are the intersection of 3 x − 7 y = 8, y = 2

∴ Greatest value λ= max { f (0), f (1), f (2)} = max {1,5,3}=5 and 4 x − y = 31, y = 2 respectively.

and least value µ = min{ f (0), f (1), f (2)} = min{1, 5, 3} = 1  22   33 

∴ D ≡  , 2  and E ≡  , 2 
 3   4 
∴ λ 4 + µ 8 = 54 + 18 = 625 + 1 = 626

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604 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Y x y1 z1 −1 1 1
3x − 7 y = 8 1 1 1
A ∴ Required volume = x2 y2 z 2 = 1 −1 1
D 6 x y3 z3 6 1 1 −1
B P E 3

X′ X Applying C2 → C2 + C1 and C3 → C3 + C1 , then

x+ y=4 4 x + y = 31
C −1… 0 … 0
1 1 0 2 1 2
= 1 0 2 =− = −   (−4) =
6 6 2 0  6  3
1 0 0
Y′
Thus, the points on the line y = 2 whose x-coordinates lies 2
∴ 729λ = 729 ×= 486
3
22 33
between and lie within the ∆ABC. 99. (1) Let Parabola be y 2 = 4ax and coordinates of P and Q
3 4
22 33  22 33  on this parabola are P ≡ ( at12 , 2at1 ) and Q ≡ ( at 22 , 2 at 2 ); T
Hence, <λ< i.e., λ ∈  , 
3 4  3 4  is the point of intersection of tangents at t1 and t2 .
22 33 ∴ Coordinates of T ≡ {at1 , t 2 , a (t1 + t2 )}
⇒ a= and b =
3 4
Similarly , P′ ≡ {at3 , t1 , a (t3 + t1 )} Q′ ≡ {at2 , t3 , a (t2 + t3 )}
22 33
∴ 6a + 8b = 6 × + 8 × = 44 + 66 = 110 Let TP′ : TP = λ : 1
3 4
t3 − t2
97. (4518) Let PV of vertices A, B, C with reference origin O ∴ λ=
   t1 − t2
be a , b , c respectively.
 
 b + c  c + a  a + b TP′ t3 − t2
or =
Then OG1 = , OG2 = , OG3 = TP t1 − t2
3 3 3
1  TQ′ t1 − t3
Let V1 = volume of the tetrahedron OABC = [a b c ] and let Similarly, =
6 TQ t1 − t2
V2 = volume of the parallelopied with OG1 , OG2 , OG3 as TP ′ TQ ′
or = =1
coterminous edge = [OG1 OG2 OG3 ] TP TQ
     100. (220) We have,
b + c c + a a + b  1       2  
=  = [b + c c + a a + b ] = [a b c ] P( X + Y = 3) = P( X = 0, Y = 3) + P( X = 1, Y = 2) + P( X = 2, Y = 1) + P( X
 3 3 3  27 27
1    P( X + Y = 3) = P( X = 0, Y = 3) + P( X = 1, Y = 2) + P( X = 2, Y = 1) + P( X = 3, Y = 0)
[a b c ]
V 9 P ( X = 0) P (Y = 3) + P ( X = 1) P(Y = 2) + P( X = 2) P(Y = 1) + P( X = 3
λ= 1 =− 6  =
V2 2   4
[a b c ] P( X = 0) P(Y = 3) + P ( X = 1) P(Y = 2) + P( X = 2) P(Y = 1) + P( X = 3) P(Y = 0)
27
{∵ X and Y are independent}
9
∴ 2008 λ = 2008 × = 502 × 9 = 4518 5 7 5 7 5 7
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 5C0   ⋅ 7C3   + 5C1   7C2   + 5C2   7C2   + 5C3  
 2 2  2  2  2  2 2
98. (486) The planes are y + z = 0 . . .(i)
5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7

z+x=0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 5C0   ⋅ 7C3   .+. 5.(Cii1 )  7C2   + 5C2   7C2   + 5C3   7C0  
 2  2 2  2  2  2  2  2
x+ y =0 . . .(iii)
12
x + y + z =1 1 220 55
. . .(iv) =   [(1)(35) + (5)(21) + (10)(7) + (10)(1)] = = =
2 1024
The point of intersection of the plane (i), (ii) and (iii) is
obviously the origin i.e., 1 (ii),+ (10)(1)] = 220 = 55 = λ
= (0, 0,[(1)(35)
0). Solving equation
+ (5)(21) + (10)(7)
2
(iii) and (iv) we get y = 1, z = 1 and i.e., these planes 212 1024
intersect in (–1, 1, 1). Similarly the other two vertices of 55
∴ 4096λ = 4096 × = 4 × 55 = 220
the tetrahedron are (1, –1, 1) and (1, 1, –1) 1024

***

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Practice Test 2 605
Practice Test 2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS  − x 2 , when x ≤ 0

 5 x − 4, when0 < x ≤ 1
1. If f ( x) = 1 + α x, (α ≠ 0) is the inverse of itself then the 9. If f ( x) =  2 , then:
4 x − 3 x, when 1 < x < 2
value of α is:  3 x + 4, when x ≥ 2
a. –2 b. –1 a. f (x) is continuous at x = 0 b. f (x) is continuous x = 2
c. 0 d. 2 c. f (x) is discontinuous at x=1d. None of these

2. Let x = α + β , y =αω +βω 2, z =αω 2+βω , ω is an imaginary dy

10. If x y = y x , then = ?
cube root of unity. Product of xyz is: dx
a. α2 + β2 b. α2 – β2 y ( x log e y + y ) y ( x log e y − y )
a. b.
c. α + β
3 3
d. α3 – β3 x( y log e x + x) x( y log e x − x)

3. Which one of the following is correct? x ( x log e y − y ) x ( x log e y + y )

c. d.
a. Skew- symmetric matrix of odd order is non-singular y ( y log e x − x) y ( y log e x + x )
b. Skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is singular
log x
c. Skew-symmetric matrix of even order is always singular 11. The minimum value of in the interval [2, ∞) is:
x
d. None of these
log 2
n
a. b. Zero
2
4. If x + y = 1, then ∑ r 2 nCr x r y n−r equals:
r =0 1
c. d. Does not exist
a. nxy b. nx(x + yn) e
c. nx(nx + y) d. None of these 1
− xi
12. ∫ (e + e − x ) 2
x
dx = ?
e +e xi
5. If i = −1, then =
2 1 1
a. − +c b. +c
2
x x 4 2
x x4 2(e2 x + 1) 2(e 2 x + 1)
a. 1 + + +…∞ b. 1 − + −…∞
2! 4! 2! 4! 1
c. − d. None of these
e2 x + 1
x3 x5  x3 x5 
c. x + + + … ∞ d. i  x − + − … ∞ 
3! 5!  3! 5!  x2 y 2
13. Area of the ellipse + = 1 is:
a2 b2
6. Two numbers are selected randomly from the set S ={1,
1
2,3,4,5,6} without replacement one by one. The probability a. π ab sq. unit b. π ab sq. unit
2
that minimum of the two numbers is less than 4, is:
1
1 14 c. π ab sq. unit d. None of these
a. b. 4
15 15
1 4 14. The solution of the differential equation
c. d. dy
5 5 ( x 2 − yx 2 ) + y 2 + xy 2 = 0 is:
dx
e 2θ − 1
7. The value of is: x 1 1  y 1 1
e 2θ + 1 a. log   = + + c b. log   = + + c
a. coth θ b. coth 2θ  y x y x x y
.
1 1 1 1
c. tanh θ d. tanh 2θ c. log ( xy ) = + +c d. log ( xy ) + + =c
x y x y
8. An aeroplane flying horizontally 1 km above the ground is
observed at an elevation of 60° and after 10 seconds the 15. In what ratio the line y − x + 2 = 0 divides the line joining
elevation is observed to be 30°. The uniform speed of the the points (3, –1) and (8, 9)?
aeroplane in km/h is: a. 1 : 2 b. 2 : 1
a. 240 b. 240 3 c. 60 3 d.None of these c. 2 : 3 d. 3 : 4

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606 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
16. The centre of a circle is (2, –3) and the circumference is 26. The range of ‘a’ for which f ( x) = ax + cos x is one-one is:
10π. Then the equation of the circle is: a. (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞) b. (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
a. x + y + 4 x + 6 y + 12 = 0
2 2
b. x + y − 4 x + 6 y + 12 = 0
2 2
c. (−∞, −1) d. (1, ∞)
c. x + y − 4 x + 6 y − 12 = 0
2 2
d. x2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6 y − 12 = 0
27. cos( x + iy ) is equal to:
      a. sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
17. If | a | = 3, | b | = 4, | c | = 5 and a + b + c = 0, then the angle

between a and b is:
 b. cos x cosh y + i sin x sinh y
π π π c. cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y
a. 0 b. c. d.
6 3 2 d. None of these
18. The equation of the plane which is parallel to y-axis and cuts 28. If tan(u + iv) = i, then the value of v is:
off intercepts of length 2 and 3 from x-axis and z-axis is: a. 0 b. ∞
a. 3 x + 2 z = 1 b. 3x + 2 z = 6 c. 1 d. None of these

c. 2 x + 3 z = 6 d. 3 x + 2 z = 0 cosθ − sin θ 
29. If A =   , then which of the following
 sin θ cos θ 
19. ~ ( p ⇔ q ) is:
statements is not correct?
a. ~ p ∧ ~ q b. ~ p ∨ ~ q a. A is orthogonal matrix b. A′ is orthogonal matrix
c. ( p ∧ ~ q ) ∨ (~ p ∧ q ) d. None of these c. Determinant A = 1 d. A is not invertible

20. If sin(θ + α ) = a and sin(θ + β ) = b,  cos 2θ − sin 2θ 

30. Inverse of the matrix  is:
 sin 2θ cos 2θ 
then cos 2 (α − β ) − 4ab cos(α − β ) is equal to:
a. 1 − a 2 − b 2 b. 1 − 2a 2 − 2b 2  cos 2θ − sin 2θ   cos 2θ sin 2θ 
a.  b. 
 sin 2θ cos 2θ   sin 2θ − cos 2θ 
c. 2 + a 2 + b2 d. 2 − a 2 − b 2
 cos 2θ sin 2θ   cos 2θ sin 2θ 
c.  d. 
21. The value of x = 2 + 2 + 2 + ..... is:  sin 2θ cos 2θ   − sin 2θ cos 2θ 
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 31. If A = 1 + r z + r 2 z + r 3 z + .......∞ then the value of r will be:
1/ z
22. If in a geometric progression {an } , a1 = 3, an = 96 and a. A(1 − A) z
 A −1 
b.  
 A 
S n = 189 then the value of n is:
1/ z
1 
a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8 c.  − 1  d. A(1 − A)1/ z
A 
23. We are to form different words with the letters of the
word INTEGER. Let m1 be the number of words in which 32. The sum of the series 5.05 +1.212 +0.29088+…∞ is:
a. 6.93378 b. 6.87342
I and N are never together and m2 be the number of
c. 6.74384 d. 6.64474
words which begin with I and end with R, then m1 / m2 is n n
1 r t
equal to: 33. If S n = ∑ n and tn = ∑ n , then n is equal to:
r =0 Cr r =0 Cr Sn
a. 30 b. 60 c. 90 d. 180
2n − 1 1 1
a. b. n −1 c. n −1 d. n
2π 4π 2 2 2
24. If x = y cos = z cos , then xy + yz + zx = ? 1 1
3 3
 a 2  a 2
a. – 1 b. 0 34.   +  =?
a+ x a−x
c. 1 d. 2
3x 2 3x 2
a. 2 + + .... b. 1 + + ....
25. If P = ( x, y ), F1 = (3, 0), F2 = (−3, 0) and 4a 2 8a 2
16 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 400, then PF1 + PF2 equals: x 3x 2 x 3x 2
c. 2 + + + .... d. 2 − + +...
a. 8 b. 6 c. 10 d. 12 a 4a 2 a 4a 2

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Practice Test 2 607
1 1 1  | x − a |
35. + + + …∞ = ? 42. If f ( x) =  x − a , when x ≠ a , then:
x + 1 2 ( x + 1) 3( x + 1)3
2

 1, when x = a
 1  1
a. log e 1 +  b. log e 1 −  a. f(x) is continuous at x =a b. f(x)is discontinuous at x =a
 x  x
c. lim f ( x) = 1 d. None of these
x→a
 x 
c. log e   d. None of these
 x +1 
 a −b  1  a −b  1 a −b 
2 3 {
43. If f ( x) = x , when x ≠ 1 , then:
2

2, when x = 1
36.  +   +   +… = ? a. lim f ( x) = 2 b. f(x) is continuous at x =1
 a  2 a  3 a  x →1

a c. f(x) is discontinuous at x =1 d. None of these

a. log e ( a − b) b. log e  
b
 a −b 
44. If y = sin −1 1 − x 2 , then dy / dx = ?
b  
c. log e   d. e a  1 1
a a. b.
1− x 2
1 + x2
37 Ten different letters of an alphabet are given. Words with
1 1
five letters are formed from these given letters. Then, the c. − d. −
number of words which have at least one letter repeated 1− x 2
x2 −1
is:  1 + x 
45. The differential coefficient of cos −1   with respect
a. 69760 b. 30240
 2 
c. 99748 d. None of these
to x is:
38. One Indian and four American men and their wives are to
1 1
be seated randomly around a circular table. Then, the a. − b.
2 1− x 2
2 1 − x2
conditional probability that the Indian man is seated
1  1 + x 
adjacent to his wife given that each American man is c. d. sin −1  
seated adjacent to his wife is: 1− x  2 
1
a. b.
1
c.
2
d.
1 46. If one of the roots of the equation x 2 + ax + b = 0 and
2 3 5 5 x 2 + bx + a = 0 is coincident, then the numerical value of
39. Let ω be a complex cube root of unity with ω ≠ 1. A fair (a + b) is:
die is thrown three times. If r1 , r2 and r3 are the numbers
a. 0 b. – 1 c. 2 d. 5
obtained on the die, then the probability that
47. There are n distinct points on the circumference of a
ω r + ω r + ω r = 0 is:
1 2 3
circle. The number of pentagons that can be formed with
1 1 2 1 these points as vertices is equal to the number of possible
a. b. c. d.
18 9 9 36 triangles. Then the value of n is:
cosech x a. 7 b. 8 c. 15 d. 30
40. equals:
cosech 2 x + 1 48. sin 50° − sin 70° + sin10° = ?
a. tanh x b. coth x 1
a. 1 b. 0 c. d. 2
c. sech x d. cosh x 2
41. A tower of height b subtends an angle at a point O on the π
49. If y = (1 + tan A)(1 − tan B ) where A − B = then ( y + 1) y +1
level of the foot of the tower and at a distance a from the 4
foot of the tower. If a pole mounted on the tower also is equal to:
subtends an equal angle at O, the height of the pole is: a. 9 b. 4
 a −b 
2 2
 a +b  2 2 c. 27 d. 81
a. b  2 2 
b. b  2 2 
 a +b   a −b  50. A real root of the equation log 4 {log 2 ( x + 8 − x )} = 0 is:
 a2 − b2   a2 + b2  a. 1 b. 2
c. a  2 2 
d. a  2 2 
a +b   a −b  c. 3 d. 4

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608 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS dx
More than One Answer
57. The integral ∫ x (x
2 4
+ 1)3/ 4
equals:

     x4 + 1 
1/ 4
51. If a and b are vectors such that a + b = 29 and
a.  4  +c b. ( x 4 + 1)1/ 4 + c
   x 
a × (2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ) = (2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ) × b then a possible value 1/ 4
   x4 + 1 
of (a + b ) ⋅ (−7iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) is : c. −( x + 1)
4 1/ 4
+c d. −  4  +c
 x 
a. 0 b. 3
c. 4 d. 8 192 x 3 1
58. Let f ′( x) = for all x ∈ R with f   = 0.
52. Perpendicular are drawn from points on the line 2 + sin 4 π x 2
1
x + 2 y +1 z If m ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M , then the possible values of m and
= = to the plane x + y + z = 3. The feet of 1/ 2
2 −1 3
M are:
perpendicular lie on the line:
1 1
x y −1 z − 2 x y −1 z − 2 a. m = 13, M = 24 b. m = ,M =
a. = = b. = = 4 2
5 8 −13 2 3 −5 c. M = −11, M = 0 d. M = 1, M = 12
x y −1 z − 2 x y −1 z − 2
c. = = d. = = 59. In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the product of
4 3 −7 2 −7 5
the same two sides is y. If x 2 − c 2 = y, where c is the
53. Let P be the point on the parabola, y = 8 x which is at a
2
third side of the triangle, then the ratio of the in-radius to
minimum distance from the centre C of the circle, the circum-radius of the triangle is:
x 2 + ( y + 6)2 = 1. Then the equation of the circle, passing 3y 3y
a. b.
through C and having its centre at P is: 2 x( x + c) 2c ( x + c )
a. x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 8 y + 12 = 0 b. x 2 + y 2 − x + 4 y − 12 = 0 3y 3y
c. d.
x 4 x( x + c) 4c ( x + c )
c. x 2 + y 2 − + 2 y − 24 = 0 d. x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 9 y + 18 = 0
4 60. Let y ( x) be a solution of the differential equation
1 (1 + e x ) y ′ + ye x = 1. If y (0) = 2. then which of the
54. If f ( x) + 2 f   = 3 x, x ≠ 0, and
 x following statements is (are) true?
S = {x ∈ R : f ( x) = f (− x)}; then S: a. y (−4) = 0
a. is an empty set b. y (−2) = 0
b. contains exactly one element
c. y ( x) has a critical point in the interval (−1, 0)
c. contains exactly two elements
d. contains more than two elements d. y ( x) has no critical point in the interval (−1, 0)

55. The sum of first 9 terms of the series: 61. The number of points, having both co-ordinates as
13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33 integers, that lie in the interior of the triangle with vertices
+ + +⋯
1 1+ 3 1+ 3 + 5 (0, 0), (0, 41) and (41, 0) is:
a. 71 b. 96 a. 901 b. 861 c. 820 d. 780
c. 142 d. 192
62. Let RS be the diameter of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1, where S is
56. In a triangle PQR, P is the largest angle and
the point (1, 0). Let P be a variable point (other than R and
1
cos P = . Further the in circle of the triangle touches the S) on the circle and tangents to the circle at S and P meet
3
at the point Q. The normal to the circle at P intersects a
sides PQ, QR and RP at N, L and M respectively, such that
line drawn through Q parallel to RS at point E. Then the
the lengths of PN,QL and RM are consecutive even
locus of E passes through the point(s):
integers. Then possible length(s) of the side(s) of the
1 1  1 1 1 1  1 1
triangle is (are): a.  ,  b.  ,  c.  , −  d.  , − 
a. 16 b. 18 c. 24 d. 22 3 3 4 2 3 3  4 2

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Practice Test 2 609
63. Let f be a non-negative function defined on the 68. For r = 0, 1,...,10, let Ar , Br and Cr denote, respectively,
x x
the coefficient of x r in the expansions of (1 + x)10 , (1 + x) 20
interval [0, 1]. If ∫ 1 − ( f ′(t )) 2 dt = ∫ f (t ) dt , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, and
0 0 10

f (0) = 0, then:
and (1 + x)30 . Then ∑ A (B
r =1
r 10 Br − C10 Ar ) is equal to:

1 1 1 1 a. B10 − C10 b. A10 ( B102 − C10 A10 )

a. f   < and f   >
2 2 3 3
c. 0 d. C10 − B10
1 1 1 1
b. f   > and f   >
2 2 3 3 69. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The total number of unordered pairs
1 1 1 1 of disjoint subsets of S is equal to:
c. f   < and f   <
2 2 3 3 a. 25 b. 34
c. 42 d. 41
1 1 1 1
d. f   > and f   <
 
2 2 3 3  π π
70. Let f :  − ,  → R be given by f ( x) = (log(sec x + tan x))3 .
64. Let α , β be the roots of the equation x 2 − px + r = 0 and  2 2
Then:
α
, 2β be the roots of the equation x 2 − qx + r = 0. Then a. f ( x) is an odd function
2
the value of r is: b. f ( x) is a one-one function
2 2
a. ( p − q)(2q − p) b. (q − p)(2 p − q) c. f ( x) is an onto function
9 9
d. f ( x) is an even function
2 2
c. ( q − 2 p)(2q − p ) d. (2 p − q)(2q − p )
9 9
Assertion and Reason
z
65. If | z |= 1 and z = ±1, then all the values of lie on:
1− z2 Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
a. a line not passing through the origin the correct option out of the options given below:
b. | z |= 2 a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
c. the x-axis correct explanation of the assertion.
d. the y-axis b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of the assertion.
66. If α , β ≠ 0, and f (n) = α + β n n c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
3 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2)
and 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) = K (1 − α ) 2 e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) 1 + f (4)
71. Assertion: The largest interval for which we can find the
(1 − β ) (α − β ) , then K is equal to:
2 2
sum of the series 1 +(2 x −1) + (2 x − 1) 2 + (2 x −1)3 + ... is (0, 1)
1
a. αβ b. Reason: An infinite geometric series a + ar + ar 2 + ... can
αβ
be summed up if | r | < 1.
c. 1 d. –1

67. Let a1 , a2 , a3 , ..... be in harmonic progression with a1 = 5 72. Let (1 + x) n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn x n .

and a20 = 25. The least positive integer n for which Assertion: S = C0 + (C0 + C1 ) + (C0 + C1 + C2 ) + ...

a0 < 0 is: + (C 0 + C1 + ... + C n −1 ) = n (2 n −1 )

n
a. 22 b. 23
c. 24 d. 25
Reason: ∑∑ (C
j =1 i < j
i + C j ) = (n + 1)2 n.

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610 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
73. Assertion: Greatest term in the expansion of ( 3 + 2) 50 tossed. If head appears then 1 ball is drawn at random from U1
and put into U2. However, if tail appears then 2 balls are drawn
 50 
is   314 211 at random from U1 and put into U1. Now 1 ball is drawn at
 22  random from U2.
Reason: Greatest term in the expansion (1 + x ) n , x > 0 of is
81. The probability of the drawn ball from U2 being white is:
(n + 1) x  (n +1)x 
th
the r term if is not an integer and r =  , 13 23
x +1  x +1  a.
30
b.
30
where [y] denotes the greatest integer ≤y.
19 11
c. d.
74. Assertion: logπ 2 + log 2 π is smaller than 2. 30 30
Reason: AM > GM 82. Given that the drawn ball from U2 is white, the probability
75. Assertion: The least value of log 2 x − log x (0.125) is that head appeared on the coin is:
17 11
2 3 for x > 1 a. b.
23 23
Reason: AM ≥ GM
15 12
c. d.
76. Assertion: The number of ways of distributing at most 12 23 23
toys to three children A1, A2 and A3 so that A1 gets at least
one, A2 at least three and A3 at most five, is 145. Paragraph II
Reason: the number of non-negative integral solutions
Consider the functions defined implicitly by the equation
of x1 + x2 + x3 ≤ m b is m −1 P2 .
y 3 − 3 y + x = 0 on various intervals in the real line. If
77. Assertion: The x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, ∞ ), the equation implicitly defines a unique
 40   60   40   60 
expression     +     + … attains maximum real valued differentiable function y = f ( x). If x ∈ (−2, 2), the
 4   0   r − 1  1  equation implicitly defines a unique real valued differentiable
value when r = 50.
function y = g ( x) satisfying g (0) = 0.
Reason:   is maximum when r = n.
2n
 r  83. The area of the region bounded by the curves y = f ( x),
the x-axis, and the lines x = a and x = b, where
78. Assertion: The variance of first n even natural numbers
−∞ < a < b < −2, is:
( n + 1)( n − 1) n 2 − 1
is = = ? b
3 3 x
Reason: Arithmetic mean and the variance are same
a. ∫ 3( ( f ( x))
a
2
− 1)
dx + bf (b) − af (a )

b
79. Let x1 , x2 ,..., xn be n observations, and let x be their x
b. − ∫ dx + bf (b) − af ( a )
a 3 ( ( f ( x )) − 1)
2
arithmetic mean and σ be the variance?
2

Assertion: Variance of 2 x1 , 2 x2 ,..., 2 xn is 4σ 2 . b

x
Reason: Arithmetic mean 2 x1 , 2 x2 ,..., 2 xn is x .
c. ∫ 3( ( f ( x))
a
2
− 1)
dx − bf (b) + af (a )

b
80. Assertion: If P( A / B) ≥ P( A), then P( B / A) ≥ P( B). x
d. − ∫ dx − bf (b) + af ( a )
a 3 ( ( f ( x )) − 1)
2
P ( A ∩ B)
Reason: P( A / B) =
P( B) ex
f ′(t )
84. Let g ( x) = ∫ dt which of the following is true?
0
1+ t2
Comprehension Based a. g ′( x) is positive on (−∞, 0) and negative on (0, ∞)

Paragraph -I b. g ′( x) is negative on (−∞, 0) and positive on (0, ∞)

Let U1 and U2 be two urns such that U1 contains 3 white and 2 c. g ′( x) changes sign on both (−∞, 0) and (0, ∞)
red balls, and U2 contains only 1 white ball. A fair coin is d. g ′( x) does not change sign on (−∞, ∞)

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Practice Test 2 611
Paragraph III 88. Match the conics in Column I with the statements/
expressions in Column II:
Consider the polynomial f ( x) = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 . Let s be the
Column - I Column – II
sum of all distinct real roots of f(x) and let t = |s|. (A) Circle 1. The locus of the point
(h, k ) for which the line
85. The real number s lies in the interval:
hx + ky = 1 touches the
 1   3
a.  − ,0  b.  −11, −  circle x + y = 4
2 2
 4   4
(B) parabola 2. Points z in the complex
 3 1  1
c.  − , −  d.  0,  plane satisfying
 4 2  4
| z + 2 | − | z − 2 |= ±3
86. The area bounded by the curve y = f (x) and the lines x = (C) Ellipse 3. Points of the conic have
0, y = 0 and x = t, lies in the interval: parametric representation
 1− t 2 
3   21 11  x = 3 2 
,
a.  ,3  b.  , 
4   64 16   1+ t 
2t
d.  0,  y=
21
c. (9,10) 1+ t2
 64 
(D) Hyperbola 4. The eccentricity of the
Match the Column conic lies in the interval
1≤ x < ∞
87. Match the statements/expressions in Column I with the 5. Points z in the complex
values given in Column II: satisfying Re(z +1)2 = | z |2 +1
Column I Column II a. A→1; B→4,5; C→3; D→2,4
(A) Root (s) of the expression π b. A→1,2; B→4,5; C→2,3; D→2
1.
2sin 2 θ + sin 2 2θ = 2 6 c. A→1,2; B→4,; C→2,3; D→2,4
(B) Points of discontinuity of the π d. A→1; B→4,5; C→3,4; D→2
2.
 6x   3x  4 89. Match the statements given in Column I with the
function f ( x) =   cos   ,
π  π  interval/union of intervals given in Column II:
where [y] denotes the largest Column I Column II
  2iz  1. (−∞, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
integer less than or equal to y. (A) The set  Re    : z is a
 1− z
2

(C) Volume of the parallelepiped with π
3. complex number,
its edges represented by the 3
| z |= 1, z ≠ ±1 is
vectors iˆ + ˆj, iˆ + 2 ˆj and iˆ + ˆj + π kˆ

(B) The domain of the function 2. (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
(D) Angle between vectors a and b
 π
4.  8(3) x −2

   2 f (x) = sin −1  2(x −1) 
is
where a , b and c are unit vectors  1− 3 
    (C) If 3. [2, ∞ )
satisfying a + b + 3c = 0
5. π 1 tan θ 1
f (θ ) = − tan θ 1 tan θ ,
a. A→1,3,4,5; B→4,5; C→3; D→2,4
−1 − tan θ 1
b. A→1,2; B→4,5; C→1,3,4,5 D→1,2,3,4
 π
c. A→2,4; B→1,3,4,5; C→5; D→2,3,5 then the set f (θ ) : 0 ≤ θ < 
 2
d. A→1; B→4,5; C→3,4; D→1,2
is

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612 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

(D) If f(x) = x (3x −10), x ≥ 0,

3/ 2
4. (−∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞) and driver is paid Rs 1.50 per h, if the steady speed that
will minimize the total cost of the trip of 500 km is
then f(x) is increasing in
λ km / h, then the value of 50 λ must be:
5. (−∞, 0] ∪ [2, ∞)
a. A→4; B→2, 4; C→4; D→2 93. If solution of the differential equation
b. A→4; B→5; C→3; D→3 dy cos x(3cos y − 7sin x − 3)
+ = 0 is (sin x + cos y − 1)λ .
c. A→2; B→1, 4; C→3; D→4 dx sin y (3sin x − 7 cos y + 7)
d. A→1; B→2; C→5; D→4
(sin x − cos y + 1) µ = c, where c is arbitrary constant, then
90. Match the statements in column-I with those in column-II.
the value of λµ is equal to?
Note: Here z takes the values in the complex plane and Im
z and Re z denote, respectively, the imaginary part and the 94. If the area of the triangle formed by the lines
real part of z]:
y 2 − 9 xy + 18 x 2 = 0 and y = 9 is λ sq unit, then the value
Column I Column II
(A) The set of points z 1. an ellipse with of 4λ must be:
satisfying 4
eccentricity 95. Let 2 x 2 + y 2 − 3 xy = 0 be the equation of a pair of tangents
| z − i | z ||=| z + i | z || is 5
contained in or equal to drawn from the origin O to 2 circle of radius 3 with centre
(B) The set of points z 2. the set of points z in the first quadrant. If A is one of the points of contact. If
satisfying satisfying Im z = 0
OA = λ + µ , then the value of λ 2 + µ must be:
| z + 4 | + | z − 4 |= 10 is
contained in or equal to 96. If the angle of intersection of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x
−4 y − 6 z + 10 = 0 with the sphere, the extremities of
(C) If | ω |= 2, then the set of 3. the set of points z

points z = ω −1/ ω cont

satisfying |Im z| ≤ 1 whose diameter are (1, 2, − 3) and (5, 0, 1) is cos −1 (λ ), then
ained in or equal to the value of 9999 λ must be
(D) If | ω |= 1, then the set of 4. the set of points z

points z = ω + 1/ ω is
satisfying |Re z| ≤ 1 97. If sin −1 x + sin −1 y = π and, if x = λ y, then the value of
contained in or equal to 392 λ + 5λ must be:
5. the set of points z
satisfying | z |≤ 3 98. The coefficient of x50 in the polynomials after parenthesis
a. A→3; B→1, 4; C→1,5; D→2,5 have been removed and like terms have been collected in
b. A→4; B→5; C→1,5; D→3 the expansion (1 + x)100 + x(1 + x)999 + x 2 (1 + x)998 + ...x1000
c. A→2; B→2, 5, C→3; D→4
λ!
d. A→1; B→2; C→5; D→4 is , then the value of λ + 2µ +3v must be (v > µ ) :
µ ! v!
Integer sin 2α
π 2π dx
17
d y
99. If
2
<α <
3
and I = ∫ ,
(4cos 2 α − x 2 )
91. If y = sin x − cos x and if f ( x) = , then the value of 0
dx17
2008( I + α )
 1024   π  then the value of must be:
  f   must be: π
 2  4
100. The number of critical points of the function
92. When travelling at x km / h, a truck burns diesel at the rate
−x
f ( x) = x e must be:
1  900 
of  + x  L / km. If the diesel oil costs 40 paise/L
300  x 

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Practice Test 2 613
ANSWER n −1
+ nx∑ n−1 Cr −1 x r −1 y ( n −1)−( r −1)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. r =2

b c b c b d c b b b = n( n − 1) x 2 ( x + y ) n− 2 + nx ( x + y ) n −1
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
= n( n − 1) x 2 + nx, (∵ x + y = 1)
d a a a c c d b c b
= nx(nx − x + 1) = nx(nx + y ), (∵ x + y = 1)
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
b b a b c b c b d d
x x 2 x3 x 4
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 5. (b) We know that e x = 1 + + + + +…∞
1! 2 ! 3 ! 4 !
b d d a a b a c c c
(ix) ( xi) 2 x 3i 3
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. eix = 1 + + + +…
b b c c a b b b c a 1! 2! 3!
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. ix x 2 ix3 x 4 ix5 x 6
= 1+ − − + + − +…∞ . . .(i)
a,d d a c b b,d a d b a,c 1! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 !
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
ix x 2 i 2 x 3 i 3 x 4 i 4 x 5 i5 x 6 i 6
d a,c c d d c d d d a,b,c e −ix = 1 − + − + − + + .......
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
xi x 2 ix3 x 4 ix5 x 6
a c d d a d a b c b = 1− − + + − − +…∞ . . .(ii)
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 1! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 !
b d a b c a c a b a Now from (i) and (ii), we have
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. eix + e −ix  x 2 x 4 x 6 
= 1 − + − + … 
1024 2250 10 27 171 6666 1526 3954 2008 2 2  2! 4! 6! 
6. (d) Here, two numbers are selected from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
SOLUTION
⇒ n( S ) = 6 × 5 {as one by one without replacement}
Multiple Choice Questions
Favourable events = the minimum of the two numbers is
x −1 less than 4.
1. (b) 1 + a X = '' x ⇒ a = −1
a n( E ) = 6 × 4 {as for the minimum of the two is less than 4
2. (c) x = α + β , y = αω + βω 2 , z = αω 2 + βω we can selected one from (1, 2, 3, 4) and other from (1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6)}
∴ xyz = (α + β ) (αω + βω )(αω + βω ) 2 2

n( E ) 24 4
= (α + β )[α 2 + αβ (ω + ω 2 ) + β 2 ] ∴ Required probability = = =
n( S ) 30 5
= (α + β ) (α 2 − αβ + β 2 ) = α 3 + β 3 .
e 2θ − 1
7. (c) = sinh θ
3. (b) Skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is singular 2eθ
n
e 2θ + 1
4. (c) We have ∑ r 2 n Cr x r y n − r
r =0
⇒
2eθ
= cosh θ

n
e 2θ − 1
= ∑ [r (r − 1) + r ] n Cr x r y n −r ⇒ = tanh θ .
r =0 e 2θ + 1
n n 8. (b) d = H cot 30° − H cot 60°; Time taken = 10 second
= ∑ r (r − 1) nCr x r y n− r + ∑ r nCr x r y n −r
r =0 r =0 cot 30° − cot 60°
Speed = × 60 × 60 = 240 3.
n−2
n n − 1 n−2 10
= ∑ r (r − 1) . Cr − 2 x 2 x r − 2 y n − r
r =2 r r −1 d

n −1
n n−1
+∑ r Cr −1 x x r −1 y n−r
r =1 r H 1 km
n−2 60°
= n(n − 1) x 2 ∑ n−2
Cr −2 x r −2 y ( n −2)−( r −2) 30°
r =2

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614 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
9. (b) lim f ( x ) = 0 f (0) = 0, lim f ( x) = −4 a ab
x →0 − x →0 + = 4(area of BCO ) = 4 × ∫ y dx = 4∫ a 2 − x 2 dx
0 0 a
f ( x) discontinuous at x = 0.
π / 2  1 + cos 2θ 
And lim f ( x) = 1 and lim f ( x) = 1, f (1) = 1 = 4ab ∫   dθ , {Putting x = a sin θ }
x →1− x →1+
0
 2 
Hence f ( x) is continuous at x = 1.
Also lim f ( x) = 4(2)2 − 3.2 = 10
= 2ab ∫
0(
π /2
dθ + ∫
0
π /2
cos 2θ dθ )
x →2 − π /2
π /2  sin 2θ 
f (2) = 10 and lim f ( x ) = 3(2) + 4 = 10 = [θ ]0 +  2  = π ab sq. unit.
x→2+
0
Hence f ( x) is continuous at x = 2. Y

10. (b) x y = y x C (0, b)

⇒ y log e x = x log e y
A B(a,0)
Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, O X

dy y 1 dy
we get loge x + = log e y + x
dx x y dx D

dy y ( x log e y − y )
∴ = .
dx x ( y log e x − x ) dy
14. (a) The given equation ( x 2 − yx 2 ) + y 2 + xy 2 = 0
dx
log x
11. (d) Let y = 1− y 1+ x
x ⇒ 2
dy + 2 dx = 0
y x
1
x. − log x  1 1  1 1
dy 1 − log x ⇒
⇒ = x 2 =  2 −  dy +  2 +  dx = 0
dx x x2 y y x x
dy 1 − log x On integrating, we get the required solution
Put =0⇒ =0
dx x2 x 1 1
log   = + + c.
⇒ 1− log x = 0  y x y
⇒ x=e
15. (c) Given, equation of line y − x + 2 = 0 and co-ordinates
d 2 y −3 x + 2 x log x
and = At x = e, of points ( x1 , y1 ) = (3, − 1) and ( x2 , y2 ) = (8,9) . We know
dx 2 x4
that if the ratio in which a line ax + by + c = 0 is divided
d2y 1
⇒ = <0
dx 2 − e3 by points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is λ : 1, then intersecting
λ x + x λ y + y1 
point  2 1 , 2
log x
∴ In [2, ∞) the function will be maximum and lies on ax + by + c = 0.
x  λ +1 λ + 1 
minimum value does not exist. Thus any point on the line joining (3, − 1) and (8 , 9)
8λ + 3 9 λ − 1 
1 e2 x dividing it in the ratio λ :1 is 
12. (a) ∫ (e x + e − x ) 2
dx = ∫ (e2 x + 1)2 dx ,
 λ +1 λ +1 
 and if it

Put e2 x + 1 = t ⇒ 2e 2 x dx = dt , 9 λ − 1 8λ + 3
lies on y − x + 2 = 0, then − +2=0
λ +1 λ +1
1 1 11 1
2 ∫ t2
then it reduces to dt = − . + c = − 2 x + c. or 9λ − 1 − (8λ + 3) + 2(λ + 1) = 0
2 t 2(e + 1)
2
13. (a) Since the given equation contains only even powers of or 3λ − 2 = 0, λ = i.e. ratio is 2 : 3 .
3
x and only even powers of y, the curve is symmetrical
16. (c) Centre (2, – 3) Circumference = 10π
about y-axis as well as x-axis.
∴ Whole area of given ellipse ⇒ 2π r = 10π
a a ⇒ r =5
= 4(area of BCO ) = 4 × ∫ y dx = 4∫ a − x dx
0 0 From (x − h)2 + (y − k )2 = r 2

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Practice Test 2 615
(x − 2) + (y + 3) = 5
2 2 2
21. (b) x = 2 + x
⇒ x + y − 4 x + 6 y + 13 = 25
2 2
⇒ x2 − x − 2 = 0
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 6 y − 12 = 0 , ⇒ ( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0
Which is the required equation of the circle. ⇒ x = 2, −1
  
17. (d) a + b = − c But 2 + 2 + ..... ≠ −1,
    
⇒ | a |2 + | b |2 +2 | a || b | cos θ = | c |2 So, it is equal to 2.
⇒ cosθ = 0 22. (b) a1 = 3, an = 96
π ⇒ a1r n −1 = 96
⇒⇒ θ = .
2
⇒ r n−1 = 32
18. (b) Equation of plane parallel to y-axis is, ax + bz + 1 = 0
a1 (r n − 1)
Also 2a + 1 = 0 Sn = = 189
r −1
1 3(32r − 1)
⇒ a = − and 3b + 1 = 0 ⇒ = 189
2 r −1
1 Hence r = 2 and n = 6.
⇒ b=−
3
23. (a) We have 5 letters other than ‘ I ’ and ‘N ’ of which two
∴ 3x + 2 z = 6 .
are identical (E’s). We can arrange these letters in a line
Aliter: Equation of plane
5!
x z in ways.
+ = 1 ⇒ 3x + 2 z = 6 2!
2 3
In any such arrangement, ‘I’ and ‘N’ can be placed in 6
19. (c) ~ ( p ⇔ q) = ( p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (q ∧ ~ p) .
available gaps in 6 P2 ways,
20. (b) Given that sin (θ + α ) = a . . .(i) 5! 6
So, required number = . P2 = m1 . Now, if word start with ‘I ’
and sin (θ + β ) = b . . .(ii) 2!
and end with ‘R’ then the remaining letters are 5.
Now, cos (θ + α ) = 1 − a 2 ⇒ θ + α = cos 1
1 − a2 5!
So, total no. of ways = = m2
+ α ) = 1 − a⇒ ⇒ θ + α = cos
2 −1
1− a 2 2!
and α − β = (θ + α ) − (θ + β ) ∴
m1 5! 6! 2!
= . . = 30.
m2 2! 4! 5!
= cos −1 1 − a 2 − cos −1 1 − b 2
2π 4π
⇒ α − β = cos −1 ( 1 − a 2 1 − b 2 + ab) 24. (b) We have x = y cos = z cos
3 3
⇒ cos (α − β ) = 1 − a 2 1 − b 2 + ab x y z
⇒ = = = λ (say)
Now, cos 2(α − β ) − 4ab cos (α − β ) 1 −2 −2
⇒ ⇒ x = λ , y = −2λ , z = −2λ
= 2 cos 2 (α − β ) − 1 − 4 ab cos (α − β )
∴ xy + yz + zx = −2λ 2 + 4λ 2 − 2λ 2 = 0 .
( )
2
=2 1 − a 2 1 − b 2 + ab
25. (c) Given, 16 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 400 (given)
−4ab ( 1 − a 2 1 − b 2 + ab − 1 ) ⇒
x2 y2
+ =1
25 16
= 2{(1 − a 2 )(1 − b 2 ) + a 2 b 2 + 2ab 1 − a 2 1 − b 2 }
Here, a 2 = 25, b 2 = 16 , but b 2 = a 2 (1 − e 2 )
−4ab ( 1 − a 2 1 − b 2 + ab)
⇒ 16 = 25(1 − e2 ) ⇒ = 1 − e2
= 2 (1 − b2 − a 2 + a 2 b 2 ) + 2a 2 b 2 − 4a 2 b 2 − 1
= 2 (1 − a 2 − b 2 ) − 1 = 1 − 2a 2 − 2b2 . 16
⇒ = 1 − e2
25

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616 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
16 9 3 32. (d) Clearly it is a infinite G.P. whose common ratio is 0.24.
⇒ e2 = 1 − = ⇒e=
25 25 5 a 5.05
∴ S∞ = = = 6.64474 .
Now, foci of the ellipse are (± ae, 0) ≡ (± 3, 0). 1 − r 1 − 0.24
n n
3 1 r
We have, 3 = a ⋅ 33. (d) We have, S n = ∑ n and tn = ∑ n
5 r =0 Cr r =0 C r

⇒ a = 5 Now, PF1 + PF2 = major axis = 2a = 2 × 5 = 10 n

n − (n − r ) n
1 n
n−r
tn = ∑ n
, [∵ n Cr = nCn − r ] = n ∑ n − ∑ n
26. (b) If a function is continuously increasing or decreasing r =0 C n−r r =0 C r r = 0 Cn − r

the f '( x) ≥ 0 or f '( x) ≤ 0 and equal to zero only at one  n 

n −1 1
tn = n . Sn −  n + n + ..... + n + 0
point. f '( x) = a − sin x ≥ 0 or a − sin x ≤ 0  Cn Cn−1 C1 
⇒ a ≥ sin x or a ≤ sin x n
r
tn = n . S n − ∑ n
⇒ a ≥ 1 or a ≤ −1 ⇒ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) r =0 Cr
27. (c) cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y tn n
⇒ tn = n. Sn − tn ⇒ 2tn = n Sn ⇒ = .
28. (b) tan(u + iv) = i Sn 2
tan u + tan(iv) −1/ 2 −1/ 2 −1/ 2 −1/ 2
⇒ =i a+x a−x  x  x
1 − tan u tan(iv ) 34. (a)   +  = 1 +  + 1 − 
 a   a   a   a
⇒ tan u + i tan hv = i[1 − i tan u tan hv] [∵tan ix = i tan hx]
  1  3  
⇒ tan u (1 − tan hv) = i(1 − tan hv)   1  x   − 2  − 2   x  2 
= 1 +  −   +   
⇒ (tan u − i ) (1 − tanh v) = 0   + ....
  2  a  2.1 a 
 
⇒ 1 − tan hv = 0 ⇒ tan hv = 1
ev − e−v   1  3  
⇒ v −v
=1 ⇒e −e = e +e
v −v
  1  x   − 2  − 2   x  2  3x 2
ev + e−v + 1 +  −  −  +    −
  + .... = 2 + +
  2  a  2.1  a  4a 2
⇒ 2e− v = 0  
⇒ e − v = e−∞ ⇒ v = ∞ . .........
29. (d) | A | = 1 ≠ 0, therefore A is invertible. Here odd terms cancel each other.

 cos 2θ − sin 2θ  1 1 1
30. (d) Let A =  , | A |= 1 35. (a) Given series is + + + …∞
 sin 2θ cos 2θ  x + 1 2( x + 1) 2 3( x + 1)3

 cos 2θ sin 2θ   1   x 
adj ( A) =  = − log e  1 −  = − log e  
 − sin 2θ cos 2θ   x + 1   x +1

adj ( A)  cos 2θ sin 2θ   x +1  1

A−1 = = . = log e   = log e  1 +  .
| A|  − sin 2θ cos 2θ   x   x
2 3
31. (b) A = 1 + r z + r 2 z + r 3 z + ........∞ a−b 1 a−b 1 a−b
36. (b)  +   +   + ......
 a  2 a  3 a 
A = 1 + [r z + r 2 z + r 3 z + ........∞ ]
 a −b  b a
a = − log e 1 −  = − log e   = log e   .
We know that sum of infinite G.P. is S∞ = (−1 < r < 1)  a  a b
1− r
 rz  1− rz + rz
Therefore, A = 1 +  z 
⇒ A= 37. (a) Total number of five letters words formed from ten
1 − r  1− rz
different letters = 10×10×10×10×10 = 105
1 1 A −1 Number of five letters words having no repetition
⇒ A= ⇒ 1− rz = ⇒ rz =
1− rz A A = 10× 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 = 30240
1/ z
 A − 1 ∴ Number of words which have at least one letter repeated
Hence r =  .
 A  = 105 – 30240 = 69760

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Practice Test 2 617
38. (c) Let, E = event when each American man is seated 44. (c) y = sin −1 ( 1 − x 2 )
adjacent to his wife and A = event when Indian man is
Let 1 − x 2 = sin θ ⇒ 1 − x 2 = sin 2 θ
seated adjacent to his wife. Now, n( A ∩ E ) = (4!) × (2!)5
Even when each American man is seated adjacent to his ⇒ x2 = 1 − sin 2 θ = cos2 θ
wife. Again, n( E ) = (5!) × (2!) 4 ∴ x = cosθ or θ = cos−1 x
⇒ y = cos −1 x
 A  n( A ∩ E ) (4!) × (2!)
5
2
∴ P  = = =
 
E n ( E ) (5!) × (2!) 4
5 dy 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x of y, we get =− .
Alternate Solution dx 1 − x2
Fixing four American couples and one Indian man in  1 + x  1+ x
45. (a) y = cos −1   Let = cos θ
between any two couples; we have 5 different ways in  2  2
which his wife can be seated of which 2 cases are
or x = 2cos2 θ −1 = cos2θ ;
favourable.
1
∴ Required probability =
2 ∴ θ = cos−1 x
2
5
1 1
39. (c) Sample space: A dice is thrown thrice, n( s ) = 6 × 6 × 6. So, y = cos −1 x ⇒ − .
2 2 1 − x2
Favorable events ω r1 + ω r2 + ω r3 = 0
ie, (r1 , r2 , r3 ) are ordered 3-triples which can take values. 46. (b) If α is the coincident root, then α 2 + aα + b = 0 and

(1, 2,3), (1,5,3), (4, 2,3), (4,5,3)  α 2 + bα + a = 0

 ie, 8 ordered pairs α2 α 1
(1, 2, 6), (1,5, 6), (4, 2, 6), (4,5, 6)  ⇒ = =
and each can be arranged in 3! Ways = 6 a − b2 b − a b − a
2

8× 6 2 ⇒ α 2 = −( a + b); α = 1
∴ n( E ) = 8 × 6 ⇒ P ( E ) = =
6× 6× 6 9 ⇒ −(a + b) = 1 ⇒ (a + b) = −1.
cos echx cos echx cosech
cosech xx
40. (c) = = 47. (b) n C5 = n C3 ⇒ n = 8.
cosech x + 1
2 22
coth xx coth x
1 48. (b) sin 50o − sin 70o + sin 10o

= sinh x = sech x. = −2 cos 60o sin 10o + sin 10o

cosh x
sinh x = sin10o (1 − 2 cos 60o ) = 0.

b 2(b / a ) p+b π π
41. (b) tan α = tan 2α = = 49. (c) A − B = ⇒ tan ( A − B) = tan
a 1 − (b / a ) 2
a 4 4
2 ba p+b tan A − tan B
⇒ = ⇒ = 1 ⇒ tan A − tan B − tan A tan B = 1
a 2 − b2 a 1 + tan A tan B
2ba 2 − a 2b + b3 b(a 2 + b2 ) ⇒ tan A − tan B − tan A tan B + 1 = 2
⇒ = p ⇒p= 2 2 .
a −b
2 2
(a − b ) ⇒ (1 + tan A) (1 − tan B) = 2 ⇒ y = 2
P
Hence, ( y + 1) y +1 = (2 + 1) 2 +1 = (3)3 = 27 .
p
50. {
(a) log 4 log 2 ( x + 8 − x ) = 0}
α b ⇒ 40 = log (
2 )
x + 8 − x ⇒ 21 = x + 8 − x
α
O a
⇒ 4 = x + 8 + x − 2 x2 + 8x ⇒ 2 x2 + 8x = 2x + 4
42. (b) lim f ( x ) = −1, lim f ( x ) = 1, f ( a ) = 1.
x→a− x→a + ⇒ x 2 + 8x = x 2 + 4 + 4 x
43. (c) lim f ( x ) = 1, f (1) = 2. ⇒ 4 x = 4 ⇒ x = 1.
x →1

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618 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
NCERT Exemplar Problems  n(n + 1) 
2

 
More than One Answer 13 + 23 + ⋯ + n 3 (n + 1) 2
= 
2 
   55. (b) Tn = =
51. (a, d) a = ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ ; b = ˆi + 2jˆ + kˆ ; c = ˆi + ˆj + kˆ 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2n − 1) n [1 + (2n − 1)] 4
   2
Vector coplanar with a and b and perpendicular to c is ∴
        
given by c × (a × b) = (c.b)a − (c.a)b = 4a − 4b 9
1 9 1
    ∑T
n =1
n = ∑ (n + 1)2 = 4 [12 + 22 + ⋯ + 102 − 12 ]
4 n =1
= 4(a − b) = 4(− j + k)
1 10(10 + 1)(2 × 10 + 1) 
52. (d) Any point B on line is (2λ − 2, − λ – 1, 3λ ) = − 1 = 96
4  6 
Point B lies on the plane for some λ
⇒ (2λ − 2) + (−λ − 1) + 3λ = 3 ⇒ 4λ = 6 56. (b, d)
P
3  −5 9 
⇒ λ= ⇒ B ≡ 1, ,  s−a
M
2  2 2 N
The foot of the perpendicular from point (–2, –1, 0) on the s−c
plane is the point A (0, 1, 2)
 −7 5 
⇒ D.R. of AB =  1, ,  ≡ (2, − 7, 5) S
s −b L
R
 2 2
x y −1 z − 2 Let s − a = 2k − 2, s − b = 2k , s − c = 2k + 2, k ∈ 1, k > 1
Hence = =
2 −7 5 Adding we get, s = 6k
53. (a) So, a = 4k + 2, b = 4k , c = 4k − 2
1
Now, cos P =
3
So, sides are 22, 20, 18

P dx dx
(2t 2 , 4t ) 57. (a) ∫  1 
3/ 4
=∫
 1 
3/ 4

C (2,–4) x 2 ⋅ x3 1 + 4  x 5 1 + 4 
–6  x   x 
1
Let 1 + =t
y = −tx + 2at + at 3 ; −6 = 4t + 2t 3 ; t 3 + 2t + 3 = 0 x4
(t + 1)(t 2 − t + 3) = 0 t = −1 ⇒
4
− 5 dx = dt
x
⇒ ( x − 2) 2 + ( y + 4) 2 = r 2 = 8
 −3 +1 
4 + 4 = r 2 x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 8 y + 12 = 0 −1 dt −1  t 4  −1  t1/ 4 
= ∫ 3/ 4 =   +c =  +c
1 4 t 4  −3 + 1  4 1/ 4 
54. (c) f ( x) + 2 f   = 3 x S : f ( x) = f (− x)
 x  4 
1/ 4 1/ 4
1  1   x4 + 1 
∵ f ( x) + 2 f   = 3x . . .(i) = − 1 + 4  + c = − 4  +c
 x  x   x 
1 1 3
x→ f   + 2f (x) = . . .(ii)
192 x 3 192 x 3
x x x 58. (d)
3 ∫1/ 2
t dt ≤ f ( x) ≤
2 ∫1/ 2
t dt
6 2
(1) − 2 × (2) −3 f ( x) = 3x − f (x) = − x 3
x x 16 x 4 − 1 ≤ f ( x) ≤ 24 x 4 −
2
Now f ( x) = f (− x)
1 1 1  3
∴
2 2 4 2
− x = + x = 2x = x
∫1/ 2
(16 x 4 − 1)dx ≤ ∫
1/ 2
f ( x)dx ≤ ∫  24 x 2 −  dx
1/ 2
 2
x x x x
26 1 39
10 ∫1/ 2
1< ≤ f ( x)dx ≤ < 12
⇒ x = ± 2 Exactly two elements 10

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Practice Test 2 619
 1 − cosθ 
59. (b) x = a + b y = ab x 2 − c 2 = y 62. (a, c) y =  
 sin θ 
a2 + b2 − c2 1
⇒ = − = cos(120°) Parallel to RS line
2ab 2
 1 − cos θ  P (cosθ , sin θ )
2π abc ∆ y= 
⇒ ∠C = ⇒ R= , r=  sin θ   1 − cosθ 
3 4∆ s Q  1, 
sin θ 
E 
2
1  2π   R (–1,0) S (1,0)
4  ab sin  
4∆ 2
 3 
= 
r 2
⇒ =
R s (abc) x+c
⋅ y⋅c
2
y = (tan θ ) x
r 3y
⇒ = .   1 − cos θ
R 2c ( x + c )   1 − cos θ   tan(θ / 2) θ
⇒ E ,    ⇒ E  tan θ , tan 2 
 sin θ tan θ  
   sin θ  
dy ye x 1
60. (a, c) + = tan(θ / 2) θ
dx 1 + e x e x + 1 Let h= and k = tan
tan θ 2
⇒ ex θ k
I .F . = ∫
x
dx = eIn(1+ e ) = 1 + e x ∴ h=
k
∴ tan =
e 1+ e
x
tan θ 2 h
⇒ y (1 + e x ) = ∫ 1dx ⇒ y = x+c 2 tan
θ
1+ ex 2 = k ⇒  2k  k
⇒
θ h  1− k 2 =
y (0) = 2 ⇒ c =1 1 − tan 2   h
2
x+4 ⇒ y (−4) = 0
⇒ y= ∴ 2 xy = y (1 − y 2 )
1 + ex
(1 + e x ) − ( x + 4)e x 63. (c) f ′ = ± 1 − f 2
⇒ y′ = =0
(1 + e x ) 2 ⇒ f ( x) = sin x
(1 + e ) − ( x + 4)e
x x
or f ( x) = − sin x (not possible)
Let g ( x) =
(1 + e x ) 2 ⇒ f ( x) = sin x ; Also, x > sin x ∀ x > 0
2−4 64. (d) The equation x 2 − px + r = 0 has roots (α , β ) and the
g (0) = 2 < 0
2
α 
 1 3 2 equation x 2 − qx + r = 0 has roots  , 2 β  .
1 +  − 1− 2 
g (−1) = 
e e e >0
<0= α
 1
2
 1
2
⇒ r = αβ and α + β = p and + 2β = q
1 +   1 +  2
 e  e
2p−q 2(2 p − q )
g (0) ⋅ g (−1) < 0. Hence, g(x) has a root in between (−1, 0) ⇒ β= and α =
3 3
2
61. (d) ⇒ αβ = r = (2q − p)(2 p − q)
Y 9
(0, 41)
65. (d) Let z = cos θ + sin θ , so that
B
z cos θ + sin θ cos θ + i sin θ
= =
1 − z 2 1 − (cos 2θ + i sin θ ) 2sin 2 θ − 2i sin θ cos θ
X′
O 1 40 A
X
cos θ + i sin θ i
= =
Y′
−2i sin θ (cos θ + i sin) 2sin θ
y − 0 = −( x − 41) z
Hence, lies on the imaginary axis i.e., x = 0.
x + y = 41 1− z2
z z 1
(39 + 1) Let E = = = , which is imaginary.
39 + 38 + 37 + ..... + 1 = 39 = 780 1 − z 2 zz − z 2 z − z
2

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620 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
66. (c) 1 + 1 + 1 1+α + β 1+ α + β
2 2 3
Hence, (log e ( g ( x))) is one-one function.
1+α + β 1+ α + β 1+ α + β 2 2 3 3
 π π
And g ( x) ∈ (0, ∝) ∀ x ∈  − , 
1+ α + β 1+ α 2 + β 2 1+ α 4 + β 4
2 2
 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 ⇒ log( g ( x)) ∈ R. Hence, f ( x) is an on to function.
=1 α β ×1 α α 2

1 α2 β2 1 β β2 Assertion and Reason

2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 71. (a) | 2 x − 1|< 1 ⇒ −1 < 2 x − 1 < 1 ⇒ 9 < x < 1
=1 α α ×1 α α = 1 α α
2 2 2
72. (c) We can write
1 β β2 1 β β2 1 β β2
S = nC0 + ( n − 1) C1 + (n − 2)C2 + ... + 1Cn −1 + 0Cn . . .(i)
= (1 − α ) 2 (α − β ) 2 ( β − 1) 2 K = 1 Using Cr = Cn − r , we can rewrite (i) as
S = 0C0 + 1C1 + 2C2 + ... + ( n − 1)Cn −1 + nCn . . .(ii)
67. (d) a1 , a2 , ..... a20 H.P.
Adding (i) and (ii)
1 1 1
, , ..... A.P. We obtain 2 S = n[C0 + C1 + C2 + ... + Cn ] = n(2 n )
a1 a2 a20
n

⇒
1 1
− = 19d
⇒ S = n(2 n −1 ) In the expression ∑∑
j =1 i< j
(Ci + C j )
25 5
−4 1  −4  1 96 Each Ci (0 ≤ i ≤ n) occurs exactly n times.
⇒ d= T25 = + 24   T25 = −
 475 
n n
475 5 5 475
Thus ∑ ∑ (Ci + C j ) = n ∑ Ck = n(2n )
−1 j =1 i< j k =0
⇒ T25 =
475 73. (d) That Reason is false can be seen from theory.
50
10
 3
68. (d) Let y = ∑ Ar ( B10 Br − C10 Ar ) We can write ( 3 + 2)50 = 225 1 +  .
r =1
 2 
10

∑A B r r
20
= coefficient of x in
Let l =
(50 +1) 3/ 2
=
51 3( 3 − 2)
(
= 51 3 − 6 )
r =1

((1 + x )10 ( x + 1) 20 ) − 1 = C20 − 1 = C10 − 1

1+ 3/ 2 ( 3+ 2 )( 3− 2 )
10 = 51 (0.5505) ≃ 28.07 ⇒ [k ] = 28.
and ∑ ( Ar ) 2 = coefficient of x10 in
( )
50
r =1 Thus, the greatest term in the expansion of 3+ 2 is
((1 + x ) ( x + 1) ) − 1 = B10 − 1
10 10
28
 50   3   50  14 11
the 29th term and it equals 2 25   
⇒ y = B 10 (C10 − 1) − C10 ( B10 − 1) = C10 − B10 .
28  2  =  22  3 2
    
69. (d) Total number of unordered pairs of disjoint subsets 74. (d) AM > GM
34 + 1 logπ 2 + log 2 π
= = 41. ∴ > (logπ 2)(log 2 π )
2 2
 π π logπ 2 + log 2 π
70. (a, b, c) f ( x) = (log(sec x + tan x))3 ∀ x ∈  − ,  ⇒ > 1 logπ 2 + log 2 π > 2
2
 2 2
f (− x) = − f ( x), hence f ( x) is odd function 75. (a) Let p = log 2 x − log x (0.125)
 π π 1
= log 2 x − log x   = log 2 x + log x ( 8 )
Let g ( x) = sec x + tan x ∀ x ∈  − , 
 2 2 8
 π π = log 2 x + 3log x 2 ≥ 2 (log 2 x)(3log x 2) = 2 3
⇒ g ′( x) = sec x + (sec x + tan x) > 0 ∀ x ∈  − , 
 2 2
∴ p≥2 3
⇒ g ( x) is one-one function
∴ The least value of p is 2 3.

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Practice Test 2 621
76. (d) Suppose Ai gets xi toys then x1 + x2 + x3 ≤ 12. (n + 1)[2(2n + 1) − 3(n + 1)]
=
Let x4=12–(x1+x2+x3), then x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 12 . . .(i) 3
The number of non-negative integral solutions of (i) ( n + 1)[4n + 2 − 3n − 3] ( n + 1)( n − 1) n 2 − 1
= = =
= coefficient of t12 in (t + t2 +…) (t3 + t4 + t5 +.. ) 3 3 3
(1 + t +…+ t5) × (1 + t + t2 +…) 2 x1 ,2 x2 + … + 2 xn
79. (c) A.M. of 2 x1 , 2 x2 ,…, 2 xn is
= coefficient of t12 in t4 (1 – t6) (1 – t)–4 n
= coefficient of t8 in (1 – t6) (1 + 4C1t + 5C2t2 +...)  x + x + … + xn 
= 2 1 2  = 2x
= 11C8 – 5C2 = 165 – 10 = 155  n 
Reason is false as the number of non-negative integral So, Assertion: is false. Variance (2xi ) = 22 variance ( xi ) = 4σ 2
solution of x1 + x2 + x3 ≤ m
Reason: is true.
Equals the number of non-negative integral solution of
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = m, which equals m+3Cm. P( A ∩ B)
80. (b) P( A / B ) ≥ P ( A) ⇒ ≥ P ( A)
P( B)
 2n 
  P( A ∩ B)
r (2n)! (r + 1)!(2n − r − 1)! or ≥ P( B)
77. (a) We have   = P ( A)
 2n  r !(2n − r )! (2n)!
  P ( B ∩ A)
 r + 1  or ≥ P( B)
P ( A)
r +1 r +1
= Since for 0 ≤ r ≤ n − 1, < 1, we get ∴ P( B / A) ≥ P ( B )
2n − r 2n − r
 2n   2n   2n   2n  Comprehension Based
  <   < ... <  < 
0
    1  n − 1  2  81. (b)
W (2W) W
 2n   2n  3/5 1
Also, as   =  
 0   2n − r  H 2/5
1/2 1/2
 2n   2n   2n   2 n  R 1W 1R W
 <  ... <  <  2W 3W 1 W
 2n   2n − 1  2n + 1   n  Coin 3/10
1/2 6/10 2/3
T
 2n  1W1R 2W,1R W
Thus,   is maximum when r = n. 1/10 1/3
 r  2R 1W, 2R W

 40  60   40  60 
Next,    +    + ... 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 6 2 1 1 1
 r  0   r − 1 1  P(W) = × + × × + × + × × + × ×
2 5 2 5 2 2 10 2 10 3 2 10 3
= then number ways of selecting r persons out of 40 men
1  9 1  23
= 9+3+ +6+  =
 100 
and 60 women =  30  2 2  30
.
 r 
Which is maximum when r = 50. 82. (d) P  Head appear on coin 

78. (b) Assertion: Sum of n even natural number = n( n + 1)  ball drawn from U 2 is white 

n(n + 1)
Mean ( x ) = = n +1 1 3 1 2 1
× + × ×
n  Head appear on coin  2 5 2 5 2  12 
 = 1 3 1 6 2 1 1 1 = 
1   ball drawn from U is white   23 
Variance =  ∑ ( x1 )2  − ( x ) 2 × + × × + × ×
n  2 10 2 10 3 2 10 3
1 83. (a) The required area
= [2 2 + 42 + … + (2n) 2 ] − (n + 1)2
n b
b
b

1 = ∫ f ( x)dx = xf ( x) − ∫ xf ′( x)dx
= 22 (12 + 2 2 + … + n 2 ) − ( n + 1) 2 a a
n a

4 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) b
x
= − (n + 1) 2 = bf (b) − af (a ) + ∫ dx.
n 6 3[ f ( x ) 2 − 1]

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622 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

f ′(e )e x x 2
84. (b) g ′( x) = 1
∴ h 2 + k 2 =   which is a circle
1 + e2 x 2
Hence, positive for (0, ∞) and negative for (−∞, 0). (B) If | z − z1 | − | z − z 2 |= k

 1  3  3 1 Where k < | z1 − z2 | the locus is a hyperbola

85. (c) Since, f  −  ⋅ f  −  < 0 ⇒ S lie in  − , −  .
 2  4  4 2 (C) Let t = tan α
⇒ x = 3 cos 2α and y = sin 2α
3 1 1 3
86. (a) − < s < − <t <
4 2 2 4 x
or cos 2α = and sin 2α = y
1/ 2 3/ 4 3
∫ (4 x + 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1)dx < area < ∫ (4 x + 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1)dx
3 3

x2
0 0
∴ + y 2 = sin 2 2α + cos 2 2α = 1 which is an ellipse
[ x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x]1/0 2 < area < [ x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x]03/ 4 3
(D) If eccentricity is [1, ∞] then the conic can be a parabola (if
1 1 1 1 81 27 9 3
+ + + < area < + + + e = 1) and a hyperbola if e ∈ (1, ∞)
16 8 4 2 256 64 16 4
15 525 (E) Let z = x + iy; x, y ∈ R
< area < .
16 256 ⇒ ( x + 1) 2 − y 2 = x 2 + y 2 + 1
⇒ y 2 = x; which is a parabola
Match the Column
87. (c) A→2,4; B→1,3,4,5; C→5; D→3 89. (b) b. A→4; B→5; C→3; D→3

(A) 2sin 2 θ + 4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = 2 2i(x + iy) 2i(x + iy)

(A) z = =
1 − (x + iy) 2 1 − (x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy)
sin 2 θ + 2sin 2 θ (1 − sin 2 θ ) = 1
2ix − 2y 1
1 Using 1 − x 2 = y 2 Z = =− .
3sin 2 θ − 2sin 4 θ − 1 = 0 ⇒ sin θ = ± ±1 2y 2 − 2ixy y
2,
1 1
π π ∵ −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 ⇒ − ≤ −1 Or − ≥ 1.
⇒ θ= , . y y
4 2
3x 8.3x − 2
(B) Let y = (B) For domain −1 ≤ ≤1
π 1 − 32(x −1)
1 π  3x − 3x − 2
⇒ ≤ y ≤ ∀x ∈  , π  Now f(y) = [2 y ]cos[ y ] ⇒ −1 ≤ ≤ 1.
2 6  1 − 32x − 2
1 3 3x − 3x − 2
y = , y = 1, y = , y = 3 Case (i): −1 ≤ 0
Critical points are y 2 2 1 − 32 x − 2
π π π  (3x − 1)(3x − 2 − 1)
⇒ Points of discontinuity  , , , π  . ⇒ ≥0
6 3 2  (32 x − 2 − 1)
1 1 0 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 0] ∪ (1, ∞).
(C) 1 2 0 = π ⇒ volume of parallelepiped = π 3x − 3x − 2
1 1 π Case (ii): +1 ≥ 0
1 − 32 x − 2
 
(D) | a + b |= 3 ⇒ 2 + 2 cos α = 3 (3x − 2 − 1)(3x + 1)
⇒ ≥0
π (3x.3x − 2 − 1)
⇒ 2 + 2 cos α = 3 ⇒ α = .
3 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 1) ∪ [2, ∞). So, x ∈ (−∞, 0] ∪ [2, ∞).
88. (a) A→1; B→4,5; C→3; D→2,4; (C) R1 → R 1 + R 3

1  h2  0 0 2
(A) = 4 1 + 2 
k 2
 k  f (θ ) = − tan θ 1 tan θ = 2(tan 2 θ + 1) = 2sec 2 θ .
−1 − tan θ 1
⇒ 1 = 4(k 2 + h 2 )

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Practice Test 2 623
3 1/ 2 15 92. (2250) Speed of the truck is x km / h
(D) f ′(x) = (x) (3x − 10) + (x)3 / 2 × 3 = (x)1/ 2 (x − 2)
2 2  500 
Increasing, when x ≥ 2. ∴ Time taken to cover 500 km is t =  h
 x 
90. (a) A→3; B→1, 4; C→1,5; D→2,5 Total cost for a trip of 500 km (in Rs) is = cost of diesel +
z z Payment to the driver
(A) −i = +i ,z ≠ 0
|z| |z| 1  900  400 500
C (say) =  + x  × 500 × + × 1.5
z 300  x  100 x
is unimodular complex number and lies on
|z| 1350 2
⇒ C= + x
perpendicular bisector of i and −i x 3
dC 1350 2 dC
z ∴ = − 2 + ; for max or min of C = =0
⇒ = ±1 ⇒ z = ±1| z |⇒ a is number Im(z) = 0. dx x 3 dx
|z|
d 2C 2700
(B) | z + 4 | + | z − 4 |= 10 ⇒ x = 45 km / h Now, = 3
dx 2 x
z lies on an ellipse whose focus are (4, 0) and (–4, 0) and
d 2C 2700
length of major axis is 10 ∴ = >0
dx 2 (45)3
⇒ 2ae = 8 and 2a = 10 x = 45

e = 4 / 5 | Re( z ) |≤ 5. Total cost C is maximum where x = 45 km / h

⇒
∴ λ = 45 Then, 50λ = 50 × 45 = 2250
(C) | w |= 2 ⇒ w = 2(cos θ + i sin θ )
1 93. (10) Since, sin y (3sin x − 7 cos y + 7)dy + cos x(3cos y − 7sin x − 3)dx =
x + iy = 2(cosθ + i sin θ ) − (cos θ − i sin θ )
2 sin y(3sin x − 7 cos y + 7)dy + cos x(3cos y − 7sin x − 3)dx = 0
3 5
= cos θ + i sin θ ⇒ sin y ((5 − 2)sin x − (5 + 2)cos y + (5 + 2))dy
2 2
+ cos x((5 − 2) cos y − (5 + 2)sin x − (5 − 2)) dx = 0
x2 y2 9/4 9 16
= 1 e = 1− = 1− =
2
⇒ 2
+ ⇒ 5sin y (sin x − cos y + 1)dy + 5cos x
(3 / 2) (5 / 2) 2 25 / 4 25 25
4 × (cos y − sin x − 1)dx − 2sin y(sin x + cos y − 1)dy − 2cos x(cos y + sin x −
⇒ e=
5 × (cos y − sin x − 1)dx − 2sin y(sin x + cos y − 1)dy − 2cos x(cos y + sin x − 1)dx = 0
(D) | w |= 1 ⇒ 5(sin x − cos y + 1)(sin y dy − cos x dx) − 2(sin x + cos y − 1)(sin y dy + co
⇒ x + iy = cos + i sin θ + cos θ − i sin5(sin
θ x x+−iycos
= 2cos θ y dy − cos x dx) − 2(sin x + cos y − 1)(sin y dy + cos x dx) = 0
y + 1)(sin
| Re( z ) |≤ 1,| Im( z ) = 0. 5(cos x dx − sin y dy ) 2(cos x dx + sin y dy )
⇒ + =0
(sin x + cos y − 1) (sin x − cos y + 1)
Integer On integrating, we have
91. (1024) Differentiation of sin x and cos x repeat after fourth 5ln(sin x + cos y − 1) + 2ln (sin x − cos y + 1) = ln c
order ⇒ (sin x + cos y − 1)5 (sin x − cos y + 1) 2 = c
d 16 y ∴ λ = 5, µ = 2 Then λµ = 5 × 2 = 10
∴ = sin x − cos x
dx16 94. (27) y 2 − 9 xy + 18 x 2 = 0 ⇒ ( y − 6 x)( y − 3 x) = 0
17
d y ∴ y = 6 x, y = 3 x
⇒ f ( x) = = cos x + sin x
dx17
Vertices of the triangle formed by the lines y = 6 x, y = 3 x
π  π π
⇒ f   = cos + sin 3 
 
4 4 4 and y = 9 are A(0, 0), B  , 9  and C (3,9)
1 1 2 
= + = 2
2 2 0 0 1
1 1 27 27
∴ Required are λ = | 3/ 2 9 1 | = − =
 1024   π   1024  2 3 9 1 2 2 4
∴   f  =  ( 2) = 1024
 2  4  2  ∴ 4 λ = 27

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624 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
95. (171) 2 x + y − 3 xy = 0
2 2
 r 2 + r22 − d  −1  4 + 9 − 21   2
∴ cos −1  1  = cos   = cos −1  − 
Y
 2 r r
1 2   2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3   3
Y =2x
3 C 2 2
3 ∴ λ=− ⇒ 9999 λ = 9999 × = 6666
3 3
Ay =x π π
97. (1526) − cos −1 π + − cos −1 y = π
αα
2 2
−1 −1
or cos x + cos y = 0
45°
O X
⇒ cos −1{ xy − (1 − x 2 ) (1 − y 2 )} = 0
⇒ (2 x − y )( x − y ) = 0 ⇒ y = 2 x, y = x
Are the equations of straight lines passing through origin? ⇒ xy − (1 − x 2 )(1 − y 2 ) = 1
Now let the angle between tangents is 2α , then ⇒ ( xy − 1) 2 = (1 − x 2 )(1 − y 2 )
tan(45° + 2α ) = 2 ⇒ x 2 y 2 + 1 − 2 xy = 1 − x 2 − y 2 + x 2 y 2 or x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy = 0
tan 45° + tan 2α 1 + tan 2α 2 ⇒ ( x − y)2 = 0
⇒ =2 ⇒ =
1 − tan 45° tan 2α 1 − tan 2α 1
∴ x = y ∴ λ =1
2 tan 2α 1
⇒ = (by componendo and dividend rule)
2 3 98. (3954) Using the formula for the sum of a geometric
2 tan α 1 progression, we find
⇒ = ⇒ tan 2 α + 6 tan α − 1 = 0
1 − tan α 3
2
(1 + x)1000 + x(1 + x)999 + x 2 (1 + x)998 + … + x1000
−6 ± (36 + 4)   x 1001 
⇒ tan α = = −3 ± 10 (1 + x)1000 1 −  x1001
2   (1 + x)1000 −
  1 + x   (1 + x)
 π = = = + −
= −3 + 10 ∵ 0 < α <    x  x +1− x
 4 1
  − 
  1 + x  (1 + x)
3 (1 x )
Now, in ∆OAC , tan α = = = ( 10 − 3) = = (1 + x )1001 − x1001
OA
3( 10 + 3) 1001!
∴ OA = = 3(3 + 10) Hence, the coefficient of x50 = 1001C50 =
50!951!
( 10 − 3)( 10 + 3)
∴ λ = 1001, µ = 50 and v = 951
= 9 + 90 = λ + µ
∴ λ + 2µ + 3v = 1001 + 100 + 2853 = 3954
∴ λ = 9 and µ = 90, then λ 2 + µ = 81 + 90 = 171
sin 2α
  x   sin 2α 
96. (6666) Let C1 , C2 be the centres of the spheres and P be 99. (2008) I = sin −1   = sin −1  
  2cos α  0  2cos α 
their point of intersection. Then the angle between the
 2π 
∵ π < α <
spheres is the angle between their radi C1 P and C2 P. sin −1 (sin α ) = π − α 
 3 
∴ In ∆C1 PC2 , C1 P = r1 , C2 P = r2 and C1C2 = d
(I + α )
∴ If θ be the required angle, then cos θ = cos ∠ C1 PC2 ∴ 2008 = 2008
π
C1 P 2 + C2 P 2 − C1C22 r12 + r22 − d 2  xe − x , x ≥ 0
= = 100. (2) f ( x) = 
2C1 P ⋅ C2 P 2r1r2 −x
− x e , x < 0
Now the given spheres are
 e − x (1 − x), x > 0
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x − 4 y − 6 z + 10 = 0 . . .(i) ∴ f ′( x) =  − x
− e (1 − x), x < 0
and ( x − 1)( x − 5) + ( y − 2)( y − 0) + ( z + 3)( z − 1) = 0
⇒ f ′( x) is not defined at x = 0
or x2 + y2 + z 2 − 6 x − 2 y + 2 z + 2 = 0 . . .(ii)
and f ′( x) = 0 at x = 1
Centre and radius of equation (i) are (1, 2, 3) and 2
So, x = 0,1 are critical points
Center and radius of equation (ii) are (3, 1, –1) and 3
Hence, number of critical points = 2.
∴ r1 = 2, r2 = 3, d 2 = [(3 − 1) 2 + (1 − 2) 2 + ( −1 − 3) 2 ] = 21

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Practice Test 3 625
Practice Test 3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 8. If E and F are events with P ( E ) ≤ P( F ) and P ( E ∩ F ) > 0,

1. If f :[1, ∞) → [2, ∞) is given then:
1 a. occurrence of E ⇒ occurrence of F
by f ( x) = x + then f − 1( x) equals:
x b. occurrence of F ⇒ occurrence of E
c. non-occurrence of E ⇒ non-occurrence of F
x + x2 − 4 x
a. b. d. None of the above implication holds
2 1 + x2
x − x2 − 4 π  π 
c. d. 1 + x 2 − 4 9. tan  + θ  − tan  − θ  = ?
2 4  4 
a. 2 tan 2θ b. 2 cot 2θ
2. Let α and β be the roots of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0. The
c. tan 2θ d. cot 2θ
equation whose roots are α19, β7 is:
a. x 2 − x − 1 = 0 b. x 2 − x + 1 = 0 1 1 1
10. + + + …∞ = ?
x + 1 2 ( x + 1) 2 3( x + 1)3
c. x 2 + x − 1 = 0 d. x 2 + x + 1 = 0
 1  1
 2π   2π  2 a. log e 1 +  b. log e 1 − 
3. Let ωn = cos   + i sin   , i = −1, then ( x+ yω3+ zω3 )
2
 x  x
 n   n 
 x 
( x + yω3 2 + zω3 ) is equal to: c. log e   d. None of these
 x +1
a. 0 b. x 2 + y 2 + z 2
2 3
 a −b  1  a −b  1 a −b 
c. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − yz − zx − xy d. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + yz + zx + xy 11.  +   +   +… = ?
 a  2 a  3 a 
6
 2π k 2π k  a
4. The value of ∑  sin
k =1 7
− i cos
7 
 is: a. log e ( a − b) b. log e  
b
a. –1 b. 0  a −b 
b  
c. –i d. i c. log e   d. e a 

a
1 0 0  12. Ten different letters of an alphabet are given. Words with
5. The inverse of the matrix  0 1 0  is:
  five letters are formed from these given letters. Then, the
 0 0 1  number of words which have at least one letter repeated is
0 0 1 1 0 0  a. 69760 b. 30240
a.  0 1 0  b.  0 1 0  c. 99748 d. None of these
1 0 0   0 0 1  13. One Indian and four American men and their wives are to
0 1 0 1 0 0  be seated randomly around a circular table. Then, the
c.  0 0 1  d.  0 0 1  conditional probability that the Indian man is seated
1 0 0   0 1 0  adjacent to his wife given that each American man is
seated adjacent to his wife is:
1 − 2 x + 3x 2
6. In the expansion of , the coefficient of x5 will a.
1
b.
1
ex 2 3
be:
2 1
71 71 31 31 c. d.
a. b. − c. d. − 5 5
120 120 40 40
x + e x +.... ∞ dy
7. The total number of seven digit numbers the sum of 14. If y = e x+ e , then =?
dx
whose digits is even is:
y 1 y y
a. 9000000 b. 4500000 a. b. c. d.
1− y 1− y 1+ y y −1
c. 8100000 d. None of these

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626
p q
Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
15. One maximum point of sin x cos x is:  x + x − 16 x + 20
3 2
 ,if x ≠ 2 .
a. x = tan −1
( p / q) b. x = tan −1
(q / p ) 23. Let f ( x) =  ( x − 2)2 If f ( x) be
 k , if x = 2
c. x = tan −1 ( p / q ) d. x = tan −1 ( q / p )
continuous for all x, then k = ?
1 a. 7 b. 8
16. ∫ x (log x) 2
dx = ?
c. 9 d. 0
1 1 24. The number of solutions of the system of equations
a. +c b. − +c
log x log x 2x + y − z = 7, x − 3 y + 2z = 1, x + 4 y − 3z = 5 is:
c. log log x + c d. − log log x + c a. 3 b. 2
2 c. 1 d. 0
17. Area bounded by the parabola y = 2x and the ordinates       
x =1, x = 4 is: 25. If vectors a , b , c satisfy the condition | a − c | = | b − c |, then

a. 4 2 sq. unit b. 28 2 sq. unit     a + b 
3 3
(b − a ) ⋅  c −  is equal to:
 2 
56
c. sq. unit d. None of these a. 0 b. –1
3
c. 1 d. 2
18. The locus of the mid-point of the line segment joining the
focus to a moving point on the parabola y2 = 4ax is another 26. The real roots of the equation x 2 + 5 | x | + 4 = 0 are:
parabola with directrix: a. – 1, 4 b. 1, 4
a c. – 4, 4 d. None of these
a. x = −a b. x = −
2
1+ 3 i
a 27. If is a root of equation x 4 − x3 + x − 1 = 0 then its
c. x = 0 d. x = 2
2
real roots are:
 
19. If a = (2, 5) and b = (1, 4), then the vector parallel a. 1, 1 b. – 1, – 1 c. 1, – 1 d. 1, 2
 
to ( a + b ) is:  1 0 0
a. (3, 5) b. (1, 1) 28. Let A =  5 2 0  , then the adjoint of A is:
c. (1, 3) d. (8, 5)  −1 6 1 
20. The acute angle between the line joining the points (2,1,–3),  2 −5 32   −1 0 0 
x −1 y z + 3 a.  0 1 −6  b.  −5 −2 0 
(–3,1,7) and a line parallel to = = through the
3 4 5  0 0 2   1 −6 1 
point (–1, 0, 4) is:
 −1 0 0 
 7   1 
a. cos  −1
 b. cos  
−1
c.  −5 −2 0  d. None of these
 5 10   10   1 −6 −1
 3   1 
c. cos −1   d. cos −1   i i
 5 10   5 10  29. The value of 0.234 is:
232 232 232 232
21. The sum of the coefficients of even power of x in the a. b. c. d.
990 9990 990 9909
expansion of (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 ) 5 is:
30. If n is an integer greater than 1, then a − n C1 (a − 1) + n
a. 256 b. 128
c. 512 d. 64 C2 (a − 2) +.... + (−1) n (a − n) = ?

22. There are n distinct points on the circumference of a a. a b. 0 c. a2 d. 2n

circle. The number of pentagons that can be formed with 2 6 12 20
31. The sum of + + + + … is:
these points as vertices is equal to the number of possible 1! 2! 3! 4!
triangles. Then the value of n is: 3e
a. b. e c. 2e d. 3e
a. 7 b. 8 c. 9 d. 10 2

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Practice Test 3 627
32. Seven white balls and three black balls are randomly a x

placed in a row. The probability that no two black balls 39. ∫ 1 − a2x
dx = ?
are placed adjacently, equals:
1
1 7 2 1 a. sin −1 a x + c b. sin −1 a x + c
a. b. c. d. log a
2 15 15 3
1
3π 1 − cos α 1 + cos α c. cos −1 a x + c d. cos −1 a x + c
33. If π < α < , then + =? log a
2 1 + cos α 1 − cos α
2 2 40. The area bounded by the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4, line x = 3 y
a. b. −
sin α sin α and x– axis lying in the first quadrant, is:
1 1 π π π
c. d. − a. b. c. d. π
sin α sin α 2 4 3
34. tanh( x + y ) equals: dy
41. The general solution of x 2 = 2 is:
tanh x + tanh y tanh x + tanh y dx
a. b.
1 − tanh x tanh y 1 + tanh x tanh y 2 2
a. y = c + b. y = c −
tanh x − tanh y tanh x − tanh y x x
c. d. 3
1 − tanh x tanh y 1 + tanh x tanh y c. y = 2cx d. y = c − 2
x
 2 1
 x sin , when x≠0
35. If f ( x) =  x , then: 42. The length of perpendicular from the point (a cos α, a sin
0 , when x=0 α) upon the straight line y = x tan α + c, c > 0 is:
a. f (0 + 0) = 1 b. f (0 − 0) = 1 a. c cos α b. c sin 2 α
c. f is continuous at x = 0 d. None of these c. c sec 2 α d. c cos 2 α
36. The length of the shadow of a pole inclined at 10° to the
43. The circle passing through point of intersection of the
vertical towards the sun is 2.05 metres, when the elevation
circle S = 0 and the line P = 0 is:
of the sun is 38°. The length of the pole is:
2.05 sin 38° 2.05 sin 42° a. S + λ P = 0 b. S − λ P = 0 and λ S + P = 0
a. b. c. P − λ S = 0 d. All of these
sin 42° sin 38°
2.05 cos 38° 44. Let ( x, y) by any point on the parabola y 2 = 4 x. Let P be
c. d. None of these
cos 42° the point that divides the line segment from (0, 0) to ( x, y)
( x − a)( x − b) dy in the ratio 1 : 3. Then, the locus of P is:
37. If y = , then =?
( x − c)( x − d ) dx a. x 2 = y b. y 2 = 2 x
y 1 1 1 1  c. y 2 = x d. x 2 = 2 y
a. + − −
2  x − a x − b x − c x − d 

     
 1 1 1 1  45. If a , b , c are unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0, then
b. y  + − −
 x − a x − b x − c x − d       
a ⋅b + b ⋅c + c ⋅ a = ?
1 1 1 1 1  a. 1 b. 3
c. + − −
2  x − a x − b x − c x − d 
 c. – 3/2 d. 3/2
d. None of these 46. The number of solutions of log 4( x − 1) = log 2( x − 3) is:
x2 − 1
38. If f ( x ) = 2 , for every real number x, then the a. 3 b. 1
x +1 c. 2 d. 0
minimum value of f :
a. Does not exist because f is unbounded 47. If the letters of the word KRISNA are arranged in all
b. Is not attained even though f is bounded possible ways and these words are written out as in a
c. Is equal to 1 dictionary, then the rank of the word KRISNA is:
d. Is equal to –1 a. 324 b. 341 c. 359 d.None of these

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628 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
48. If the sum of the roots of the equation λ x + 2 x + 3λ = 02
 1 
20

56. In the expansion of  3 4 + 4 

be equal to their product, then λ = ?  6
a. 4 b. −4 a. the number of rational terms = 4
c. 6 d. None of these b. the number of irrational terms = 19
49. The number of arrangements of the letters of the word c. the middle term is irrational
BANANA in which the two N’s do not appear adjacently, d. the number of irrational terms= 17
is: 57. Let L be the set of all straight lines in the Euclidean plane.
a. 40 b. 60 c. 80 d. 100 Two lines l1 and l2 are said to be related by the relation R
if l1 is parallel to l2 . Then the relation R is:
50. Differential coefficient of sin −1 x w.r.t cos −1 1 − x 2 is:
a. 1 b. 2 a. Reflexive b. Symmetric
c. 3 d. None of these c. Transitive d. Equivalence
58. If a, b, c are distinct number in arithmetic progression,
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS then both the roots of the quadratic equation (a + 2b − 3c)
More than One Answer x 2 + (b + 2c − 3a ) x +(c + 2a − 3b) = 0 are:
51. For every pair of continuous function f , g :[0,1] → R such a. real b. positive
that max { f ( x) : x ∈ [0,1]} = max{ g ( x) : x ∈ [0,1]}. The c. negative d. rational
correct statement(s) is (are): 2−i
59. The reflection of the complex number , (where
a. [ f (c)] + 3 f (c) = [ g (c)] + 3 g (c) for some c ∈ [0,1]
2 2 3+i
i = −1) in the straight line z (1 + i ) = z (i − 1) is:
b. [ f (c)]2 + f (c) = [ g (c)]2 + 3 g (c) for some c ∈ [0,1]
−1 − i −1 + i
c. [ f (c)]2 + 3 f (c) = [ g (c )]2 + g (c) for some c ∈ [0,1] a. b.
2 2
d. [ f (c)]2 = [ g (c)]2 for some c ∈ [0,1] i(i + 1) −1
c. d.
2 1+ i
52. The equation x 2 + a 2 x + b 2 = 0 has two roots each of which
60. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM .
exceeds a number c, then:
a. a 4 > 4b 2 b. c 2 + a 2 c + b 2 > 0 Further, if M ≠ N 2 and M 2 = N 4 , then:

c. − a 2 / 2 > c d. none of these a. determinant of ( M 2 + MN 2 ) is 0

b. there is a 3×3 non-zero matrix U such that ( M 2 + MN 2 )
53. Let z1 and z2 be two distinct complex number and let
z = (1 − t ) z1 + tz2 for some real number t with 0 < t < 1. If U is zero matrix
c. determinant of ( M 2 + MN 2 ) ≥ 1
arg (w) denotes the principle argument of a non-zero
complex number w, then: d. for a 3×3 matrix U, if ( M 2 + MN 2 ) U equals the zero
a. | z − z1 | + | z − z2 |=| z1 − z2 | b. arg ( z − z1 ) = arg ( z − z2 ) matrix, then U is the zero matrix.
z − z1 z − z1 61. The sum of n terms of the series:
c. =0 d. arg ( z − z1 ) = arg ( z2 − z1 )
z2 − z1 z2 − z1 1 1 1
+ + + ... is:
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6
54. Let M and N be two 3×3 non-singular skew-symmetric
n(n 2 + 6n + 11) n3 = 6
matrices such that MN = NM . If PT denotes the transpose a. b.
18(n + 1)( n + 2)(n + 3) 18(n + 1)( n + 2)(n + 3)
of P, then M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) −1 ( MN −1 )T is equal to: 1 1 1 1
c. − d. −
a. M 2 b. − N 2 c. − M 2 d. MN 18 3(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 6 2(n + 1)( n + 2)(n + 3)
55. The pth term Tp of HP is q ( p + q ) and qth term Tq is 62. In the expansion of: (2 − 2 x + x 2 )9
a. number of distinct terms is 10
p ( p + q ) when p > 1, q > 1, then:
b. coefficient of x 4 is 97
a. Tp + q = pq b. Tpq = p + q
c. sum of coefficient is 1
c. Tp + q > Tpq d. Tpq > Tp + q d. number of distinct terms is 55

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Practice Test 3 629
63. For every pair of continuous function f , g :[0,1] → R such Assertion and Reason
that max { f ( x) : x ∈[0,1]} = max{g( x) : x ∈[0,1]}. The correct Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
statement(s) is (are): the correct option out of the options given below:
a. [ f (c)]2 + 3 f (c) = [ g (c)]2 + 3 g (c) for some c ∈ [0,1] a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
correct explanation of the assertion.
b. [ f (c)]2 + f (c) = [ g (c)]2 + 3 g (c) for some c ∈ [0,1]
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
c. [ f (c )]2 + 3 f (c ) = [ g (c )]2 + g (c ) for some c ∈ [0,1] correct explanation of the assertion.
d. [ f (c)]2 = [ g (c)]2 for some c ∈ [0,1] c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
64. Let a ∈ R and f : R → R be given by f ( x) = x5 − 5 x + a. e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
Then: 71. Assertion: If the probability of an event A is 0.4 and that
a. f (x) has three real roots, if a > 4 of B is 0.3, then the probability of neither A nor B
b. f (x) has only one real root, if a > 4 occurring depends upon the fact that A and B, are
c. f (x) has three real roots, if a < – 4 mutually exclusive or not.
d. f (x) has three real roots, if – 4 < a < 4 Reason: Two events are mutually exclusive, if they do not
occur simultaneously.
65. The equation | x + 1|| x − 1|= a 2 − 2a − 3 can have real
solution for x, if a belongs x to: 72. Assertion: sin52°+ sin78°+ sin50° = 4cos26°cos39°cos25°

a. (−∞, −1] ∪ [3, ∞) b. [1 − 5,1 + 5] Reason: If A + B + C = π , then sin A + sin B + sin C

= 4cos( A / 2) cos( B / 2)cos(C / 2)
c. [1 − 5, −1] ∪ [3,1 + 5] d. none of these
sin( A + B) + sin( A − B)
66. Let z1, z2 be two complex numbers represented by points 73. Assertion: = tan A
on the circle |z| =1and |z | = 2 respectively, then: cos( A + B) + cos( A − B)
a. max | 2z1+ z2 | = 4 b. min | z1– z2 | = 1 Reason: sin( A + B ) + sin( A − B ) = sin A and
1 cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B ) = cos A
c. z2 + ≥3 d. none of these
z1 1 3
74. Let f ( x) = − , x ≠1 ?
1− x 1− x
1 4 4
67. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is  2 1 7  , then the
Assertion: The value of f(1) so that f is a continuous
function is 1.
 1 1 3 
x+2
possible value(s) of the determinant of P is/are: Reason: g ( x) = is a continuous function.
1 + x + x2
a. –2 b. –1
c. 1 d. 2 n
n −1 sin mx
75. Let f ( x) = , x ≠ 1 and g ( x) = , x ≠ 0 and n ≠ m.
n
n −1 sin nx
68. Let a = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5. Then:
Assertion: lim f ( x) = lim g ( x)
a. 55 ≥ a b. 33 ≥ 5! x →1 x →0

c. 5 ≥ 6a
5
d. none of these n
Reason: Both the limits are equal to .
4
69. Let L be the set of all straight lines in the Euclidean plane.
1
Two lines l1 and l2 are said to be related by the relation R 76. Let y = log ?
1+ x
if l1 is parallel to l2. Then the relation R is:
Assertion: y′(1) = −1/ 2 .
a. Reflexive c. Symmetric
b. Transitive d. Equivalence Reason: xy ′ + x = e y .
77. Suppose that cos( xy ) = x ?
70. If a, b, c are distinct number in arithmetic progression,
then both the roots of the quadratic equation dy 1 + y sin( xy )
Assertion: =
(a + 2b − 3c) x + (b + 2c − 3a) x + (c + 2a − 3b) = 0 are:
2 dx x sin( xy )
dy
a. real b. positive c. negative d. rational Reason: < 0 for x, y > 0 such that 0 < xy < π .
dx

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630 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 84. Tr is always:
78. Let f ( x) = 2 x and g ( x) = 3 − , x > 1 ?
x a. an odd number b. an even number
Assertion: f ( x) > g ( x)( x > 1) c. a prime number d. a composite number

Reason: f ( x) − g ( x) increases on (1, ∞ ) Paragraph III

Different words are being formed by arranging the letters of the
a2
79. Let y = x + (a > 0) ? word “SUCCESS”. All the words obtained by written in the
x form of a dictionary.
Assertion: ymax = −2a (local mix) 85. The number of words in which the two C are together but
Reason: ymin = 2a (local min) no two S are together is:
a. 120 b. 96
1
80. Let f ( x) = and F be an antiderivative of f. c. 24 d. 420
1 − sin 4 x
86. The number of words in which no two C and no two S are
1
Assertion: F ( x) = tan x +
2
1
2 2
(
tan −1 2 tan x + C ) together is:
Reason: F is a one-one function of tan x. a. 120 b. 96
c. 24 d. 420
Comprehension Based Match the Column
Paragraph I 87. Match the statement of Column I with those in Column II
Read the following passage and answer the questions. If a Column I Column II
continuous f defined on the real line R, assumes positive and (A) Sum of n A.M.’s 1. ( ab ) n
negative values in R, then the equation f ( x) = 0 has a root in R. between a and b is
For Example:, if it is known that a continuous function f on R is (B) Product of n G.M.’s 2. 2A pq
positive at some point and its minimum values is negative, then between a and b is
the equation f ( x) = 0 has a root in R. Consider (C) If A, G, H are A.M., GG
3. 1 2
G.M., H.M., between H1 H 2
f ( x) = ke − x for all real x where k is real constant.
x

the same two numbers,

81. The line y = x meets y = ke x for k ≤ 0 at: such that A–G = 15 and
a. no point b. one point A – H = 27, then the
c. two points d. more than two points numbers are
(D) A1,A2;G1,G2 and H1,H2 n( a + b)
82. The positive value of k for which ke x − x = 0 has only one 4.
are respective two 2
root is: A.M.’s, two G.M.’s and
1 two H.M.’s between the
a. b. 1
e
same two numbers,
c. e d. log e 2
A1 + A2
then =
H2 + H2
Paragraph II
Let Vr denotes the sum of the first r terms of an arithmetic (E) If one A.M. A and two 5. 120, 30
progression (AP) whose first term is r and the common difference G.M.’s p and q be
is (2r – 1). Let Tr = Vr+1–Vr–2and Qr = Tr+1 – Tr for r = 1, 2,… inserted between any
two numbers then the
83. The sum V1 + V2 + ... + Vn is:
value of p 3 + q3 is
1 1
a. n(n + 1)(3n 2 − n + 1) b. n(n + 1)(3n 2 + n + 2) a. A→4, B→1, C→5, D→3, E→2
12 12
b. A→4, B→2, C→3, D→5, E→1
1 1
c. n(2n 2 − n + 1) d. (2n3 − 2n + 3) c. A→2, B→3, C→5, D→1, E→4
2 3
d. A→ 5, B→ 1, C→4, D→3, E→2

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Practice Test 3 631
n +1 n +1
a +b 94. Let k be a positive real number and let
88. If then
a + bn
n
 2k − 1 2 k 2 k
 
Column I Column II A = 2 k 1 − 2k  and
(A) A.M. of a and b 1. –1  
 −2 k 2k − 1 
(B) G.M. of a and b 2. 0
0 2k − 1 k 
(C) H.M. of a and b then n = 3. –1-2  
B = 1 − 2k 0 2 k  If
a. A→2, B→3, C→1 b. A→1, B→2, C→3  
c. A→3, B→2, C→1 d. A→3, B→1, C→2  − k −2 k 0 

det (adj A) + det(adj B ) = 106 , then [k ] is equal to:

89. (sin 3α ) /(cos 2α ) is:
[Note: adjM denotes the adjoin of a square matrix M and
Column I Column II [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k].
(A) positive 1. (13π / 48,14π / 48)
95. Let a1, a2 , a3 ,..., a11 be real numbers satisfying
(B) negative 2. (14π / 48,18π / 48)
a1 = 15, 27 − 2a2 > 0 and ak = 2ak −1 − ak − 2 for
3. (18π / 48, 23π / 48)
a12 + a22 + ... + a112
4. (0, π / 2) k = 3, 4,...,11. If = 90, then the value of
11
a. A→ 3; B→ 1 b. A→ 2, B→ 4 a1 + a 2 + ... + a11
is equal to:
c. A→ 3, B→ 4 d. A→ 4, B→ 1 11

90. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II: 96. The coefficient of x50 in the polynomials after parenthesis

Column I Column II have been removed and like terms have been collected in

(A) sin(π [ x]) 1. differentiable everywhere the expansion (1 + x)1000 + x(1 + x)999 + x2 (1 + x)998 + ... + x1000 is

(B) sin{π ( x − [ x])}

λ!
2. nowhere differentiable , then the value of λ + 2 µ +3v must be (v > µ )
µ ! v!
3. not differentiable at 1 and -1
a. A→ 1, B→ 3 b. A→ 2, B→ 3 p p p p
…… P is −λ , then the value
p
97. If value of log p log p
c. A→ 1, B→ 2 d. A→ 3, B→ 1 
2008 times

of λ is:
Integer
98. The letters of the word PATNA are arrange in all possible
 y2 y2 
91. If f  2 x 2 + , 2 x 2 −  = xy, then the value of ways as in a dictionary, then rank of the word PATNA
 8 8 
from last is:
f (60, 48) + f (80, 48) + f (13,5) must be:
1
(61x + 80 x 2 )
99. If f ( x) = x + ∫ ( xy 2 + x 2 y ) f ( y ) dy and x + ,
92. Sum of all roots of the equation 0
λ
then the value of λ must be:
x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2 3x = x must be equal to:

n radical signs 100. In copying a quadratic equation of the form
x + px + q = 0, then coefficient of x was wrongly written
2
93. If the equation of all the circles which are orthogonal
as –10 in place of –11 and the roots were found to be 4
to | z |= 1 and | z − 1|= 4 is | z + 7 − ib | = (λ + b 2 ), i = −1
and 6. If α , β are the roots of the correct equation, then
and b ∈ R, then the value of λ must be equal to:
the value of α 4 + β 4 must be equal to:

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632 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
ANSWER 1 i 3
=− − = ω 2.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 2 2
a d c d b b b d a a ∴ ( x + yω3 + zω32 ) ( x + yω32 + zω3 )
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
= ( x + yω + zω 2 ) ( x + yω 2 + zω )
b a c a a b b c c a
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx.
c b a d a d c d a b
2k π 2kπ 
(d) ∑  sin
6

31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
4. − i cos 
k =1  7 7 
d b b b c a a d a c
 6 i 27kπ 
6
 2kπ 2k π   
 = −i ∑ e 
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
= ∑ −i  cos + i sin
b a d c c b a d a a k =1  7 7   k =1 
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
a,d a,b,c a,c,d c a,b,c c all a,b a,c,d a,b = −i{ei 2π / 7 + ei 4π / 7 + ei 6π / 7 + ei 8π / 7 + ei10π / 7 + ei12π / 7 }
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.  (1 − ei12π / 7 ) 
= −i ei 2π / 7 
a,c b a,d b,d b,c a,b,c a,d a,b all a,b
 1 − e i 2π / 7 
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
 ei 2π / 7 − ei14π / 7 )  i14π / 7  e i 2π / 7 − 1 
b a c d c a d a b b = −i  i 2π / 7  (∵ e = 1) = −i  i 2π / 7 
=i
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.  1− e  1 − e 
b a b d c b a a a a
1 0 0 
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 5. (b) 0 1 0 
112 3 48 4 0 3954 2008 19 119 4177 0 0 1 

SOLUTION  x x2 x3 
6. (b) (1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 )e − x = (1 − 2x + 3x2 ) 1− + − +…
Multiple Choice Questions  1! 2! 3! 
1. (a) Use the identity f ( f − 1( x)) = x ∴ The coefficient of x5

replace x by f − 1( x), in the given function we get  1 1  1 1 1 1 71

= 1 −  + (−2)   + 3 −  = − − − =− .
 5!  4!
   3!  120 12 2 120
1
f ( f − 1( x)) = f − 1( x) +
f −1 ( x) 7. (b) Suppose x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 represents a seven digit
1 number. Then x1 takes the value 1, 2, 3, …,9 and
⇒ x = f − 1( x) + , Solve to find f − 1x.
f −1 ( x) x2 , x3 ,… x7 all take values 0, 1, 2, 3, … , 9. If we

2. (d) Given x2 + x + 1 = 0 keep x1 , x2 ,… , x6 fixed, then the sum x1 + x2 + … + x6 is

1 1 1 either even or odd. Since x7 takes 10 values 0, 1, 2, … ,9,

∴ x = [−1 ± i 3] = (−1 + i 3), (−1 − i 3) = ω, ω 2
2 2 2 five of the numbers so formed will be even and 5 odd.
But α = ω = ω and β = ω = ω .
19 19 7 14 2 Hence the required number of numbers
= 9 .10 .10.10 .10.10 . 5 = 4500000.
Hence the equation will be same.

2π  2π  8. (d) It is given that P ( E ) ≤ P ( F ) ⇒ E ⊆ F . . .(i)

3. (c) ω n = cos  
 + i sin  
 n   n  and P ( E ∩ F ) > 0 ⇒ E ⊂ F . . .(ii)
2π 2π 1 i 3 (a) Occurrence of E
⇒ ω3 = cos + i sin =− + =ω
3 3 2 2 ⇒ occurrence of F [from Eq.(i)]
2 (b) Occurrence of F
 2π 2π  4π 4π
ω32 =  cos + i sin  = cos + i sin ⇒ occurrence of E [from Eq.(ii)]
 3 3  3 3
(c) Non-occurrence of E
2
2π 2π  4π 4π ⇒ non-occurrence of F [from Eq.(i)]
s + i sin  = cos + i sin
3 3  3 3

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Practice Test 3 633
π  π  1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ 15. (a) Let y = sin x.cos xp q
9. (a) tan  + θ  − tan  − θ  = −
4  4  1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ dy
= p sin p −1 x.cos x.cos q x + q cos q −1 x.(− sin x)sin p x
4 tan θ  2 tan θ  dx
= = 2  = 2 tan 2θ .
1 − tan 2 θ  1 − tan θ
2
 dy
= p sin p−1 x.cos q+1 x − q cos q −1 x.sin p +1 x
dx
1 1 1
10. (a) Given series is + + + …∞ dy
x + 1 2( x + 1) 2 3( x + 1)3 Put = 0,
dx
 1   x 
= − loge 1 −  = − loge   p p
 x + 1   x +1 ∴ ∴ tan 2 x = ⇒ tan x = ±
q q
 x +1   1
= loge   = loge 1 + . p
 x   x ∴ Point of maxima x = tan −1 .
q
2 3
a−b 1 a−b 1 a−b
11. (b)  +   +   + ...... 1
 a  2 a  3 a  16. (b) Put log x = t ⇒ dx = dt , then
x
 a−b  b a
= − log e  1 −  = − log e   = log e   . 1 1 1 1
 a  a b ∫ x(log x)2
dx = ∫
t2
dt = − + c = −
t log x
+ c.

12. (a) Total number of five letters words formed from ten
17. (b) Required area = CDD ' C ' = 2 × ABCD
different letters = 10×10×10×10×10 = 105
Number of five letters words having no repetition 4 28 2
= 2∫ 2 x1 / 2 dx = sq. unit.
= 10× 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 = 30240
1 3

∴ Number of words which have at least one letter repeated 18. (c) Let P(h, k ) be the mid-point of the line segment joining
= 105 – 30240 = 69760 the focus (a,0) and a general point Q( x, y) on the parabola.
13. (c) Let, E = event when each American man is seated Y x=1 x=4

adjacent to his wife and A = event when Indian man is seated y = 2x

D C
adjacent to his wife.
Now, n( A ∩ E ) = (4!) × (2!)5 Even when each American
X
O A B
man is seated adjacent to his wife.
Again, n( E ) = (5!) × (2!) 4 D′
C′
 A  n( A ∩ E ) (4!) × (2!)
5
2
∴ P  = = =
 
E n ( E ) (5!) × (2!) 4
5
x+a y
Alternate Solution Then h = , k = ⇒ x = 2h − a , y = 2k .
2 2
Fixing four American couples and one Indian man in Put these values of x and y in y 2 = 4 ax , we get
between any two couples; we have 5 different ways in which
4 k 2 = 4 a (2 h − a )
his wife can be seated of which 2 cases are favourable.
⇒ 4k 2 = 8ah − 4a 2 ⇒ k 2 = 2ah − a 2
2
∴ Required probability = So, locus of P(h, k ) is y 2 = 2 ax − a 2
5
 a
14. (a) y = e x + y ⇒ y 2 = 2a  x − 
 2
⇒ log y = ( x + y ) log e a a
Its directrix is x − = − ⇒ x = 0.
1 dy dy 2 2
⇒ = 1+
y dx dx  
19. (c) a + b = 3iˆ + 9 ˆj = 3(iˆ + 3 ˆj ).
dy y
⇒ = . Hence it is parallel to (1, 3).
dx 1 − y

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634 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
20. (a) Direction ratio of the line joining the point 2
26. (d) x + 5 | x | + 4 = 0
(2, 1, − 3), (− 3, 1, 7) are (a1 , b1 , c1 )
⇒ | x |2 +5 | x | + 4 = 0
⇒ (− 3 − 2, 1 − 1, 7 − (−3))
⇒ | x | = −1, −4, which is not possible. Hence, the given
⇒ (− 5, 0, 10) equation has no real root.
Direction ratio of the line parallel to line
x −1 y z + 3
27. (c) x 4 − x3 + x − 1 = 0
= = are (a2 , b2 , c2 )
3 4 5 ⇒ x3 ( x − 1) + 1( x − 1) = 0 x − 1 = 0 or x3 + 1 = 0
⇒ (3, 4, 5) Angle between two lines, 1 + 3i 1 − 3i
⇒ x = 1, − 1, ,
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 2 2
cos θ =
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22 So, its real roots are 1 and –1.

(− 5 × 3) + (0 × 4) + (10 × 5)  1 0 0
cosθ =
25 + 0 + 100 9 + 16 + 25 28. (d) A =  5 2 0 
35  −1 6 1 
⇒ cosθ =
25 10 T
 2 −5 32   2 0 0
⇒ θ = cos −1 
 7 
 ⇒ adj ( A) =  0 1 −6  =  −5 1 0 
 5 10   0 0 2   32 −6 2 
21. (c) (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 )5 = (1 + x )5 (1 + x 2 )5 i i
29. (a) 0.234 = 0.2343434.....
= (1 + 5 x + 10 x + 10 x + 5 x + x )
2 3 4 5

0.2 + 0.034 + 0.00034 + 0.0000034 + ...

×(1 + 5 x 2 + 10 x 4 + 10 x 6 + 5 x8 + x10 )
34 34 34
Therefore the required sum of coefficients = 0.2 + + + + .....∞
1000 100000 10000000
= (1 + 10 + 5).25 = 16 × 32 = 512 2  1 1 1 
= + 34  3 + 5 + 7 + ........∞ 
Note: 2 = 2 = Sum of all the binomial coefficients in the
n 5
10 10 10 10 
2nd bracket in which all the powers of x are even. 2  1/103  2 1 100
= + 34   = + 34 × ×
22. (b) n C5 = n C3 ⇒ n = 8. 10 1 − 1/1000  10 1000 99

23. (a) For continuous lim f ( x) = f (2) = k 30. (b) L.H.S. = a[C0 − C1 + C2 − C3 + ...(−1) n .Cn ]
x→2
+[C1 − 2C2 + 3C3 − .... + (−1) n −1 n.Cn ] = a.0 + 0 = 0
x3 + x 2 − 16 x + 20 ( x 2 − 4 x + 4) ( x + 5)
⇒ k = lim = lim = 7.
x→2 ( x − 2) 2 x→ 2 ( x − 2) 2 2 6 12 20
31. (d) Let S = + + + + … and let
1! 2! 3! 4!
2 1 −1
24. (d) ∆ = 1 − 3 2 S1 = 2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + … + Tn
1 4 −3 S1 = 2 + 6 + 12 + …Tn −1 + Tn

= 2(9 − 8) − 1(−3 − 2) − 1(4 + 3) = 7 − 7 = 0 0 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + … upto n terms − Tn

Hence, number of solutions is zero. Tn = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + .......upto n terms
 
    a + b      a + b    a   n
25. (a) (b − a ) ⋅  c −  = b ⋅ c − b ⋅  − a ⋅ c + (a + b ) ⇒ Tn = [2 × 2 + (n − 1) 2] = n(2 + n − 1) = n (n + 1)
 2   2  2 2
   
and | a − c | =| b − c | n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
∴ nth term of given series Tn = or Tn =
    n! n(n − 1)!
⇒ | a − c |2 =| b − c |2
  1 2
∴ a + b = 2c
 or Tn = +
(n − 2)! (n − 1)!

    a + b  ∞ ∞
Therefore, (b − a ) ⋅  c − 1 1
=0 Now sum = ∑ + 2∑ = e + 2e = 3e.
 2  n =1 ( n − 2)! n =1 ( n − 1)!

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Practice Test 3 635
32. (b) The number of ways of placing 3 black balls without x −1 x +1− 2
2 2
2
38. (d) f ( x) = = = 1− 2
any restriction is 10 C3 . Since, we have total 10 places of x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x +1
putting 10 balls in a row. Now the number of ways in 2
∴ f ( x) < 1∀x and ≥ − 1 as 2 ≤2
which no two black balls put together is equal to the x +1
number of ways of choosing 3 places marked '− ' out of ∴ −1 ≤ f ( x) < 1
eight places. −W − W − W − W − W − W − W − Hence f ( x) has minimum value –1 and also there is no
This can be done in 8 C3 ways. maximum value.
C 8× 7× 6
8
7 ( x 2 + 1)2 x − ( x 2 − 1)2 x 4x
∴ Required probability = 10 3 = = Aliter: f ′( x) = = 2
C3 10 × 9 × 8 15 ( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2

1 − cos α 1 + cos α 1 − cos α + 1 + cos α f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0

33. (b) + =
1 + cos α 1 − cos α 1 − cos 2 α ( x 2 + 1) 2 4 − 4 x.2( x 2 + 1)2 x
f ′′ ( x) =
2 2  3π  ( x 2 + 1) 4
= = ,  since π < α < .
± sin α − sin α  2  ( x 2 + 1)4 − 16 x( x) −12 x 2 + 4
= =
( x 2 + 1)3 ( x 2 + 1)3
tanh x + tanh y
34. (b) ∴ f ′′(0) > 0
1 + tanh x tanh y
∴ There is only one critical point having minima.
1
35. (c) lim+ f ( x) = x sin ,2
Hence f ( x) has least value at x = 0.
x →0 x
−1
1 ⇒ f min = f (0) = = −1.
But −1 ≤ sin ≤ 1 and x → 0 1
x
Therefore, lim+
f ( x) = 0 = lim− f ( x) = f (0) 39. (a) Put a x = t
x →0 x →0
⇒ a x log e a dx = dt ,
Hence f ( x) is continuous at x = 0.
ax 1 dt
then ∫
log e a ∫
sin 38 o
sin( SPO ) dx =
36. (a) = 1− a 2x
1− t2
l 2.05
1 sin −1 (a x )
Q
P = sin −1 (t ) + c = + c.
log e a log e a
l
3 x 2
10°
40. (c) Required area = ∫ dx + ∫ 4 − x 2 dx
0 3
3
38°
S 2.05 m O 3 2
1  x2  x 4 −1 x 
=   +  4 − x + sin
2

=
sin(180o − 38o − 90o − 10 o ) 3  0 
2 2 2 2  3
2.05
3  3 2π  π
⇒
2.05 sin 38o = + π − − = .
l= 2  2 3  3
sin 42 o
Y
x = 3y
 ( x − a )( x − b ) 
37. (a) y =  
 ( x − c )( x − d ) 
1
⇒ log y = [log( x − a ) + log( x − b) − log( x − c ) − log( x − d )] (2,0)
2 X
Differentiating w.r.t. x we get
1 dy 1  1 1 1 1 
= + − −
y dx 2  ( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − d ) 
Trick: Area of sector made by an arc
dy y  1 1 1 1  π 4 π
⇒ = + − − . θ cR2
dx 2  ( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − d )  = = . = .
2 6 2 3

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636 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
dy 2 2 2
41. (b) = 48. (d) Under condition, − =3 ⇒ λ = −
dx x 2 λ 3
2
⇒ dy = 2 dx, Now integrate it. 49. (a) Total number of arrangements of word BANANA
x
6!
= = 60
42. (a) Here, equation of line is y = x tan α + c, c > 0 3!2!
Length of the perpendicular drawn on line from point The number of arrangements of words BANANA in
(a cos α, a sin α ) 5!
which two N’s appear adjacently = = 20
−a sin α + a cos α tan α + c c 3!
p= ; p= = c cos α
1 + tan α 2 sec α Required number of arrangements = 60 – 20 = 40
43. (d) S + λ P = 0 ; . S − λ P = 0 and λ S + P = 0 ; P − λ S = 0
50. (a) Let y1 = sin −1 x and y2 = cos −1 1 − x 2
x+0 y+0 Differentiating w.r.t. x of y1 and y 2 , we get
44. (c) By section formula, h = ,k =
4 4 dy1 1 dy 2 1 1( −2 x ) 1
y = =− =
(x,y)Q
dx 1 − x 2 dx 1 − (1 − x 2 ) 2 1 − x 1 − x2
3 dy2
P(h,k)
= 1.
1 dy1
x
(0,0) O

NCERT Exemplar Problems

y2 = 4x
More than One Answer
∴ x = 4h, y = 4k Substituting in y 2 = 4 x, (4 k ) 2 = 4(4h ) 51. (a, d) Plan if a continuous function has value of opposite
⇒ k 2 = h or y 2 = x is required locus. sign inside an interval, f , g :[0,1] → R
   We take two cases.
45. (c) Squaring (a + b + c ) = 0,
  Let f and g attain their common maximum value at p.
      
we get a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 a ⋅ b + 2b ⋅ c + 2c ⋅ a = 0 ⇒ f ( p ) = g ( p ), where p ∈ [0,1]
        
⇒ | a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2 +2( a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 0 Let f and g attain their common maximum value at
      different points.
⇒ 2( a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = −3
⇒ f (a ) = M and g (b) = M
      3
⇒ a ⋅b + b ⋅c + c ⋅a = −
2 ⇒ f (a ) − g (a ) > 0 and f (b) − g (b) < 0
⇒ f (c) − g (c) = 0 for some c ∈ [0,1] as f and g are continuous
log( x − 1) log( x − 3)
46. (b) Given = functions.
2 log 2 log 2
⇒ f (c) − g (c) = 0 for some c ∈ [0,1] for all cases. . . . (i)
⇒ ( x − 1) = ( x − 3) 2 ⇒ x = 2,5
Option (a) ⇒ f 2 (c) − g 2 (c) + 3[ f (c) − g (c)] = 0 which is
But at x = 2, given log is not defined.
true from Equation (i).
47. (a) Words starting from A are 5 ! = 120 Option (d) ⇒ f 2 (c) − g 2 (c) = 0 which is true from
Words starting from I are 5 ! = 120 Equation (i)
Words starting from KA are 4 ! = 24
Now, if we take f ( x) = land g ( x) = 1, ∀x ∈ [0,1]
Words starting from KI are 4 ! = 24
Option (b) and (c) does not hold.
Words starting from KN are 4 ! = 24
Words starting from KRA are 3 ! = 6 52. (a, b, c) Roots are real
Words starting from KRIA are 2 ! = 2 ∴ B 2 − 4 AC > 0
Words starting from KRIN are 2 ! =2 ⇒ a 4 > 4b2 , (a) is correct.
Words starting from KRISA are 1 ! =1
If f ( x) = x 2 + a 2 x + b 2 (∵ c lie outside the roots)
Words starting from KRISNA are 1 ! =1
Hence rank of the word KRISNA is 324. ∴ f (c) > 0, then c 2 + a 2 c + b 2 > 0

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Practice Test 3 637
(b) is correct. Also (x- coordinate of vertex) > c 1 1
= A + ( p + q − 1) D and = A + ( pq − 1) D.
a 2 Tp+ q Tpq
⇒ − >c
2 1
Now, solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A = D =
∴ (c) is correct. pq ( p + q )
(1 − t ) z1 + t z2 ∴
1
= A + ( p + q − 1) D = ( p + q ) D =
1
53. (a, c, d) Given, z =
(l − t ) + t Tp+ q pq
Clearly, z divides z1 and z2 in the ration of 1 1
And = A + f ( p + q − 1) D = pqD =
t : (1 − t ), 0 < t < 1 Tpq p+q
A P B ⇒ Tp + q = pq and Tpq = p + q
z1 z z2
t : (1–t) Also, ∴ p > 1, q > 1
⇒ AP + BP = AB ie, z − z1 + z − z2 = z1 − z2 ∴ pq > p + q i.e, Tp + q > Tpq
⇒ Option (a) is true.
20
 1 
56. (c)  3 4 + 4  = ( 41/ 3 + 6−1/ 4 ) = ( 22/ 3 + 6−1/ 4 )
20 20
and arg( z − z1 ) = arg( z2 − z ) = arg( z2 − z1 )
 6
⇒ (b) is false and (d) is true.
Also, arg( z − z1 ) = arg( z2 − z1 ) Tr +1 = 20 Cr (22 / 3 ) 20−r (6−1/ 4 )r

 z − z1  = 20 Cr 2(160−11r ) /12.3− r / 4
⇒ arg  =0 ∴ For r = 8, 20; Tr +1 is rational.
 z2 − z1 
z − z1 ∴ Only two terms are rational.
∴ is purely real. So, 21–2 = 19 terms are irrational.
z2 − z1
z − z1 z − z1 57. (a, b, c, d) Here l1 Rl 2
z − z1 z − z1
⇒ = or =0
z2 − z1 z2 − z1 z2 − z1 z2 − z1 l1 is parallel l2 and also l2 is parallel to l1 , so, it is symmetric.
∴ Option (c) is correct. Clearly, it is also reflexive and transitive. Hence it is
equivalence relation.
54. (c) Given, M T = − M , N T = − N
58. (a, b) Let A = a + 2b − 3c, B = b + 2c − 3a ,
and MN = NM . . .(i)
C = c + 2 a − 3b
∴ M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) −1 ( MN −1 )T
∴ A+ B+C = 0
⇒ M 2 N 2 N −1 ( M T ) −1 ( N −1 )T ⋅ M T C
−1 −1 T −1
Hence, roots are 1 and .
⇒ M N ( NN )(− M ) ( N ) (− M )
2
A
⇒ M 2 NI ( − M −1 )(− N ) −1 (− M ) ⇒ − M 2 NM −1 N −1 M 2 − i (2 − i )(3 − i ) 5 + 5i 1 i
59. (a, c, d) = = = −
⇒ − M ⋅ ( MN ) M −1 N −1 M 3+i 10 10 2 2
1 1
⇒ − M ( NM ) M −1 N −1 M ie,  , −  and z (1 + i ) = z (i − 1)
2 2
⇒ − MN ( NM −1 ) N −1 M ⇒ ( z + z ) + i( z − z ) = 0
⇒ − M ( N N −1 ) M ⇒ − M 2 z+z  z−z 
Here, non-singular word should not be used, since there is
⇒   +i =0
 2   2 
no non-singular 3 × 3 skew-symmetric matrix. ⇒ x + i(iy ) = 0 ( z = x + iy )
55. (a, b, c) Tp of AP ⇒ x− y =0
1 1 1
= = A + ( p − 1) D . . .(i) ∴ Reflection of  , − 
q( p + q ) 2 2

Tp of AP =
1
= A + (q − 1) D  1 1
. . .(ii) w.r.t. y = x is  − , 
p( p + q)  2 2

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638 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 i −1 + i 62. (b) Number of distinct terms =9+3−1 C3−1 =11 C2 = 55
ie. − + = (Alternate (b)
2 2 2
Sum of coefficients = (2 − 2 + 1)9 = 19 = 1
i 2 + i i (i + 1)
= = (Alternate (c) 9!
2 2 And (2 − 2 x + x 2 )9 = ∑ (2)α (−2 x) β ( x 2 )γ
α !β !γ !
i (1 + i ) 2 i (1 + i 2 + 2i )
= = Here, β + 2γ = 4, α + β + γ = 9
2(1 + i ) 2(1 + i )
α β γ
i2 −1
= = (Alternate (d) 5 4 0
1+ i 1+ i
∴ 6 2 1
60. (a, b) Plan (i) If A and B are two non-zero matrices and
7 0 2
AB = BA, then ( A − B )( A + B) = A2 − B 2 .
(ii) The determinant of the product of the matrices is equal ∴ Coefficient of x 4 is
to product of their individual determinants i.e., 9! 9! 9!
= ⋅ 25 ⋅ (−2) 4 + (2)6 (−2) 2 + (2) 7 (−2)0
| AB |=| A || B | . Given, M 2 = N 2 5!4!0! 6!2!1! 7!0!2!
⇒ 29 (126 + 126 + 9) = 133632
⇒ M 2 − N4 = 0
⇒ ( M − N 2 )( M + N 2 ) = 0 (as MN = NM ) 63. (a, d) Plan if a continuous function has value of opposite
sign inside an interval, f , g : [0,1] → R We take two cases.
Also, M ≠ N 2
Let f and g attain their common maximum value at p.
⇒ M + N2 = 0
⇒ f ( p ) = g ( p ), where p ∈ [0,1]
⇒ Det ( M + N 2 ) = 0
Let f and g attain their common maximum value at
Also Det (M2+MN2)
different points.
= (Det M) (Det (M+N2)
⇒ f (a ) = M and g (b) = M
= (Det M) (0) = 0
As, Det ( M 2 + MN 2 ) = 0 ⇒ f (a) − g (a ) > 0 and f (b) − g (b) < 0

Thus, there exists non-zero matrix U such that ⇒ f (c) − g (c) = 0 for some c ∈ [0,1] as f and g are continuous
( M 2 + MN 2 ) U = 0 functions.
⇒ f (c) − g (c) = 0 for some c ∈ [0,1] for all cases. . . . (i)
1
61. (a, c) Tn = Option (a) ⇒ f 2 (c) − g 2 (c) + 3[ f (c) − g (c)] = 0 which is
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
true from Equation (i).
1
Let Vn = Option (d) ⇒ f 2 (c) − g 2 (c) = 0 which is true from Equation (i)
(n + 1)(n + 2)( n + 3)
1 Now, if we take f ( x) = land g ( x) = 1, ∀x ∈ [0,1]
Vn −1 =
n(n + 1)(n + 2) Option (b) and (c) does not hold.
Vn − Vn −1 = −3Tn 64. (b, d) Plan
1 Concepts of curve tracing are used in this question.
Tn = − (Vn − Vn −1 )
3 Number of roots is taken out from the curve traced.
S = T1 + T2 + ... + Tn Let y = x5 − 5x
1 (a) As x → ∞, y → ∞ and as x → −∞, y → −∞
∴ Sn = − (Vn − V0 )
3 (b) Also, at x = 0, y = 0, thus the curve passes through the
1 1 1 origin.
=−  − 
3  (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 6  dy
(c) = 5 x 4 − 5 = 5( x 4 − 1)
1 1 dx
= −
18 3(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + - +
–1 1
n(n 2 + 6n + 11)
= = 5( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1) = 5( x − 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
18(n + 1)( n + 2)(n + 3)

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Practice Test 3 639
dy 68. (a, b) Since A.M. > G.M.
Now, > 0 in (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞), thus f ( x) is increasing in these
dx 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 5
⇒ ≥ 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5
interval. 5
dy ⇒ 3 ≥ 5 a ⇒ 35 ≥ a = 5!
Also, < 0 in (–1, 1), thus decreasing in (–1, 1). (iv)
dx Also, 55 ≥ 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5⋅ = a.
(-1,4)
69. (a, b, c, d) Here l1 Rl 2

-1 l1 is parallel l2 and also l2 is parallel to l1 , so it is

(1,-4) symmetric.
Also, at x = −1, dy / dx its sign from +ve to –ve. Clearly, it is also reflexive and transitive. Hence it is
∴ x = −1 is point of local minima. equivalence relation.

Local maximum value, y = (−1)5 − 5( −1) = 4 70. (a, b) Let A = a + 2b − 3c,

Local minimum value, y = (1) − 5(1) = −4 5 B = b + 2c − 3a,
Now, let y = −a As, evident from the graph, if −a ∈ (−4, 4) C = c + 2a − 3b
∴ A+ B +C = 0
i.e., a ∈ (−4, +4)
C
Then, f ( x) has three real roots and if − a > 4 Hence, roots are 1 and .
A
or − a < −4, then f ( x) has one real root. i.e., for a < −4 or
a > 4, f ( x) has one real root. Assertion and Reason
71. (b) Two or more events, associated with the same sample
65. (b, c) | x + 1|| x − 1|= a 2 − 2a − 3
space are called mutually exclusive events if they cannot
⇒ | x 2 − 1|= a 2 − 2a − 3 ∴ a 2 − 2a − 3 ≥ 0 occur simultaneously. If events A and B are mutually
⇒ (a + 1)(a − 3) ≥ 0 ∴ a ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ [3, ∞ ) exclusive, then A ∩ B = φ ie, P ( A ∩ B ) = 0

66. (a, b, c) Since z1 and z2 lie on | z |= 1 and | z |= 2, then Now, P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B )

| z1 |= 1 and | z2 |= 2 = 1 − {P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B )}
(a) | 2 z1 + z2 |≤ 2 | z1 | + | z2 |= 2 ⋅1 + 2 ≤ 4 max | 2 z1 + z2 |= 4 = 1 − P ( A) − P ( B ) + P ( A ∩ B )
(b) | z1 − z2 |≥|| z1 | − | z2 ||=|1 − 2 |= 1 = 1 − 0.4 = 0.3 + 0 = 0.3
∴ | z1 − z2 |≥ 1 min | z1 − z2 |= 1 And if A and B are independent, then

1 1 1 P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) P ( B )
(c) z 2 + ≥| z 2 | + =| z2 | + = 2 +1 = 3
z1 z1 | z1 | ∴ P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P ( B )
1 = [1 − P ( A)][1 − P ( B )]
∴ z2 + ≤ 3.
z1 = (1 − 0.4)(1 − 0.3)

67. (a, d) Concept Involved | An × n |= ∆, then | adj A |= ∆ n −1 = (0.6)(0.7) = 0.42

1 4 4 72. (a) Reason is true form conditional identities

Here, adj P3× 3 =  2 1 7  ⇒ Assertion, is also true.
1 1 3 
73. (c) L.H.S in Assertion
⇒ | adj P | = | P |2 sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cos B − cos A sin B
=
1 4 4 cos A cos B − sin A sin B + cos A cos B + sin A sin B
∴ | adj P |= 2 1 7 = 1(3 − 7) − 4(6 − 7) + 4(2 − 1) 2sin A cos B
= = tan A
1 1 3 2cos A cos B
= −4 + 4 + 4 = 4 ⇒ | P |= ± 2 ⇒ Assertion is true and Reason is false.

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640 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1  3  Comprehension Based
74. (d) For x ≠ 1, f ( x) = 1− 2
1− x  1+ x + x  81. (b) Let y = x intersect the curve y = ke x at exactly one

=
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) = − x + 2 point when k ≤ 0.
(1 − x ) (1 + x + x 2 ) 1 + x + x 2 82. (a) Let f ( x) = ke x − x f '( x) = ke x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = − In k
x+2 f "( x) = ke x
So, f (1) = lim f ( x) = − lim = −1
x →1 1 + x + x2
x →1
∴ [ f "( x)]x =− In k = 1 > 0 Hence, f (−In k ) = 1 + In k
75. (c) Use L’ Hopital rule to calculate lim f ( x), the value of
x →1
1
m For one root of given equation 1 + In k = 0 ⇒ k =
this limit is . e
n y
sin mx sin mx mx nx m
Also, lim = lim × × =
x →0 sin nx x →0 mx nx sin nx n
76. (a) y = − log(1 + x) x' x

1
⇒ y′ = −
1+ x y'
1
⇒ (1 + x) y ′ = −1 xy′ = −1 − y′ = −1 + = −1 + e y r 1
1+ x 83. (b) Here, Vr = [2r + (r − 1)(2r − 1)] = (2r 3 − r 2 + r )
2 2
Since y (1) = − log 2, so, putting x = 1 in xy′ + 1 = e y
1
1 1 ∴ ΣVr = [2Σr 3 − Σr 2 + Σr ]
We get y′(1) + 1 = ⇒ y′(1) = − 2
2 2
1   n(n + 1)  n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) 
2

=  
n  − + 
dy 1 + y sin( xy ) 2   2  6 2 
77. (d) =−
dx x sin( xy )
n(n + 1)
⇒ = [3n(n + 1) − (2n + 1) + 3]
−1
x 3/ 2
12
78. (a) f ′( x) − g ′( x) = > 0 for x > 1
x2 1
= n(n + 1)(3n 2 + n + 2)
Hence f ( x) − g ( x) > f (1) − g (1) = 0, x > 1 12
Therefore f ( x) > g ( x), x > 1 1 1
84. (d) Vr +1 − Vr = (r + 1)3 − r 3 − [(r + 1) 2 − r 2 ] + (1)
2 2
a 2 ( x − a )( x + a )
79. (b) y′( x) = 1 − = = 3r 2 + 2r − 1
x2 x2
⇒ y ′( x ) > 0 for x ∈ (a, ∞) ∪ ( −∞, a ) and y ′( x) < 0 for ∴ Tr = 3r 2 + 2r − 1 = (r + 1)(3r − 1)
Which is a composite number.
x ∈ (−a, a). Therefore y is local maximum at x = − a and
loval minimum at x = a. 85. (c) Considering CC as single object, U, CC, E can be
arranged in 3! Ways ×U × CC × E ×
1 sec 2 x(1 + tan 2 x) Now the three S are to be place in four available places.
80. (b) f ( x) = =
cos x(1 + sin x)
2 2
1 + 2 tan 2 x
Hence, required number of ways = 4 C3 × 3! = 24
1+ t2
So, F ( x) = ∫ dt (t = tan x)
1 + 2t 2 86. (b) Let us first find the words in no two S are together.
1 1 1 
= ∫ + 2  dt (a) Arrange the remaining letters =
4!
= 12 ways
 2 4 t + 1/ 2  2!
1 1
= t+
2 4
(
2 tan −1 2 tan x + C ) (b) ×U × C × C × E ×
Hence, total number of ways no two S together
1
= tan x +
2 2 2
1
(
tan −1 2 tan x + C ) = 12 × 5C3 = 120
∴ Hence, number of words having CC separated and SSS
Which is a 1–1 function of tan x. separated = 120 − 24 = 96.

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Practice Test 3 641
Match the Column
x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 ( x + 2 x)
87. (a) A→4, B→1, C→5, D→3, E→2 
(4 n radical signs)

88. (a) A→2, B→3, C→1

We can write x = x + 2 x + 2 x + …
89. (a) A→ 3; B→ 1
 13π 14π  = lim x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2 x (N radical signs)
In the interval  ,  , cos 2α < 0 and sin 3α > 0. N →∞
 48 48 
sin 3α If follows that, x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … = x + 2 x + 2 x +… = x
⇒ is negative, Therefore, B → 1
cos 2α

Again, in the interval 

 18π 23π 
,  , both sin 3α an cos 2α
(
x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … = x + 2 x + 2 x + … = x + 2x )
 48 48 
Hence, x 2 = x + 2 x
sin 3α
are negative, so is positive, Therefore A → 3. ⇒ x 2 − 3x = 0
cos 2α
Therefore, x = 0, 3
90. (a) A→ 1, B→ 3
∴ Sum of roots = 0 + 3 = 3
(A) We know [ x] ∈ I , ∀ x ∈ R.
Therefore, sin(π [ x]) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R. 93. (48) Let z − α = k . . .(i)
By theory we know that sin(π [ x]) is differentiable (where α = a + ib and a, b, k ∈ R ) be a circle which cuts
everywhere, the circle
(B) Again, f ( x) = sin{π ( x − [ x])} z =1 . . .(ii)
Now, x − [ x] = {x} Then π ( x − [ x]) = π {x}
and z −1 = 4 . . .(iii)
Which is not differentiable at x ∈ I .
2
orthogonally, then k 2 + 1 = α − 0 = αα
Integer 2
and k 2 + 16 = α − 1 = (α − 1)(α − 1) = αα − (α + α ) + 1
 y 2
y  2
91. (112) f  2 x 2 + , 2 x 2 −  = xy or 1 − (α + α ) − 15 = 0
 8 8 
or α + α = −14
2 2
 y2   y2 
=  2 x2 +  −  2x2 −  or 2a = −14
 8   8 
⇒ a = –7
∴ f (60, 48) + f (80, 48) + f (13, 5)
⇒ α = a + ib = −7 + ib
= (60) − (48) + (80) − (48) + (13) − (5) = 36 + 64 + 12
2 2 2 2 2 2
Also k 2 = α 2 − 1 = 49 + b 2 − 1 = 48 + b 2
= 36 + 64 + 12 = 112
⇒ k = (48 + b 2 )
92. (3) Rewrite the given equation
Therefore, required family of circles is given by
x + 2 x + 2 x +… + 2 x + 2 x + 2x = x . . .(i) z + 7 − ib = (48 + b 2 )
On replacing the last latter x on the LHS of equation (i) by ∴ λ = 48
the value of x expressed by equation (i) we obtain
94. (4) | A |= (2k + 1)3 ,| B |= 0
x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2x
   But det det (adj A) = det (adj B ) = 106
(2 n radical signs)

Further, let us replace the last latter x by the same ⇒ (2k + 1)6 = 106
expression; again and again yields 9
⇒ k=
∴ x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2x 2
  
(3 n radical signs)
⇒ [k] = 4

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642 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
95. (0) ak = 2ak −1 − ak − 2 ⇒ a1 , a2 ,..., a11 are in AP 4!
with N is = 12, Number of words beginning with PAA
a12 + a22 + ... + a112 11a 2 + 35 × 11d 2 + 10ad 2!
∴ = = 90 is 2! = 2,
11 11
⇒ 225 + 35d 2 + 150d = 90 35d 2 + 150d + 135 = 0 Number of words beginning with PAN is 2! = 2,
9 27 9 The total (24 + 12 + 2 + 2 = 40)
⇒ d = −3, − Given, a2 < ∴ d = −3 and d ≠ −
7 2 7 ∴ Next 41th words are PATNA, then 42th word is PATNA,
a1 + a2 + ... + a11 11 ∴ Rank of the word PATNA from end = 60 − 42 = 19
⇒ = [30 − 10 × 3] = 0
11 2 1

96. (3954) Using the formula for the sum of a geometric 99. (119) Given f ( x) = x + ∫ ( xy 2 + x 2 y ) f ( y ) dy
0
progression, we find 1 1

(1 + x)1000 + x(1 + x)999 + x 2 (1 + x)998 + … + x1000 or, f ( x) = x + x ∫ y 2 f ( y ) dy + x 2 ∫ yf ( y ) dy

0 0
  x 1001  1 1
(1 + x) 1 − 
1000
 
  1 + x   Let A = ∫ y 2 f ( y ) dy and B = ∫ yf ( y ) dy
= = = + − 0 0
  x 
1 −  Then f ( x) = x + Ax + Bx 2
 . . .(i)
  1 + x 
1 1

x1001 ∴ A = ∫ y 2 f ( y ) dy = ∫ y 2 ( y + Ay + By 2 ) dy
(1 + x) −
1000
0 0
(1 + x)
= = (1 + x)1001 − x1001 1 A B 3A B 1
x +1− x ⇒ A = + + or, − + . . .(ii)
4 4 5 4 3 4
(1 + x)
1 1
1 A B
1001! and B = ∫ yf ( y ) dy = ∫ y ( y + Ay + By 2 ) dy = + +
Hence, the coefficient of x50 = 1001C50 = 0 0
3 3 4
50!951!
A 3B 1
∴ λ = 1001, µ = 50 and v = 951 or, − + = . . . (iii)
3 4 3
∴ λ + 2µ + 3v = 1001 + 100 + 2853 = 3954 61 80
Solve equations (ii) and (iii), we get A = ,B=
1 119 119
p p p −2008
…… P = ( p) p = pp
p 2008
97. (2008) 61x + 80 x 2

2008 times
Now from equation (i), f ( x) = x + = 119
119
∴
p p p −2008
100. (4177) correct equation is x 2 − 11x + q = 0 . . .(i)
…… P = log p log p ( p p
p
log p log p )

2008 times
Incorrect equation is x − 10 x + q = 0
2
. . .(ii)
Given roots of equation (ii) are 4 and 6
= log p ( p −2008 ) = −2008, ∴ λ = 2008
∴ Product of roots of the incorrect equation is 4×6
98. (19) The letters of PATNA can be arranged i.e., q = 4 × 6 = 24 from equation (i), correct equation is
5! x 2 − 11x + 24 = 0
= = 60 ways
2!
∴ x = 3, 8 i.e., α = 3, β = 8
The alphabetic order is A, A,N, P, T. The number of words
beginning with A is 4! = 24, Number of words beginning ∴ α 4 + β 4 = 34 + 84 = 81 + 4096 = 4177

***

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 Chapter 1

Sets
SOME IMPORTANT NUMBER SETS
N = Set of all natural numbers
W = Set of all whole numbers
Z or I = set of all integers
Z+ = Set of all +ve integers
Z– = Set of all –ve integers
Z0 = The set of all non-zero integers.
Q = The set of all rational numbers.
R = The set of all real numbers.
R – Q = The set of all irrational numbers
Some Operation on Sets
(i) De-Morgan Laws: (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′; (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′
(ii) A – (B ∪ C) = (A – B) ∩ (A – C); A – (B ∩ C) = (A – B) ∪ (A – C)
(iii) Distributive Laws: A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C); A ∩ (B ∪ C)
= (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
(iv) Commutative Laws: A ∪ B = B ∪ A; A ∩ B = B ∩ A
(v) Associative Laws: (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C); (A ∩ B) ∩ C
= A ∩ (B ∩ C)
(vi) A ∩ f = f; A ∩ U = A

A ∪ f = A; A ∪ U = U
(vii) A ∩ B ⊆ A; A ∩ B ⊆ B
(viii) A ⊆ A ∪ B; B ⊆ A ∪ B
(ix) A ⊆ B ⇒ A ∩ B = A
(x) A ⊆ B ⇒ A ∪ B = B

VENN Diagram

U U

A B A B
AB AB

U U

A B A B
A–B B–A
Clearly (A – B)  (B –A)  (A  B) = A  B
U U U
A A B
A B
A (AB) = (A–B)  (B–A) Disjoint Sets
Note: A ∩ A′ = f, A ∪ A′ = U
Some Important Results on Number of Elements in Sets
If A, B and C are finite sets, and U be the finite universal set, then
(i) n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
(ii) n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) ⇔ A, B are disjoint non-void sets.
(iii) n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A ∩ B) i.e. n(A – B) + n(A ∩ B) = n(A)
(iv) n(A D B) = No. of elements which belong to exactly one of A or B
= n((A – B) ∪ (B – A))
= n(A – B) + n(B – A)[\ (A – B) and (B – A) are disjoint]
= n(A) – n(A ∩ B) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
= n(A) + n(B) – 2n(A ∩ B)
= n(A) + n(B) – 2n(A ∩ B)
Hand Book 2
 (v) n(A ∪ B ∪ C)
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A ∩ B) – n(B ∩ C) – (A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
(vi) Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C
= n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n(C ∩ A) – 3n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
(vii) Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A ∩ B) – 2n(B ∩ C) – 2n(A ∩ C) +
3n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
(viii) n(A′ ∪ B′) = n((A ∩ B)′) = n(U) – n(A ∩ B)
(ix) n(A′ ∩ B′) = n((A ∪ B)′) = n(U) – n(A ∪ B)
(x) If A1, A2 ........ An are finite sets, then
 n  n
n  ∪ Ai  =∑ n( Ai ) − ∑ n( Ai ∩ Aj )
 i =1=  i1 1≤ i < j ≤ n

+ ∑ n( Ai ∩ Aj ∩ Ak ) − .... + (−1) n −1 n( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ ..... An )

1≤ i < j < k ≤ n

qqq

3 Sets
 Chapter 2

Relations and
Functions

RELATION
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then a relation R and from A to B is a
subset of A × B.
If R ⊆ A × B and (a, b) ∈ R, then we say that a is related to b by the
relation R, written as aRb.
If R ⊆ A × A, then we simply say R is a relation on A.

REPRESENTATION OF A RELATION
(i) Roster form: In this form, we represent the relation by the set of all
ordered pairs belongs to R.
(ii) Set-builder form: In this form, we represent the relation R from set A
to set B as

R = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B and the rule which relate the elements of
A  and  B}.

DOMAIN, CODOMAIN AND RANGE OF A RELATION

Let R be a relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B. Then, set
of all first components or coordinates of the ordered pairs belonging to R is
called the domain of R, while the set of all second components or coordinates
of the ordered pairs belonging to R is called the range of R. Also, the set B is
called the codomain of relation R.
Thus, domain of R = {a : (a, b) ∈ R} and range of R = {b : (a, b) ∈ R}
TYPES OF RELATIONS
(i) Empty or Void Relation: As f ⊂ A × A, for any set A, so f is a relation
on A, called the empty or void relation.
(ii) Universal Relation: Since, A × A ⊆ A ×A, so A × A is a relation on A,
called the universal relation.
(iii) Identity Relation: The relation IA = {(a, a): a ∈ A} is called the identity
relation on A.
(iv) Reflexive Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive
relation, if every element of A is related to itself.
Thus, (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A ⇒ R is reflexive.
(v) Symmetric Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be symmetric
relation iff (a,b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A

i.e. a R b ⇒ bRa, ∀ a, b ∈ A
(vi) Transitive Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be transitive
relation, iff (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R

⇒ (a, c) ∈ R, ∀ a, b, c ∈ A

EQUIVALENCE RELATION
A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation, if it is
simultaneously reflexive, symmetric and transitive on A.

IMPORTANT RESULTS ON RELATION

(i) If R and S are two equivalence relations on a set A, then R ∩ S is also an
equivalence relation on A.
(ii) The union of two equivalence relations on a set is not necessarily an
equivalence relation on the set.
(iii) If R is an equivalence relation on a set A, then R–1 is also an equivalence
relation on A.
(vi) Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n elements,
respectively. Then, A × B consists of mn ordered pairs. So, the total
number of relations from A to B is 2nm.
(v) If a set A has n elements, then number of reflexive relations from A to A
is 2n2–n.

FUNCTIONS
Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then a function f from set A to set B is a
rule which associates each element of A to a unique element of B.
5 Relations and Functions
DOMAIN, CODOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION
If f : A → B is a function from A to B, then
(i) the set A is called the domain of f(x).
(ii) the set B is called the codomain of f(x).
(iii) the subset of B containing only the images of elements of A is called the
range of f(x).

A B
f
d
a
b e Range
c f
Domain
Codomain

NUMBER OF FUNCTIONS
Let X and Y be two finite sets having m and n elements repectively. Then each
element of set X can be associated to any one of n elements of set Y. So, total
number of functions from set X to set Y is nm.

NUMBER OF ONE-ONE FUNCTIONS

Let A and B are finite sets having m and n elements repectively, then the
 nP , n ≥ m
number of one-one functions from A to B is  m
 0, n < m

n(n − 1)(n − 2)...(n − (m − 1)), n ≥ m

= 
 0, n<m

NUMBER OF ONTO (OR SURJECTIVE) FUNCTIONS

Let A and B are finite sets having m and n elements respectively, then number
of onto (or surjective) functions from A to B is

n m − nC1 (n − 1) m + n C2 (n − 2) m − nC3 (n − 3) m + ..., n < m


= n !, n=m
0, n >m


Hand Book 6
NUMBER OF BIJECTIVE FUNCTIONS
Let A and B are finite sets having m and n elements respectively, them number
n !, if n = m
of bijective functions from A to B is 
0, if n > m or n < m

Properties of modulus function

For any x, y, a ∈ R.
(i) | x | ≥ 0
(ii) | x | = | –x |
(iii) | xy | = | x | | y |
x |x|
(iv)= ;y≠0
y | y|
(v) | x | = a ⇒ x = ± a

(vi) x2 = | x |
(vii) | x | ≥ a ⇒ x ≥ a or x ≤ –a. where a is positive.

(viii) | x | ≤ a ⇒ x ∈ [–a, a]. where a is positive

(ix) | x | > | y | ⇒ x2 > y2

(a ) x + y = x + y ⇒ xy ≥ 0
(x) x− y ≤ x+ y =
(b) x + y = x − y ⇒ xy ≤ 0

PROPERTIES OF GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION

(i) [x + n] = n + [x], n ∈ I

(ii) [–x] = –[x], x ∈ I

(iii) [–x] = –[x] –1, x ∉ I

(iv) [x] ≥ n ⇒ x ≥ n, n ∈ I

(v) [x] > n ⇒ x ≥ n + 1, n ∈ I

(vi) [x] ≤ n ⇒ x < n + 1, n ∈ I

(vii) [x] < n ⇒ x < n, n ∈ I

7 Relations and Functions
(viii) [x + y] = [x] + [y + x – [x]] for all x, y ∈ R

(ix) [x + y] ≥ [x] + [y]

 1  2  n − 1
(x) [x] +  x +  +  x +  + ... +  x + = [nx], n ∈ N .
 n  n  n 

IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED

(i) Constant function is periodic with no fundamental period.
1
(ii) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then and f ( x) are also
f ( x)
periodic with same period T.
(iii) If f (x) is periodic with period T1 and g(x) is periodic with period T2.
then f (x) + g(x) is periodic with period equal to
(a) LCM of {T1, T2}, if there is no positive k, such that f(k + x) = g(x)
and g(k + x) = f(x).
1
(b) LCM of {T1, T2}, if there exist a positive number k such that
2
f(k + x) = g(x) and g(k + x) = f(x)
(iv) If f(x) is periodic with period T, then kf (ax + b) is periodic with period
T
, where a, b, k ∈ R and a, k ≠ 0.
a
(v) If f(x) is a periodic function with period T and g(x) is any function, such
that range of f ⊆ domain of g, then gof is also periodic with period  T.

Properties of Even and Odd Functions

(i) Even function ± Even function = Even function.
(ii) Odd function ± Odd function = Odd function.
(iii) Even function × Odd function = Odd function.
(iv) Even function × Even function = Even function.
(v) Odd function × Odd function = Even function.
(vi) gof or fog is even, if both f and g are even or if f is odd and g is even or
if f is even and g is odd.
(vii) gof or fog is odd, if both of f and g are odd.

Hand Book 8
 d
(viii) If f