dlatooag Theowy & Compabstiow, —Thpat > Proces > Output: a Systent Atstrad — Malhematica?’ Mak? Crane) ona? peut FOUR Deerimnire —finte meytonard D Acvtomata corn, wry Non Se % 3 Pah down Avtonata . 1 3 Tung macane - Aten Sure mm chonety developel “foarrae arguages : D Repulse Language 3 Contact fre Cengage > Grist Aereive Carguoge 4 Reuasuely Enunewle Language Appecatoons Compiler Dagu 3 Crait Daegu 3 Ribrtes Peel wa notes Seyriboe : o onl i ab ot seving : Aoquunte, of Kymink Word = dbed word [= 4 Medig.i5, HS Rat) Kunwar oe Rayi Kuan deviled Alpnabet : ire fiike el of Ayes, a 2\bbha | relanguage : att Gi} mare cr fel oat a= {ay Closue: LSet of shings except rulg stemng ©) Is — kleerls dune te trout h Proof ADivet prot /lonsivucive _ prof HIndivet prof / contrapesttive % Proof by conhadicievs ved *® MatheraticaR ridden: v Divet proof “ D Pree hat any -tup Integer ab ,7f a sb ane edd umbes ten ab 1S edd nuner Pref. a = ants beau ab = Gxt) Gyn) : = Axyt oxt oy Hi By = a@yrer py =a@ri Br aKytxty= Zz 2) Parve fe Any We Thee 13, ES then etter Tere oF ge Proeé: Dosis owen Me iz G e lean 4 Asuume PE EW Hen 1G orguy «pied tum 0 q>w -o Prove then angen j Muth ply © by g_ On bath) eke! 29 yn Txt >j* 1 —© s Poe SSIS | =»—hom a6 2@ ixg >yxIi ou Ixy ou 1K Gsn - SD powe +hak Sap Trrdtional prove gy den, Kern 3 rated?) m 2.n ae THeyer in Zo JF = Awune Jz Gt Cratronad J=xn= Syuatg on bs. ‘an? m"=> W25 even, me even Weak ays 46> ' eon” « NnBeven Panapls ef nathematial =pwluction. Suppwe po akcdement- Involving an Ttteger Wy hey, preve tat ptn)s chue, for cey nono, ¥) Piro) Hteue 9 for any KZ Mm Hf ptk) Bode then yp pup aku ) Prove fir) «= 4o4.-. tne ROHN ty usteg mathernettical Trcluction SBE ey wou Ho pO) = neni) bev) a por OCW = 9 Be pHs PH=1. CCH) = 4 : Lis=RHs& ' sel Thduchion sep: “ for any KO » that” yah Cer | Ay st x Perm KER K 4st) PUst= Wats" aie = thy Ri” pss nee = wu on = DX oj proeF oF iThduction atep epHth)i= Cee rst)! Hota - oF Acute) \ bw! fy et }eobat + om eed ii ae aah fg vegur s Proof: wababet — Wowbattnia 7 spb 2) hs ee PO SeHeMen wo) .spch acy Anal ae cn ey. Py. 0 Dole (ath ay TS seat a (0G AY oh SA an gh pa) =t= 1 UH) Got1) , is Pinos ok Peps ERI = A 1 “A 7 f i fal pay =1 14h tas Ws =RHS (1 ahd hye Kiyo PTR Induction ‘ wf ony os Fedk ag sapenil g Fog bedtin Sag e Wu,PUHd= Fho2-34 - aeeae)™ = HIGH) Col) 6 = Geite2) Cont) Cam Proof of tnduclieon Alep: Peake sry > KORHIKH) 4 Gey & KOSH) GagH) +eCKH? SD Caer dst CGH) + CH) pn Cee tes (ke) (2K EH +8) _ =. | = OY) CoH) Gee iE \ Qe) Lt2) Cones) “Tien = 4 3) pref p= -Wenen?74. Rase step po)= OConp> pen col, 4252 pis Die “Pa” L pa (ass -4 fo) Oe CThdueinn Atep: For any. Keo, diay Pls) = 7H Puce = N= ty Brody - ean = GH Cea >* HA CEriae + = CHECK? > 4 Mote KCK a i a vor ih wis 6Proof of tdudion Aep : Prt) = Pporpaty -- 3 WHF —— (abe end) > Weu*oHs? 1 She esi Ae = ow tens 1 | ; 1 At = KegarFracen? ie 4 rt (ita Jaana P ‘auc ty . Givi 4 cig) (eA = bere) a So e 4 ye OH Creray CHa) es 1 Sa ag AIL A. Ay “A = (ant ey, . tay 2 Ta faard f # PACK = eH EF oe Saag = ADS) Le, qple Fg OF < ayy | =) Oy 1 ata~ad Va qa! Waid At any given tam 1B, oF ‘Rohe Se Teaching head reads soho ‘Ky hiboe “Pon me Th = Atternata “Euneiow gre | the hae Ae stem oF cipoient | ste ce “agnilee resgine f lanuage pa shoring 00“ and mune yes rf the si eae a Kentenu oP reasFeomag Defration of D- Prite Autores + A FF can be define! as’ stuples m= Ca, 2 6, bs © Q- thie setef state 2-—Sarite seef symbee Fea Siinite stals ; Ex: @ tetm= CS, 3/%,F, 8) whee B= L4p) tigay 4- {0,3 F= Aah cae pra Oo] Ty] ‘ ; {ve | *| nm h bo | 4a] % |® | + Ay SCqo,0) = Io SCN =a ‘ $C4,30)=% hel 8CH 9) =F 8C 44)0)=%e Sla = 4,& s . | ma Pee : i “TransHien —Funtiiion : 8Cap)0) = to? 4 ' i Sas = a 2 At Me f Sw) = 4, “i Seis ASTI rest SCa d= ' W “Srranton Pengre Tae S Cqub) =\1o ‘ everSu: ty = dab 4 8 Cqo,aabb® = 8Cqa) aabba) = SG, abba) = SG) abba) = SC4p) abba) = &) Wo=aba S Cpr aba) = §C4»1ba) = Sqira) = £45 c. —thegiven Shotng W=aabeab © accepted Foomal deftmiron of Non Detounmistte Fite Automate : A NDFA- 3 a Ss tuple m= (e,5,5) WF) Q: hen empty-Prtte set of ¢ 2. Non. erapry Fite seb of Ayndog 8: Trarsttton Function Fo: TnHTAL state Qx =z —>2° states F: fnal Ede , poe. Drffevene between NBFA, DFA , only difowe cheansrten = Stetbe A> OE 8 NoFAS S%S52%PFD = 4) D det rhe Len, 44,921 4a) 1 95 1349) : yA Fd8 OF Travsttion Eunchion a2 § C4 ,0)=q, Spl= 4, \ SCy10)=,9, } SCH D= Fo 5 as0)= % Fe SGav= % q Codie cag SCqa0)= : plo fd Sa) 4 ‘ 4) represent m by Fy Stak -bable ‘py b Perea mt by Th states PAO AE ©) bolich Ee “Foltewrng sting are: tep es; 1 Dt ean uglsBlod! sa jo na vimisbye | TD “bt 00: is oe ey & 3) yk 2 op a Gye ay! a). = Nt as { J) Jo10 aoe ge sokdion: | girier ylyst NIN ey Stale Oo ybn) 2 atyr wa ‘bb Fa Wy) } , u Bb wt oy b oe: V3, Is WP dad HHI i Fifi’, Jug Of nid fe 8 i? yy,9D gscaestvorord “SCA 10101) SQa,010) S421 01) SC4a20 9 5Gy 9) SC) ' = {hh -. String Iol0l B acepted o)) SCo 1 01001) § Qo, 1001) Se 901) § @is.01 ) § Gao!) =f{n4 abaa)) = §(§*Ciapa),4) = § G24), 4) Py “aire § CG, a) UGysaul42)) : Lio uBezu fsy - = Gr2,3559 . 5* Goabaab)_ §C5* Gyabaa)i'b) = MCn2035) 2b) TF = 3G.b)UG4, (3b) Gb) , iss, TY iu day udey =fio3) aos} 02313 kow4 NEA Wit = -teensition Bifineng between ON 2 NEA DFA §:A*Z>eQ NEA §: axes > ae una 2 “hansilren me COs S 0A) The nea! Can be, expect! 40 TnGiude -bansttzen NP inpak 2» 4ne na wt s Can be expecta 5. ((*e" v fey + 28 < chansition Function NEE te S* 6 WS sR S*qre) ai € - closwe of cq) SW 2S Closue CR) S*'GRoay Lig s'Cahay VER Ex: ; Censtdou an NFA uth Emme as eeows +O Ge .f Fna€ sterte find S* Cao) ab) = 2 > Check whetter the qtien any ab 7S Ocepted. S C41 ED = S ~chswe (4, 4,, 4,3 S* (4,0) = € lume (SCE Cap, €), a) = € —cosuxe 8 C £40 An 423.2) € - chow C5 Gp 14) 0 S(t )a) US@24) € clawwe (oj v £95 0 £4) = Echswe (}= ft u Dy uwS*Cqp, 0b) = € -Cluswe €8CS*C4qo,a) bY / € close CS ( £99 4224, bY) | € closww Cs Cro. b9 sf b) U § Cadvb) Edowe (0 vfasotay a = € closune ¢4,) = ny y " ut W ‘ Woy ah Gy) TT Sine L495 comtarn the iva?) state $441 gpven sting ab x accepbect,' | a (Sit ABH 8* (40, abc)= 7 ; WaHlteapel -§* Co abd= € close C§Cs*Ctorabicd ” 7 : \ > € clos C5 Gas4adse)i (0 “% = Cclowww C $y ,0(U 84a csp, = Gdowwe CLO4 vdqnd) 7 hy aay is The qien ng 3 accepted Dial ale J xs i t ha TAS Fo he iEqunalerg “torem: > Sime every DFA ‘TD n NFA / TES Ckay clas oF Kanquages aceplel by NFA includes “be yequcar sels Cthe Language accepted by DFR) Sth pof hoe & Ahowng -that- DEA Can stinauleate NFA: Ge) for eaey NFA, we an Constouck-ay equivalent DF Stabarar of “tneorem: Let L bea sch accepbel by NCH De, a Fintte = Aatemata OFA) they, i. thee eusts a TH. that acept L- Prof; Leb MH = C88) 80900) be ae accepting fer us define OFA Mi! = Cal 255! 540,F) as ~fotous The state of m'CDRA), subset of states of. je Q'=22. Fl sch of Free tales Th @' CFina? states of) densted as CG --- 47] ter leb Carte GI € 6 where Gia -qrer Obsene that Citar J Bg sthgte &toles of DFA. + Corvespordrng to a sebef Trdvdua? otals of NM, Wi -+ VW NFA Note that do! =C4 Cw antag gtatle of DFA) -. Wecan define §'CCwAy-- -9g}.4) = Gro Po--- RI CoTngle are fete) “WS.M= S@,a) UF Sana) U-~ - USCayz0) WE slate. - + : =. Hm. 5h Hea hoe § "Co's x) = Cr ta GI) DF | 18 SoD = La. said ene Pore “Hs |, Stalement, using pgiperate STducion ‘Metfed:. ut etd 5 | Ch). Boasts: The veue to -+riva?, fe Wle0 ‘ \ ben fC, A . a Bert ae a) and, ; mag} A must tee TIidudien step: , Suppose hypethess 35 rue, fer qopukeP Aengin Of are DeeKss sees ee hie jet-sharng , Ka . , Me ATT f nin, a.e athe 5! Go'> xa) cigs Gnas 5), By induction: hypotnests:,, E'\Cap's O'S Epis CTPF) i 4 { TEP 5 Choy LEP aL ay ale bot ty defiritton & & an) (tds 5] sil DA MeN fest Heise ; ustng *. be UR Spr xt) = Pa Bale. yey taille taken we! heed Yo add SB) Cat) RE Pah spoken SC4orxd ihe + Then Lm)” = mCi!oO Constout 9 DTA eu 2 Ne Me Cf UW ets Labs, 5 te £04 bhere Su SGea) = £4,447 SC 40,b) = £404 SCqwd =£4,5 SOU) =fH3 SC4a.a=Lagh Sta D= fag, 8Gs.b) = 4,3 Sp liskien : Lea mM 'be the Sy var, DA la Bat ‘ke “the Wittiae tate oF mu! Steptt Hard eat ~trarsition Pom state Ete] ou the Ve Rite "at sg SG) = {4d NR CL = Ne 8's a) = (4,,4,] DFA Not getting. 8C40,b) — (40h NA eae 38 'Caet, b)= Gel DFA et ae Now, Fhe New stele tb added'te xckol atzis of ry! Stepa: 8 Cis as.) SC Hye) v SCG wd = G44 vay : = Lb Wuy 1, SGoag by = SGp4.h) ¥ §Chu4 bd = fh v Fah = fe,ay At DFA i 8'C G40, 11,4) = ee SCCa04nJob = Ee 4a] Slep 3. SC {40,43%4,4) = 8040.9) USC 410) 0 SLA) = B44 uses BSF = f901%242/9Y SCE 40 1/404 = Sh DUS GU SH ul §4e4 UF440 Hey tao 39 Hanee » S'la anda = Crewe Is], 5 Cae, aaa b=. Nia aa 9 PP 4bie pops whe NFA $C Peta, as act a= een 5 Cip Ww’ i 18 Gaia) U 380 29) : yaeabkl 1 $a wert tant ne Sguatuiad vente 28 Ae $40) 123 Ish b) i= gee, 53, ECanb10 Stamm 0, f y § Cab) v 84g 2b) 3 §9U. 9 ey ue £5.9.0 Gabo $40; tas KF He 8! Cap 4A, 4) = [a0 ta 49 DEA S'C Le te Va? Ved D'S He eran) puStep © § C4041 183 O " 5 (4,4) u S@a) Uy 5C43 ,a) ura ) = fa0,4%4 v Lary v $0% Las 41,403 , § {a0 Ay) 423.6) = SCae ky VS C44,b) U 545) {a0} o 4,3 v 445 = [40 aided Hone DF#, SC Ao tAstia= Cp tag S'C M4009 b= C40,4,4gbw 2. Gnsinack PRA aypiralent, bo: NEW t M= CU pa mS4iif ony, 85 P, £54) We one wed) sito Eqparvalents | oF Nrlicurth eee i Moat | Sedation: @ 6 | 1 tee if E ae Cy has ha aa Lid et! = M45, vu rok ‘ewlns © cue ef a0) = Re adie pO Ca) © douou ($ C3 &s.€.4) 6 chiswe,,. sf, UI, © che CSC a) U Sa Eclousre Go) Q) | © dew Gp) = fey it WeStep: S'Ca0 vb) = § Cao, B Cay) = € clout (8(§' 0, €), bd = € coune £5C {40,44 ,b) = Edewe §C4q»,b) VS@ry = Cdmwe Cg vfa3)) = & chswecay) = £3 Sam) = F@,,a) Sts.) = €clouie GE Ca,,03, a = € Clauw €@.a)= Sin) = Blane ‘ Sca,,b) = &dosune '§ (5C4,;€),b) \ = Seles § Cosh 7! T= = C{p av, $} 5 £0135, “Ss ep. i "ath pat $030) = §p.9.4 : SCP.) = tp J ogriqarel SCHor= fy Fics SCH) = 405 e SCy 20, {5517 7 SG= WBRwyn 9.9 SHS fst), re ole fest ate pee eS He TY, bes trpban arabe of Slept: and out transition From [p], ada ace Sp.) = fp, 3 SC) = £p3 hw 5! @Lo) = tp-ag SG =I Dra Slepx:— S4p.44,0) = Slew v $850) = {P44 u 'foy = Pry ) §'Up-4q450) 2 Cea Des SGP 93510 = SCP Ny 3(431) 5 ie ti e8S'((p43.0 = Cpad FA Sheps: § ({p.474 00) S(p-0) U SCM) U 8Cr,0) Ch = Ppabutyu (% = {P9454 SC{pqt so) = S(P.nvsG vsCHn = fPju {yu 4d = spy DFA SCL 1320) = [pyrrsT S'Cp prt.) = [py Steps: 6 C£p.45%253,0) = 80.09 U 8G.) U 5Cx,0) U &G.0) = {P4yu 43 u ds} uss ={Paqrsy Sfp. HOS) = SPU $450 USCzp) VCH) = {Phu {23 v ou {sy =f Pot Sh DFA, 6 (4, s3,0) = Dons] SCrrarng, D =[pwsy Sle s: SLR 50) = spy 0SC50) = {P45 u §sy {Ped sy Spry . S (Pl) U SGon = {Phu o = {pyDFA, 8(Cp, v9.09 “Pas SCHagy 1) Slep ¢: Neth 5k ¥ ' U 5584 509, S¢p09' v 8C¥,9) U SCs30) = Ph 43 ul 1 = apla ll AS¥ Ur {53 RG iS Shp, i Sry 1 Cf{p Hsyy ys SCP U $4751) DV $Cs1D = [Ppue = Psy DFA, * SCeps POST, 03 _ (Poq StCp OST sD Cpasy | i 0 {33 ‘ : l oJ is pexft er Steps: 1 Pay 8 C£p.4,54 40) = 50.09 U '§ 10) y 86,0) ; = Pah Ui £93 v “fey Loe Beton 3y e 1 C{p4sa0 2 Spin Licgn Uy §S 1D = P38 UR vB = fprrmsz lis 9 AZ Hepa" FA, Ss! CO-asy, 0 Yee, S'COp.95577,1) = B-pesy = @ 3!Skps: 3Gp-33.0) = SCP v Ses py = {Py sh SCs = stron u S€Bo1) = Py vysz = §p sy DFA, : S'CP890)= [p.9q,5] SCpsa = ppg Shae ® t oI {pa {rl | ha Pa ‘Bx, [Oar | Dbarst [Parad | brand | [ped [Pst Pra | [Past | Pos | pong Pa | Pvsy; tds dD Solution: i KO 4e 7 ty 101 M2 Che. s9.s ago44> ADbY) 85 G0 fsdy , ap how: £6" as it M2 jie 4 begets Ale SCfid.a) = ed es att Li Al eee oe ‘bes dame iD) dey SCI. a) = fas, aat 4ee - $6) = BS Ee $C4g,0) = ad io) “pl a f “Hi a li) ae Letty ' be Guhalin ona ve le ay be rb stat nil AD 8C40,.0) = oe) aD i ae S eb) = Kopqah. (Ul Brea, a Ee vt tea (9) ap DFA Hadi Gao = Bai | ig be 5" Clea sb) = a, a ; 7 b) peal) Sep a: i el, ae Lee Q, § SAHvAdtsa = (4,2) v ieee eo = Bye GE Cay = fpy J om | 5 Chi, bs 93 by fe = SG iy v stp Bye A = fe m0 0” | DFA 5 C04, $551, a). SE, 4050> | 10 lott 2024 UNIT Reguene Apres Requaa Exmesinrs : as fat’) Tre Rarquoqe aaepel by ra coe asi r Tefal - decor bed by rinpll! “expesiont” calld. RE ne ets be a fintte xe of ayo ard ce DM Gt Uitls be a web of Abings | fey 3 “The opercifien Cenartenation of Y.-S ta deri! ty ble = Ley eeu and yey © Nears clowse oft denoted ty, &E we i vB and tre closure ef L denoted by uth ie EF vu ft ut, Be: let Y= Cos13 ard to = Torts 13 Le= Ljoons toe 100% fio % Ls 1001, Oto 5 gory W105 Oshuition of RE bes pan lp hbet-the RE Ot = ahd te Beals stey dente ave defingt 5 bite icone, ak, doa RE and “the. vequcay & ty 03 a & BORE andthe requtiy ab denoled byl 8. foranch C2, 9° © afE ard Requdy ot wid , cr ¥ ad YS’ ave RE denole he ¢, apeehvely C5) 05) 5 ave ko RE.Pusu, w®sb Wee RE. APddled wthtiy WEA RE axcdaet win iy 6 wm = bole ® WNSB=UL Wer © wut Vege ™m* > La i © Chal< whether vaca. bt) RE oF Ape 3 LC* Corby = LCa¥)- Cary = LCa* )- Clay +Lc)) i fe aaa, aca, . ‘0 Y. fab} fa. 0a) aaa - +) by db) dab, anab -. . 23 Lu¥* Lorry (19% ford , 10 $0.10 oF fo3 vty! Otto | fey fLoory (e)o01 $0233 ov fo yuh 4 (@H) | 001 | LoryRE Opertbions fie eer Union operation ' ‘i > (pnatention eperalion > Keans chow > Paine Uswe RE: Hi + Gmerting RE into —fusbe Aatzarate |” x Conveshng FA tty RE i FB Kéeer's —theoem pal: 3 1 Lop a RE» there 2b a nA @-toarstion Atak accepls LO ey (dag) 4 prof. ft 1A D+ 2 Tre proof & dene by rretremabrar induction on the no-of operaips on RE , Basis (Zew operas) i oe for Asnie bo ace 7m i The RE hee B €,% L@e & , Lep=9 » Lea= Lat d 3 (3 stot —G)-£+©) —~@ f 16) 489) THe WO rep a Ds paa 0-29 ome Ta—Trduetion "skp: — Cone store Operators ) let, Us s,usi Sus 49 Pry ye SCA) O= Ss Gaya for VES ~ TRY and aes v fey * SqQqO= SaGyo)-for e8eGand a¢ Zieh PaO er gues ee corsa, NEA WL ae ae for RE T= H- Folews 5 ot 0G “SS uy Thus Lou. = Lm). LOne) Linvew%) at —. - 3Avery pt mH mM -hom, Bi4e > Sheutd -beanerse fem a to fi Feteowed by A 4a Hating eAtrariticy 2 4rovese fem % t fa- Casez: Ween Clouse Le vee let my be NFA for ld m= CO, 21581, To £4) Ms= C810 Me Fk3,21, Sty Ts, fn) \ an NW qiitag ste Sx — > New —fnae state there § 15, given ee El4e€ GH) = L443 %, Gr Cnga) = 8 Any path From x to fk comb iter, exter oF a path from aq -te fx tacky on taking & pat frene tm by on tearking © fofeowed yy no- of partis iam ard back tou ow taking € feoudl by 2 path Foom fi bo fx on tating & Peonee, AC) = LC®Construde NFA- “for % 1 ) é Q—-* : Sat foe ma Coyetauce .nrA! Hn) 44 CLonsiuct ve For ea / iS “ae 3 Construct NFA following (RE, 9 oe "2 @ryfab | 3 Gots) FO09* 4 do) * ae “3 ©oy* — set —9——O— he , ath & % aea Kleais Theorem - part ar Statement: I 4f Lp: accepled ba; DFA then Lanquage | > d ky Reels Expressen . Proof : Let Le be, a sd cect by pra mPa gs 9,3 258; FD, dr Let Ry” dencle the st ef aK ahatngs x Auch “hak SCa,x- | re Ry denote He eh oF a etoings x Rach hat = tat takes Pe, feo state, arto orth at erg: He, ay AES, emherst per, tran KThas: Torq olal Se" greaiy thaw K te can define Rig yeansively! as! Solious Ray Ke igh! CR A Rig 4 U Rig eh ot ij ee ao na £4/sG ina) =44 vfey HEIR wefovmall the defn of RK abere pears Hfetthe Ves that couse. M big ta'ab 4) witfueut paving “through state aa Ik aac’ estherwif Ox Ry Slow of a sharg nan Crokech Hie akong, 7 a FC tate © Compre a fi —follewal by = ‘om mane mM fem die 42 dx PATS “tere 2 eh Irrghey « nunttr 6) itewed!” by ° shang FT Crolacn fare Fam foorn Ante % TE ae oe. proceed) 8 Prove » by Trduction oa Bass a 5 \ Rye aficte sof shings exch ee, B ether © % ae Sypibol Hhals 7753 \ can be ‘aly ‘an Caitaa -4ap) OF ! Came aj Le han OArtdat. 6+ 4p # € hen’ i=] hho le ap} Js The ‘set eA Leytinely a’. st" SCH aaqy Ff! “ida 15 ro! buch a8 Then! @ Core m case oF =}. ) Gees. AS; HG, a Friducron Hypcthesrs. tp ee Te i ie Reciernely oomabl fo rg" gen Th om g Cleasly Lnvelves “He Re € |, OP retiane uuren Concaleration oud rae. By Tiductinn Neptw foe my 2d R k, ORE I Sb iE Kel Cmte) = Ri! as or 7g dele the RE CHR! heh ye Which Complels the ana "ee nd Mig gts enTe Ainrsh the proof We hate ony 4 obse ONE brat: LOM) - UR an &F Such Ry" denis The able of aw pul Pals from antec tts Lm) 5 derwked by RE wit Bet +H Hp pre Fe t Yas: aah, Cloure Propathes of 8 Language lore wmen of any 2 Reqitey aoTe Sakrsection pf 2 Ree nents T: ps Regutey the Conpfement of vequaa B requ A The Orflerene of DRED requar ST revel of RL TB Yegucar ertte Coun of RES eqn | : = The Cencatenatient of RL DB TUGY aThe Honworno sphisne C Subst Fhetion of shings fer symbols) oF RL BS yequar - qette Tmese Ltemormoxphism of QL 5 reper 4 uetr are vequar Languogs: “Hien RHR U Ula B yaya: ' Sie ie tes OF yequGr tap, have Re My ys LCRD* arden, ESD eee by dePaibion — operecivon ofa \ i Lule= ncRis)Mrinnzahon Piites foo RE | | ay - (and O gtRek + ® oR- ro- * ah ' ® €*2c and Qe tad aw il @ Rif=R ; i ae , if © g*r*. Rk i pet ee @ Retagte ne aS @ RY =R* ag Bt oA Ale gait ® E+KR*-—* _ ceRtR De \ @ (artes, plot) ® rp*~ pray*- ‘Chest @ O18 )k 2 prvaR ae Ap’ © RGror+ FPrRB -, ) @ Rere = eu pnd ® Sric-R*r & @or. r* @ OH .), ~~ Pumping lemma : , an : ie lt Ube'a request”) language well rr nmeeprst n auch tae © BEL wth Wil 2h 5 eRde ean 4 "Break w “Sante! 3 Aubstoiigs Os W> Xyay suchHat ® wl>o . bp j © Ixylen and ea om © vrze stg rylz evApplreation: Acsure “trad language Lows requéay la n be no of sktles 20f FA Prk any, word wy, Pom Lenguage: auch that nee Sait tM word te, x ym ie) iy lZn Tz0) xy'ér oF +tiw okie ‘te we uy'z Eh ; ji ' O pve -trat L= GO Zing net requutar, > Pret: Agume “trek Lb 2 Requger larquage Ldn be po-ef states tm DEA thet acepts Gren Tt none let w= 0-1 Sit wexyz when ly)ros bylen Cy pumping rea) Corsider Ixy! cerltats onty o's | when i>f wr YIZEL I fox T=1 xyz = yz “ton w= of 4 i ; hhene p May be es tau, 4-1 oy equel pes Ths 1% Umlbvadretion.Hp @ pre nat ve lb /ragy rs er O2los Loong. : BS showttat c= Fb" 7py15 5 nol requan Preok: Aceure —Hhat! Hb quer LT egw rl we tol 124 apie Le blab the RE woth rgih | T=2 : Le b™ 2 bpbb, He, RE) WTR Logth a ard so oe 2 let 12 b” where Len ee aed fel =n? Zsuvw i 12H Zaxvy'w whew) OF aa ze UVAr ; bio UF [=o 5 tpl adore) Heng 12 Juul Leb n>}uvwl ZC) 3 wont o, kyle ny w= a" bi" ~Corser Ixyl Sn Cental ondy @ M i>0o xy! @b ES xyz = xyz Pome w=a'b 5 panel Dra Ae Reguty Sxprewtens: 0 Suan M= (8,2, 5, %, F) whee = (444 » 40> 9, oe OL © Solu: RE a my = OD Cre il) © Cu De " x, K tee | Ro ‘ "Py Wwe KOH my? ietaiey | GE | Geame*are HS) , | Ge) (CHE) Corey FH E EAR RE gM 3 Ss = ere - | oS Ries: g* = oe / (Rrey ast _ Ree Ga lard | WOW) #2) uA 4 fet ge @tb yet | Fag | Mr? Cu MU BD ae | gE) P(E TG=F FY PRERG= g a | © | yan *@id) UGS to. \z2) - , = gee) * Cath) +E ed; ri me Ty} Find ‘state qa & Kar Go the Sem Re | Me = Via! CPs)! U Ga) = C¥ GB) = py phone aedy ya ae Se jue i dpi £8 Wt 1% 1TUN IE~ Cola Free Cranmer G ) = Islay Defiteion: Gpam A contert fre oo ; @qy= Cust PS? Valea tat of Alprabet- / set of Alon Tearirae johwte) Vis symbols Coney Capita? Rebbe) Ta» Tern Symbols Comma alphabets y p> Production or Rule s> stat Syrbae. a Ltay rs -ime Lonquage Gyenerdtal by 120 ot Gi {we 2, er Valence StS definet os. stormy: Rat x zane forward and backward - The language | Gr @sbe pat Sépae SaS/ bsb | are tame 2. for any Sy Ne clher: aie Fe bet Ge Cf54 aby 5) pate production “pz Csasa. 1 S>bsb Oo find te laruage genentteed by panera 9 ©? _Sw;, = SS ase , s—> bsb 3g S—> asa iS asa > ACasada > aG@eaa:sse —aond» ° 06Sasa -> altsb)a = Ss bsb —> a(bCbs bas > bsb deaf ype Bae sre a y : ' ( \ rhe language | Generated | iby, “ven Gi vamaner s ww eT th gd dey ® s+ ose iis 222 Ss) . gate i ft: pri! hes S> Sos! ' | Es aU ‘ Sot soso > oCoso)o : S050 care OC0e0)0 ps sree. Py fh | > 0000 ( SbMlbasd = Attrs, = Abe 3 peur ny Sis! i >1sii: Sst re > LC) bid Set segs ez pU > im eof Sty Bersted A ah SE 18) i Lik pepe a ; > 101 “ S>O v S—> 0so en { po if > Oo ; 8-1 : S060 > 060 :SSE => @ mal3) find LCG) definel by Grammer Gr= CVT 55, p) Obtain Solus who p= Cosofisi |r A> 1lole Gounver L&@)= [a%b"/menj S— astsa Awe ah fal 8> ash > aCash)a 2 sash — aGAbya a SSA > aa Abb ao aoa 372 SA, As aAb : > alaAb)b : A> aAb > aCaab)b: A >a > OD 4 32 > aCabb)b: A>b > ab 7 273 jhUY Dovictrorag “Te [Parse “he pa > Tw preted 14 action of derivation Th othr words , tha steP ave desivation Can be wepresnted by he Atbrucle © Knows aS parse -pee Can be Constouctal, a8 ‘otuby > Ulee Ke ) : 7 Lah» voladn B vale! Wes 1) Every vesler has ermina® Syntee ny 2) The ool Gk TS aways shat est Mito 3) The Herel: Inleior Vester 15,,, fandled by Variabls - ey 7 D Consider a Grammer o =f 984 Jha bY Psy Dee isk of, i digits at Ss an /b8 A> ab B-> aBb/a& Rosse Free :a Gi= Cis AB» {a5b4, Ps) hw PB S> AAS /q Parse tree A> sbA/ss /bq o ef ~© O4 @ = 2 \ & 6 & o's Relahership between Reza, on Te aud a eet Deviation “Theovem » het-cie CviT a PaS) rp, sé xe & . TA -thow ts devivttrone?, tre qu Grammer 6 hohrch yields &. Prof: rastead of Proving there ext deyradroral Tree br ae shang & . That 6 devted from's’s Wwe Sha® prove fer any 4, Ae. We can prove thas ky matiiemactra® tnducton on number of itlevior ‘vertex Bass step: fo one rehor verter HY thee 13 onty one rnkrior verter the Sree ill be as -FohAwS- + tone production 1 eh AX Xe: kn 2Yidld OOTY ~~ Sienna < WeiXe iceae > Hypothests : Te pwre tra the rewa w fous for a re with no. of rntevior vertces i leh us assume “tat Ck>0 X ws The yield | OF an, Ai—TRee wrth i tte Vertes whee KSI, “Hon $84 wot coud be sers of.” a le laek of son be %%o"- XM on oda © ton Ads xy xy B peoducton ti’ P” SPT on we noble leah then x5, Bill be varie and jt wsill be oot of autbtvee- CEP nth Ae 4s fax, Hen Ba stng. AT =0G means Xf => Kis Nim Ate Hos = whe - - Ths As xual - a we | on! LS . ey > Moe - > Xn Hi Gils. -. din 1 r@ sely) BEIT AIEEE AB py fata det AR Sx, we “ust "show! that “Hees . a a A ree pith | “yea & ; , yo ShaoSuppre Hat A devs ten a may be ecther epi Viggo nen 8G" ip B Mao then yj ws variable I x with Sewer no of types ita ~~ on “IP xp vonithte, deviation! oF: ar) take Fewerksteps 1 Sip, i worite deivation KStEPS thus ft ead, a with’ n Keanes xuch' as Xr- - > Rabe 7 mhoe nD bi a Po bs yield the tree of x wn each vevtey | pot demirnee< + eae ny Mgrs ES 1 A Grater = and, to be’ |, ambrgans,,F 4 hes More tran ene, deviation? shee fora: Zenkne ,, mM stows Wott ha mre than one RFt mest or sight most ee lest. desivation: Aidatkreh ‘olhoas 45 Kebiomit ‘desvathond HP ab each Alepyin dematon tte Keflmnat variable 6 creploced by tts Ppreduon: vt B: S-> ahs/a fr -sab Sh, S—aAs I> Qabs '.° A-sab G>dqabA ~~ ssa Right Deaualton: A desivahon sad t be Raghhmost devivation 7 af each sept deyuaion , the viglttmest \aviake ty replaced ty Production . Ex: S$ > ahs/a A> ob Set SR OAs so eke °! fevab aaba™ « - sm SSSolr) Spas goOkA ~ Soa apaaba, 34 edb Be: tet Gletfe cre S+> aB/bsA A -> a/as / bAa Bs b/ bs/ape Fer the shing daabbabba Find gy leFmest+ deviate Bi fegi eg carah on ° pane Tree din a) S> a8 > aas 8 JB ae -> dadR8B °-- Babs -B> bs > aaadbsbB daa bbABB -. s =bA Ara ae 1 > AdabbasBB \. ‘ 3 > aanbbabhBs .. pbs ‘SaaabbabbbA _. s-sba se aaabbatbba, Psa”b Ss aybe S>aB SS daBB > Ss» AaB bs a Seda bbw +> aoBbba > 0aaBB bba > AaaBbs boa > aaaBbagbba \! > aabbabbba uv Nukable — Lactate A ruetabee ama be teh ya G= Cv 2, cE Be | Any varrange, A >< J. Be bs gan 9 “py Arma 4 I ee ' ~. Babe - S>bA yan \@ Ae - Bbs » Sak’ Doge ae wtoBeubsh drscildes (p I Fat fecal Pure dts GF tpi = Boi. pratuctor, ig ee ital Ebay Sed pnp keProcedure / Algosttnm to Ftd nulabe Laviake, ao: A Cparmmer G@= Cv 2.S.P.7) OP: 4 fst A variables IM Vv Which are corsideral +0 be nut&ibe method (otratrze No= (Ae W/\p contains A>e a Ts & do 3 Jat i ’ +. Nte Nid u face : A> e§) johow NTS Niny- © —fard -the = Nutlable Lapibe- G: S> Cabas A--> bA8/E B= BAa/A/E 5 CSAB Ne £483 = Asc, gse Ne [Nouleyy cr AKR = £18.04 Ase Boe . CS No= {Nhu gye oN! Fast = {AB CY QO sas A> aAle bobs bB /e Re eS pre Ni= £nlou 0% =NorfA,8y ysls log Ennmating & peedueHort : ° i method: ‘ “Tritralree a production tn P 2 Find aw Nuffable’ ~ Varrable ia 3: For every praluetren Of bn AL» € inpaddtep + Telele ag € productron from PF - iF ; a Me FOwaride (¢ predulettor Ra the —feadeuiing & SSAAD Sars! pin 39M i A => Ahb/é C+. ava D> aDa/ bDb/e Sin: ela nating € produttrou No =A, Dj N= Gawy Udy Ra = Asdps- 8 9 eh S> AAD! AO) ALY ACL OTC A> ahb/ab - Upset o (oacla D> WDaA/aa/ bdb/th vryse h)“tual: Production of from Ag A an BS b ASB Th Graxtminety at Gyeevatert tL. patting WR Now Wipaoduction of pinp! Aad Bp Wf A+B and A> Mee OM Bo me: Kn “Whee X7 15 et not ugh — vaviable 2. Torx a® Ex: S—>Aav/e A > ao be/B c>a B= Ad Soln, S>c AB - uy producto BoA pal on hon unit production Th P S> Aab A> a/be B> & bb Cs a F New wuks*. Sea (C58) A->bb CA->8 > BS bb) Bs Ae: CBSA) A> arc) New grammer um sel of ules S—> AadWa A--r a/b /bb ! Bafbc/ bb thbss syrbob 2 Fremove Rr quen, qrarnmnar a .€ production Gee eo Ase SaA/agg > A> B> bebe 3) ‘i ay BH! fir Sol. Rermve & pecudion fi Anyone N= fA3 : S> ahaBB/a L A> aah/aa ee B+ BB /bb ce 8 GE be C>B remove On Preset LEG; Cam ft G8 1° TRE rel) "Proce 80% S-> aA /ayjags “AS aah Jaa as ey S i Ba be 7 bee. rn < C-> dB / bbe (eS IN seParmcrng lemma for Conleal- —Free Language. Ur Le Ube any conlet! free language thew ears} n depending onty on W guch “thal fez 5iIny and fefzn then we may unile z= awry s+ b Mel =) iy) wwx14n and W) va te o UVWx Ig EL _— pumpng tema th used +o prove ~+fPab tre given . language net — Cowtect Free languag Shew “that D jlefalple 7219 BNE CFL Solu: Given: Legit Le faib’e! fiz 19 Gonder 20" BMC" EL By applying Lemnra, : Z= UWA > nO tusat, wwx=b*, y=Ct who Juwxt 20) Nal>i ndlues TH uw 'y Substhutng ctrese =Uuvwxtviayh | 2am phon 4 on Loe et i -n-mitm ) io np pel n ae r “Te ‘ilushale » a 7 i | Teo : zeae OMe 2. Given Lis mtb Gentex Free language.ww } ‘ 2) ied go” /7214 6 rf EF be ns BD. be {b" anz13 rOb Fe | 1G \2| Pustelown Autonata: ey A yi] FA ce Net capabe of cakepriznng gevbaay type of larguage MINED) dil “Therefore, Pa vested an har remy uth Fanrte no-of- states. 3 ip da a Spey M5) Trerensing memory by tnerease!) hoof stabs Ba cannct hardée waft ro-eP slate f, Feomat Defirtion of pp, (a o 1p upely ‘B A PDA m ih VN eS seit wesvi B a fugem 7 2 AG 8440 do 12) =, Pith sel oPotefes =_ ae sek 1 “NE yifledy J Abnabet, called wala bee 8 aid 26S e call,, S: 0x20 feh> axyr j OstenD Csgn a mathe mole ef PDA fp larguage Le fo / needy shh a . ‘b ld Az {stat > U4 deh, foh, Foveeg 5 stags toheve «8 define Pitvatreation ef stack’ ymbol | me $ Ceo,"84 2.) - 44 0% ky e S(4 40%) = [4003 . RB. SCs. 00% $405 El Re: S§Cb, 10 Ch Re: Cais.@220) = Gz, e) Note: “To Rerve Zo From ie stacks © cante \praesel : ake adi 2) Dsigh a pa fer sel of ashing: of balanced paverthess iB lee Am (009% 44 (0,91, £0, 26515 > 2 8,3) Ri: SCt2£62,20)= Cay s(Ze) Se 3 Pe Sy Gs Ged = Cyr & Slay a) = G0 . eo Pa: SCH. = (B/G %) Pr, 4s. .%)- Cee»—— “Os ls Carcb’Yns15 Sig as C £05295 4H), arb ich 2s, Wp Zo, I) SB define as R: 5 Ce saacbb;h) — Gaz, Ri: § Gyyachy a) = Gud” SCH ,chbsaa) = C200) pars |e * $C4Chbs aa ass hg Ret S Cty by AD = €s30)- ee ie will tage FEES (4s .bral= Cis3€) ' Re: & (4ss6s 20) = C4e€) A) Le Fpw® Ave Capi we Reere oF104 -* veprédents any ro. of stings S= abba. 5 A= (£09142 1134 (arb) 122, WSs a ‘ PeaPcoth . ehh e483 dln: iifeit Ri: 5 €%wabbasz)= (Aiaze) <° R: S@s bbasa)= Gran) Re: 6 (4abasm)= C454) : Ra §C42 2034) = Gay fe: §C% 26> Gre) Er ae 52Pishdeown _Autenata: Comtruce a DA Hak Wn acepled tps Rarquage Gererstted ly te Granves Ge C{ssa4, {a)6%,3,p) S> AAG A> SAY Soh» Defire pr a follows A= (444 -farby {54,463 4,5) where Sw dGind by R265) = £80) , Cqyayy SS AN Fo: 5GoA 2A) = {C4254) > Cab)4 AS sA/b B: §(ara)= Ll) Fe: 84, bob) =LIWE} TWa+ Whetfer abbabb s WM N&) » SC4zabbabbs 9) H— Casabbabb » A) by Rugs +—G rabbabb 5 S44) by MER +-@» bbabby A) «ssa + 49 bbabb > AA) + C1a bbabb> SPA) -> pssg +— (4) bbabb KAA) «Sona \ ‘ *— C4y bbatb bAAA) Ash i by CH babbs AAA) by Ra + Gpbabb » brs) by HB += Ca, abb SAA) - ASA Gabo, aaa) 1-04 bby AA) is Ca bbb A) A> 1b» AD (a, b5b) CHE) br Re |Hw ; an t ' Constoutt a POA tat accepe “tre Karquage = geneuctad by Epa mptart- eee) a s—>asbb/aab b S>ahbs/ aha nb p> aBya a G>bBe/b- Luit— 4) { Propevts oF Cran’ x Chenskiy — Mowrat ‘fom! CNE) Brexy CFG B genvated by CFG TR Which ag prduttion are The ‘Ae Be oo (Noni Teenie thet nust } Az-ai ae ' -twe variable on Rib | a> ph MoE tewnmal AE te is rusk Ye orty ovesyrai) Show A,B,C are Lathe ond aK is “Femina sym ths fom © caffecl en - © Reduce | Cre, Tinto Cnr t Le |) Ehren ee b 2D Eliewsting writ production 3 Elena tn, wiied y 4D Coriouct CNE Gramnax = for The Following Ss>aAc A> anes C—> ac/a Solu: To convert wo cNF Stepls CEhminating © preductou) v= Cay VASE After ehmimating & preduction, S> AACSAC/C A-=> aAb /ab Ase C+>aC/a , sepa: Ebon nating untt — preduthon Sse ts only om wyat preductren eliminating SC we ge Rew Ret ef production S-> AAC LAC /aC/a A x» aAb/ab ce sala Steps: Thee % no _ Useless SYmboG , Te convert inte cnr form CA> BOY) Asa) “RB: SAAC s—>ADi D> AC Pus SSAC +e IM CONE ~formt Pa: S—4e so Xa € Xan | wePa-sya (im Cnr) Rs AS aAb Kaa —> XaAb Do Ab > Rare = Kp : ’ Xp >b j R: Arab .. vipa fl —> Xaky “tarot Xp>b i } yh Per Cac instr at yt eC OHNE) 8 Xa>a 4 ! BRB: Gsa Cm ene) gs }e # R "9 G deg 7 Mil prone ul 4 ! i @ 7 acy ' ‘4 3’ 1 5 Die AC 544 De pants S—>kac bs 5 no NONI Kara nae ssa wows mw : Kane Is\30, Sy Da SAM , co Ko>b a 7 Koha M stat ie Cc > Kae B A (4 i Va 5 “ia) S—> .bA/aB Alan Sas/a B= ane Abs 7b Bin: Te Cenex! inne Slept) ehonarhieg ¢ prduction The ws no & preducion m gien 6 Shp Thee B no urtt predicdron ste The NE Useles — smboe Ae cement to NF form (4+ BCA Sa) R: s>ba SS Xpa Mb Po. S->aB S~> XaB Kara Pa A> bAA > rh A> XbDi Di AA Pa Azas A- > KaS Ke: Aza Po. BS aBB > JaBB Bo XaD2 Do> BERB Bol : , Pe a a BS Xs B: Bob i fet 1 Reuttont one Grammar S—XA alhy § I Xb—> b S— %e8 Penta Xa->a As X»Dd1 D> AA i a A> Xas \ A> i Sl a a 1 oor Xa Da | D> BB» | po es; Bob Z ‘i b fi Oi 3 iz ‘ Hw 1. ae 22a) HATS WM 1 tes. Given ; Geammr @ Tre CNF |, S-> aaAB ' Ap-> b&b JE Or a B> BAaLNe >- Sse AWA/B A 2atn [ar/ar ss ieebuh aab/e 18 —>bbr- b= ey. 3. AS iGREBA CH Noma€ form Ginry —Theovem: Bley cra language without € can be gensuted Grammar —fer which every production of “the form AS aK Whee ATS Layakle QO 5 Teéervinag 1! a ® Shang oF tartan Cposibly every) Prof le-@= (vst. Pg) Assume that ( Ve LA ae Ang So thal aF Ap SAP yw a Preductten, Then J si - Starting with A, and -preteecl ing ter ir At -fellews : for 14 toe DAF Sap 1S & Peductien, onfy pu | y war | 4E hy SAG Bo preduckion , with for We gerade a new’ Ack’ of — preduttions — by Aubstibeh eg fer Aj oom nvight aide of excl Aj: 1 According As Kemmal,, depeating: the, preees ) K—1—1ms almost We oblaTh | preductron of--feomt Ani agr 3 BKWap tre pacduchon of form wth P ) ane than replace ater eer do Cemma ® - We’ amrbruduce!) 1 NUT He Lartabl Bk- i Algovitfin : Ip fl bein —fortiz1 tom do : begin Ce NN GD ee fos get to k-! de ea J Caset=> for each producton efor Ap? FH de begit fer! ot qrredudion AG e Add procluctiow Ay pe” rremove producer) reAgx , end Be ear al 1 ae Coe a: ee ara sy lets Soe each a le, of fe “olen Ats-> Axa de 4 ion pbegt uy ois } Sew add production By—see and riealyetidity dost th Bas Big 5 | chr nen@rmpve Predghion poh, oy HP Wak WA ok i OR yh Sasol a Melee A ‘ yh pit Case: Rr cach production Ales w hoe lip! | deds shot bagini eee ye ‘ » ada Praductont Ve -opea alBe. Convert bre "CCAshna had > ft0b9s PAD Whee P At Ax Ag Pas fs i/b, Ass AiA2 /a Soln: as Sine the svght hand sce 6? 'prcdichen 4, 2m Stast With -teoninags ex uth lagher pumber La rtakes - ee and: Suptele for ALS airy Steph: Ags AiAa Ai—> Ards Aa> Asif b As—> ArAsta /a Sie he ayght ards: of rocluction. fos fe tata begins with Lower ro. of vairalfe ye Kubstrhte AR uot” ee ‘ oe 4 (Ata, Aads fa AsAt/b Py -> Ay AAs Ao 1 Bie hel a, 4 : VT GNTITT eS At pt ae 4 aoe AAs A mea f Aa MsAr/b a As—>bhgie, By (a B3_/ bas hale Ba-> A Ag 4a Si Asda BsStep: New a@ —the _ preduction with, As hue aw —the ewinee Hak let wilt: Jina, BEE Aame AA at at Arche | the yesuthing preduchon : As—> bpsP2Bs . ling eb As Aa As > 283 $e Ageia i Sab “Hen 1n Fe Ala —> bAa He Ba Ay \ Bhiedr Avsb a ‘i ait « : Sub-rhen in At Bh ch eX Ar ArAs a\ihady 83 —> bAsha Ar Ast be i)