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Objectives

 Object

 Class

 Inheritance
 Single Inheritance
 Multiple Inheritance
 Polymorphism

Object and Class

 concept of an object
 interaction of objects
 concept of a class
 relationship between classes and objects

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The concept of an object

 What is an object
 Property
 Identity
 Behavior
 State
 Encapsulation of object data

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What is an object?
 Anobject is a meaningful thing in the application
domain. It can be a physical entity or a concept.
 Physical Entity

 Concept

Chemical Process

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Properties of an object
 Identity
 Each object must have a name to distinguish it from
other objects
 “Identifiers” are used to accomplish this task in a program
 State
 Use the state (or attributes) to describe certain
characteristics of an object
 Use "variables" (which can be simple or complex) to
accomplish this task
 Behavior it might be another object

 It is composed of a set of operations, and each operation

determines a behavior of the object
 Use “function” to accomplish this task in a program

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Identity
 Each object has a unique identifier to distinguish it from
other objects, even if its state may be the same as that
of other objects.

TV,No. 1, Row 1

TV,No. 2, Row 1

TV11
TV,No. 3, Row 1

TV12

TV13

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State
 It is all values possessed by each attribute at a
certain moment
 Student
 NO, set, age, grade, scores, etc.
 TV
 color, volume, brightness, channel, system, etc.
 The "grade" attribute of a student will change according
to whether the student is promoted to the next grade or
retained in the current grade
 The “channel” attribute of a TV will change according to
the choice of the person watching TV.

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behavior
 When other objects send requests, the object responds
in a certain way.

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Encapsulation of object data

 Theidea of object encapsulation is to shield the
internal information of an object.
 People can only perform operations on the object
through the permitted operations on the object's
interface, and change the object's state.

adjustVolume

color
brightness
volume
channel
system

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Interaction of objects
 An object that is completely isolated is of no use
 Thereshould be interactions among objects when the
system is running.
 How to accomplish the interactions of objects?
 message passing
 A message is the request information sent by the
sending object to the receiving object to invoke a
behavior of receiving object, and when necessary, it
includes the information of appropriate parameter
 Composition of the message
 Identity of receiving object
 Name of the invoked operation(function, behavior)
 arguments

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Interaction of objects
adjustVolume

color
Receiving
Object brightness
Name of
operation
volume
arguments
channel
system

TV12 adjustChannel Up

TV12

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Properties of Message
 The same object can receive multiple messages in different
forms and make different responses.
 “TV11 adjustChannel down”
 “TV11 adjustVolume louder”
 “TV11 adjustColor intense”
 Messages in the same form can be sent to different objects,
and the responses they elicit can vary
 “TV11 adjustChannel up”（from 15  to 16）
 “TV12 adjustChannle up”（from 5to 6）
 The sending of a message does not need to take the specific
recipient into account. An object may or may not respond to a
message.
 message multicast

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Concept of a class
A class is a collection of objects that have the same data
composition and the same behavior.

data composition behavior

color adjustColor

volume adjustVolume

system adjustSystem

channel adjustChannel

brightness adjustBrightness
open
close
TV

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Relationship between classes and objects

 Every object is an instance of a certain class.

 At any given moment, each class has zero or more
instances (objects)
 Classes are static
 Their existence, semantics, and relationships are already
defined before execution.
 Objects are dynamic
 They can be created and deleted during the execution of
a program

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Abstraction and Encapsulation

 Data Abstraction

 Data Encapsulation

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Data Abstraction
 An object is an abstraction of an entity in the real
world
 Abstraction is a kind of simplified description
 It emphasizes the characteristics relevant to the
given application.
 It suppresses the irrelevant characteristics.
 A class is an abstraction of a group of objects

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Encapsulation
 A class is divided into two parts: the interface and the implementation.
 For users, the interface is visible, while the implementation is invisible
 Only the operations provided by the class can modify the attribute
values.
 Hiding the implementation details of a class is called encapsulation.

implementation

interface balance
interestYTD
makeDeposit owner
User withdraw account_number
transfer makeDeposit
withDraw
transfer
an impenetrable wall

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Advantages of encapsulation
 two types of protection
 Protect objects from being misused by users.
 Users have no right to access implementation, such as attribute
values and operation processes.
 Protect client - side code when the implementation of an
object changes.
 Changes in the object's implementation do not affect the client -
side code.

 The implementation may change, for example

 Fixing defects.
 Improving performance.
 Changing methods.
 Encapsulation can reduce the “Ripple Effect”.

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A Real Live Object

Here is a person, Jim.

Jim has a quantity of
money. How can you
determine how much
money Jim has?

Take Jim's wallet and start counting.

Ask Jim, "How much money do you have?"

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Inheritance
 Superclass and Subclass
 Multiple Inheritance

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Superclass and Subclass

 A class definesa group of objects that have the same
structure and operations.
 Inheritance isan important feature of classes for
achieving reusability and extensibility.
A class can be defined as a special case of another more
general class.
 This general class is the superclass of the special class.
 The special class is the subclass of this general class.

Superclass Electronic

Subclass TV Telephone Computer

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Superclass and Subclass

A subclass inherits all the attributes and operations of its superclass.
A subclass can also define its own unique attributes and operations.
Electronic
manufacturer Computer
model manufacturer
price model
color price
getModel monitortype
memorysize
getModel
Computer
getMonitorType
monitortype
memorysize
getMonitorType

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Superclass and Subclass

 The inheritance relationship is an "is a" relationship.
 If class B inherits from class A, then any object of class B
"is a" object of class A.
 A "television" "is an" electronic product.

 The "is a" relationship is transitive.

 Because of the "is a" relationship, classes form a
hierarchical association.
 The Square class inherits from the Rectangle class.
 Both the Rectangle class and the Triangle class inherit from the
Polygon class.

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Superclass and Subclass

Polygon
Vertices
Translate
Rotate
Display
Perimeter

Rectangle Triangle
Length
Width
Diagonal

Square

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Superclass and Subclass

 Inheritance is a key feature for achieving code
reusability and extensibility.
 The reusability feature enables the handling of the
common parts of a group of objects with similar
structures, avoiding the repetition of code over and
over again.
 It avoids the waste of time and space.
 It also avoids inconsistencies.
 The extensibility feature enables the handling of
the diversity of classes in different situations.
 It allows for the expansion and specification of the
original code to meet different needs.

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Advantages of Inheritance
 Increase the opportunities for software reuse.
 Reduce development and maintenance costs.
 Develop a model that is closer to reality.
 Make the system more flexible.
 All subclasses automatically inherit the changes of the
superclass.
 Deal with changes in requirements by adding a subclass.
 Ensure consistency among classes.
 The superclass can customize rules for all subclasses.
 Inherit the interface and implementation.
 Support polymorphism.

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