Operating system

NO NAME ID_NUMBER
1 DEREJE TESFAYE 160416
2 TADIOS MISGANAW 161162
3 BIRUK GETAYE 160962
4 EYERUSALEM NIGUSIE 160355
5 BIZUYE ABEBE 160528
6 WAGNEW NIGUSSIE 161255

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Operating system
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 System Calls
 Programming interface to the services provided by the OS
 Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++)
 Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application
Programming Interface (API) rather than direct system call
use
 Three most common APIs are Win32 API for Windows, POSIX
API for POSIX-based systems (including virtually all versions of
UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X), and Java API for the Java virtual
machine (JVM)

Note that the system-call names used throughout this text

are generic

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 Example of System Calls
System call sequence to copy the contents of one file to another file

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 Example of Standard API

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 System Call Implementation
 Typically, a number associated with each system call
 System-call interface maintains a table indexed according to
these numbers
 The system call interface invokes the intended system call in OS
kernel and returns status of the system call and any return values
 The caller need know nothing about how the system call is
implemented
 Just needs to obey API and understand what OS will do as a
result call
 Most details of OS interface hidden from programmer by API
Managed by run-time support library (set of functions built
into libraries included with compiler)
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 API – System Call – OS Relationship

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 System Call Parameter Passing
 Often, more information is required than simply identity of desired
system call
 Exact type and amount of information vary according to OS and
call
 Three general methods used to pass parameters to the OS
 Simplest: pass the parameters in registers
 In some cases, may be more parameters than registers
 Parameters stored in a block, or table, in memory, and address
of block passed as a parameter in a register
This approach taken by Linux and Solaris
 Parameters placed, or pushed, onto the stack by the program
and popped off the stack by the operating system

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  Block and stack methods do not limit the number or length of
parameters being passed

Parameter Passing via Table

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 Types of System Calls
Process control
 create process, terminate process
 end, abort
 load, execute
 get process attributes, set process attributes
 wait for time
 wait event, signal event
 allocate and free memory
 Dump memory if error
 Debugger for determining bugs, single step execution
 Locks for managing access to shared data between processes
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 Types of System Calls
 File management
 create file, delete file
 open, close file
 read, write, reposition
 get and set file attributes
 Device management
 request device, release device
 read, write, reposition
 get device attributes, set device attributes
 logically attach or detach devices

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 Types of System Calls (Cont.)
 Information maintenance
 get time or date, set time or date
 get system data, set system data
 get and set process, file, or device attributes
 Communications
 create, delete communication connection
 send, receive messages if message passing model to host
name or process name
From client to server
 Shared-memory model create and gain access to memory
regions

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  transfer status information
 attach and detach remote devices

Types of System Calls (Cont.)

Protection
 Control access to resources
 Get and set permissions
 Allow and deny user access

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 Examples of Windows and Unix System Calls

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 Standard C Library Example
C program invoking printf() library call, which calls write() system call

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 System Programs
 System programs provide a convenient environment for program
development and execution. They can be divided into:
 File manipulation
 Status information sometimes stored in a File modification
 Programming language support
 Program loading and execution
 Communications
 Background services
 Application programs
 Most users’ view of the operation system is defined by system
programs, not the actual system calls

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 System Programs
 Provide a convenient environment for program development and
execution
 Some of them are simply user interfaces to system calls; others
are considerably more complex

 File management - Create, delete, copy, rename, print, dump, list,

and generally manipulate files and directories

 Status information
 Some ask the system for info - date, time, amount of available
memory, disk space, number of users
 Others provide detailed performance, logging, and debugging
information
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  Typically, these programs format and print the output to the
terminal or other output devices
 Some systems implement a registry - used to store and
retrieve configuration information

System Programs (Cont.)

 File modification
 Text editors to create and modify files
 Special commands to search contents of files or perform
transformations of the text
 Programming-language support - Compilers, assemblers,
debuggers and interpreters sometimes provided

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  Program loading and execution- Absolute loaders, relocatable
loaders, linkage editors, and overlay-loaders, debugging systems
for higher-level and machine language
 Communications - Provide the mechanism for creating virtual
connections among processes, users, and computer systems
 Allow users to send messages to one another’s screens,
browse web pages, send electronic-mail messages, log in
remotely, transfer files from one machine to another

System Programs (Cont.)

 Background Services
 Launch at boot time
Some for system startup, then terminate
Some from system boot to shutdown
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  Provide facilities like disk checking, process scheduling, error
logging, printing
 Run in user context not kernel context
 Known as services, subsystems, daemons

 Application programs
 Don’t pertain to system
 Run by users
 Not typically considered part of OS
 Launched by command line, mouse click, finger poke

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