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Swarm Intelligence and PSO

Swarm Intelligence (SI) refers to the collective behavior of decentralized systems inspired by social organisms, characterized by distributed control and local interactions. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a specific optimization technique based on SI, where particles represent potential solutions and iteratively update their positions and velocities to find optimal solutions. While SI encompasses various natural systems and applications, PSO focuses on optimization tasks like function minimization.

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2 views2 pages

Swarm Intelligence and PSO

Swarm Intelligence (SI) refers to the collective behavior of decentralized systems inspired by social organisms, characterized by distributed control and local interactions. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a specific optimization technique based on SI, where particles represent potential solutions and iteratively update their positions and velocities to find optimal solutions. While SI encompasses various natural systems and applications, PSO focuses on optimization tasks like function minimization.

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iproplayer1010
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Swarm Intelligence and Particle Swarm Optimization

Swarm Intelligence (SI)


Definition:
Swarm Intelligence is a collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems,
natural or artificial. The concept is inspired by the behavior of social organisms like ant
colonies, bird flocking, fish schooling, and bee swarming.

Key Characteristics:
- Distributed control: No central leader.
- Local interactions among individuals.
- Simple individual rules lead to complex group behavior.
- Robustness and adaptability.

 Examples:

1. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO):


- Ants find the shortest path between food source and nest using pheromone trails.
- Artificial ants simulate this behavior to solve path-finding problems like the Travelling
Salesman Problem (TSP).

2. Bee Algorithm:
- Inspired by the foraging behavior of honey bees.
- Used in optimization problems like feature selection and neural network training.

3. Bird Flocking (Boids Model):


- Each bird follows simple rules (alignment, separation, cohesion) leading to realistic
flocking behavior.
- Used in animation and computer simulations.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)


Definition:
Particle Swarm Optimization is a computational optimization technique based on the
social behavior of birds or fish. Proposed by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995.

Key Characteristics:
- Each particle represents a potential solution.
- Particles move through the search space based on:
- Their own best known position (pBest).
- The best position found by the swarm (gBest).
- Velocity and position are updated iteratively.
Formulas:
Velocity Update:
v_i(t+1) = w * v_i(t) + c1 * r1 * (pBest_i - x_i(t)) + c2 * r2 * (gBest - x_i(t))

Position Update:
x_i(t+1) = x_i(t) + v_i(t+1)

Example:
Problem: Minimize the function:
f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2
The global minimum is at (0, 0). PSO particles will 'fly' over the 2D plane and converge
towards this point by updating positions and velocities.

Difference between Swarm Intelligence and Particle Swarm Optimization


Feature Swarm Intelligence (SI) Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO)

Definition Collective behavior of Optimization algorithm


decentralized systems inspired by SI

Scope Broad concept, includes A specific technique based


many natural systems on bird flocking

Examples ACO, Bee Algorithm, PSO applied to function


Boids Model optimization

Inspired by Ants, bees, birds, etc. Mainly birds or fish

Focus Emergent group behavior Optimization of objective


functions

Control Mechanism Decentralized, emergent Uses individual and global


best knowledge

Applications Robotics, traffic control, Function optimization,


scheduling machine learning,
engineering design

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