Physics 101

Lecture 5
Newton`s Laws
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN
EMU Physics Department

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 The Laws of Motion
❑The description of an object in motion included its
position, velocity, and acceleration.
❑There was no consideration of what might influence that
motion.
❑Two main factors need to be addressed to answer
questions about why the motion of an object will change.
◼ Forces acting on the object

◼ The mass of the object

❑Dynamics studies the causes of motion.

❑Will start with three basic laws of motion
◼ Formulated by Sir Isaac Newton

Introduction
 Sir Isaac Newton
❑1642 – 1727
❑Formulated basic
laws of mechanics
❑Discovered Law of
Universal Gravitation
❑Invented form of
calculus
❑Many observations
dealing with light
and optics Section 5.1
 The Laws of Motion
❑ Newton’s first law
❑ Force
❑ Mass
❑ Newton’s second law
❑ Newton’s third law
❑ Frictional forces
❑ Examples Isaac Newton’s work represents one of the greatest
contributions to science ever made by an individual.

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 Dynamics
❑ Describes the relationship between the motion
of objects in our everyday world and the forces
acting on them
❑ Language of Dynamics
◼ Force: The measure of interaction between two
objects (pull or push). It is a vector quantity – it has a
magnitude and direction
◼ Mass: The measure of how difficult it is to change
object’s velocity (sluggishness or inertia of the object)

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 Force
❑Forces in everyday experience
◼ Push on an object to move it
◼ Throw or kick a ball
◼ May push on an object and not be able to
move it
❑Forces are what cause any change in the
velocity of an object.
◼ Newton’s definition
◼ A force is that which causes an acceleration
Section 5.1
 Forces
❑ The measure of interaction
between two objects (pull or
push)
❑ Vector quantity: has
magnitude and direction
❑ May be a contact force or a
field force
◼ Contact forces result from
physical contact between two
objects
◼ Field forces act between
disconnected objects
◼ Also called “action at a distance”

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 Fundamental Forces
❑Gravitational force
◼ Between objects
❑Electromagnetic forces
◼ Between electric charges
❑Nuclear force
◼ Between subatomic particles
❑Weak forces
◼ Arise in certain radioactive decay processes
❑Note: These are all field forces.
Section 5.1
 Forces

❑ Gravitational Force
❑ Archimedes Force
❑ Friction Force
❑ Tension Force
❑ Spring Force
❑ Normal Force

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 Vector Nature of Force
❑ Vector force: has magnitude and direction
❑ Net Force: a resultant force acting on object
    
Fnet =  F = F1 + F2 + F3 + ......
❑ You must use the rules of vector addition to
obtain the net force on an object
0502abc_thm

0502d_thm

| F |= F12 + F22 = 2.24 N

F1
 = tan −1 ( ) = −26.6
F2

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 Newton’s First Law
❑ An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
object in motion tends to stay in motion with
the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

❑ An object at rest remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it

❑ An object moving with constant velocity continues to move with
the same speed and in the same direction (the same velocity) as
long as no net force acts on it
❑ “Keep on doing what it is doing”
❑ When forces are balanced, the acceleration of the object is zero
◼ Object at rest: v = 0 and a = 0
◼ Object in motion: v  0 and a = 0

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 Mass and Inertia
❑ Every object continues in its state of rest, or uniform
motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change
that state by unbalanced forces impressed upon it
❑ Inertia is a property of objects
to resist changes is motion!
❑ Mass is a measure of the
amount of inertia.
❑ Mass is a measure of the resistance of an object to
changes in its velocity
❑ Mass is an inherent property of an object
❑ Scalar quantity and SI unit: kg

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 Newton’s Second Law
❑ The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on
it and inversely proportional to its mass

 

a=
F
=
Fnet
m m
  
Fnet =  F = ma

kg m
SI unit of force is a Newton (N) 1 N 1 2
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 Newton’s Second Law
❑When viewed from an inertial reference frame, the
acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net
force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
◼ Force is the cause of changes in motion, as measured
by the acceleration.
◼ Remember, an object can have motion in the
absence of forces.
◼ Do not interpret force as the cause of motion.
❑Algebraically,
a
 F
→  F = ma
m

With a proportionality constant of 1 and speeds much

lower than the speed of light.
Units of Force
◼ The SI unit of force is the newton (N).
◼ 1 N = 1 kg·m / s2

◼ The US Customary unit of force is a pound (lb).

◼ 1 lb = 1 slug·ft / s2
◼ 1 N ~ ¼ lb
More about Newton’s 2nd Law
❑ You must be certain about which body we are
applying it to
❑ Fnet must be the vector sum of all the forces that act
on that body
❑ Only forces that act on that body are to be included
in the vector sum
❑ Net force component along an
axis gives rise to the acceleration
along that same axis
Fnet , x = ma x Fnet , y = ma y

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Example 1:
❑ One or two forces act on a puck that moves over frictionless
ice along an x axis, in one-dimensional motion. The puck's
mass is m = 0.20 kg. Forces F1 and F2 and are directed
along the x axis and have magnitudes F1 = 4.0 N and F2 =
2.0 N. Force F3 is directed at angle q = 30° and has
magnitude F3 = 1.0 N. In each situation, what is the
acceleration of the puck?
 Gravitational Force
❑ Gravitational force is a vector
❑ Expressed by Newton’s Law of Universal
Gravitation: mM
Fg = G
R2
◼ G – gravitational constant
◼ M – mass of the Earth
◼ m – mass of an object
◼ R – radius of the Earth
❑ Direction: pointing downward

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 Weight
❑ The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an
object of mass m near the Earth’s surface is called the
weight w of the object: w = mg
❑ g can also be found from the Law of Universal Gravitation
❑ Weight has a unit of N
mM
Fg = G 2 w = Fg = mg
R
M
g = G 2 = 9.8 m/s 2
R
Weight depends upon location
R = 6,400 km
❑

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 Normal Force
❑ Force from a solid
surface which keeps
object from falling w = Fg = mg

through
❑ Direction: always
perpendicular to the
surface N − Fg = ma y
❑ Magnitude: depends N − mg = ma y
on situation
N = mg

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 Note About the Normal Force

❑The normal force is

not always equal to
the gravitational
force of the object.
❑For example, in this
case
F
y = n − Fg − F = 0
and n = mg + F

❑ n may also be less

than Fg
Section 5.7
 Tension Force: T
❑ A taut rope exerts forces
on whatever holds its
ends
❑ Direction: always along
the cord (rope, cable,
string ……) and away T1
from the object T1 = T = T2
❑ Magnitude: depend on T2
situation

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 Newton’s Third Law
❑ If object 1 and object 2 interact, the force
exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction to the
force exerted by object 2 on object 1

 
Fon A = − Fon B

❑ Equivalent to saying a single isolated force cannot exist

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Multiple Objects, Example –
Atwood’s Machine
❑Forces acting on the
objects:
◼ Tension (same for
both objects, one
string)
◼ Gravitational force

❑Each object has the same

acceleration since they are
connected.
❑Draw the free-body
diagrams
❑Apply Newton’s Laws
❑Solve for the unknown(s)
Section 5.7
 Forces of Friction: f
❑ When an object is in motion on a surface or through a
viscous medium, there will be a resistance to the
motion. This resistance is called the force of friction
❑ This is due to the interactions between the object and
its environment
❑ We will be concerned with two types of frictional force
◼ Force of static friction: fs
◼ Force of kinetic friction: fk
❑ Direction: opposite the direction of the intended
motion
◼ If moving: in direction opposite the velocity
◼ If stationary, in direction of the vector sum of other forces

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 Forces of Friction: Magnitude
❑ Magnitude: Friction is
proportional to the normal
force
◼ Static friction: Ff = F  μsN
◼ Kinetic friction: Ff = μkN
◼ μ is the coefficient of
friction
❑ The coefficients of friction
are nearly independent of
the area of contact

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 Static Friction
❑ Static friction acts to keep
the object from moving
❑ If F increases, so does ƒs
❑ If F decreases, so does ƒs
❑ ƒs  µs N
◼ Remember, the equality
holds when the surfaces are
on the verge of slipping

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 Kinetic Friction
❑ The force of kinetic
friction acts when the
object is in motion
❑ Although µk can vary
with speed, we shall
neglect any such
variations
❑ ƒk = µk N

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 Explore Forces of Friction
❑ Vary the applied force
❑ Note the value of the
frictional force
◼ Compare the values
❑ Note what happens
when the can starts
to move

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 Free Body Diagram
❑ The most important step in
solving problems involving F hand on book
Newton’s Laws is to draw the
free body diagram
❑ Be sure to include only the
forces acting on the object of
interest F Earth on book
❑ Include any field forces acting
on the object
❑ Do not assume the normal
force equals the weight

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 Force is a vector
Unit of force in S.I.:

Newton’s Laws
I. If no net force acts on a body, then the
body’s velocity cannot change.
II. The net force on a body is equal to the
product of the body’s mass and
acceleration.
III. When two bodies interact, the force on the
bodies from each other are always equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.

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 Hints for Problem-Solving
❑ Read the problem carefully at least once
❑ Draw a picture of the system, identify the object of primary interest,
and indicate forces with arrows
❑ Label each force in the picture in a way that will bring to mind what
physical quantity the label stands for (e.g., T for tension)
❑ Draw a free-body diagram of the object of interest, based on the
labeled picture. If additional objects are involved, draw separate
free-body diagram for them
❑ Choose a convenient coordinate system for each object
❑ Apply Newton’s second law. The x- and y-components of Newton
second law should be taken from the vector equation and written
individually. This often results in two equations and two unknowns
❑ Solve for the desired unknown quantity, and substitute the numbers

Fnet , x = ma x Fnet , y = ma y

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Example 2:

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 Objects in Equilibrium
❑ Objects that are either at rest or moving with
constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium
❑ Acceleration of an object can be modeled as

zero: a = 0
❑ Mathematically, the net force acting on the

object is zero F = 0
❑ Equivalent to the set of component equations
given by
F x =0 F y =0

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 Equilibrium, Example 4
❑ A lamp is suspended from a
chain of negligible mass
❑ The forces acting on the
lamp are
◼ the downward force of gravity
◼ the upward tension in the
chain
❑ Applying equilibrium gives
F y = 0 → T − Fg = 0 → T = Fg

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Example 3:

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 Equilibrium, Example 4
❑ A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable
tied to two other cables that are fastened to a support.
The upper cables make angles of 37° and 53° with the
horizontal. Find the tension in each of the three cables.
❑ Conceptualize the traffic light
◼ Assume cables don’t break
◼ Nothing is moving
❑ Categorize as an equilibrium problem
◼ No movement, so acceleration is zero
◼ Model as an object in equilibrium

F x =0 F y =0

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Equilibrium, Example 4

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 Equilibrium, Example 4
❑ Need 2 free-body diagrams
◼ Apply equilibrium equation to light
F
 Fy = 0 → T3 − Fg = 0 y = 0 → T3 − Fg = 0
T3 = Fg = 100 N
T3 = Fg = 100 N
◼ Apply equilibrium equations to knot

F x = T1x + T2 x = −T1 cos 37  + T2 cos 53 = 0

F y = T1 y + T2 y + T3 y
= T1 sin 37 + T2 sin 53 − 100 N = 0
 cos 37 
T2 = T1   = 1.33T1
 
 cos 53 
T1 = 60 N T2 = 1.33T1 = 80 N

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 Accelerating Objects
❑ If an object that can be modeled as a particle
experiences an acceleration, there must be a
nonzero net force acting on it
❑ Draw a free-body diagram
❑ Apply Newton’s Second Law in component form
 
 F = ma
F x = ma x F y = ma y

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Accelerating Objects, Example 5
❑ A man weighs himself with a scale in an elevator. While the elevator is at rest, he
measures a weight of 800 N.
◼ What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates upward at 2.0 m/s2?
a = 2.0 m/s2
◼ What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates downward at 2.0 m/s 2?
a = - 2.0 m/s2
N
N

mg mg
a) Upward b) Downward

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Accelerating Objects, Example 5
❑ A man weighs himself with a scale in an elevator. While
the elevator is at rest, he measures a weight of 800 N.
◼ What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates
upward at 2.0 m/s2? a = 2.0 m/s2
◼ What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates
downward at 2.0 m/s2? a = - 2.0 m/s2
❑ Upward: F y = N − mg = ma N
N = mg + ma = m( g + a ) N = 81.6(2.0 + 9.8) = 962.9 N
N
N  mg
w 800 N
m= = = 81.6kg
g 9.8 m/s 2
❑ Downward:
N = 81.6(−2.0 + 9.8) = 636.5 N mg mg
N  mg
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Example 6:
 Inclined Planes
❑Categorize as a particle under a
net force since it accelerates.
❑Forces acting on the object:
◼ The normal force acts
perpendicular to the plane.
◼ The gravitational force acts
straight down.

❑Choose the coordinate system

with x along the incline and y
perpendicular to the incline.

❑Replace the force of gravity with

its components.

❑Apply the model of a particle

under a net force to the x-
direction and a particle in Section 5.7
equilibrium to the y-direction.
 Friction Example
❑The block is sliding down
the plane, so friction acts up
the plane.
❑This setup can be used to
experimentally determine
the coefficient of friction.
❑µ = tan 
◼ For µs, use the angle
where the block just
slips.
◼ For µk, use the angle
where the block slides
down at a constant
speed.
Section 5.8
Inclined Plane, Example 7:
❑ Suppose a block with a mass of 2.50 kg is resting on a ramp. If the coefficient of static
friction between the block and ramp is 0.350, what maximum angle can the ramp make
with the horizontal before the block starts to slip down?
 Inclined Plane, Example 7:
❑ Newton 2nd law:

F x = mg sin  −  s N = 0
F y = N − mg cos  = 0
❑ Then N = mg cos 
F y = mg sin  −  s mg cos  = 0

❑ So tan  =  s = 0.350
 = tan −1 (0.350) = 19.3

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 Multiple Objects

❑Draw the free-body

diagram for each object
◼ One cord, so tension is
the same for both
objects
◼ Connected, so
acceleration is the
same for both objects
❑Categorize as particles
under a net force
❑Apply Newton’s Laws
❑Solve for the unknown(s)

Section 5.7
 Friction
❑Draw the free-body
diagram, including the
force of kinetic friction.
◼ Opposes the motion

◼ Is parallel to the
surfaces in contact
❑Continue with the solution
as with any Newton’s Law
problem.
❑This example gives
information about the
motion which can be used
to find the acceleration to
use in Newton’s Laws.

Section 5.8
 Friction

❑Friction acts only on the object in contact

with another surface.
❑Draw the free-body diagrams.
❑Apply Newton’s Laws as in any other
multiple object system problem.
Section 5.8
Multiple Objects, Example 8:
❑ A block of mass m1 on a rough, horizontal surface is connected to a ball of mass m2 by
a lightweight cord over a lightweight, frictionless pulley as shown in figure. A force of
magnitude F at an angle θ with the horizontal is applied to the block as shown and the
block slides to the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and surface
is μk. Find the magnitude of acceleration of the two objects.
 Multiple Objects, Example 8:
❑ m1: F x = F cos  − f k − T = m1a x = m1a
F y = N + F sin  − m1 g = 0
❑ m2:
F y = T − m2 g = m2 a y = m2 a

T = m2 (a + g )
N = m1 g − F sin 
f k =  k N =  k ( m1 g − F sin  )

F cos  −  k ( m1 g − F sin  ) − m2 (a + g ) = m1a

F (cos  +  k sin  ) − (m2 +  k m1 ) g
a=
m1 + m2

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Problem 1:
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