Physics 101

Lecture 4
Motion in 2D&3D
(Projectile Motion)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN
EMU Physics Department

www.aovgun.com
Vector and its components
❑ The components are the   
legs of the right triangle A = Ax + Ay
whose hypotenuse is A
 Ax = A cos( )  Ay 
 A = A2 + A2 and  = tan  
−1
 Ay = A sin(x ) y  Ax 

 A = ( A )2 + (A )2
 x y

 Or,
−1  y 
Ay A
tan ( ) = or  = tan  

 Ax  Ax 

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 Motion in two dimensions
❑ Kinematic variables in one dimension
◼ Position: x(t) m
◼ Velocity: v(t) m/s
x
◼ Acceleration: a(t) m/s2

❑ Kinematic variables in three dimensions y


◼ Position: r (t ) = xiˆ + yˆj + zkˆ m

◼ Velocity: v (t ) = vxiˆ + v y ˆj + vz kˆ m/s

◼ Acceleration: a (t ) = a x iˆ + a y ˆj + az kˆ m/s2
j
i
x
❑ All are vectors: have direction and k
z
magnitudes

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 Position and Displacement
❑ In one dimension
x = x2 (t2 ) − x1 (t1 )
x1 (t1) = - 3.0 m, x2 (t2) = + 1.0 m
Δx = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m   
r = r2 − r1

❑ In two dimensions
◼ Position: the position of an object is

described by its position vector r (t ) -
-always points to particle from origin.
  
◼ Displacement: r = r − r
2 1

r = ( x2iˆ + y2 ˆj ) − ( x1iˆ + y1 ˆj )
= ( x2 − x1 )iˆ + ( y2 − y1 ) ˆj
= xiˆ + yˆj
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Average & Instantaneous Velocity

❑ Average velocity v    r
t
avg

 x ˆ y ˆ
vavg = i+ j = vavg, xiˆ + vavg, y ˆj
t t
❑ Instantaneous velocity
 
  r dr
v  lim vavg = lim =
t →0 t →0 t dt

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v= = i+ j = vxiˆ + v y ˆj
dt dt dt

❑ v is tangent to the path in x-y graph;

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Example 1: Motion of a Turtle

A turtle starts at the origin and moves with the speed of v0=10 cm/s in the direction of 25° to
the horizontal.
(a) Find the coordinates of a turtle 10 seconds later.
(b) How far did the turtle walk in 10 seconds?

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 Motion of a Turtle, Example 1:
Notice, you can solve the
equations independently for the
horizontal (x) and vertical (y)
components of motion and then
combine them!
  
v0 = v x + v y
❑ X components:
v0 x = v0 cos 25 = 9.06 cm/s x = v0 x t = 90.6 cm
❑ Y components:
v0 y = v0 sin 25 = 4.23 cm/s y = v0 y t = 42.3 cm
❑ Distance from the origin:
d = x 2 + y 2 = 100.0 cm
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Average & Instantaneous Acceleration

❑ Average acceleration  v
aavg 
t
 v v
aavg = x iˆ + y ˆj = aavg, xiˆ + aavg, y ˆj
t t

❑ Instantaneous acceleration
  
  v dv  dv dvx ˆ dvy ˆ
a  lim aavg = lim = a= = i+ j = axiˆ + a y ˆj
t →0 t →0 t dt dt dt dt

❑ The magnitude of the velocity (the speed) can change

❑ The direction of the velocity can change, even though the
magnitude is constant
❑ Both the magnitude and the direction can change
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Summary in two dimension

❑ Position r (t ) = xiˆ + yˆj

 r x ˆ y ˆ ˆ ˆ
❑ Average velocity vavg = t = t i + t j = vavg, xi + vavg, y j

dx dy
❑ Instantaneous velocity vx  vy 
dt dt
 
 r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t ) = lim = = i+ j = vxiˆ + v y ˆj
t →0 t dt dt dt
dvx d 2 x dvyd2y
❑ Acceleration ax  = 2 ay  = 2
dt dt dt dt
 
 v dv dvx ˆ dvy ˆ
a (t ) = lim = = i+ j = axiˆ + a y ˆj
t →0 t dt dt dt
  
❑ r (t), v (t ), and a (t )are not necessarily same direction.

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 Motion in two dimensions
❑ Motions in each dimension are independent components
❑ Constant acceleration equations
      2
v = v0 + at r − r = v0t + 2 at
1

❑ Constant acceleration equations hold in each dimension

vx = v0 x + axt v y = v0 y + a y t
x − x0 = v0 xt + 12 axt 2 y − y0 = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2
v x = v0 x + 2a x ( x − x0 )
2 2
v y = v0 y + 2a y ( y − y0 )
2 2

◼ t = 0 beginning of the process;


◼ a = axiˆ + a y ˆj where ax and ay are constant;
 
◼ Initial velocity v0 = v0 xiˆ + v0 y ˆj initial displacement r0 = x0iˆ + y0 ˆj ;
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Example 2:

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Example 3:

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Example 4:

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Projectile Motion

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 Projectile Motion
❑ 2-D problem and define a coordinate
system: x- horizontal, y- vertical (up +)
❑ Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0
❑ Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
❑ Horizontal: ax = 0 , constant velocity
motion
❑ Vertical: ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2, v0y = 0
❑ Equations:
Horizontal Vertical

vx = v0 x + axt v y = v0 y + a y t y f = yi + viy t − 12 gt 2

x − x0 = v0 xt + 12 axt 2 y − y0 = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2

v x = v0 x + 2a x ( x − x0 )
2 2
v y = v0 y + 2a y ( y − y0 )February 5-8, 2013
2 2
 Projectile Motion
❑ X and Y motions happen independently, so
we can treat them separately
v x = v0 x v y = v0 y − gt
x = x0 + v0 xt y = y0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2
Horizontal Vertical

❑ Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0
❑ Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
❑ Horizontal: ax = 0 , constant velocity
motion
❑ Vertical: ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2
❑ x and y are connected by time t
❑ y(x) is a parabola February 5-8, 2013
 Projectile Motion
❑ 2-D problem and define a coordinate system.
❑ Horizontal: ax = 0 and vertical: ay = -g.
❑ Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0.
❑ Velocity initial conditions:
◼ v0 can have x, y components.
◼ v0x is constant usually. v0 x = v0 cos 0
◼ v0y changes continuously. v0 x = v0 sin  0
❑ Equations:
Horizontal Vertical

v x = v0 x v y = v0 y − gt
x = x0 + v0 xt y = y0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2
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 Trajectory of Projectile Motion
❑ Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0
v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0y = v0 sinθ0
❑ Horizontal motion:
x
x = 0 + v0 xt  t=
v0 x
❑ Vertical motion:
y = 0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2
2
 x  g x 
y = v0 y   −  
 v0 x  2  v0 x 
g
y = x tan  0 − x 2

2v0 cos2  0
2

❑ Parabola;
◼ θ0 = 0 and θ0 = 90
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 What is R and h ?
❑ Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0
v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0x = v0 sinθ0, then

x = 0 + v0 x t 0 = 0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2 h
2v0 y 2v0 sin  0
t= =
g g
2v cos 0 v0 sin  0 v0 sin 2 0
2
R = x − x0 = v0 x t = 0 =
g g
2
t gt
h = y − y0 = v0 y th − 12 gth = v0 y −  
2

2 2 2
v0 sin 2  0
2
h=
2g Horizontal Vertical
2v0 y v x = v0 x v y = v0 y − gt
v y = v0 y − gt = v0 y − g = −v0 y
g February 5-8, 2013
x = x0 + v0 xt y = y0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2
 Projectile Motion
at Various Initial Angles
❑ Complementary v0 sin 2
2

values of the initial R=

angle result in the g
same range
◼ The heights will be
different
❑ The maximum range
occurs at a projection
angle of 45o

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 Summary

❑ Position r (t ) = xiˆ + yˆj

 r x ˆ y ˆ ˆ ˆ
❑ Average velocity vavg = t = t i + t j = vavg, xi + vavg, y j

dx dy
❑ Instantaneous velocity vx  vy 
dt dt
 
 r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t ) = lim = = i+ j = vxiˆ + v y ˆj
t →0 t dt dt dt
dvx d 2 x dvyd2y
❑ Acceleration ax  = 2 ay  = 2
dt dt dt dt
 
 v dv dvx ˆ dvy ˆ
a (t ) = lim = = i+ j = axiˆ + a y ˆj
t →0 t dt dt dt
  
❑ r (t), v (t ), and a (t )are not necessarily in the same direction.

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 Summary
❑ If a particle moves with constant acceleration a, motion
equations are    2
rf = ri + vi t + 12 at

rf = x f iˆ + y f ˆj = ( xi + vxit + 12 axit 2 )iˆ + ( yi + v yit + 12 a yit 2 ) ˆj
  
v = vi + at

v f (t ) = v fxiˆ + v fy ˆj = (vix + axt )iˆ + (viy + a y t ) ˆj

❑ Projectile motion is one type of 2-D motion under constant

acceleration, where ax = 0, ay = -g.

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 Example 5:
During volcanic eruptions, chunks of solid rock can be blasted out of the volcano; these projectiles are called
volcanic bombs. The figure below shows a cross section of Mt. Fuji, in Japan. From the vent A to the foot of the
volcano at B, the vertical distance is h = 3.30km and horizontal distance is d = 940m. Neglecting air resistance,
(a) calculate the time of flight, and (4 P)
(b) calculate the initial speed of the projectile. (2P)

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 Example 6:
A movie stunt driver on a motorcycle speeds horizontally off a 50m high cliff. If the motorcycle will
land 90m from the base of the cliff, (ignore any kind of friction or resistance)
(a) Find the time of flight, (b) Find its initial speed in x-direction ,
(c) Find its acceleration vector just before hitting the ground.

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Homework 1:
A cliff diver is about to jump down a cliff of height 35.0m, at the bottom of the cliff there is
a 5m wide rock bank next to the sea. Calculate the minimum horizontal initial velocity the
cliff jumper has to push off. (No initial velocity component in y direction)

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Example 7:
A projectile is fired at an initial velocity of 35.0 m/s at an angle of 30.0 degrees above the horizontal from the roof
of a building 30.0 m high, as shown. Find
a) The maximum height of the projectile
b) The time to rise to the top of the trajectory
c) The total time of the projectile in the air
d)The velocity of the projectile at the ground
e)The range of the projectile

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Homework 2:
aA plane drops a package of supplies to a party of explorers. If
the plane is traveling horizontally at 40 m/s and is 100 m above
the ground. Where does the package strike the ground?

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Example 8:

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Example 9:

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Example 10:

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 Homework 3:

At what initial speed must the basketball player in

Figure throw the ball, at angle u0 = 37° above the
horizontal, to make the foul shot?
The horizontal distances are = 30 cm and
, = 440cm and the heights are = 220 cm
and . = 300 cm.

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 Uniform circular motion

Constant speed, or, Motion along a circle:

constant magnitude of velocity Changing direction of velocity

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 Circular Motion: Observations
❑ Object moving along a
curved path with constant
speed
◼ Magnitude of velocity: same
◼ Direction of velocity: changing
◼ Velocity: changing
◼ Acceleration is NOT zero!
◼ Net force acting on the
object is NOT zero  
◼ “Centripetal force” Fnet = ma
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 Uniform Circular Motion
❑ Centripetal acceleration vi
v r vr Δv = vf - vi
= so, v = vf
v r r vi y B
A
v r v v 2 vf
= = Δr
t t r r R
ri rf
v v 2
ar = =
t r O
x
❑ Direction: Centripetal

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 Uniform Circular Motion
❑ Velocity:  
ac ⊥ v
◼ Magnitude: constant v
◼ The direction of the velocity is
tangent to the circle
v2
ac =
r

❑ Acceleration: v2
ac =
◼ Magnitude: r
◼ directed toward the center of
the circle of motion
❑ Period:
◼ time interval required for one
complete revolution of the 2r
particle T=
v
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Example 11:

The bobsled track contains turns with radii of 33 m and 24 m.

Find the centripetal acceleration at each turn for a speed of 34 m/s.
Express answers as multiples of .

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Example 12:

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Homework 4:

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Homework 5:

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Example 13 :

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Homework 6:

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