Functions

SUMMARY

Function
1. Definition :
Function is a special case of relation, from a non empty set A to a non empty set B, that
associates
each member of A to a unique member of B. Symbolically, we write f: A → B. We read it as
“f is a
function from A to B".
Set 'A' is called domain off and set 'B' is called co-domain off.

2. Image of a point and Range of a Function :

Let f: A → B, then the set A is known as the domain off & the set B is known as co-domain
of f. If a
member 'a' of A is associated to the member 'b' of B, then 'b' is called the f-image of 'a' and
we write
b = f (a). Further 'a' is called a pre-image of 'b'. The set {f(a): ∀a ∈ A } is called the range of
f and
is denoted by f(A). Clearly f(A) ⊆ B.

3. Classification of Functions:
One- One Function (Injective Mapping) : x1 ≠ x2 ⇔ f(x1) ≠ f(x2 ).
Many- One function · f(x1) = f(x2 ) for some x1 ≠ x2 .
Onto function (Surjective mapping) : Range= codomain
Into function : range ≠ codomain

4. Various Types of Functions :

(i) polynomial Function : f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn-1 + a2xn-2 +……+ an-1 x + an where n is a non
negative integer and a0,a1,a2,……….. an are real numbers and a0 ≠ 0 is called a polynomial
function of degree n.
There are two polynomial functions, satisfying the relation; f(x).f(1/x)+f(1/x), which are
f(x) = 1±xn

(ii) Exponential Function : A function f(x) = ax = ex In a (a > 0, a ≠ 1, x ϵ R)

(iii) Logarithmic Function : f(x) = logax where a > 0 and a ≠ 1 and x > 0.
 x if x ≥ 0
(iv) Absolute Value Function / Modulus Function : f (x) = x = 
− x if x < 0

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 1 for x > 0  x ;
  x≠0
(v) Signum Function : sgn ( x )=  0 for x= 0=  x
−1 for x < 0  ; x = 0
 0
(vi) Greatest Integer Function : f (x) = [x] is greatest integer ≤ x

Properties of greatest integer function :

0; if x is an int eger

x − 1 < [ x ] ≤ x, [ x ± m ]= [ x] ± m if m ∈ I . [ x ] + [ − x ] 
 −1 otherwise

(vii) Fractional Part Function: f(x) = {x} = x- [x].

(Viii) Identity function : f : A → B, f(x) = x , ∀ x ϵ A is called identity function on A.
(ix) Constant function : f : A ➔ B; f(x) = c, \/ x e A, c e B is a constant function

5. Odd & Even Functions :

(i) If f (-x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of 'f' then f is said to be an even function.
(ii) If f (-x) = -f (x) for all x in the domain of 'f' then f is said to be an odd function.
If an odd function is defined at x = 0, then f(0) = 0

6. Periodic Function : If T ≠ 0, x- T and x + T ∈ domain off, f(x) = f(x + T) ∀ x ∈ domain off,

then is called periodic and T is its period.

The least positive period is called principal or fundamental period off or simply the
period of f.
Properties of Periodic Function

1
(a) If f(x) has a period T, then and f ( x ) also have a period T
f ( x)
T
(b) If f(x) has a period T then f (ax+ b) has a period
a
(c) If f (x) has a period T1 & g (x) has a period T2, then period of f(x) ± g(x) or f(x).g(x) or
f ( x)
g ( x)
Is L.C.M of T1 and T2 provide does exists. However, that L.C.M. (if exists) need not to be
f ( x)
fundamental period. If L.C.M. does not exists f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) . g(x) or is
g ( x)
periodic.

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7. Composite Function :
Let f: X → Y1 and g: Y2 → Z be two functions and the set D = { x ϵ X; f(x) ϵ Y2 }. If D ≠ ∅
then the function defined on D by h(x) = g{f(x)} is called composite function of g and f and is
denoted by gof. It is also called function of a function D ⊆ X .

Properties of Composite Functions :

If f and g both are one-one, then gof if defined is also be one-one.

If f and g both are onto, then gof may or may not be onto.
The composite of two bijections is a bijection iff f & g are two bijections such that gof is
defined, then
gof is also a bijection only when co-domain of f is equal to the domain of g.
If g is a function such that gof is defined on the domain off and f is periodic with T, then got
is also
periodic with T as one of its periods. Further if g is one-one, then T is the period of got ; if g is
also
periodic with ‘T ' as the period and the range off is a sub-set of [0, T' ], then T is the period of
gof

8. Inverse of a Function :
Let f : A → B be a function . Then f is invertible iff there is a function g : B → A such that
gof is an
identity function on A and fog is an identity function on B. Then g is called inverse of f and is
denoted by f-1.
For a function to be invertible it must be bijective

9. Equal or Identical Function :

Two functions f & g are said to be identical (or equal) iff :The domain off = the domain of g,
The range of f = c the range of g and f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common
domain.

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Practice Questions
 1  2
1. The fundamental period of the function f ( x ) = [ x] +  x +  +  x +  − 3 x + sin 3π x − 1 is:
 3  3
1
(a)
3
2
(b)
3
4
(c)
3
(d) None of these

 x−4
2. If f 
 x+2
 = 2 x + 1, ( x ∈ R − {1, −2}) , then ∫ f ( x ) dx is equal to: (where C is a constant of

integration)
(a) 12 log e |1 − x | −3 x + c
(b) −12 log e |1 − x | +3 x + c
(c) −12 log e |1 − x | −5 x + c
(d) 12 log e |1 − x | +5 x + c

3. Let S = {x ∈ R : x ≥ 0 and 2 | x − 3 | + x ( )
x − 6 + 6 = 0 . Then S:
(a) contains exactly four elements.
(b) is an empty set.
(c) contains exactly one element.
(d) contains exactly two elements.

x
4. The function f : N → N defined by f ( x )= x − 5   , where N is the set of natural numbers and
5
[x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is:
(a) one-one and onto.
(b) one-one but not onto.
(c) onto but not one-one.
(d) neither one-one nor onto.

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( x −1)( x 2 + 5 x −50 )
5. The sum of all the real of x satisfying the equation 2 = 1 is:
(a) 16
(b) 14
(c) – 4
(d) – 5

 1 1 x
6. The function f : R →  − ,  defined as f ( x ) = , is
 2 2 1 + x2
(a) invertible
(b) Injective but not surjective
(c) Surjective but not injective
(d) Neither injective nor surjective

7. For x 𝜖𝜖 R, f(x) = |log 2 – sin x| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then:

(a) g is not differentiable at x = 0
(b) g ' (0) = cos (loge (2))
(c) g ' (0) = – cos(log2)
(d) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g ' (0) = – sin(log2)

8. Let f ( x ) = x105 + x53 + x 27 + x13 + x 3 + 3 x + 1 . If g(x) is inverse of function f(x), then the value
of g ' (1) is
(a) 3
1
(b)
3
1
(c) −
3
(d) not defined

 xy 
9. The function f(x) is defined for all real x, if f ( x +=
y ) f   ∀x, y and f(-4) = - 4, then f(2011)
 4 
is
(a) 2010
(b) 2012
(c) 4
(d) – 4

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10
( f ( x ) ) + ( f ( y ) ) for all, x y ∈ R and f(1) = 3, then the value of
y x
f ( xy )
10. If 2= ∑ f (r )
r =1

3 10
(a)
2
( 3 − 1)
3
(b) ( 39 − 1)
2
310 − 1
(c)
2
(d) none of these

π
) 5cos x + 3cos  x +  + 4 is
11. The range of the function f ( x=
 3
(a) [-3, 11]
(b) [-18, 10]
(c) [-10, 18]
(d) None of these

12. The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetric about line x = 2, then
(a) f (x + 2) = f (x – 2)
(b) f (2 + x) = f (2 – x)
(c) f (x) = f (- x)
(d) f (x) = - f (-x)

13. For real x, left f (x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then

(a) f is one-one but not onto R
(b) f is onto R but not one-one
(c) f is one-one and onto R
(d) f is neither one-one nor onto R

1 1
14. If f(x) is a polynomial satisfying f ( x ) . f =
  f ( x) + f   and f(3) = 82, then f(2) is equal
x x
to:
(a) 16
(b) 17
(c) 19
(d) 21

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15. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by

 n −1
 2 , when n is odd
f (n) =  is
 − n , when n is even
 2
(a) one-one but not onto
(b) onto but not one-one
(c) one-one and onto both
(d) neither one-one nor onto

n
16. If f : R → R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x, y 𝜖𝜖 R and f(1) = 7, then ∑ f ( r ) is
r =1

7n
(a)
2
7 ( n + 1)
(b)
2
(c) 7 n ( n + 1)
7 n ( n + 1)
(d)
2

3
17. Domain and definition of the function f ( x ) = 2 + log10 ( x3 − x ) , is
4− x
(a) (1, 2)
(b) (-1, 0) ∪ (1, 2)
(c) (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
(d) (-1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

( )
18. The function f ( x ) = log x + x + 1 , is
2

(a) an even function

(b) an odd function
(c) a periodic function
(d) neither an even nor an odd function
19. The period of sin2𝜃𝜃 is
(a) 𝜋𝜋2
(b) 𝜋𝜋
(c) 2𝜋𝜋
(d) 𝜋𝜋/2

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  x 
20. The domain of sin −1 log 3    is
  3 
(a) [1, 9]
(b) [-1, 9]
(c) [-9, 1]
(d) [-9. -1]

21. The period of the function f (x) = sin4x + cos4x is

(a) 𝜋𝜋
(b) 𝜋𝜋/2
(c) 2𝜋𝜋
(d) None of these

 5x − x2 
22. The domain of definition of the function f ( x ) = log10   is
 4 
(a) [1, 4]
(b) [1, 0]
(c) [0, 5]
(d) [5, 0]

x3 x 2
23. f ( x ) = + + ax + b , ∀x ∈ R , then find least value of ‘a’ for which f(x) is injective function
3 2
1
(a)
4
(b) 1
1
(c)
2
1
(d)
8

24. A real valued function f (x) satisfies the functional equation f (x – y) = f (x) – f (a – x) f (a + y),
where a is a given constant and f (0) = 1, then f (2a – x) is equal to
(a) f(x)
(b) f(x) – 1
(c) – f(x)
(d) f(x) + 1

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1
25. The domain of the function f ( x ) =
| x | −x
(a) (0, ∞)
(b) (-∞ ,0)
(c) (-∞, ∞) – {0}
(d) (-∞, ∞)

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Answer Key

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b)

8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b)
15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (b)
22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b)

“Detail solutions are mentioned in the content library”

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