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Introduction To 8085 Microprocessor

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced in 1976, featuring a 16-bit address bus and operating on a +5V power supply. It includes various registers such as the accumulator, general-purpose registers, stack pointer, and program counter, which facilitate arithmetic and logical operations. The microprocessor is housed in a 40-pin dual inline package, with pins designated for power supply, clock signals, control signals, and I/O functions.

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9 views3 pages

Introduction To 8085 Microprocessor

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced in 1976, featuring a 16-bit address bus and operating on a +5V power supply. It includes various registers such as the accumulator, general-purpose registers, stack pointer, and program counter, which facilitate arithmetic and logical operations. The microprocessor is housed in a 40-pin dual inline package, with pins designated for power supply, clock signals, control signals, and I/O functions.

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Musa Kunroo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Introduction to 8085 Microprocessor


The Intel 8085 is an 8bit generalpurpose microprocessor developed using NMOS
technology. Introduced in 1976, it performs arithmetic, logical, branching, and data
transfer operations efficiently. It operates on a single +5V power supply and has
builtin serial I/O and interrupt control.

Key Features:

8bit data bus


16bit address bus (64KB memory access)
Clock speed: Typically 3 MHz to 5 MHz
40pin Dual Inline Package (DIP)
Uses Von Neumann architecture (shared program/data memory)

2. Registers in 8085

1. Overview of Registers in 8085


8085 microprocessor includes several key registers:
Accumulator (A): 8bit register used in arithmetic and logical operations.
General Purpose Registers: B, C, D, E, H, and L (8bit each).
Register pairs: BC, DE, and HL used for 16bit operations.
Stack Pointer (SP): 16bit register pointing to top of the stack.
Program Counter (PC): 16bit register pointing to next instruction in memory.
Instruction Register: Temporarily holds the instruction being decoded.
Flag Register: 8bit register containing condition flags: Sign (S), Zero (Z), Auxiliary
Carry (AC), Parity (P), and Carry (CY).
Temporary Registers (W, Z): Used internally for execution (not accessible by
programmer).

2. Accumulator
An 8bit register that stores intermediate and final results of arithmetic and logic
operations.
Also known as register A.
Essential for operations involving ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit).

3. General Purpose Registers


B, C, D, E, H, and L are 8bit general purpose registers.
Can be used individually or as register pairs (BC, DE, HL) for 16bit data.
HL pair is often used as a memory pointer.
4. Stack Pointer (SP) and Program Counter (PC)
SP is a 16bit register that points to the top of the stack in R/W memory.
Stack grows downward in memory, autodecrementing during PUSH operations.
Used during subroutine calls and returns.
Operates in LIFO (Last In First Out) manner.
PC is a 16bit register used to point to the memory address of the next instruction.
Automatically increments after each instruction fetch.

5. Flag Register
Consists of five 1bit flags:
Sign (S): Set if MSB of result is 1.
Zero (Z): Set if result is zero.
Auxiliary Carry (AC): Set if carry from bit 3 to bit 4 occurs.
Parity (P): Set if result has even number of 1s.
Carry (CY): Set if there is a carry/borrow from D7.
Flags are used for decision making in conditional instructions.

6. Temporary Registers
W and Z registers are used internally by the microprocessor for instruction
execution.
Example: CALL, RET, and XCHG instructions use these registers for temporary
storage.

7. Instruction Register and Decoder


Instruction register temporarily stores the opcode of the instruction fetched from
memory.
The instruction is then decoded and executed by the control unit.

3. Pin Diagram of 8085 – Summary


1. Overview
The 8085 microprocessor is a 40pin dual inline package (DIP).
It includes various pins categorized into power supply, clock signals, control signals,
and I/O functions.
2. Power Supply and Clock Signals
VCC (Pin 40): +5V power supply.
VSS (Pin 20): Ground (0V).
X1 & X2 (Pins 1 and 2): Crystal oscillator connections; internal clock generator
divides the frequency by 2.
CLK (OUT) (Pin 37): Clock output used to synchronize other peripherals.
3. Address and Data Buses
AD0–AD7 (Pins 12–19): Lowerorder address bus and data bus (multiplexed).
A8–A15 (Pins 21–28): Higherorder address bus used to access memory locations.
4. Control and Status Signals
ALE (Pin 30): Address Latch Enable – used to demultiplex AD0–AD7.
RD (Pin 32): Read signal – active low, used to read data from memory or I/O
devices.
WR (Pin 31): Write signal – active low, used to write data to memory or I/O devices.
IO/M (Pin 34): Distinguishes whether the operation is for memory (low) or I/O
(high).
S0 & S1 (Pins 29 and 33): Status signals indicating current operation mode.
5. Interrupt Signals
INTR (Pin 10): Interrupt request – general purpose interrupt.
INTA (Pin 11): Interrupt acknowledge signal.
RST 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 (Pins 8, 9, 7): Restart interrupts with predefined vector addresses.
TRAP (Pin 6): Nonmaskable interrupt with highest priority.
6. DMA (Direct Memory Access) Signals
HOLD (Pin 39): External device requests control of address and data buses.
HLDA (Pin 38): Hold acknowledge – CPU acknowledges the HOLD request.
7. Serial I/O Signals
SID (Pin 5): Serial input data.
SOD (Pin 4): Serial output data.
8. Reset Signals
RESET IN (Pin 36): Resets the microprocessor. PC is set to 0000H.
RESET OUT (Pin 3): Indicates the processor is being reset; used to reset external
devices.

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