FLUID MECHANICS

• EEC/EECQ 2231:
• Introduction to fluids Mechanics.
• Properties of fluids.
• Pressure(Gauge, Atmospheric and absolute pressure)and pressure measurements.Gauge.Intensity of pressure. Pressure
head.
• Pressure on submerged soilds/bodies. Pascal’s law. Centre of pressure.
• Stability of floating bodies; Buoyancy. Bernoulli's theorem.
• Types of flow: Stream flow, Stream tube, Stream lines and velocity diagrams.
• Vortex flow.
 FORCES ON SURFACES SUBMERGED IN STATIC FLUID
• Pressure Intensity:- Pressure intensity p = or in case of a liquid column p = =
• Surfaces submerged in static fluids experience fluid force that is distributed on the submerged surface.
• Generally, a resultant force can replace the distributed forces conveniently. This resultant force is called
hydrostatic force or thrust.
• Computation of such force is desired for the design of storage tanks, crest gates on dam spillways water front
structures and other hydraulic structures.
 Pascal’s law-Pressure intensity

• Pascal’s law named in honour of Blaise Pascal (1623–1662),a French mathematician who made important contributions in
the field of hydrostatics.
• According to pascal’s law; Pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions. i.e Px = py = ps
• Ref Fluid mechanics by Douglas, Gasiorek and Swaffield
 Pascal’s law-Pressure intensity

• Pascal’s law named in honor of Blaise Pascal (1623–1662),a French mathematician who made important contributions in
the field of hydrostatics.
• According to pascal’s law; Pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions. i.e Px = py = ps
• Ref Fluid mechanics by Douglas, Gasiorek and Swaffield
 Pascal’s law-Pressure intensity

• Pascal’s law,named in honor of Blaise Pascal (1623–1662),a French mathematician who made important contributions in
the field of hydrostatics.
• According to pascal’s law; Pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions. i.e Px = py = ps
Consider a wedge shaped element at a point A in a static fluid with thickness (perpendicular to the plane of paper)dy as
shown in the figure.
Since no tangential stresses can exit in a fluid at rest, let P be the pressure on a plane at an angle to the horizontal, and
Px , ps, on the horizontal and vertical planes.
Then resolving; ∑ = 0; (pdldy)sin – Px(dy ds)= 0
sin = , p = px
∑ = 0; (pdldy)sin – (p dl dy)cos − ( dx dz dy) = 0
cos = , and neglecting the third term of higher order = ps = p
∴ p = px = ps or pz ; or Px = py = ps which is independent of .
.Hence at any point in a fluid at rest, the intensity of pressure is exerted equally in all directions, which is called
Pascal’s law.
 Pascal’s law-Pressure intensity
Pascal’s law;
Example: Determine the force available at the ram of a Hydraulic press if force on the piston is 20KN and the area
of the ram and piston are 1m2 and 0.1m2 respectively when; = → . = . →F = 200KN
The two are directly connected through a pipe
A rectangular intensifier is employed as an intermediate device with piston area = 0.02m2
 SUBMERGED LAMINA cont..
• Considering a plane surface of an arbitrary shape inclined at an angle to the horizontal.
• Surface completely submerged in liquid of unit weight or Specific weight =
• Intersection of this plane with the plane of free surface is the x- axis while it is along the inclined plane
• For elemental force due pressure = PdA = h dA = hsin dA = sin dA Note that the Fluid not in motion so,
there is no shear stresses.
• F=∫ dA = ∫
• Since ∫ is 1st moment of area
• Then F = sin A = A
• Where ℎ is the depth of centroid below free surface.
• But Ixx = Icc + A
• Where Ixx is the 2 nd moment of area along the x-x axis

• There fore y’ = + = + = (C.P) or Yp =Y’ which is the centre of pressure→ Yp = Y’ = +

But Kcc = this is the radius of gyration……Ref. Solutions to fluid mechanics problems Douglas D.F (I)
SUBMERGED LAMINA
 FORCES OF FLUIDS OVER CURVED SURFACES
• Submerged Curved surfaces
 FLUIDS OVER CURVE SURFACES
• Consider curved surface AB
• Consider the equilibrium of the of the body of the liquid ABEDC,
• Curved surface exerts a force on ABC
• In this FH and FV are the vertical and horizontal components forces exerted on surface by the liquid.
• Upper part of fluid column BCDE has component force F1 balance each other.
• Two forces are collinear but acting opposite each other.
• FV = W1 +W2 + Wair ≈ W1 +W2 ; FV = gV …. V is the volume occupied by assumed fluid on
ABEDC this is per unit length or FV = gA.L but A.L = V or A.1 = V
• FH = g (BH) = gH2 acting through H from the base.
• In this base B = gH and assumed height through ACD = H
• Resultant Thrust per unit length FR = +
 Forces of fluids over curved surfaces
Pressure diagram
P=
• = = = unit weight of water
• A = bh = = wH2 =
FORCES OF FLUIDS OVER CURVED SURFACES
 FORCES OF FLUIDS OVER CURVED SURFACES
Pressure diagram for inclined submerged surfaces:
Forces of fluids over curved surfaces
 Forces of fluids over curved surfaces
Curved surfaces
Forces of fluids over curved surfaces
 FORCES OF FLUIDS OVER CURVED SURFACES
• Example:
• A sluice gate in form of a circular arc of radius 6m is as shown in the figure. Determine the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force on the gate, and the location with respect to O of a point on its action.
Solution:
• Since water reaches the top of the gate, Depth of water h = 2 x 6 sin 30o = 6m
• Horizontal component of force FH per unit length from the projected face PSQ= Total force on PSQ per unit length = =
= = . → FH = 176580 N/m length (Force per unit length)
• Vertical component force on the gate = Fv = Vertical force per unit length = Weight of water displaced by segment PSQ
• Segment PSQ = −∆ = = → Fv = =
• → – (6 sin 30o x 6cos 30o ) x 1000 x 9.81 = 32000Nm-1 or N/m i.e to say;
∴ FH = 176.58KN/m and Fv = 32KN/m
Resultant Thrust FR = + = . + = 179.46KN/m run
Fv o 27’ to the horizontal
Angle of inclination to ythe horizontal = Tan = = = 0. 1812 → = 10
FH .
Since the surface of the gate spherical, The resultant force FR must pass through O where the gate is hinged
Example 2.0 FLUIDS OVER CURVE SURFACES cont..
A dam is having a curved surface as shown in the figure. The height of the water retained by the dam is 20m;density of water is
1000kg/m3. Assuming g as 9.81 m/s2,determine the horizontal force acting on the dam per unit length, the resultant force and its angle of
inclination to the horizontal.
• FH = L but in this case H = 20m; H = y; then
• → FH = x 1000 9.81 x 202 x 1.0 = 196.2 x 104
• ∴ FH = 196.2 x 104
• We Know from this, that x = 2y1/2
• Integrating this equation. 2y1/2 between 0 – 20
•→ ∫ 2y1/2 = 2 .
− = 119.26m2
• ∴ A = 119.26m2
• Then Fv = AL = V = 1000 x 9.81 x 119.26 x 1.0 =116.94 x 104 → Fv = 116.94 x 104
• FR = + = FR = . +( . 104)2 = 2299.6 x 103 → FR = 2299.6 103 N/m
run
Fv 116.94
Angle of inclination to the horizontal Tan = = 196.2 = 0.5960 → = 30o 47’
FH