Linear Regression

clear all;
close all;
clc;

x = 1:7;
y = [0.5 2.5 2 4 3.5 6 5.5];

figure(1);
plot(x,y,'ro','LineWidth',1.5);
grid on;
hold on;

n = length(x);

a1 = (n*sum(x.*y) - sum(x)*sum(y)) / (n*sum(x.^2) - sum(x)^2);

a0 = mean(y) - a1*mean(x);

xr = 1:0.01:7;
yr = a1*xr + a0;

figure(1);
plot(xr,yr,'b','LineWidth',1.5);
grid on;
hold on;

Polynomial Regression

clear all;
close all;
clc;

x = 0:5;
y = [2.1 7.7 13.6 27.2 40.9 61.1];

figure(1);
plot(x,y,'ro','LineWidth',1.5);
grid on;
hold on;

n = length(x);

X = [n sum(x) sum(x.^2);
sum(x) sum(x.^2) sum(x.^3);
sum(x.^2) sum(x.^3) sum(x.^4)];

Y = [sum(y) sum(x.*y) sum((x.^2).*y)]';

A = X\Y;
A = A';
a0 = A(1);
a1 = A(2);
a2 = A(3);

xr = 0:0.01:5;
yr = a2*(xr.^2) + a1*xr + a0;

figure(1);
plot(xr,yr,'b','LineWidth',1.5);
grid on;
hold on;

Linear Interpolation

clear all;
close all;
clc;

x = 0:6; % x = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y = [0 0.8415 0.9093 0.1411 -0.7568 -0.9589 -0.2794];

n = length(x); % n = 7

figure(1);
plot(x,y,'ro','LineWidth',1.5);
grid on;
hold on;

xs = 0:0.01:6; %xs(315) = 3.14

L = length(xs); % L = 601
ys = zeros(1,L);

for i=1:L

for j=1:(n-1)

if xs(i)>=x(j) && xs(i)<x(j+1)

b = j;
a = j+1;
end
end

%ys(i) = ((xs(i)-x(b))/(x(a)-x(b)))*y(a) - ((xs(i)-x(a))/(x(a)-

x(b)))*y(b);
ys(i) = y(b) + ((y(b)-y(a))/(x(b)-x(a)))*(xs(i)-x(b));

end

figure(1);
plot(xs,ys,'b--');
grid on;
hold on;
xp = 0.79;
tol = 0.001;
ind = find(abs(xs-xp)<=tol);
yp = ys(ind);

display(xp);
display(yp);

figure(1);
plot(xp,yp,'rx','LineWidth',2);
grid on;
hold on;

Newton R
clear all;
close all;
clc;

% Define the function and its derivative

f = @(x) exp(-x) - 1;
df = @(x) -exp(-x);

% Initial guess
x0 = 0;

% Tolerance
tol = 1e-8;

% Iteration counter
iter = 0;

% Initialize current value

x_new = x0;

% Newton-Raphson iteration
while abs(f(x_new)) > tol
x_new = x_new - f(x_new) / df(x_new);
iter = iter + 1;
end

fprintf('Obtained Root using Newton-Raphson Method = %f\n', x_new);

fprintf('Total number of iterations required = %d\n', iter);

Bisection
clear all;
close all;
clc;

f = @(x) x.^5 + x + 1; % Defining the function

x_low = -1; % Lower bracket

x_up = 0; % Upper bracket
tol = 1e-4; % Tolerance
iter = 0; % Iteration counter
% Check if root exists in the interval
if f(x_low) * f(x_up) >= 0
error('No root in the given interval.');
end

% Bisection method loop

while (x_up - x_low)/2 > tol
x_mid = (x_low + x_up) / 2;
if f(x_low) * f(x_mid) < 0
x_up = x_mid; % Root lies between x_low and x_mid
else
x_low = x_mid; % Root lies between x_mid and x_up
end
iter = iter + 1;
end

root_bisection = (x_low + x_up) / 2; % Final root estimate

fprintf('Obtained Root using Bisection Method = %f\n', root_bisection);

fprintf('Total no. of iterations required = %d\n', iter);

False Position
clear all;
close all;
clc;

f = @(x) x^5 + x + 1; % Defining the function

x_low = -1; % Lower bracket
x_up = 0; % Upper bracket
tol = 1e-4; % Tolerance
max_iter = 100; % Maximum allowed iterations
iter = 0; % Iteration counter

% Check if a root is bracketed

if f(x_low) * f(x_up) >= 0
error('No root in the given interval.');
end

while abs(x_up - x_low) > tol

% False position formula
x_fp = x_up - f(x_up) * (x_low - x_up) / (f(x_low) - f(x_up));

if f(x_low) * f(x_fp) < 0

x_up = x_fp; % Root is in [x_low, x_fp]
else
x_low = x_fp; % Root is in [x_fp, x_up]
end

iter = iter + 1;
 if iter > max_iter
fprintf('Maximum iterations reached.\n');
break;
end
end

fprintf('\nFalse Position Method Root = %f\n', x_fp);

fprintf('Total number of iterations = %d\n', iter);

exp5prb1
clear all;
close all;
clc;

% Define the function and its derivative

f = @(x) exp(-x) - 1;
df = @(x) -exp(-x);

% Initial guess
x0 = 0;

% Tolerance
tol = 1e-8;

% Iteration counter
iter = 0;

% Initialize current value

x_new = x0;

% Newton-Raphson iteration
while abs(f(x_new)) > tol
x_new = x_new - f(x_new) / df(x_new);
iter = iter + 1;
end

fprintf('Obtained Root using Newton-Raphson Method = %f\n', x_new);

fprintf('Total number of iterations required = %d\n', iter);

exp5prb2a
close all;
clear all;
clc;

% Data
x = [0 4 8 12 16 20];
y = [67 84 98 125 149 185];

% Plot original data

figure(1);
plot(x, y, 'o');
grid on;
hold on;
% Linear fit: y = a1*x + a0
n = length(x);
a1 = (n*sum(x.*y) - sum(x)*sum(y)) / (n*sum(x.^2) - sum(x)^2);
a0 = mean(y) - a1*mean(x);

% Display coefficients
fprintf('Linear Fit: y = %fx + %f\n', a1, a0);

% Plot best-fit line

xr = 0:0.1:40;
yr = a1 * xr + a0;
plot(xr, yr);
title('Linear Fit to Bacterial Growth');
xlabel('Days');
ylabel('Amount (x10^6)');
legend('Data', 'Linear Fit');

% Prediction after 40 days

y40 = a1 * 40 + a0;
fprintf('Predicted bacteria amount after 40 days: %f x10^6\n', y40);

exp5prb2b

close all;
clear all;
clc;

% Given data
x = [0 4 8 12 16 20];
y = [67 84 98 125 149 185];

% Plot original data

figure(1);
plot(x, y, 'o', 'MarkerFaceColor', 'b');
hold on;
grid on;
xlabel('Days');
ylabel('Bacteria Count (×10^6)');
title('Parabolic Fit to Bacterial Growth');

% Construct matrices for 2nd-order polynomial: y = a0 + a1*x + a2*x^2

n = length(x);
X = [n sum(x) sum(x.^2);
sum(x) sum(x.^2) sum(x.^3);
sum(x.^2) sum(x.^3) sum(x.^4)];

Y = [sum(y);
sum(x .* y);
sum((x.^2) .* y)];

% Solve for coefficients

A = X\Y;
a0 = A(1);
a1 = A(2);
a2 = A(3);

% Generate fitted curve

xr = 0:0.1:40; % extended to 40 days for prediction
yr = a0 + a1*xr + a2*(xr.^2);

% Plot the fitted curve

plot(xr, yr, 'r-', 'LineWidth', 2);
legend('Data', '2nd Order Polynomial Fit');

% Predict value at 40 days

y40 = a0 + a1*40 + a2*40^2;
fprintf('Predicted bacteria count at 40 days: %.2f × 10^6\n', y40);

exp5prb3

close all;
clear all;
clc;

x = [0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.3];

y = [800 975 1500 1950 2900 3600];

figure(1);
plot(x, y, 'o', 'MarkerFaceColor', 'b');
hold on;
grid on;

n = length(x);

% Construct matrices for normal equations (quadratic fit)

X = [n, sum(x), sum(x.^2);
sum(x), sum(x.^2), sum(x.^3);
sum(x.^2), sum(x.^3), sum(x.^4)];

Y = [sum(y); sum(x.*y); sum((x.^2).*y)];

A = X\Y;
A = A';

a0 = A(1);
a1 = A(2);
a2 = A(3);

% Generate fitted values

xr = linspace(min(x), max(x), 100);
yr = a2*(xr.^2) + a1*xr + a0;

plot(xr, yr, 'r-', 'LineWidth', 2);

legend('Data points', 'Quadratic fit');
title('Quadratic Fit to Data');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y');
exp6prb1
clear all;
close all;
clc;

% Given data
x = [0 1.8 5 6 8.2 9.2 12]; % x values
y = [26 16.415 5.375 3.5 2.015 2.54 8]; % y values

n = length(x);

% Plot original data

figure(1);
plot(x, y, 'ro', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
grid on;
hold on;

% Interpolation range
xs = linspace(min(x), max(x), 500); % Densely sampled x values
ys = zeros(size(xs)); % Preallocate

% Linear interpolation manually

for i = 1:length(xs)
for j = 1:(n-1)
if xs(i) >= x(j) && xs(i) <= x(j+1)
% Linear interpolation formula
ys(i) = y(j) + ((y(j+1) - y(j)) / (x(j+1) - x(j))) * (xs(i) -
x(j));
break;
end
end
end

% Plot interpolated curve

plot(xs, ys, 'b--');

% Interpolation at x = 3.5
x_target = 3.5;
for j = 1:(n-1)
if x_target >= x(j) && x_target <= x(j+1)
y_interp = y(j) + ((y(j+1) - y(j)) / (x(j+1) - x(j))) * (x_target -
x(j));
break;
end
end

% Display result
fprintf('Estimated y at x = %.2f: %.4f\n', x_target, y_interp);

% Plot the interpolated point

plot(x_target, y_interp, 'kx', 'LineWidth', 2);
legend('Data points', 'Interpolated line', 'Estimated point');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y');
title('Linear Interpolation');
exp5prb2
clear all;
close all;
clc;

% Given data
T = [0 8 16 24 32 40]; % Temperature in Celsius
O2 = [14.621 11.843 9.870 8.418 7.305 6.413]; % Oxygen concentration (mg/L)

n = length(T);

% Plot original data

figure(1);
plot(T, O2, 'ro', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
grid on;
hold on;

% Interpolation range
Ts = 0:0.1:40; % Dense temp range
L = length(Ts);
O2s = zeros(1, L);

% Linear interpolation manually

for i = 1:L
for j = 1:(n-1)
if Ts(i) >= T(j) && Ts(i) <= T(j+1)
% Linear interpolation formula
O2s(i) = O2(j) + ((O2(j+1) - O2(j)) / (T(j+1) - T(j))) * (Ts(i) -
T(j));
break;
end
end
end

% Plot interpolated curve

plot(Ts, O2s, 'b--');

% Estimate at T = 27°C
T_target = 27;
tol = 0.01;
ind = find(abs(Ts - T_target) <= tol);
O2_interp = O2s(ind);

% Display results
fprintf('Estimated Oxygen at T = %.1f°C: %.3f mg/L\n', T_target, O2_interp);

% Exact value and error

O2_exact = 7.986;
error_percent = abs((O2_interp - O2_exact) / O2_exact) * 100;
fprintf('Exact Oxygen: %.3f mg/L\n', O2_exact);
fprintf('Percentage Error: %.2f%%\n', error_percent);

% Mark interpolated point

plot(T_target, O2_interp, 'kx', 'LineWidth', 2);
legend('Data points', 'Interpolated line', 'Estimated point');
xlabel('Temperature (°C)');
ylabel('Oxygen Concentration (mg/L)');
title('Linear Interpolation of Dissolved Oxygen');

exp8prb1
clear all;
close all;
clc;

% Define the function and its derivative

f = @(x) exp(-x) - 1;
df = @(x) -exp(-x);

% Initial guess
x0 = 0;

% Tolerance
tol = 1e-8;

% Iteration counter
iter = 0;

% Initialize current value

x_new = x0;

% Newton-Raphson iteration
while abs(f(x_new)) > tol
x_new = x_new - f(x_new) / df(x_new);
iter = iter + 1;
end

fprintf('Obtained Root using Newton-Raphson Method = %f\n', x_new);

fprintf('Total number of iterations required = %d\n', iter);