UNIT 1

1. What is Malware Analysis?

Malware analysis is the process of studying malicious software to understand its functionality, origin,
impact, and how it can be detected or removed. The main goal is to determine how malware
behaves once it infects a system—what files it modifies, what data it steals, and how it
communicates with external servers. This process is essential for cybersecurity professionals who
need to respond to incidents, improve defenses, and create detection rules. Malware analysis can
also reveal hidden capabilities within malware, such as backdoors, data exfiltration methods, or
persistence mechanisms. By analyzing the malware, analysts can also trace its development patterns,
understand the attacker's intent, and identify other systems that may be infected. Malware can range
from simple viruses to highly sophisticated spyware or ransomware. Understanding these threats at
a technical level allows for more informed decisions about how to defend networks and respond to
intrusions. The analysis can be manual, automated, or a mix of both. Manual analysis offers deeper
insights but takes more time, while automated tools provide quicker overviews. In short, malware
analysis transforms unknown threats into known threats, enabling detection, removal, and
prevention.

2. Why Malware Analysis?

Malware analysis is crucial because it provides the detailed understanding needed to defend against,
contain, and recover from cyberattacks. When an organization discovers malware on its network, it is
not enough to delete the file—security teams must understand how the malware entered, what it
did, and whether it is still active. This is where malware analysis comes in. It helps identify the scope
of the infection, determine the attacker’s goals, and assess the damage. For instance, analysis might
reveal that the malware was part of a larger attack involving a data breach or a persistent backdoor.
It also plays a vital role in developing detection signatures for antivirus and intrusion detection
systems. These signatures allow similar threats to be identified and blocked in the future.
Additionally, malware analysis supports digital forensics, threat intelligence sharing, and legal
investigations. For government, enterprise, and cybersecurity firms, this knowledge is essential to
improve security postures and defend against evolving threats. It also allows security teams to
classify threats, track malware families, and understand adversary tactics. Without malware analysis,
organizations would be left responding blindly to infections, potentially missing stealthy or long-term
compromises. Thus, it’s an essential skill in modern cybersecurity.

3. Types of Malware Analysis

There are three primary types of malware analysis: static, dynamic, and hybrid. Static analysis
examines the malware without executing it. This includes analyzing the file’s binary, strings, headers,
and imported functions. It is safe and fast but might miss behaviors hidden by obfuscation or
packing. Tools like VirusTotal, PEview, and strings are often used. Dynamic analysis, on the other
hand, involves running the malware in a controlled environment like a virtual machine. Analysts
observe system behavior such as file creation, registry changes, or network communication. Tools like
Process Monitor, Wireshark, and RegShot are commonly used here. Dynamic analysis gives real-time
insight but carries a risk if not properly isolated. The third approach is hybrid analysis, which
combines both methods for a more complete understanding. It might begin with static examination
to understand structure and indicators, followed by dynamic execution to confirm behavior. This
layered approach helps reveal the malware’s full functionality, even if it tries to hide it. Advanced
analysis often includes reverse engineering, requiring knowledge of assembly language and use of
debuggers. The choice of technique depends on the malware's complexity and the goals of the
analysis.

4. Basic Static Analysis

Basic static analysis involves examining malware without running it. This method provides an initial,
safe understanding of what the file might do. It includes reviewing file metadata, strings, headers,
and imported functions using tools like VirusTotal, PEview, and strings. Since the malware is not
executed, there's no risk of infection, making it a preferred starting point for analysts. Basic static
analysis can reveal key information such as suspicious function calls, URLs, file paths, or registry keys.
However, it may not uncover hidden behaviors if the malware is packed or obfuscated. Still, it’s fast
and useful for identifying low-complexity malware, gathering signatures, and guiding deeper analysis.

5. Determining the File Type

Determining the file type is the first step in malware analysis, as it tells you how the system will
handle the file. For instance, .exe files are Windows executables, .dll files are dynamic link libraries,
and .pdf or .docx can be used in document-based attacks. Tools like the Linux file command or TrID
can analyze file headers to detect actual file types, even if extensions are misleading. Knowing the
file type helps choose the right tools for analysis—for example, PE tools for .exe files. It also hints at
the malware’s method of execution or delivery, making this step essential for safe and accurate
analysis.

6. Fingerprinting Malware

Fingerprinting involves generating a unique identifier for a malware sample, typically using hash
functions like MD5, SHA-1, or SHA-256. These hashes act like digital fingerprints, allowing analysts to
check whether a sample is known or new. Tools like HashCalc or online platforms like VirusTotal
generate and compare these hashes. Fingerprinting helps in malware classification, sharing samples
across research communities, and searching threat intelligence databases. Although MD5 is fast, it’s
vulnerable to collisions; SHA-256 is more reliable. By fingerprinting, analysts can quickly label and
track malware variants, improving response and detection without analyzing the same threat
multiple times.

7. Anti-Virus Scanning

Anti-virus scanning is often the first step in malware analysis. It provides a fast and automated way to
identify known malware using signature databases. Tools like VirusTotal aggregate results from
multiple antivirus engines, increasing accuracy. However, modern malware often uses packing,
encryption, or polymorphism to evade antivirus detection. Therefore, a clean scan result does not
guarantee safety. Moreover, uploading sensitive malware to public scanners can alert attackers that
their sample has been discovered. While useful for quick identification and classification, antivirus
scanning should always be supplemented by manual analysis for a thorough understanding of new or
advanced threats.

8. Extracting Strings

Extracting strings from a malware file reveals readable text, offering clues about the malware’s
behavior. These strings may include URLs, IP addresses, registry keys, commands, function names, or
error messages. Tools like strings (Linux) or BinText (Windows) scan for ASCII and Unicode characters
embedded in the binary. Strings can hint at what the malware connects to, downloads, or modifies.
For example, the presence of functions like CreateProcess or WinExec may suggest execution activity.
While simple, string extraction is often a powerful first look into a sample. Packed or encrypted
malware may hide strings, but if visible, they can guide dynamic or deeper analysis.

9. Determining File Obfuscation

Obfuscation is a technique used by malware to hide its real code and intentions. Common methods
include packing (compressing), encryption, and inserting junk code. These tricks make static analysis
more difficult, as the real payload isn't visible. Signs of obfuscation include unreadable strings,
unusually small or large code sections, and mismatched section sizes in the PE header. Tools like PEiD
or Detect It Easy can identify known packers like UPX. When malware is packed, analysts often need
to unpack it before continuing. Identifying obfuscation is crucial—it alerts the analyst that the
malware may be more complex and requires deeper tools or sandbox execution.

10. Inspecting PE Header Information

Portable Executable (PE) headers are a vital part of static analysis for Windows malware. These
headers store metadata like the entry point, imported libraries, section sizes, and timestamps. Tools
such as PEview, CFF Explorer, or Dependency Walker are used to inspect these headers. The .text
section usually contains executable code, .data holds global variables, .rdata includes
imports/exports, and .rsrc has resources like icons and strings. The imports section can reveal what
functions the malware uses (e.g., URLDownloadToFile, CreateRemoteThread). Analyzing PE headers
helps detect packing, determine malware capabilities, and distinguish between legitimate and
malicious executables.

11. Comparing and Classifying Malware

Once a sample is analyzed, it's compared with known malware families to classify it. This process
involves checking file hashes, reused code, behavior patterns, and PE characteristics. Malware
families often share similar structures or payloads, so clustering them helps in detection and
response. Analysts use tools like YARA rules, threat intelligence platforms, and AV labels from
VirusTotal for classification. Classification enables cybersecurity teams to assess risk levels,
understand typical behaviors of that family, and predict future activity. It also helps in attribution—
linking malware to specific threat actors. This step ensures efficient handling of recurring or related
threats.
UNIT 2

1. System and Network Monitoring

System and network monitoring is a key part of dynamic malware analysis. It involves observing how
malware interacts with the operating system and network when executed. The goal is to capture
real-time activities such as file creation, process injection, registry modification, and network
connections. System monitoring tools like Process Monitor, Process Hacker, and Noriben help log
system-level changes, while network tools like Wireshark and INetSim capture and simulate traffic.
By monitoring these aspects, analysts can identify the malware’s behavior, determine its intent, and
detect indicators of compromise (IOCs). System monitoring also helps detect persistence
mechanisms like startup keys or scheduled tasks. On the network side, analysis reveals domains
contacted by the malware, data exfiltration attempts, and C&C communications. These insights are
vital for threat detection, prevention, and attribution. Overall, combining system and network
monitoring paints a complete picture of the malware’s behavior.

2. Process Inspection with Process Hacker

Process Hacker is a powerful tool for inspecting running processes and detecting malicious activity.
Unlike the default Task Manager, Process Hacker provides detailed information about every process,
including loaded modules, services, threads, and open handles. When malware is executed, it often
spawns new processes or injects code into legitimate ones. Process Hacker helps identify suspicious
behaviors such as processes running from unusual paths, unsigned binaries, or unexpected child-
parent process relationships. Analysts can also view real-time memory usage, termination
protections, and running threads. For malware analysis, Process Hacker is useful for detecting
injected DLLs, hollowed processes, or malware trying to hide its presence. It can also help identify
persistence techniques if the malware attempts to install services or scheduled tasks. With its
interactive interface, Process Hacker allows analysts to suspend, terminate, or dump memory from
processes for further analysis. Overall, it’s an essential tool in the malware analyst’s toolkit.

3. System Interaction with Process Monitor

Process Monitor (ProcMon) from Sysinternals is a real-time monitoring tool that captures file system,
registry, and process/thread activity. When malware is executed, it typically interacts with system
resources—modifying registry keys, creating or modifying files, accessing the network, or injecting
into other processes. ProcMon logs all these activities in detail. Analysts use filters to isolate
malware-related events, such as attempts to write to the Run registry key (for persistence) or
accessing sensitive files. The tool logs API calls and their parameters, giving insight into exactly what
the malware is doing under the hood. It also timestamps every action, which helps in building a
timeline of malicious behavior. By correlating ProcMon’s output with other tools (like Process Hacker
and Wireshark), analysts can understand the malware’s full behavior, from startup to exit. It’s
especially useful for detecting stealthy malware that hides its actions through indirect methods.
Overall, Process Monitor is invaluable for low-level system behavior analysis during dynamic testing.
4. Logging System using Noriben

Noriben is a lightweight script that automates the use of Process Monitor (ProcMon) to record
system activity during malware execution. It simplifies dynamic analysis by automatically filtering out
normal system processes, leaving only malware-related behavior. Noriben captures logs such as file
creation, registry modifications, and process execution, and presents them in an easy-to-read format.
It’s especially useful for quick malware triage. Analysts can execute malware within a virtual machine
with Noriben running in the background. After execution, Noriben saves logs that highlight key IOCs
(indicators of compromise). This is useful not only for manual inspection but also for building
detection rules and signatures. It reduces the noise and complexity typically seen in raw ProcMon
logs. Noriben works best when paired with a clean VM snapshot to ensure minimal background
activity. Overall, Noriben improves efficiency in malware analysis by automating log generation and
highlighting suspicious actions, making it a valuable tool for both beginners and professionals.

5. Capture Network Traffic with Wireshark

Wireshark is one of the most widely used tools for capturing and analyzing network traffic. In
malware analysis, it’s used to observe how a sample communicates over the network. After
executing malware in a controlled VM, Wireshark captures packets that reveal connections to
external IPs, domains, or command-and-control (C&C) servers. Analysts can inspect HTTP requests,
DNS lookups, or even encrypted traffic like HTTPS or FTP. This helps detect data exfiltration attempts,
malicious downloads, or beaconing behavior. Wireshark also allows filtering by IP, protocol, or port,
making it easier to isolate suspicious traffic. Paired with tools like INetSim, which simulate fake
services, Wireshark can show how malware reacts when trying to contact C&C servers. Additionally,
captured PCAP files can be saved and shared for collaborative analysis. By examining the network
patterns, analysts can create firewall rules, update blacklists, and develop IDS signatures. Overall,
Wireshark is a core tool in any malware lab for understanding how malware behaves across the
network layer.

6. Simulating Services with INetSim

INetSim (Internet Services Simulation Suite) is a tool used to simulate common internet services such
as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS within a controlled lab environment. When malware attempts to
connect to the internet, it often tries to reach C&C servers or download additional payloads. Without
real internet access, the malware might fail to show its behavior. INetSim solves this by responding to
those requests with fake but believable replies. This makes malware think it’s communicating
successfully, allowing analysts to observe its next steps. For example, if malware tries to download a
file via HTTP, INetSim can return a dummy response while logging the request. It also provides log
files that detail every attempted connection. This setup prevents actual data exfiltration while
enabling full behavior capture. INetSim is best used in combination with Wireshark and Process
Monitor. It’s ideal for capturing malware behavior in a safe, offline environment and is a must-have
tool for dynamic analysis labs.
7. Analyzing Malware Executable

Analyzing a malware executable involves studying how a .exe file behaves when run. The process
begins with basic static checks (hashes, strings, PE headers) followed by dynamic analysis.
Executables are often packed or obfuscated, so they are run in an isolated virtual machine to observe
their actions. Analysts monitor for process creation, registry edits, file writes, and network calls. Tools
like Process Monitor, Process Hacker, and Wireshark are used to track changes in real time. The
behavior of the executable—such as attempting to connect to a remote server, injecting into another
process, or modifying the startup registry keys—can reveal its intent. Analysts also examine the
executable’s imports and exports to identify key Windows APIs it may use, like CreateRemoteThread,
WinExec, or WriteFile. In some cases, memory dumps are taken during execution for reverse
engineering. Studying executables helps identify malware capabilities such as persistence, privilege
escalation, or command execution. It’s one of the core components of hands-on malware analysis.

8. Analyzing DLL using runll32.exe

Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) are often used by malware to execute code in a stealthy or modular
way. Since DLLs cannot run independently, analysts use the runll32.exe utility to load and execute
specific functions from them. This Windows command-line tool allows calling exported functions
inside a DLL using a safe command like:
rundll32.exe <DLL name>, <FunctionName>.
This execution is done inside a VM while monitoring system changes using tools like Process Monitor
and Wireshark. Analysts observe what files the DLL accesses, what processes it spawns, or whether it
opens network connections. DLL-based malware often uses this method for injecting into other
processes, establishing persistence, or loading backdoors. Using rundll32.exe provides a controlled
way to test individual functions and understand what role the DLL plays in the malware’s behavior.
It’s an essential technique for isolating and analyzing the effects of malicious DLLs in Windows
environments.

UNIT 3

1. Advanced Static Analysis

Advanced static analysis involves reverse engineering malware by analyzing its low-level code,
typically using a disassembler or decompiler. Unlike basic static analysis, which focuses on file
structure and readable strings, advanced analysis dives deep into the binary’s instructions. This
process is often necessary when dealing with packed, obfuscated, or custom-compiled malware.
Tools like IDA Pro, Ghidra, and Radare2 are used to view assembly code and analyze control flow,
function calls, and memory references. Analysts examine imported functions, stack behavior, and
branching logic to reconstruct the malware’s purpose and logic. This level of analysis requires
familiarity with CPU architecture, assembly language, and memory management. It allows for
uncovering hidden behaviors such as API hooking, code injection, or encryption routines. Advanced
static analysis is slower and more complex than other methods but is essential for analyzing targeted
or sophisticated malware that evades dynamic detection. It’s also used in developing precise
detection signatures and understanding how malware modifies system behavior at a granular level.
2. Understanding Computer Basics & Level of Abstraction

To effectively perform reverse engineering and malware analysis, it's crucial to understand how
computers operate at different abstraction levels. These levels range from high-level applications
down to the hardware. At the highest level, programmers write code in languages like C or Python.
This code is compiled into assembly instructions, which the CPU understands. Below this, the
machine code interacts directly with hardware components like memory and registers.
Understanding these layers helps analysts trace how a malware sample goes from high-level function
calls to low-level effects on the system. In reverse engineering, recognizing how abstract instructions
translate to CPU operations is essential. It allows analysts to deconstruct malware behavior,
especially when working without source code. Abstraction levels also clarify how data moves
between memory, CPU registers, and storage devices. This foundational knowledge supports the
interpretation of stack frames, control structures, and function calls during disassembly. Without a
strong grasp of these levels, interpreting raw assembly becomes difficult and error-prone.

3. Reverse Engineering & x86 Architecture

Reverse engineering in malware analysis involves deconstructing a program's binary code to

understand its functionality without access to its source code. This often requires analyzing the
malware in assembly language, particularly in x86 architecture, which is the most common for
Windows executables. The x86 architecture includes various registers (like EAX, EBX, ESI, EDI), a
defined instruction set, and a stack-based memory model. Analysts use tools like IDA Pro or Ghidra to
convert machine code into assembly instructions. Understanding x86 is essential for interpreting how
functions are called, how memory is accessed, and how conditions are evaluated. Each instruction in
x86 consists of an opcode (operation) and operands (data). Instructions manipulate registers,
perform calculations, and control execution flow using branching and jumps. The architecture is also
built around a structured stack for handling function calls and local variables. Reverse engineering
allows analysts to understand malware logic even when it’s packed or encrypted. It’s used to trace
how data flows, how payloads are triggered, and how obfuscation is implemented. Mastery of x86 is
critical for advanced malware analysis.

4. Main Memory, Instructions, Opcodes, and Operands

In computer systems, main memory (RAM) stores both data and instructions during program
execution. Malware uses RAM to execute payloads, store decrypted content, and perform runtime
operations. Every instruction in a binary has an opcode that defines the operation (e.g., MOV, ADD,
JMP) and one or more operands, which are the data being manipulated (registers, memory
addresses, constants). In x86 assembly, instructions typically follow the format: opcode operand1,
operand2. For example, MOV EAX, 1 moves the constant value 1 into the EAX register. Understanding
these low-level instructions is key to identifying malware functionality, especially when analyzing
how it reads/writes memory or interacts with system APIs. Instruction analysis also helps reveal
control flow, loops, and conditional operations. Malware may use these to hide payloads or control
execution depending on conditions. Mastery of how instructions interact with memory is essential
for identifying injection points, function calls, and encrypted content in advanced malware.

5. Registers, Simple Instructions, and the Stack

In x86 architecture, registers are small storage locations within the CPU used for quick data access.
Common registers include EAX (accumulator), EBX, ECX, and EDX, each often serving a specific
purpose. Malware manipulates these registers to perform operations, hold return values, and pass
arguments. Simple instructions like MOV, ADD, SUB, and PUSH/POP form the building blocks of all
assembly code. The stack is a special area in memory used for function calls, storing return
addresses, and local variables. It's managed using PUSH and POP instructions and grows downwards.
Malware often manipulates the stack to execute shellcode, hijack return addresses, or confuse
debuggers. Understanding how the stack and registers work together allows analysts to reconstruct
how a function executes, track variable values, and detect exploits like buffer overflows. Analyzing
these simple instructions is critical for piecing together malware behavior from raw assembly.

6. Conditionals, Branching, and REP Instructions

Conditional instructions in assembly control the flow of execution based on comparisons or tests.
Instructions like CMP (compare) and TEST are used before jump instructions like JE (jump if equal),
JNE (jump if not equal), or JG (jump if greater). These create branching logic that decides which code
paths are executed. Malware often uses conditional jumps for anti-debugging checks or delayed
execution. Branching is used to implement loops, if statements, and function exits. REP instructions,
such as REP MOVSB, are used to repeat string operations and are often seen in memory copying
routines. These can be used for data obfuscation, decryption, or payload unpacking. Understanding
these instructions is vital to follow the malware's control flow and identify logic that may activate
under certain conditions. Analyzing conditionals and loops helps predict how malware behaves in
real-time scenarios, especially when tied to time-based or environment-based triggers.

7. C Main Methods & Global vs Local Variables

When malware is written in C and then compiled, the resulting assembly still follows certain
recognizable patterns, especially in the main() function. The main() method typically sets up the
stack frame, initializes variables, and calls other functions. Global variables are stored in a .data or
.bss section of the binary and have fixed memory locations, while local variables are allocated on the
stack dynamically. This distinction is important in reverse engineering, as malware may use globals to
store persistent configuration data (like C&C addresses) and locals for temporary values during
execution. Disassemblers often show local variables as offsets from the base pointer (e.g., [EBP-4]),
whereas globals have named or absolute addresses. Recognizing how variables are used in assembly
allows analysts to trace data flow and identify how the malware maintains state, interacts with APIs,
or stores stolen data. Understanding the layout of C programs in assembly makes reverse engineering
faster and more accurate.

8. Disassembling Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic operations are frequently used in malware for calculations, obfuscation, or encryption. In
x86 assembly, common arithmetic instructions include ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, INC, and DEC. Malware
may use arithmetic operations to manipulate pointers, calculate string lengths, or decode payloads.
Disassemblers like IDA Pro show these operations clearly, allowing analysts to reconstruct logic.
Sometimes, malware uses arithmetic to hide important constants or function addresses through
operations like XOR encryption or offset calculations. Understanding these operations in disassembly
helps identify loops, condition checks, and data processing routines. It also assists in recognizing
encoding/decoding mechanisms used to protect malicious payloads. Arithmetic operations may
seem simple but are often used cleverly to disguise key functionality, so accurate interpretation is
critical in malware reverse engineering.

9. Understanding Function Calls, Arrays, Structs & Linked Lists

Function calls in assembly are managed using the CALL instruction, which pushes the return address
onto the stack and transfers control to a subroutine. Arguments are typically passed via stack or
registers. Malware may use many small functions to obfuscate behavior, requiring analysts to follow
the call chain. Arrays in assembly are represented as sequential memory locations, accessed using
indexed addressing (e.g., [EBX+4*ECX]). Structs are similar but contain multiple fields of different
types; malware may use them to store configuration or stolen data. Identifying structs requires
pattern recognition in memory access and understanding data layout. Linked lists, commonly used by
malware to track tasks or loaded modules, involve pointer-based traversal. Analysts identify them by
observing looped memory access where each node points to the next. Functions like Next, Prev, or
manual offset adjustments are common in traversal. Recognizing these data structures is key for
understanding how malware organizes information internally.

UNIT 4

1. Debugging and OllyDbg Overview

Debugging is an essential technique in malware analysis where analysts execute programs step-by-
step to observe and understand their behavior. It allows the examination of how malware operates in
real-time, revealing hidden code paths, conditional executions, and anti-analysis tricks. OllyDbg is
one of the most popular debuggers used for 32-bit Windows executables. Its user-friendly interface
and powerful features make it a favorite among malware analysts. OllyDbg disassembles executable
code into assembly instructions and provides tools to view registers, stack, memory, and threads
dynamically as the malware runs. By setting breakpoints, analysts can pause execution at critical
points to inspect the program state, such as the values in registers or memory locations. This
stepwise execution is vital when dealing with packed or obfuscated malware since it allows analysts
to see decrypted or unpacked code during runtime. OllyDbg also supports memory dumping,
patching, and tracing functions, enabling modification and in-depth inspection of the malware.
However, malware authors often implement anti-debugging techniques, such as checking for
debugger presence or using timing delays, which analysts need to bypass. Despite this, OllyDbg
remains an indispensable tool for malware reverse engineering because it bridges the gap between
static code analysis and live behavior monitoring, providing crucial insights that help in dissecting
complex malware samples.

2. Loading Malware and OllyDbg Interface

Loading malware into OllyDbg involves opening the malicious executable within the debugger’s
environment. Upon loading, OllyDbg automatically disassembles the binary into assembly
instructions, displaying them in the main window. The interface is designed to provide
comprehensive insight into the program’s execution state. It typically includes several key panels: the
disassembly window shows the current instructions; the CPU registers window updates in real-time
with values for registers like EAX, EBX, and ESP; the stack window displays the call stack, including
return addresses and local variables; and the memory map reveals loaded modules and address
space layout. Additionally, OllyDbg provides thread and module windows, allowing analysts to
inspect running threads and dynamically loaded DLLs. Navigating this interface effectively is critical
for efficient malware analysis. Analysts use it to set breakpoints, trace code execution, and monitor
how malware interacts with system components. The interface also supports searching for strings,
references, and symbols within the code, aiding in quicker identification of critical functions.
Understanding and mastering the OllyDbg interface enables analysts to visualize malware execution
flow, uncover hidden payloads, and manipulate runtime behavior for deeper insights.

3. Memory Map and Rebasing

The memory map is a visual representation of the process’s virtual memory layout and loaded
modules, such as the main executable and dynamically loaded DLLs. In OllyDbg, the memory map
window displays the base addresses, sizes, and access permissions of these modules. Malware often
manipulates memory mapping to evade detection, employing techniques such as rebasing, where a
module is loaded at an address different from its preferred base. Rebasing alters memory addresses
and pointer calculations, complicating static analysis. OllyDbg tracks and displays these changes,
helping analysts correlate the actual memory locations with the original code structure.
Understanding the memory map is critical because malware might load encrypted or packed
payloads into dynamically allocated memory regions, or use memory injection techniques. By
observing these memory allocations, analysts can spot unusual or suspicious activity. Additionally,
some malware uses memory hooks or overwrites legitimate modules, which can be detected
through careful inspection of the memory map. Effective use of the memory map enables analysts to
set precise breakpoints, follow code execution accurately, and identify dynamic code generation or
unpacking routines during debugging.

4. Viewing Threads and Stacks

Malware frequently uses multiple threads to perform concurrent tasks such as network
communication, encryption, or anti-debugging operations. OllyDbg’s ability to display and switch
between these threads allows analysts to monitor all active threads, which may run simultaneously
or in staggered fashion. Each thread has its own call stack, containing return addresses, parameters,
and local variables for functions executed by that thread. Examining the stack is essential to
understand the flow of execution, function calls, and to detect anomalies such as buffer overflows or
shellcode injections. Analysts can inspect stack frames to identify arguments passed between
functions or track the propagation of malicious code. Threads may be hidden or suspended by
malware to avoid detection; OllyDbg’s thread window reveals these details. Monitoring thread
activity helps analysts discover complex behaviors like thread injection, race conditions, or deadlocks
intentionally used by malware authors. Understanding the interaction between multiple threads and
their stacks is critical in reconstructing the malware’s overall behavior and identifying persistence or
stealth mechanisms.

5. Executing Code and Breakpoints

Stepwise execution is fundamental to debugging; OllyDbg allows running malware one instruction or
one line of assembly code at a time. This granular control enables detailed observation of how
malware manipulates registers, memory, and system calls during runtime. Breakpoints are essential
debugging tools that pause execution at specified code locations. OllyDbg supports several types of
breakpoints, including software breakpoints that replace instructions with interrupt commands, and
hardware breakpoints that trigger on memory access or execution. Setting breakpoints at suspicious
instructions, such as decryption loops or API calls, lets analysts inspect program state and understand
the purpose of specific code sections. Malware authors may use anti-debugging techniques to detect
breakpoints or debugger presence and alter behavior accordingly. Analysts must be aware of these
evasion tactics and use breakpoints judiciously, sometimes employing conditional or temporary
breakpoints to avoid detection. Mastery of code execution control and breakpoint management in
OllyDbg provides deep insight into malware’s internal workings, facilitating the discovery of hidden
functionality and vulnerabilities.

6. Loading DLLs and Tracing

Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) are external modules loaded by executables to extend functionality.
Malware often loads DLLs at runtime to perform actions stealthily or modularize its code. OllyDbg
displays all loaded DLLs in the memory map and allows tracing into their functions. By setting
breakpoints inside DLLs, analysts can intercept API calls such as CreateProcess, WriteFile, or network
functions, revealing how malware interacts with the system or communicates externally. Tracing
involves stepping through instructions in both the main executable and loaded DLLs to understand
the malware’s complete behavior. DLL injection, where malware inserts malicious code into
legitimate processes, is a common stealth technique; detecting and analyzing injected DLLs helps
uncover such activities. Tracing through DLLs also aids in reverse engineering obfuscated code that
uses external libraries for payload execution or anti-analysis routines. Understanding DLL loading and
tracing is vital for comprehensive malware analysis, revealing hidden layers of malicious functionality.

7. Exception Handling

Exception handling manages unexpected events such as invalid memory access or division by zero
during program execution. Malware may exploit exception handling to conceal code or thwart
debuggers. Some malware deliberately triggers exceptions to alter control flow or bypass analysis
tools, for example, using exception handlers to decrypt payloads only when an exception occurs.
OllyDbg monitors exceptions and allows analysts to view or step through exception handlers.
Analyzing how malware responds to exceptions reveals anti-debugging and obfuscation strategies. By
carefully handling exceptions, analysts can bypass these tricks and follow the malware’s real
behavior. Exception handling analysis is thus a crucial part of dynamic debugging, helping to uncover
hidden or protected code paths within malware.

8. Patching

Patching modifies executable code at runtime to alter program behavior, a technique commonly used
by analysts to bypass malware defenses. In OllyDbg, patching allows replacing instructions with NOPs
(no operation) or jumps to skip anti-debugging checks, infinite loops, or delays that hinder analysis.
Analysts can also insert custom code snippets to manipulate malware logic or forcibly execute hidden
payloads. Patching is invaluable for disabling evasive techniques and accelerating dynamic analysis. It
requires understanding the program’s instruction set and careful modification to avoid crashing the
malware. Patching helps analysts control execution flow and expose malware internals otherwise
obscured by complex protections.

9. Reversing Applications Using x64dbg

x64dbg is a modern, open-source debugger that supports both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows
applications, making it suitable for analyzing newer malware variants. It offers features like a clear
graphical interface, scriptable breakpoints, plugin support, and advanced memory and register
visualization. Analysts use x64dbg to load malware binaries, step through code, inspect CPU state,
and monitor threads and memory allocations. Its ability to handle 64-bit executables is crucial given
the shift towards 64-bit Windows environments. x64dbg also supports analyzing packed or
obfuscated binaries with robust unpacking and tracing capabilities. Its intuitive interface and
powerful features make it an excellent tool for reversing complex malware, complementing other
debuggers like OllyDbg.

10. Debugging a Binary Using IDA Pro

IDA Pro is a widely used static disassembler combined with a powerful debugger. Debugging with IDA
Pro involves loading the binary and attaching the debugger to the process, enabling step-by-step
execution and dynamic inspection alongside static code views. IDA’s interface links disassembled
code with live runtime information, helping analysts correlate static structure with dynamic behavior.
This dual approach is advantageous for understanding complex malware that uses obfuscation or
self-modifying code. IDA supports multiple architectures and provides interactive graphs and
function analysis to navigate the codebase effectively. Its scripting capabilities automate repetitive
tasks during debugging. Using IDA Pro for debugging helps uncover intricate malware logic and
facilitates in-depth reverse engineering, making it a staple in advanced malware analysis.

UNIT 5

Malware Behavior

Malware behavior refers to the range of actions malicious software performs once it infects a system.
These behaviors often include downloading additional malware, establishing persistence, stealing
credentials, escalating privileges, and covering tracks to evade detection. Malware typically combines
multiple behaviors to maximize its impact and survival. For example, a malware sample may begin by
downloading a backdoor, which then provides the attacker with continuous access to the infected
machine. This backdoor could then steal credentials such as usernames and passwords, enabling the
attacker to move laterally within the network or access sensitive data. Persistent mechanisms ensure
malware survives system reboots or security scans, often by modifying startup processes or registry
keys. Privilege escalation is another common behavior that allows malware to gain higher-level
system rights, making it harder to remove or detect. Lastly, to avoid forensic analysis, malware
employs anti-forensic techniques such as deleting logs, modifying timestamps, or encrypting
communication channels. Understanding malware behavior is crucial for cybersecurity professionals
because it guides detection, containment, and remediation efforts. It also informs the development
of signatures for antivirus software and helps in building behavioral analytics to identify new,
unknown malware variants. The complex combination of behaviors seen in modern malware
requires layered defense strategies and thorough incident response plans.

Downloader

A downloader is a specialized form of malware designed primarily to fetch and install other malicious
software onto a victim’s machine. Unlike payload malware like ransomware or spyware, downloaders
typically have a minimal footprint themselves but serve as gateways for more dangerous
components. Once executed, a downloader connects to remote servers controlled by attackers to
retrieve secondary payloads. These may include backdoors, keyloggers, or ransomware, which carry
out the main malicious activities. Downloaders often use encryption or obfuscation to hide their
network communications and avoid detection by security tools. Some sophisticated downloaders
implement domain generation algorithms (DGAs), which periodically generate numerous possible
command-and-control (C&C) server domains, making blocking and tracking difficult. Because
downloaders act as initial footholds, they are key targets for security defenses. Detecting and
preventing downloader activity early in the attack chain can stop the deployment of more damaging
malware and reduce overall risk. Analysts often focus on network traffic analysis to identify
downloaders, looking for suspicious connections or unusual file downloads. In many cybercrime
campaigns, downloaders are the first step in a multi-stage infection process, highlighting their
importance in both attack strategy and defensive countermeasures.

Backdoor

A backdoor is a type of malware that creates a hidden entry point into a compromised system,
enabling attackers to maintain remote control without the user’s knowledge. Unlike malware that
performs a specific task, backdoors provide continuous, stealthy access for various malicious
activities such as data theft, lateral movement, or launching additional attacks. Backdoors bypass
normal authentication processes by exploiting vulnerabilities or using stolen credentials to open
secret channels, often communicating with a command-and-control (C&C) server. They frequently
use encryption to secure these communications and avoid network detection. Backdoors are
notorious for their stealth, employing techniques like process injection, rootkits, or DLL hijacking to
evade detection by antivirus and monitoring tools. They are common in advanced persistent threats
(APTs), where attackers require long-term access to sensitive environments such as government
agencies or enterprises. Detecting backdoors requires a combination of network traffic analysis,
anomaly detection, and forensic investigation of the infected system. Due to their stealthy nature
and persistence, backdoors pose significant challenges to incident responders and require thorough
remediation efforts to remove.

Credential Stealer

Credential stealers are malware designed specifically to capture sensitive authentication information,
including usernames, passwords, session tokens, or cryptographic keys. They employ a variety of
techniques to gather credentials, such as keylogging, capturing form inputs from browsers, dumping
password hashes from system memory, or intercepting network traffic. Keyloggers record every
keystroke a user types, capturing passwords or other private information. Browser credential stealers
target stored passwords and autofill data, while memory dumpers extract hashed passwords directly
from the operating system. Once collected, credentials are exfiltrated to attackers, enabling
unauthorized access to user accounts, corporate networks, or cloud services. Credential theft is a
critical step in many cyberattacks, allowing attackers to escalate privileges, move laterally within
networks, or maintain persistence. Due to their effectiveness and stealth, credential stealers are
popular tools in espionage, ransomware campaigns, and financial fraud. Detecting credential stealers
involves monitoring for suspicious system calls, abnormal network activity, or unauthorized access to
sensitive data stores. Protecting against credential theft requires multi-factor authentication,
endpoint security, and network segmentation to limit the damage caused by stolen credentials.

Persistence Mechanism

Persistence mechanisms are methods used by malware to maintain its presence on a compromised
system despite reboots, scans, or removal attempts. Achieving persistence ensures that malware can
continue executing malicious activities over time, often undetected. Common persistence techniques
include modifying Windows registry keys such as the Run keys that launch programs at startup,
installing services that execute automatically, or creating scheduled tasks to trigger malware
execution periodically. Malware may also inject code into legitimate processes or manipulate system
drivers to load during boot. Advanced malware might use bootkits or rootkits to execute early in the
startup process, evading traditional security tools. Persistence allows attackers to maintain access to
compromised environments for prolonged periods, enabling continuous data theft, spying, or
sabotage. Identifying and removing persistence mechanisms is crucial during incident response
because failure to do so results in reinfection. Analysts look for unusual registry entries, startup
folder modifications, and unknown services during forensic investigations. Implementing endpoint
protection with persistence detection capabilities and monitoring system integrity are important
defense strategies against persistent malware.

Privilege Escalation

Privilege escalation is a critical malware behavior in which the malicious code gains higher system
permissions than initially granted. By escalating privileges, malware can bypass security restrictions,
access protected files, disable defenses, or create new privileged user accounts. Privilege escalation
is often necessary for malware to perform its full range of malicious activities, such as installing
rootkits or modifying system settings. Malware achieves privilege escalation by exploiting
vulnerabilities in the operating system or installed software, abusing misconfigured permissions, or
leveraging stolen administrative credentials. Some malware uses local privilege escalation exploits
targeting kernel vulnerabilities to gain system-level access. Detecting privilege escalation attempts
involves monitoring for suspicious process creations, unusual API calls, and abnormal privilege
assignments. Effective security strategies include patching known vulnerabilities promptly, enforcing
the principle of least privilege, and implementing behavior-based detection tools. Preventing
privilege escalation limits the damage malware can inflict and reduces the attacker’s ability to
maintain persistence or move laterally within networks.

Covering Tracks

Covering tracks, also known as anti-forensics, refers to techniques malware uses to hide evidence of
its presence and activities. These methods aim to thwart detection, forensic analysis, and attribution
by security teams. Common techniques include deleting or modifying system logs to erase traces of
malicious actions, altering file timestamps to confuse timelines, and clearing event logs to hide
suspicious system events. Malware may also overwrite or encrypt files containing evidence or use
rootkits to conceal processes and files from system tools. Network traffic encryption and traffic
obfuscation help malware evade network monitoring. Additionally, malware can use fileless
techniques by operating entirely in memory, leaving minimal traces on disk. These anti-forensic
behaviors complicate incident response and forensic investigations by obscuring the attack timeline
and removing key evidence. Detecting attempts to cover tracks requires vigilant monitoring for
anomalous log deletions, unexpected system changes, and behaviors inconsistent with normal
operation. Deploying immutable logging systems and behavioral analytics helps defenders identify
attempts at cover-up, ultimately improving response effectiveness.