Millman’s Theorem

1. Using Millman’s theorem determine the voltage VS of the network shown in Figure.

Solution
Given
E R=230 ∠ 0 V
EY =230 ∠−120 V
E B=230 ∠ 120 V

1 1
Y 1= = =− j 0.05
Z1 J 2 0
1 1
Y 2= = = j 0. 05
Z2 − j 2 0
1 1
Y 3= = =0.05
Z3 2 0
Y =Y 1+Y 2+Y 3 =− j 0.05+ j0.05+ 0.05
¿ 0. 05
1 1
Z= = =2 0 Ω
Y 0. 05
E1 Y 1=230 ×− j0.05=− j 11.5
E2 Y 2=230 ∠−120 °× 0.05∠ 90°=11.5 ∠−30 °
E3 Y 3=230 ∠ 120 ° × 0.05=− j 11.5
E3 Y 3=230 ∠ 120 ° × 0.05=11.5∠ 120 °
E 1 Y 1 + E 2 Y 2+ E3 Y 3
E=
Y 1 +Y 2 +Y 3
− j 11.5+11.5∠−30 ° +11.5∠120 °
¿
0. 05
− j 11.5+9.95− j 5.575−5 .75+ j 9.95
¿
0.05
42− j7.3 8.42 ∠−6 0 °
¿ =
0 .05 0.05
¿ 1 68.4 ∠−6 0 °
2. Find the current and voltage across the load terminals using Millman’s theorem.

Solution
Given
V 1=12 ∠ 60 °=6+ j10.392
V 2=9∠ 0°=9+ j 0
V 3=6∠ 30 ° =5.196+ j 3

Z1 =6 Ω
Z 2= j 6 Ω
Z3 =– j6 Ω

1 1 1 1
= + +
Z eq Z1 Z 2 Z 3
1 1 1 1
= + +
Z eq 6 j 6 6
1 1
=
Z eq 6
Z eq=6 Ω
n
E
∑ Ri
E= i=1
n
i

∑ R1
i =1 i

V1 V2 V3
+ +
Z1 Z2 Z3
V=
1 1 1
+ +
Z 1 Z 2 Z3
 6+ J 10.392 9+ j0 5.196+ j3
+ +
6 j6 − j6
V=
1 1 1
+ +
6 j6 − j 6
6+ J 10.392 9 j 5.196 j−3
− +
6 6 6
V=
1
6
V =6+1 j 0.392 – j 9+ j5.196 – 3
V =3+ j 6.588
V = √ 3 2+6.588 2
2

V = √ 9+ 43.40
2

V = √ 52.40
2

V =7.23 V

V
I L=
Z eq + Z L

7.23
I L=
6+2
I L =0.9 A

3. Using Millman’s theorem, find the current through ab

Solution
Given
V 1=10 ∠ 0 ° V
V 2=20 ∠ 45° V
1 1
Y 1= = =0.2 S
Z1 5
1 1
Y 2= = =0.33 ∠ 90 ° S
Z2 − j 3
 V 1 Y 1 +V 2 Y 2
V eq =
Y 1 +Y 2
( 10∠ 0° ) ( 0.2 ) + ( 20 ∠ 45 ° ) ( 0.33 ∠ 90 ° )
V eq =
0.2+0.33 ∠ 90 °
V eq =13.94 ∠ 60.97 ° V
1 1
Z eq= + =2.59∠−58.78 ° Ω
Y eq 0.2+0.33 ∠ 90 °

V eq 13.94 ∠ 60.97 °
I ab= =
Z eq +(2+ j 4) ( 2.59 ∠−58.78 ° )+(2+ j 4)
I ab=3.68 ∠ 32.79 ° A
4. For the circuit shown in Figure find the current through (6+ j 8)Ω, impedance using
Millman’s theorem.

Solution
Given
1 1
Y 1= = =0.1
Z 1 10
1 1
Y 2= = =− j 0.1
Z2 j 10
1 1
Y 3= = = j0.1
Z3 − j 10
Y =Y 1+Y 2+Y 3 =0.1− j0.1+ j 0.1
¿ 0.1
1 1
Z= = =10 Ω
Y 0.1
E1 Y 1=415× 0.1=41.5
E2 Y 2=415∠ 120 ° ×− j 0.1=415 ∠ 120° × 0.1∠−90
¿ 41.5 ∠ 30 °=36 + j 20.75
 E3 Y 3=415 ∠ 240° × j0.1=41.5 ∠ 330 °
¿ 36− j 20.75
E 1 Y 1 + E 2 Y 2+ E3 Y 3
E=
Y 1 +Y 2 +Y 3
41.5+36+ j 20.75+36− j 20.75
¿
0.1
113.5
¿
0.1
¿ 1135

E 1135
I= =
Z + Z L 10+6+ j 8
1135 1135
¿ =
16+ j 8 17.88 ∠ 26.56 °
¿ 63.47 ∠−26.56 °

5. Apply Millman’s theorem to find VO and IO for the circuit shown in Figure.

Solution
Given
1 1
Y 1= = =0.1
Z 1 10
1 1
Y 2= = = j 0.2
Z2 − j 5
1 1
Y 3= = =− j0.2
Z3 j 5
Y =Y 1+Y 2+Y 3 =0.1+ j 0.2− j 0.2
¿ 0.1
1 1
Z= = =10 Ω
Y 0.1
E 1 Y 1 + E 2 Y 2+ E3 Y 3
E=
Y 1 +Y 2 +Y 3
 100× 0.1× j 100 × j 0.2 × j100 ×− j 0.2
¿
0.1
−30
¿
0.1
¿−300

−300 −300
I L= =
Z + Z L 10+ 2
¿ 25 A
V o =25 ×22=50 V

Maximum Power Transfer

1. Consider the AC network below, to which we will determine the condition for
maximum power transfer and the value of maximum power.
 Solution
Given

(4 ×4 j)
Z AB = –2 j
(4+ 4 j)
(4 j – 2 j(1+ j))
¿
(1+ j)
¿2Ω
Therefore, the condition for maximum power transfer is Z L =Z TH =2 Ω

40
V TH =V AB= ×4
4 (1+ j)
(4 j – 2 j(1+ j))
¿
(1+ j)
¿ 28.29 ∠−45 °
2
V TH
Then maximum power, Pmax=
4 R TH
800
=100 W
4
2. What is the power generated in the load if it is equal to 40 Ω? Further, is that the
maximum power that can be attained, and if not, what is the maximum load power
and what value of load would be needed?
 Solution
Given
Z total=40 Ω
E 70 V
i= =
Z total 40 Ω
i=1.75 ∠ 0 ° A

2
Pload =i × R load
2
Pload =(1.75 A) ×20 Ω
Pload =61.25 W
An alternate method notes that the new circuit's total impedance is purely resistive and
that the source and load resistances are identical. Therefore, the voltage source must
split evenly across them. In this case, that's 35 volts RMS each.

2
vR
Pload =
R load
( 35V )2
Pload =
20 Ω
Pload =61.35 W

3. A loudspeaker is connected across the terminals A and B of the network shown in

Solution
Given
10∠ 30°
I=
3+ j 4− j5
10∠ 30 °
¿
3− j 1
 10∠ 30°
¿ =3.16 ∠ 48.4 ° A
3.16 ∠−18.4 °
∴ V TH =Voltage across− j 5Ω
¿ 3.16 ∠ 48.4 ° ×5 ∠−90 °¿ 15.8 ∠−41.6 ° V
∴ R L=7.5 Ω
X L =2.52Ω
∴ Z L= ( 7.5+ j 2.52 )

V TH 15.8∠−41.6 °
I at Pmax = = =1.053∠−41.6°
2 RL 2× 7.5
|I |=1.053 A
2
∴ Pmax =|I| R L =( 1.053 )2 × 7.5=8.32 W

4. Find the maximum power delivered to the load

Solution
Given
Find V TH

j8
V TH =V oc =10 ∠ 0° ∙
6− j8+ j8
j8 80
V TH =10∠ 0° ∙ = ∠ 90 °=13.33 ∠ 90 °
6 6
Find ZTH
 (6− j 8)( j 8) j16 (3− j 4)
ZTH = = =(10.67 + j 8)Ω
6− j 8+ j8 6
For Pmax , Z L =Z TH =(10.67+ j 8)

13.33 ∠ 90 °
I L= =0.624 j
10.67 +10.67
2
Pmax =I L 2 ∙ R L =|0.624| ×10.67=4.163 W

5. In the circuit of the figure below, find the value of RL that results in maximum power
and calculate the value of maximum power.

Solution
Given
From the given circuit, the value of RL for maximum power transferred to it
¿ Zg∨¿∨10+ j5∨¿ 11.18Ω.
|V |
¿ I L ∨¿
|Z total|
100
¿ =4.6 A
|10+ j 5+11.18|

2
∴ Pmax =|I L| |R L|
2
¿|4.6| ( 11.18 ) =237 W