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Big-Data Unit-3

Hadoop is an open-source framework for distributed storage and processing of big data, created in 2005 and gaining popularity in major companies by 2008. The Hadoop ecosystem includes key components like HDFS for storage, MapReduce for data processing, and various tools like Hive and Pig for data analysis. MapReduce operates in two main steps, Map and Reduce, to process large datasets efficiently across a distributed system.

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2 views7 pages

Big-Data Unit-3

Hadoop is an open-source framework for distributed storage and processing of big data, created in 2005 and gaining popularity in major companies by 2008. The Hadoop ecosystem includes key components like HDFS for storage, MapReduce for data processing, and various tools like Hive and Pig for data analysis. MapReduce operates in two main steps, Map and Reduce, to process large datasets efficiently across a distributed system.

Uploaded by

abhaykapri01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Explain the brief history of hadoop and the hadoop


ecosystem
Here is a simple and structured 10-mark answer for:

✅ "Brief History of Hadoop and the Hadoop Ecosystem"

📖 1. Brief History of Hadoop


📅 Year 🛠️Key Event
2003 Google published GFS & MapReduce papers
2005 Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella created Hadoop
2006 Hadoop became part of Apache open-source project
2008+ Hadoop gained popularity in big companies (Yahoo, Facebook)

🔹 Hadoop was named after Doug Cutting’s son’s toy elephant 🐘.

🌍 2. What is Hadoop?
Hadoop is an open-source framework that allows for distributed storage and processing
of big data across many machines.

🧰 3. Hadoop Ecosystem – Key Components


🔧 Component 📘 Purpose
HDFS Stores big data across multiple nodes
MapReduce Processes data in parallel
YARN Manages cluster resources
Hive SQL-like queries on big data
Pig Scripting for data analysis
HBase NoSQL database on Hadoop
Sqoop Moves data between Hadoop and RDBMS
Flume Collects real-time log data
Oozie Manages Hadoop job workflows
Zookeeper Coordinates between distributed systems

🌟 4. Why Hadoop Became Popular


 Handles massive data easily
 Open-source (free to use)
 Scalable and fault-tolerant
 Works on low-cost hardware

🧠 Easy Tip to Remember:


🔤 "HDFS + MapReduce + YARN = Core Hadoop"
💡 "Others like Hive, Pig, Sqoop = Ecosystem Tools"

2. Describe how the data is analyzed using


MapReduce
✅ "How Data is Analyzed Using MapReduce"

🧠 1. What is MapReduce?
MapReduce is a programming model used in Hadoop to process and analyze large
datasets in a distributed and parallel manner.

🔄 2. Two Main Steps in MapReduce


🧩 Step 📘 Function
Map Breaks data into chunks and processes them to produce key-value pairs
Reduce Combines the key-value pairs and gives the final result

🔍 3. How It Works – Step by Step


1️⃣ Input Data – Stored in HDFS
2️⃣ Map Phase – Each node processes a piece of data
3️⃣ Shuffle & Sort – Key-value pairs are grouped by key
4️⃣ Reduce Phase – Final output is generated by combining grouped values
5️⃣ Output – Saved back to HDFS

🧾 4. Example – Word Count Program


 Input: A text file with many lines
 Map Step: Break text into words → emit (word, 1)
 Shuffle & Sort: Group by word → (word, [1,1,1])
 Reduce Step: Count total for each word → (word, count)

✅ Final output:

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apple → 5
banana → 3

⚙️5. Why Use MapReduce?


 Works on huge datasets
 Parallel and fast processing
 Fault-tolerant
 Cost-effective on commodity hardware

🧠 Tip to Remember:
“Map = Break & Tag, Reduce = Group & Count”

3. Give the steps for running a distributed MapReduce


job
✅ "Steps for Running a Distributed MapReduce Job"

⚙️1. What is a Distributed MapReduce Job?


A job that runs across multiple machines in a Hadoop cluster to process large data in
parallel using Map and Reduce tasks.

🧩 2. Steps to Run a MapReduce Job


📍 Step 1: Prepare Input Data

 Store the data file into HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) using:
arduino
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hdfs dfs -put inputfile.txt /input

📍 Step 2: Write the MapReduce Program

 Write a program with:


o Mapper Class – for splitting and tagging
o Reducer Class – for combining output
o Driver Class – to run the job

📍 Step 3: Compile and Create JAR File

 Compile the code and create a .jar file:

ruby
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javac -classpath `hadoop classpath` MyJob.java
jar cf myjob.jar MyJob*.class

📍 Step 4: Run the MapReduce Job

 Run the job using:

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hadoop jar myjob.jar MyJob /input /output

📍 Step 5: Monitor the Job

 Track progress using:


o Terminal Logs
o Hadoop Web UI (usually at localhost:8088)

📍 Step 6: View the Output

 Check results in HDFS output folder:

bash
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hdfs dfs -cat /output/part-r-00000

🧠 Easy Tip to Remember:


"Put → Code → Compile → Run → Monitor → Read"

4. Write an overview of the namenodes and datanodes


✅ "Overview of NameNodes and DataNodes in Hadoop"

🧠 1. What Are NameNodes and DataNodes?


They are the two main components of HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System).

🧩 Component 🔍 Role
NameNode Master node – manages metadata (file names, locations)
DataNode Worker node – stores actual data blocks

🖥️2. NameNode – The Master


 Stores only metadata, not the actual data
 Knows which block is stored on which DataNode
 Handles file system namespace, directory structure
 There is one active NameNode (can have a backup as secondary)

📌 Example:

If you store a file, NameNode records:

 File name
 Block IDs
 DataNode locations

💽 3. DataNode – The Worker


 Stores actual data blocks
 Sends heartbeat signals to NameNode to show it's alive
 Performs read/write operations when requested
 Automatically replicates data for fault tolerance

🔁 4. Interaction Flow
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Client → NameNode (asks where data is)
Client → DataNodes (reads/writes actual data)
DataNodes → NameNode (send heartbeats & block reports)

⚖️5. Summary Table


Feature NameNode DataNode
Role Master Slave
Stores Metadata only Actual data blocks
Number One (plus backup) Many
Failure Impact Critical (whole system) Handled with replication

✅ Easy Tip to Remember:


 NameNode = Directory 📁
 DataNode = Warehouse (data blocks) 📦

5. Explain about the design of hdfs, hdfs concepts


✅ "Design of HDFS and HDFS Concepts"

📦 1. What is HDFS?
HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) is the storage system of Hadoop, designed to store
very large files reliably across multiple machines.

🧠 2. Key Design Goals of HDFS


🎯 Goal 📘 Explanation
Fault Tolerance Data is replicated across nodes
High Throughput Optimized for large batch data processing
Scalability Easily add more machines
Write Once, Read Many Designed for data analysis (not frequent updates)
Data Locality Processing happens where data is stored

🧩 3. HDFS Architecture
🔹 Two Main Components:

Component Role
NameNode Master – stores metadata (file info, locations)
DataNodes Workers – store actual data blocks

📁 4. HDFS Concepts
Concept Description
Block Data is split into blocks (default: 128MB)
Replication Each block is copied to multiple DataNodes (default: 3 copies)
Rack Awareness Replicas are stored on different racks for fault tolerance
Heartbeat DataNodes send signals to NameNode to show they’re alive
Block Report DataNodes send list of blocks they store to NameNode
Secondary NameNode Takes periodic snapshots of metadata (not a backup, just helper)

🔁 5. Simple Flow Diagram (Text Form)


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Client → NameNode (asks where to store/read)
NameNode → gives block locations
Client → writes/reads blocks from DataNodes
DataNodes → send heartbeat & block info to NameNode

✅ Quick Summary Table


🔑 Term 💬 Meaning
HDFS Storage system in Hadoop
Block Fixed-size data piece
Replication Copying data to avoid loss
NameNode Manages metadata
DataNode Stores data blocks

🧠 Easy Tip to Remember:


“HDFS = Blocks + Replication + Master-Slave (NameNode & DataNodes)”

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