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The document discusses digital filters, specifically finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) systems, detailing their characteristics and design procedures. It outlines the design of FIR filters using the window method and Fourier transform method, including requirements, window types, and examples. Additionally, it provides tables for design parameters and examples for practical filter design scenarios.

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6 views13 pages

Ilovepdf Merged

The document discusses digital filters, specifically finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) systems, detailing their characteristics and design procedures. It outlines the design of FIR filters using the window method and Fourier transform method, including requirements, window types, and examples. Additionally, it provides tables for design parameters and examples for practical filter design scenarios.

Uploaded by

musaha3572194
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Filter
Introduction:

A discrete time filter takes a discrete time input sequence x(n) and
produces a discrete time output sequence y(n).

A special class of a discrete time shift-invariant system can be


characterized by a unit sample response h(n), a system function H(Z), or
difference equation.

If unit sample response h(n) is of finite duration, the system is said


to be a finite impulse response (FIR) system. Equation
𝑁 𝑀

𝑎𝑘 𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑘 = 𝑏𝑘 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘
𝐾=0 𝑘=0

represents FIR system if a0≠ 0 and ak = 0 for k=1, 2,..N.

If unit sample response h(n) is of infinite duration, the system is


said to be an infinite impulse response (IIR) system.
∑𝑀
𝑘=0 𝑏𝑘 𝑍
−𝑘
𝐻 𝑧 = 𝑁
∑𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 𝑍 −𝑘
𝑌 𝑧 𝑏0 + 𝑏1𝑍 −1 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑀 𝑍 −𝑀
𝐻 𝑧 = =
𝑋 𝑧 1 + 𝑎1 𝑍 −1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑁 𝑍 −𝑁

IIR filter is usually implemented by recursive realization (is one in


which the present value of the output depends on both the input
present and or past values), i.e., with feedback.
FIR filter is usually implemented by either a nonrecursive
realization (without feedback) or an FFT realization.

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Design of FIR filters using Window method :

Design procedure for an FIR filter

Requirements: k1, w1, k2, and w2 represents the cutoff and stop-band

requirements for digital filters.

a) From Table (1), select the window type such that the stop-band
gain exceeds k2

b) Selects the number of points in the window,

c) Select and wc , where :

wc = w1 , and = ( N 1 ) /2

d) Find h(n) from eq. (1) using the specified window type and Table
(2) .

Where w (n) designates the window function. Common window functions


used in the FIR filter design are as follows:

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e) If the filter is to be used in A/D- H(Z) – D/A structure, the


equivalent analog specifications must be converted to digital
specifications. For analog critical frequencies, i
, the

corresponding digital specifications using a sampling rate of 1 / T


samples /sec. ; wi = i
T

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Table (1) Design table for FIR LPF

Minimum stop-band
Window Transition Width (wt)
attenuation

Rectangular 4 /N 21 dB

Bartlett 8 /N 25 dB

Hanning 8 /N 44 dB

Hamming 8 /N 53 dB

Blackman 12 /N 74 dB

Table (2) hd (n) and hd( ) f LPF, HPF, BPF, a d BS

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Ex: Design a LP digital filter to be used in A/D- H(Z) – D/A structure


that will have a 3 dB cutoff of 30 rad / sec. and an attenuation of 50
dB at 45 rad/sec. The filter is required to have linear phase. The system
will use a sampling rate of 100 samples/sec.

4. Using eq. for wHam and the value of hd(n) from Table (2) to find

h(n):

H.W: We want to design a Low Pass FIR Filter with the following
characteristics:
Passband 10kHz,
Stopband 11kHz, with attenuation of 50dB,
Sampling frequency 44kHz .Determine the causal impulse response h(n),
and an expression for the phase within the passband.

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Design of FIR filters using Fourier Transform method:

Design procedure for an FIR filter

1. Calculating the normalized cutoff frequency c=2 *fcTs


2. calculating 2M+1=No. of tap
3. calculating h(n) from table (3) to achieve the 2M + 1. Then we
delay the truncated impulse response h(n) by M samples to yield
the following causal FIR filter:

where the delay operation is given by

Table (3) summary of ideal impulse responses for standard fir filters.

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EX: Calculate the filter coefficients for a 3-tap FIR lowpass filter with a
cutoff frequency of 800 Hz and a sampling rate of 8,000 Hz using the
Fourier transform method. AND determine the transfer function and
difference equation of the designed FIR system.
SOL:

The computed filter coefficients via the previous expression are listed as:

Thus delaying h(n) by M =1 sample

The transfer function is achieved as:

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