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Python NumPy
Last Updated : 26 Mar, 2025

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-

performance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these
arrays. It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python.

Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient
multi-dimensional container of generic data.

Arrays in Numpy
Array in Numpy is a table of elements (usually numbers), all of the same
type, indexed by a tuple of positive integers. In Numpy, number of
dimensions of the array is called rank of the array. A tuple of integers giving
the size of the array along each dimension is known as shape of the array.
An array class in Numpy is called as ndarray. Elements in Numpy arrays
are accessed by using square brackets and can be initialized by using
nested Python Lists.

Creating a Numpy Array

Arrays in Numpy can be created by multiple ways, with various number of

Ranks, defining the size of the Array. Arrays can also be created with the
use of various data types
Open In such
App as lists, tuples, etc. The type of the resultant
array is deduced from the type of the elements in the sequences.
Note: Type of array can be explicitly defined while creating the array.
:
 1 import numpy as np
2
3 # Creating a rank 1 Array
4 arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
5 print(arr)
6
7 # Creating a rank 2 Array
8 arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
9 [4, 5, 6]])
10 print(arr)
11
12 # Creating an array from tuple
13 arr = np.array((1, 3, 2))
14 print(arr)

Output

Array with Rank 1:

[1 2 3]
Array with Rank 2:
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]

Array created using passed tuple:

[1 3 2]

Accessing the array Index

In a numpy array, indexing or accessing the array index can be done in

multiple ways. To print a range of an array, slicing is done. Slicing of an
array is defining a range in a new array which is used to print a range of
elements from the original array. Since, sliced array holds a range of
elements of the original array, modifying content with the help of sliced array
modifies the original array content.
:
 1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.array([[-1, 2, 0, 4],
4 [4, -0.5, 6, 0],
5 [2.6, 0, 7, 8],
6 [3, -7, 4, 2.0]])
7
8 # Printing a range of Array
9 # with the use of slicing method
10 arr2 = arr[:2, ::2]
11 print ("first 2 rows and alternate columns(0 and
2):\n", arr2)
12
13 # Printing elements at
14 # specific Indices
15 arr3 = arr[[1, 1, 0, 3],
16 [3, 2, 1, 0]]
17 print ("\nElements at indices (1, 3), "
18 "(1, 2), (0, 1), (3, 0):\n", arr3)

Output

first 2 rows and alternate columns(0 and 2):

[[-1. 0.]
[ 4. 6.]]

Elements at indices (1, 3), (1, 2), (0, 1), (3, 0):
[0. 6. 2. 3.]

Basic Array Operations

:
 In numpy, arrays allow a wide range of operations which can be performed
on a particular array or a combination of Arrays. These operation include
some basic Mathematical operation as well as Unary and Binary operations.

1 import numpy as np
2
3 # Defining Array 1
4 a = np.array([[1, 2],
5 [3, 4]])
6
7 # Defining Array 2
8 b = np.array([[4, 3],
9 [2, 1]])
10
11 # Adding 1 to every element
12 print ("Adding 1 to every element:", a + 1)
13
14 # Subtracting 2 from each element
15 print ("\nSubtracting 2 from each element:", b - 2)
16
17 # sum of array elements
18 # Performing Unary operations
19 print ("\nSum of all array elements: ", a.sum())
20
21 # Adding two arrays
22 # Performing Binary operations
23 print ("\nArray sum:\n", a + b)

Output

Adding 1 to every element: [[2 3]

[4 5]]

Subtracting 2 from each element: [[ 2 1]

:
 [ 0 -1]]

Sum of all array elements: 10

Array sum:
[[5 5]
[5 5]]

More on Numpy Arrays

Basic Array Operations in Numpy

Advanced Array Operations in Numpy
Basic Slicing and Advanced Indexing in NumPy Python

Data Types in Numpy

Every Numpy array is a table of elements (usually numbers), all of the same
type, indexed by a tuple of positive integers. Every ndarray has an
associated data type (dtype) object. This data type object (dtype) provides
information about the layout of the array. The values of an ndarray are
stored in a buffer which can be thought of as a contiguous block of memory
bytes which can be interpreted by the dtype object. Numpy provides a large
set of numeric datatypes that can be used to construct arrays. At the time of
Array creation, Numpy tries to guess a datatype, but functions that construct
arrays usually also include an optional argument to explicitly specify the
datatype.

Constructing a Datatype Object

In Numpy, datatypes of Arrays need not to be defined unless a specific

datatype is required. Numpy tries to guess the datatype for Arrays which are
not predefined in the constructor function.
:
 1 import numpy as np
2
3 # Integer datatype
4 x = np.array([1, 2])
5 print(x.dtype)
6
7 # Float datatype
8 x = np.array([1.0, 2.0])
9 print(x.dtype)
10
11 # Forced Datatype
12 x = np.array([1, 2], dtype = np.int64)
13 print(x.dtype)

Output

int64
float64
int64

Math Operations on DataType array

In Numpy arrays, basic mathematical operations are performed element-

wise on the array. These operations are applied both as operator overloads
and as functions. Many useful functions are provided in Numpy for
performing computations on Arrays such as sum: for addition of Array
elements, T: for Transpose of elements, etc.
:
 1 import numpy as np
2
3 # First Array
4 arr1 = np.array([[4, 7], [2, 6]],
5 dtype = np.float64)
6
7 # Second Array
8 arr2 = np.array([[3, 6], [2, 8]],
9 dtype = np.float64)
10
11 # Addition of two Arrays
12 Sum = np.add(arr1, arr2)
13 print(Sum)
14
15 # Addition of all Array elements
16 Sum1 = np.sum(arr1)
17 print(Sum1)
18
19 # Square root of Array
20 Sqrt = np.sqrt(arr1)
21 print(Sqrt)
22
23 # Transpose of Array
24 Trans_arr = arr1.T
25 print(Trans_arr)

Output

Addition of Two Arrays:

[[ 7. 13.]
[ 4. 14.]]

Addition of Array elements:

19.0
:
 Square root of Array1 elements:
[[2. 2.64575131]
[1.41421356 2.44948974]]

Transpose of Array:
[[4. 2.]
...

More on Numpy Data Type

Data type Object (dtype) in NumPy

Methods in Numpy:

all() diag() hypot() ones_like()

any() diagflat() absolute() full_like()

take() diag_indices() ceil() sin()

put() asmatrix() floor() cos()

apply_along_axis() bmat() degrees() tan()

apply_over_axes() eye() radians() sinh()

argmin() roll() npv() cosh()

argmax() identity() fv() tanh()

nanargmin() arange() pv() arcsin()

:
 nanargmax() place() power() arccos()

amax() extract() float_power() exp()

amin() compress() log() exp2()

insert() rot90() log1() fix()

delete() tile() log2() logical_or()

append() reshape() log10() logical_and()

around() ravel() dot() logical_not()

flip() isinf() vdot() logical_xor()

fliplr() isrealobj() trunc() array_equal()

flipud() isscalar() divide() array_equiv()

triu() isneginf() floor_divide() arctan2()

tril() isposinf() true_divide() equal()

tri() iscomplex() random.rand() not_equal()

empty() isnan() random.randn() less()

empty_like() iscomplexobj() ndarray.flat() less_equal()

zeros() isreal() expm1() greater()

zeros_like() isfinite() bincount() greater_equal()

:
 ones() isfortran() rint() prod()

arctan() cbrt() square()

Programs on Numpy

Python | Check whether a list is empty or not

Python | Get unique values from a list
Python | Multiply all numbers in the list (3 different ways)
Transpose a matrix in Single line in Python
Multiplication of two Matrices in Single line using Numpy in Python
Python program to print checkerboard pattern of nxn using numpy
Graph Plotting in Python | Set 1, Set 2, Set 3

Useful Numpy Articles

Matrix manipulation in Python

Basic Slicing and Advanced Indexing in NumPy Python
Differences between Flatten() and Ravel()
rand vs normal in Numpy.random in Python

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