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Admbs Assign 2 016

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6 views5 pages

Admbs Assign 2 016

Uploaded by

mubasharayesha95
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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advance database management system

Assignment No. 2

Name: AYESHA MUBASHAR


Roll No.: 016
Program: BSCS
Section: BLUE
Submitted To: MAM TAYYBA

Question no 01
Responsibilities of a DBA in Real-World Companies
Answer:
In today's data-centric world, the role of a Database Administrator (DBA) has become
increasingly vital for organizations that rely on secure, efficient, and high-performing databases.
DBAs are responsible for managing, backing up, securing, and optimizing databases that store
critical business data. This assignment explores the key responsibilities of DBAs in real-world
companies, supported by insights from industry-leading resources.

1. Database Installation and Configuration


One of the primary responsibilities of a DBA is to install and configure the database software
according to the organization’s requirements. This includes setting up the database server,
configuring user roles, and establishing storage structures. Proper configuration ensures high
availability and optimal performance from the start.
Oracle DBA Guide
2. Database Design and Implementation
DBAs collaborate with developers and system architects to design the database schema. This
includes structuring tables, relationships, indexes, and constraints to ensure data consistency,
minimize redundancy, and improve performance. Logical and physical data models must be
aligned with business processes.
IBM: What is a Database Administrator?
3. Backup and Recovery Management
DBAs establish backup procedures to safeguard against data loss due to hardware failures, user
errors, or cyberattacks. Regular backups and well-tested recovery plans are essential to ensure
data integrity and business continuity.
Microsoft: Backup and Restore SQL Databases
4. Performance Monitoring and Tuning
Monitoring database performance and proactively identifying bottlenecks is a critical DBA
function. This includes analyzing query performance, adjusting indexes, and tuning
configurations to maintain system efficiency and user satisfaction.
Oracle: Database Performance Tuning Guide
5. Security Management
DBAs are tasked with implementing security policies to protect sensitive data. This involves user
authentication, access control, encryption, and auditing. As cyber threats increase, strong
database security practices are more important than ever.
NIST: Database Security Guidelines

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6. Data Integrity and Quality Assurance
Ensuring the accuracy and consistency of data is another crucial responsibility. DBAs set
validation rules, constraints, and triggers to prevent incorrect or inconsistent data entries. Data
quality directly impacts decision-making and business intelligence.
Gartner: Data Quality Definition
7. Disaster Recovery Planning
DBAs must prepare for catastrophic events by developing disaster recovery plans. These plans
outline the steps to restore database operations after system failures, ensuring minimum
downtime and data loss.
IBM: Disaster Recovery Overview
8. Compliance and Auditing
Modern organizations must comply with data regulations like GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI-DSS. DBAs
ensure databases meet these compliance standards through auditing, data masking, and
maintaining logs of all database activities.
GDPR Compliance
9. Collaboration and Technical Support
DBAs serve as the point of contact for database-related issues. They collaborate with software
developers, network administrators, and business analysts to troubleshoot problems and
support ongoing development efforts.
Microsoft Learn: DBA Roles
Conclusion
The role of a DBA in real-world companies goes beyond technical tasks. It encompasses a broad
range of responsibilities that are crucial for data security, business continuity, regulatory
compliance, and overall efficiency. As businesses increasingly depend on data, the strategic
importance of the DBA continues to grow, making it a central role in any data-driven
organization.

Question no 02
Oracle Database Connection Process (Client to Session Establishment)
Answer:

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Client Initiates Connection
The user (client application) sends a connection request to the Oracle Database using Oracle
Net Services. The request contains the destination database SID or service name.
Oracle Net and Listener Role
Oracle Net: It is responsible for enabling communication between the client and Oracle
Database over the network.
Listener: A background process on the server side (default port: 1521). It waits for incoming
connection requests.
When the listener receives a request, it checks the database configuration to determine how to
handle it.
Listener Accepts Request
The listener either:
Hands off the connection to an already running dedicated server process, or
Spawns a new dedicated server process to handle that client (in dedicated server mode), or
Adds the request to a dispatcher in shared server mode.
Server Process and Memory Structures
The server process communicates with the System Global Area (SGA), which contains the data
dictionary cache, SQL cache, buffer cache, and redo log buffer.
The server process handles user SQL requests and interacts with the Program Global Area
(PGA), which contains session-specific data.
Session is Established
Once the server process is ready and memory structures are allocated, a session is established
between the client and server. The user can now interact with the database (e.g., run SQL
commands).

DIAGRAM

(1) Connection Request

Client Listener
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Application (Port 1521)
(2) Acknowledgement

(3) Spawn/Use Server Process

Dedicated/Shared
Server Process

(4) Access to Memory Structures

Oracle SGA & PGA


(Buffers, Caches)

Component Description

Oracle Net Enables communication between the client and database server.

Listens for incoming client requests and forwards them to the database
Listener
server.

Server Process Executes SQL commands on behalf of the client, interacts with memory.

SGA (System Global Area) Shared memory containing important data caches for all sessions.

PGA (Program Global Area) Memory specific to each server process/session.

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