Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

TOPIC:
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Group No.2

Members:

Bryant James N. Armas

Matthew Brent B. Garcia

Assley C. Lopez

Avriel Antonette A. Quizon

Maica B. Sotto

Ephreim Jan P. Waje

Submitted to:

Engr. Gilmark P. Repulda

Instructor

Page 1 | 37
 PREFACE

This book explores a comprehensive explanation of differential

equations, a fundamental area of mathematics with broad applications
in science and engineering. The book is designed to accompany the
reader through a range of contexts where differential equations are
encountered, from simple problem-solving to more complex applications
involving modeling.

The first part explores differential equations without the context

of modeling, presenting a set of problems and detailed solutions.
These problems emphasize important techniques like separating the
variables, presenting readers with a solid grasp of the basics of
solving differential equations. By examining graphical
representations of the solutions and particular solutions, readers
will better understand the behavior of these equations in an
intuitive sense.

The second part introduces differential equations in the context of

modeling. In this part, readers are exposed to a wider variety of
problems in which differential equations are applied to model
real-life situations. Step-by-step solutions lead the reader through
the use of differential equations to solve a variety of problems.

The third part continues the discussion of differential equations

with related variables. These types of problems often require a more
sophisticated grasp of the interrelations between variables, their
derivatives, and their rates of change. Once more, complete solutions
are given to assist in developing a thorough and comprehensive
understanding of these more complex problems.

With the provision of both theoretical understanding, practical

problem-solving, and graphical presentation, the book serves as an
invaluable resource to students, educators, and researchers. Whether
a beginner in differential equations or in need of improving
knowledge, this book will be a source of information and skill for
solving extensive differential equation problems in abstract as well
as in applied situations.

Page 2 | 37
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page.........................................................1

Preface............................................................2

Table of Contents..................................................3

Differential Equations (In Context Without Modelling)..............4

Problem 2....................................................4

Problem 8....................................................7

Problem 14..................................................10

Problem 20..................................................13

Problem 26..................................................16

Differential Equations (In Context with Modelling)................20

Problem 2...................................................20

Problem 8...................................................23

Problem 14..................................................27

Problem 20..................................................30

Problem 26..................................................32

Problem 32..................................................35

Problem 38....................................................

Problem 44....................................................

Differential Equations (with related variables)....................

Problem 2.....................................................

Problem 8.....................................................

Problem 14....................................................

Problem 20....................................................

Page 3 | 37
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (IN CONTEXT WITHOUT MODELING)

1.​Problem 2

Water is draining out of a tank so that the height of the water, h m

, in time t minutes,satisfies the differential equation
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘 ℎ,

where k is a positive constant.

The initial height of the water is 2.25 m and 20 minutes later it

drops to 1 m.

Illustration:

Graph:
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘 ℎ​

a) Show that the solution of the differential equation can be written

2
(60−𝑡)
as ℎ = 1600

Solution:
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑘 ℎ

Page 4 | 37
 (By variable separation)

𝑑ℎ = − 𝑘 ℎ 𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ −𝑘 ℎ 𝑑𝑡
=
ℎ ℎ

𝑑ℎ
1 = − 𝑘𝑑𝑡
(ℎ) 2

(Integrate both sides)

1
−2
∫ℎ 𝑑ℎ = − 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑡

ℎ2
1 = − 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
2

1/2
2ℎ = − 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐

2 ℎ= − 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐

2 ℎ −𝑘𝑡+𝑐
2
= 2

−𝑘𝑡+𝑐
ℎ= 2

At t=0; h=2.25m
−𝑘𝑡+𝑐
ℎ= 2

−𝑘(0)+𝑐
2. 25 = 2

𝑐
1. 5 = 2

1. 5 (2) = 𝑐

𝑐=3

At t=20 minutes; h=1m

−𝑘𝑡+𝑐
ℎ= 2

−𝑘(20)+3
1= 2

−20𝑘+3
1= 2

Page 5 | 37
 1 (2) = − 20𝑘 + 3

2= − 20𝑘 + 3

20𝑘 = 3 − 2
20𝑘 1
20
= 20

1
𝑘= 20

1
Substitute 𝑘 = 20
and 𝑐 = 3

−𝑘𝑡+𝑐
ℎ= 2

ℎ=
− ( )𝑡+3
1
20
2

−𝑡 3
ℎ= 40
+ 2

−𝑡 + 60
ℎ= 40

2 2
( ℎ) = ( −𝑡40+ 60 )
2
(−𝑡 + 60)
ℎ= 1600

2
(60−𝑡)
ℎ= 1600

​ Graph:
2
(60−𝑡)
ℎ= 1600

Page 6 | 37
b) Find after how long the height of the water drops to 0.25 m.

Solution:
2
(60−𝑡)
ℎ= 1600

2
(60−𝑡)
0. 25 = 1600

2
(60−𝑡)
0. 25 = 1600

60−𝑡
0. 5 = 40

0. 5 (40) = 60 − 𝑡

20 = 60 − 𝑡

𝑡 = 60 − 20

𝑡 = 40 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

2.​Problem 8

The number of fish x in a small lake at time t months after a certain

instant, is modelled by the differential equation
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑥(1 − 𝑘𝑡)

where k is a positive constant.

We may assume that x can be treated as a continuous variable.

It is estimated that there are 10000 fish in the lake when t = 0 and
12 months later the number of fish returns back to 10000.

a) Find a solution of the differential equation, in the form 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡)

Solution:

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑥(1 − 𝑘𝑡)

𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= (1 − 𝑘𝑡)𝑑𝑡

(Integrate both sides)

Page 7 | 37
 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥
= ∫(1 − 𝑘𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑘∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡

2
𝑘𝑡
ln |𝑥| = 𝑡 − 2
+𝑐

(Exponentiating both sides)

2
𝑘𝑡
𝑙𝑛 |𝑥| 𝑡− 2
𝑒 = 𝑒

(Let the arbitrary constant be denoted as A)

2
𝑘𝑡
𝑡− 2
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒

(Since x = 10000 when t = 0, we determine that the A=10000)

2
𝑘𝑡
𝑡− 2
10000 = 10000 𝑒

x = 10000, t = 12
2
𝑘(12)
10000 10000 12 − 2
10000
= 10000
𝑒

2
𝑘(12)
12 − 2
1=𝑒

2
𝑘(12)
𝑙𝑛 |1| = 12 − 2

0 = 12 − 72𝑘

72𝑘 = 12

72𝑘 12
72
= 72

1
k = 6

1
Substitute 𝑘 = 6

2
𝑘𝑡
𝑡− 2
10000 = 10000 𝑒

Page 8 | 37
 2
𝑡
𝑡− 6(2)
𝑥 = 10000 𝑒
2
𝑡
𝑡− 12
𝑥 = 10000 𝑒

Graph:

b) Find the long term prospects for this population of fish.

Solution:
2
𝑡
𝑡− 12
x(t) = 10000 𝑒

(Analyze the exponent)

2
𝑡
t - 12

Analyzation:

2
𝑡
- 12
dominates

Therefore, x(t) = 0 as t approaches ∞

Conclusion:

In the long term, the fish population will decline to zero,

meaning the population will eventually disappear if the model
remains valid.

Page 9 | 37
 3.​Problem 14

The number of foxes N , in thousands, living within an urban area t

years after a given instant, can be modelled by the differential
equation
𝑑𝑁 2
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑁 − 𝑁 , 𝑡 ≥ 0

Initially it is thought 1000 foxes lived within this urban area.

a)Find a solution of the differential equation, in the form 𝑁 = 𝑓(𝑡)

(By variable separation)

𝑑𝑁 2
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑁 − 𝑁 , 𝑡 ≥ 0

𝑑𝑁
⇒ 2 = 𝑑𝑡
2𝑁−𝑁

𝑑𝑁
𝑁(2−𝑁)

𝑑𝑁
(decompose 𝑁(2−𝑁)
into partial fractions)

1 𝐴 𝐵
𝑁(2−𝑁)
= 𝑁
+ 2−𝑁

𝑁(2 − 𝑁) ( 1
𝑁(2−𝑁) )= ( 𝐴
𝑁
+
𝐵
2−𝑁 )𝑁(2 − 𝑁)
1 = 𝐴(2 − 𝑛) + 𝐵(𝑁)

1 = 2𝐴 − 𝐴𝑁 + 𝐵𝑁

1 = 2𝐴 + (𝐵 − 𝐴)𝑁
1 1
Substitute 𝐴 = 2
and 𝐵 = 2

1 1
1 2 2
𝑁(2−𝑁)
= 𝑁
+ 2−𝑁

(integrate both sides)

( )
1 1
2 2
∫ 𝑁
+ 2−𝑁
𝑑𝑁=∫ 𝑑𝑡

1 1
2
𝑙𝑛|𝑁| − 2
𝑙𝑛|2 − 𝑁| = 𝑡 + 𝐶

1
2
𝑙𝑛 ( |𝑁|
|2−𝑁| )= 𝑡 + 𝐶
Page 10 | 37
 𝑙𝑛( |𝑁|
|2−𝑁| ) = 2𝑡 + 𝐶
(exponentiate both sides to eliminate natural logarithm)
|𝑁| 2𝑡+𝐶 2𝑡
|2−𝑁|
=𝑒 = 𝐴𝑒

𝑁 2𝑡+𝐶'
2−𝑁
=𝑒

Solve for 𝑁
2𝑡
𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 (2 − 𝑁)
2𝑡 2𝑡
𝑁 = 2𝐴𝑒 − 2𝐴𝑒 𝑁
2𝑡
(
𝑁 1 + 𝐴𝑒 ) = 𝐴𝑒2𝑡
2𝑡
2𝐴𝑒
𝑁= 2𝑡
1+𝐴𝑒

𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁(0) = 1
0
2𝐴𝑒
1= 0
1+𝐴𝑒

2𝐴
1= 1+𝐴

1 + 𝐴 = 2𝐴

1 = 2𝐴 − 𝐴

𝐴=1

Substitute 𝐴 = 1 to the equation for 𝑁

2𝑡
2𝐴𝑒
𝑁= 2𝑡
1+𝐴𝑒

2𝑡
2(1)𝑒
𝑁= 2𝑡
1+(1)𝑒

2𝑡
2𝑒
𝑁= 2𝑡
1+𝑒

Page 11 | 37
 Graph:
2𝑡
2𝑒
𝑁= 2𝑡
1+𝑒

b)Find the long term prospects of this population of foxes, as

predicted by this model, clearly showing your reasoning.
2𝑡
2𝑒
𝑁(𝑡) = 2𝑡
1+𝑒

Solution:

As 𝑡 → ∞, the population 𝑁(𝑡) approaches 2 (in thousands),which

corresponds to 2000 foxes. This means that in the long term,
the fox population stabilizes at 2000 individuals.
2𝑡
2𝑒
𝑁(𝑡) = 2𝑡
1+𝑒

2𝑡
2𝑒
𝑁(𝑡) = 2𝑡 ≈2
𝑒

Conclusion:

𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 2000

The model predicts that the fox population will stabilize at

around 2000 foxes in the long term. This suggests that the
urban area can support a maximum of 2000 foxes, beyond which
growth will be limited by factors like resources and space.

Page 12 | 37
 Graph:

4.​Problem 20

Cars are attached to a giant wheel on a fairground ride, and they can
be made to lower or rise in height as the wheel is turning around.

Let the height above ground of one such car be h metres, and let t be
the time in seconds, since the ride starts.

It may be assumed that h satisfies the differential equation

𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡
=
3
2
ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 3𝑡
4

a) Solve the differential equation subject to the condition 𝑡 = 0,

ℎ = 1 , to show

ℎ = 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 3𝑡
4

​ Solution:
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡
=
3
2
ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 3𝑡
4

𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 3 3𝑡
= 2 4
ℎ

1
−2
∫ℎ 𝑑ℎ = ∫
3
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )𝑑𝑡
3𝑡
4

​
Page 13 | 37
 3 3
Let 𝑢 = 4
𝑡, 𝑑𝑢 = 4
𝑑𝑡
1
− 2 +1
ℎ 4 3
1 = 3
∫ 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
2
+1

2ℎ 2 = 2∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

2 ℎ = 2[− 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑢)] + 𝑐
3𝑡
2 ℎ =− 2𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
)+𝑐

3𝑡
ℎ =− 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
)+𝑐

​ At t=0; h=1
3(0)
1 =− 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
)+𝑐

1 =− 1 + 𝑐

𝑐=1+1

𝑐=2

​ Substitute 𝑐 = 2
3𝑡
ℎ = 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
)

Graph:
3𝑡
ℎ = 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
)

b) Find the greatest height of the car above ground.

ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9𝑚

Page 14 | 37
 Solution:
3𝑡
Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) varies between − 1 & 1 , the value 𝑎 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
) is at its
maximum value which is − 1.
3𝑡
𝑚𝑎𝑥[2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
)] = 2 − (− 1) = 3

ℎ= 3
2 2
( ℎ) = (3)

ℎ=9

ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9𝑚

c) Find the value of t when the car reaches a height of 8 metres

above the ground for the third time, since the ride started.

Solution:
3𝑡
ℎ = 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
)

3𝑡
8 = 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
)

3𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠( 4
)=2− 8

3𝑡 −
4
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2 − 8)

4
3 ( )= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2 − 8))
3𝑡
4
− 4
3

𝑡 = 3. 396 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

𝑡1 = 3. 396

3
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 2π 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 and 𝑘 = 4

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘𝑡)
2π
𝑘

2π
3
4

8
3
π 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

Page 15 | 37
 8
1 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 3
π

𝑡1 = 3. 396

To solve for 𝑡2 subtract 𝑡1 = 3. 396 from 1 full cycle

(Note: subtract because it is on a descending phase)

8
𝑡2 = 3
π − 3. 396

𝑡2 = 4. 981

To solve 𝑡3 add 𝑡1 = 3. 396 from 1 full cycle

(Note: For every period, the function repeats itself, therefore

we add the value of t for the first time)
8
𝑡3 = 3
π + 3. 396

𝑡3 = 11. 773

𝑡3 = 11. 77

Graph:

𝑡1 = 3. 396​ ​ ​ 𝑡2 = 4. 981​ ​ 𝑡3 = 11. 773

5.​Problem 26

Water is leaking from a hole at the side of a water tank.

The tank has a height of 3 m and is initially full. It is thought

that while the tank is leaking, the height, H m, of the water in the
tank at time t hours, is governed by the differential equation

Page 16 | 37
 𝑑𝐻 −0.1𝑡
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘𝑒

where k is a positive constant. The height of the water drops to 2

metres after 10 hours. Find in exact simplified form…

Graph:

a) ... an expression for H in terms of t .

1−0.1𝑡
𝑒 +2𝑒−3
𝐻= 𝑒−1

Graph:

Solution:
𝑑𝐻 −0.1𝑡
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘𝑒

−0.1𝑡
𝑑𝐻 =− 𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑡

−0.1𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝐻 = ∫− 𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑡

Page 17 | 37
 1 −0.1𝑡
𝐻 =− (− 0.1
𝑒 )+𝑐

−0.1𝑡
𝐻 = 10𝑘𝑒 +𝑐

​ At t=0; h=3m
−0.1(0)
3 = 10𝑘𝑒 +𝑐
0
3 = 10𝑘𝑒 + 𝑐

3 = 10𝑘+ 𝑐

𝑐 = 3 − 10𝑘

​ At t=10 hours; h=3m

−0.1𝑡
𝐻 =𝑘𝑒 +𝑐
−0.1𝑡
𝐻 =𝑘𝑒 + 3 − 10𝑘
−0.1(10)
2 = 10𝑘𝑒 + 3 − 10𝑘
−1
2 = 10𝑘𝑒 + 3 − 10𝑘
−1
2 − 3 = 10𝑘𝑒 − 10𝑘
−1
− 1 = 10𝑘(𝑒 − 1)
−1
− 1 = 10𝑘(𝑒 − 1)
1 1
𝑘 =− 10
( −1 )
𝑒 −1

1 1
𝑘 =− 10
( 1 )
𝑒
−1

1 1
𝑘 =− 10
( 1−𝑒 )
𝑒

1 𝑒 −1
𝑘 =− 10
[( 1−𝑒 )( −1 )]

1 𝑒
𝑘= 10
( )
𝑒 −1

1 𝑒
​ Substitute 𝑘 = 10
( 𝑒−1 ) and 𝑐 = 3 − 10𝑘

1 𝑒 −0.1𝑡 1 𝑒
𝐻 = 10[ 10 ( 𝑒−1 )]𝑒 + 3 − 10[ 10 ( 𝑒−1 )]

𝑒 −0.1𝑡 𝑒
𝐻= 𝑒−1
𝑒 +3− 𝑒−1

Page 18 | 37
 𝑒 −0.1𝑡 3(𝑒−1)−𝑒
𝐻= 𝑒−1
𝑒 + 𝑒−1

𝑒 −0.1𝑡 3𝑒−3−𝑒
𝐻= 𝑒−1
𝑒 + 𝑒−1

𝑒 −0.1𝑡 2𝑒−3
𝐻= 𝑒−1
𝑒 + 𝑒−1

1−0.1𝑡
𝑒 +2𝑒−3
𝐻= 𝑒−1

Graph:
𝑑𝐻 −0.1𝑡
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘𝑒
1−0.1𝑡
𝑒 +2𝑒−3
𝐻= 𝑒−1

b) ... the height of the hole from the ground.

2𝑒−3
𝐻= 𝑒−1
𝑚

​ Solution:

𝑒 −0.1𝑡 2𝑒−3
lim 𝐻 = 𝑒−1
𝑒 + 𝑒−1
𝑡→∞

−0.1𝑡
𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑒 =0
𝑒 1 2𝑒−3
lim 𝐻 = 𝑒−1
( 0.1𝑡 )+ 𝑒−1
𝑡→∞ 𝑒

𝑒 2𝑒−3
lim 𝐻 = 𝑒−1
(0) + 𝑒−1
𝑡→∞

2𝑒−3
𝐻= 𝑒−1
𝑚

Page 19 | 37
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (IN CONTEXT WITH MODELING)

1.​Problem 2

The gradient at any point (𝑥, 𝑦) on a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is proportional to

the square root of the y coordinate of that point.

a) Form a suitable differential equation to model this problem.

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
=𝑘 𝑦

Wherein;

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

​ Graph:

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
=𝑘 𝑦

b) Find a general solution of this differential equation, in terms of

suitable constants.

Solution:

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
=𝑘 𝑦

(By variable separation)

Page 20 | 37
 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑘 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦 𝑦

1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑦

1
−2
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥

(Integrate both sides)

1
−2
∫𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑥

1/2
𝑦
1 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
2

2𝑦 2 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
1

2𝑦 2 𝑘𝑥+𝑐
2
= 2

1
𝑘𝑥+𝑐
𝑦2 = 2

1
𝑘𝑥 𝑐
𝑦2 = 2
+ 2

𝑘 𝑐
(Simplify using terms of suitable constants, let 2
=A and 2
=B )

𝑘𝑥 𝑐
𝑦= 2
+ 2

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵

Graph:

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵

Page 21 | 37
The curve passes through the points 𝑃(4, 4) and 𝑄(6, 16).

c) Find a solution to the differential equation in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

​ Solution:

​ At point 𝑃(4, 4)

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵

4 = 𝐴(4) + 𝐵

2 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵

2 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵 (equation 1)

​ At point 𝑄(6, 16)

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵

16 = 𝐴(6) + 𝐵

4 = 6𝐴 + 𝐵

4 = 6𝐴 + 𝐵 (equation 2)

​ Subtract equation 1 from equation 2 to get A

(4 = 6𝐴 + 𝐵) − (2 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵)

4 − 2 = 6𝐴 + 𝐵 − 4𝐴 − 𝐵

2 = 2𝐴

2 2𝐴
2
= 2

𝐴=1

​ Substitute 𝐴 = 1 into equation 1

2 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵

2 = 4(1) + 𝐵

2=4+𝐵

2−4=𝐵

𝐵 =− 2
Page 22 | 37
​ Substitute 𝐴 = 1 and 𝐵 =− 2 into the general solution

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵

𝑦 = (1)𝑥 + (− 2)

𝑦= 𝑥 − 2

2 2
( 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 2)

2
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)

​ Graph:

2
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)

2.​Problem 8

A species of tree is growing in height and the typical maximum height

it can reach in its lifetime is 12 m.

The rate of growth of its height, H m, is proportional to the

difference between its height and the maximum height it can reach.

When a tree of this species was planted, it was 1 m in height and at

that instant the tree was growing at the rate of 0.1 m per month.

a) Show clearly that

𝑑𝐻
110 𝑑𝑡
= 12 − 𝐻

where t is the time, measured in months, since the tree was planted.

𝑑𝐻
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘(12 − 𝐻)

Page 23 | 37
 𝑑𝐻
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝐻 = 1 and 𝑑𝑡
= 0. 1

0. 1 = 𝑘(12 − 1)

0. 1 = 11𝑘

0.1 1
𝑘= 11
= 110

1
Substitute 𝑘 = 110

𝑑𝐻 1
𝑑𝑡
= 110
(12 − 𝐻)

𝑑𝐻
110 𝑑𝑡
= 12 − 𝐻

Graph:

𝑑𝐻
110 𝑑𝑡
= 12 − 𝐻

b) Determine a simplified solution for the above differential

equation, giving the answer in the form 𝐻 = 𝑓(𝑡).

Solution:

𝑑𝐻
110 𝑑𝑡
= 12 − 𝐻

Rearrange:

𝑑𝐻 𝑑𝑡
12−𝐻
= 110

𝑑𝐻 𝑑𝑡
∫ 12−𝐻
=∫ 110

Page 24 | 37
 𝑡
− 𝑙𝑛|12 − 𝐻| = 110
+𝑐

𝑡
𝑙𝑛|12 − 𝐻| =− 110
−𝑐

𝑡
− 110 −𝑐
12 − 𝐻 = 𝑒

−𝑐
𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐶 = 𝑒
𝑡
− 110
12 − 𝐻 = 𝑐𝑒

t=0, H=1

0
12 − 1 = 𝑐𝑒

𝐶 = 11

Substitute 𝐶 = 11
𝑡
− 110
12 − 𝐻 = 11𝑒
𝑡
− 110
𝐻 = 12 − 11𝑒

c) Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the height of the tree after 5

years.

Solution:

𝑡 = 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠

Page 25 | 37
 𝑡 = 5 𝑥 12 = 60 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
60
− 110
𝐻 = 12 − 11𝑒

𝐻 = 12 − 11(0. 58)

𝐻 = 12 − 6. 38

𝐻 = 5. 62𝑚

d) Calculate, correct to the nearest year, the number of years it

will take for the tree to reach a height of 11 m.

Solution:

𝐻 = 11𝑚
𝑡
− 110
11 = 12 − 11𝑒
𝑡
− 110
11𝑒 = 12 − 11
𝑡
− 110
11𝑒 =1
𝑡
− 110 1
𝑒 = 11

𝑡
− 110 1
𝑙𝑛𝑒 = 𝑙𝑛 11

𝑡
− 110
=− 2. 398

𝑡 =− 2. 398(− 110)

𝑡 = 264 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠

264
12
= 22

𝑡 = 22 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

Page 26 | 37
 3.​Problem 14

A body is moving and its distance, x metres, is measured from a fixed

point O at different times, t seconds.

The body is moving in such a way, so that the rate of change of its
distance x is inversely proportional to its distance x at that time.

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 50 and when 𝑡 = 4, 𝑥 = 30. Determine the time it takes

for the body to reach 0.

​ Graph:

𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑥

Solution:

𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑥

variable separation

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡

integrate both sides

∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡

2
𝑥
2
= 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

Page 27 | 37
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 50
2
𝑥
2
= 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

2
50
2
= 𝑘(0) + 𝐶

2500
2
=𝐶

𝐶 = 1250

At 𝑡 = 4, 𝑥 = 30
2
𝑥
2
= 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

2
30
2
= 𝑘(4) + 1250

900
2
= 4𝑘 + 1250

450 = 4𝑘 + 1250

Solve for 𝑘

4𝑘 = 450 − 1250

4𝑘 450−1250
4
= 4

𝑘 =− 200

Substitute 𝑘 = − 200, 𝐶 = 1250

2
𝑥
2
= 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

2
𝑥
2
=− 200𝑡 + 1250

( ) = (− 200𝑡 + 1250)2
2
𝑥
2 2

2
𝑥 = − 400𝑡 + 2500

At 𝑥 = 0

2
𝑥 = − 400𝑡 + 2500

2
0 = − 400𝑡 + 2500
Page 28 | 37
 0= − 400𝑡 + 2500

Solve for 𝑡

0= − 400𝑡 + 2500

400𝑡 = 2500

400𝑡 2500
400
= 400

𝑡 = 6. 25

Graph:

2
𝑥 = − 400𝑡 + 2500​ ​ 𝑥 = − 400𝑡 + 2500

2
𝑥 = − 400𝑡 + 2500​ ​ 𝑡 = 6. 25

𝑥 = − 400𝑡 + 2500 ​ ​ 𝑥 = − 400(6. 25) + 2500

Page 29 | 37
 4.​Problem 20

A snowball is melting and its shape remains spherical at all times.

3
The volume of the snowball, 𝑉 𝑐𝑚 , is decreasing at constant rate.

Let t be the time in hours since the snowball’s radius was 18 cm.

Ten hours later its radius has reduced to 9 cm.

Show that the volume 𝑉 of the melting snowball satisfies

𝑉 = 97. 2π(80 − 7𝑇)

and hence find the value of t when the radius of the snowball has
reduced to 4.5 cm.

4 3
⎡𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 π𝑟 ⎤
⎣ 3 ⎦
Solution:

4 3
𝑉= 3
π𝑟

Initial volume: 𝑡 = 0, 𝑟 = 18𝑐𝑚

4 3
𝑉0 = 3
π(18𝑐𝑚)

3
𝑉0 = 7776π𝑐𝑚

Volume after 𝑡 = 10 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠, 𝑟 = 9𝑐𝑚

4 3
𝑉10 = 3
π(9𝑐𝑚)

3
𝑉10 = 972π𝑐𝑚

Change in volume:

△𝑣 = 𝑉10 − 𝑉0

3 3
△𝑣 = 972π𝑐𝑚 − 7776π𝑐𝑚

3
△𝑣 =− 6804π𝑐𝑚

Page 30 | 37
Rate of Change:

𝑑𝑣 △𝑣
𝑑𝑡
= △𝑡

3
𝑑𝑣 −6804π𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑡
= 10 ℎ𝑟

3
𝑑𝑣 −3402π𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑡
= 5 ℎ𝑟

General Volume Equation:

𝑑𝑣
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉0 + 𝑑𝑡
×𝑡

3
3 −3402π𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝑡 = 7776π𝑐𝑚 + 5 ℎ𝑟
𝑡

3
3 3402π𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝑡 = 7776π𝑐𝑚 − 5 ℎ𝑟
𝑡

Factor out 97. 2π

𝑉𝑡 = 97. 2π(80 − 7𝑡)

At 𝑟 = 4. 5𝑐𝑚

4 3
𝑉= 3
π𝑟

4 3
𝑉= 3
π(4. 5)

3
𝑉 = 381. 70𝑐𝑚

3
Substitute 𝑉 = 381. 70𝑐𝑚

𝑉 = 97. 2π(80 − 7𝑡)

Page 31 | 37
 3
381. 70𝑐𝑚 = 97. 2π(80 − 7𝑡)
3
381.70𝑐𝑚 97.2π(80−7𝑡)
97.2π
= 97.2π

1. 25 = 80 − 7𝑡

7𝑡 = 80 − 1. 25

7𝑡 = 78. 75

7𝑡 78.75
7
= 7

𝑡 = 11. 25 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

5.​Problem 26

An object is moving in such a way so that its coordinates relative to

a fixed origin 0 are given by

𝑥 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 1, 𝑦 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 1

where t is the time in seconds.

Initially the object was at the point with coordinates (5,2).

a) Show that the motion of the particle is governed by the

differential equation

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑦

Solution:

Differentiate x(t)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡 (4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 1)

𝑑
𝑑𝑡
=(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡)= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡

𝑑
𝑑𝑡
=(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
=− 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡

Page 32 | 37
 Differentiate y(t)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡 (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 1)

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
=− 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡

Compute dy/dx
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= −4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡

Express sin t and cos t in terms of x and y

𝑥 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 1

𝑥 − 1 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡

𝑦 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 1

𝑦 + 1 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡

-(𝑦 + 1) =− 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
= −(𝑦+1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
=− 𝑦+1

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑦

b) Find, in exact form, the possible values of the y coordinate of

the object when its x coordinate is 2 .

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑦

(1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

∫(1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑦²
∫(1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫1𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 + 2
​

Page 33 | 37
 𝑥²
∫(1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫1𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2

𝑦² 𝑥²
𝑦+ 2
=𝑥− 2
+𝑐

Originally, (x,y) = (5,2)

𝑦² 𝑥²
𝑦+ 2
=𝑥− 2
+𝑐

2² 5²
2+ 2
=5− 2
+𝑐

4 25
2+ 2
=5− 2
+𝑐

2 + 2 = 5 − 12. 5 + 𝐶

4 = 5 − 12. 5 + 𝐶

4 =− 7. 5 + 𝐶

𝐶 = 11. 5

𝑦² 𝑥²
𝑦+ 2
=𝑥− 2
+ 11. 5

Solve for y, when x=2,

𝑦² 2²
𝑦+ 2
=2− 2
+ 11. 5

𝑦² 4
𝑦+ 2
=2− 2
+ 11. 5

𝑦²
𝑦+ 2
= 2 − 2 + 11. 5

𝑦²
𝑦+ 2
= 11. 5

2𝑦 + 𝑦² = 23

𝑦² + 2𝑦 − 23 = 0

Use quadratic formula where a=1, b=2, c=-23

−𝑏± 𝑏²−4𝑎𝑐
𝑦= 2𝑎

−2 ± 2²−4(1)(−23)
𝑦= 2(1)

−2 ± 4 + 92
𝑦= 2(1)

Page 34 | 37
 −2 ± 96
𝑦= 2

−2 ±4 6
𝑦= 2

𝑦 =− 1±2 6

𝑦 =− 1 + 2 6

𝑦 =− 1 − 2 6

6.​Problem 32

A variable x decreases with time t , both in suitable units, at a

3
rate directly proportional to the value of 𝑥 at that time.

If the value of x is half of its initial value when t = 3 , determine

the value of t when x has reduced to 20% of its initial value.

Solution:

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= -kx3

𝑑𝑥
− 3 = 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥

(Integrate both sides)

𝑑𝑥
−∫ 3 = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥

−3
-∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡

(Multiply both sides by 2, then relabel the constant)

1
2( 2 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶)
2𝑥

1
2 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵
𝑥

Page 35 | 37
When t=0, x=x0

1
2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵
𝑥0

1
𝐵= 2
𝑥0

2 1
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵

2 1
𝑥 = 1
𝐴𝑡 + 2
𝑥0

(Multiply the top and bottom by x02, then relabel Ax02 as D)

2
2 1 𝑥0
𝑥 = 1 ( 2 )
𝐴𝑡 + 2 𝑥0
𝑥0

2
2 𝑥0
𝑥 = 𝐷𝑡 + 1

1
When t = 3, x = 2
x0

𝑥0 2
2
𝑥0
( 2
) = 𝐷(3) + 1

2
𝑥0 𝑥0 1
( 4
= 3𝐷 + 1
) 𝑥0

1 1
4
= 3𝐷 + 1

3𝐷 + 1 = 4

4−1
𝐷= 3

𝐷=1

2
2 𝑥0
𝑥 = 𝑡+1

Page 36 | 37
Graph:

Find t when x has reduced to 20% of its initial value.

1
(𝑥 = 5
𝑥0)

2
1 2 𝑥0
( 5
𝑥0) = 𝑡+1

(Divide both sides by x0)

2
1 𝑥0 1
( 25
𝑥0 = 𝑡+1
) 𝑥0

1 1
25
= 𝑡+1

𝑡 + 1 = 25

𝑡 = 25 − 1

𝑡 = 24

Page 37 | 37