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Exp1-Mathematical Modeling Using Simulink

The document discusses mathematical modeling, defining it as a system description using mathematical concepts, and highlights its applications across various scientific and engineering disciplines. It classifies mathematical models based on structure, including linear vs. nonlinear, static vs. dynamic, and deterministic vs. probabilistic. Additionally, it introduces Simulink as a tool for modeling and simulating dynamic systems, detailing its features and providing examples of modeling differential equations using Simulink.

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10 views7 pages

Exp1-Mathematical Modeling Using Simulink

The document discusses mathematical modeling, defining it as a system description using mathematical concepts, and highlights its applications across various scientific and engineering disciplines. It classifies mathematical models based on structure, including linear vs. nonlinear, static vs. dynamic, and deterministic vs. probabilistic. Additionally, it introduces Simulink as a tool for modeling and simulating dynamic systems, detailing its features and providing examples of modeling differential equations using Simulink.

Uploaded by

abusbeihdana3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 2: Mathematical Modelling Using Simulink

1. Mathematical Model Definition


A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The
process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models
are used in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, meteorology)
and engineering disciplines (such as computer science, artificial intelligence), as well as in the social
sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology, political science).
Physicists, engineers, statisticians, operations research analysts, and economists use mathematical
models most extensively. A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different
components, and to make predictions about behavior.
Mathematical models can take many forms, including but not limited to dynamical systems, statistical
models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These and other types of models can overlap,
with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures. In general, mathematical models may
include logical models. In many cases, the quality of a scientific field depends on how well the
mathematical models developed on the theoretical side agree with results of repeatable experiments.
Lack of agreement between theoretical mathematical models and experimental measurements often
leads to important advances as better theories are developed.

2. Model Classifications in Mathematics


Mathematical models are usually composed of relationships and variables. Relationships can be
described by operators, such as algebraic operators, functions, differential operators, etc. Variables are
abstractions of system parameters of interest, that can be quantified. Several classification criteria can
be used for mathematical models according to their structure:
 Linear vs. nonlinear: If all the operators in a mathematical model exhibit linearity, the resulting
mathematical model is defined as linear. A model is considered to be nonlinear otherwise. The
definition of linearity and nonlinearity is dependent on context, and linear models may have
nonlinear expressions in them. For example, in a statistical linear model, it is assumed that a
relationship is linear in the parameters, but it may be nonlinear in the predictor variables. Similarly,
a differential equation is said to be linear if it can be written with linear differential operators, but
it can still have nonlinear expressions in it. In a mathematical programming model, if the objective
functions and constraints are represented entirely by linear equations, then the model is regarded
as a linear model. If one or more of the objective functions or constraints are represented with
a nonlinear equation, then the model is known as a nonlinear model.
Nonlinearity, even in fairly simple systems, is often associated with phenomena such
as chaos and irreversibility. Although there are exceptions, nonlinear systems and models tend to
be more difficult to study than linear ones. A common approach to nonlinear problems
is linearization, but this can be problematic if one is trying to study aspects such as irreversibility,
which are strongly tied to nonlinearity.

Dr. Zaer Abo-Hammour


Automatic Control Systems 1
Experiment 2: Mathematical Modelling Using Simulink

 Static vs. Dynamic: A dynamic model accounts for time-dependent changes in the state of the
system, while a static (or steady-state) model calculates the system in equilibrium, and thus is time-
invariant. Dynamic models typically are represented by differential equations.
 Explicit vs. Implicit: If all of the input parameters of the overall model are known, and the output
parameters can be calculated by a finite series of computations (known as linear programming, not
to be confused with linearity as described above), the model is said to be explicit. But sometimes
it is the output parameters which are known, and the corresponding inputs must be solved for by
an iterative procedure, such as Newton's method (if the model is linear) or Broyden's method (if
non-linear). For example, a jet engine's physical properties such as turbine and nozzle throat areas
can be explicitly calculated given a design thermodynamic cycle (air and fuel flow rates, pressures,
and temperatures) at a specific flight condition and power setting, but the engine's operating cycles
at other flight conditions and power settings cannot be explicitly calculated from the constant
physical properties.
 Discrete vs. Continuous: A discrete model treats objects as discrete, such as the particles in
a molecular model or the states in a statistical model; while a continuous model represents the
objects in a continuous manner, such as the velocity field of fluid in pipe flows, temperatures and
stresses in a solid, and electric field that applies continuously over the entire model due to a point
charge.
 Deterministic vs. Probabilistic (stochastic): A deterministic model is one in which every set of
variable states is uniquely determined by parameters in the model and by sets of previous states of
these variables; therefore, a deterministic model always performs the same way for a given set of
initial conditions. Conversely, in a stochastic model—usually called a "statistical model"—
randomness is present, and variable states are not described by unique values, but rather
by probability distributions.
 Deductive, Inductive, or Floating: A deductive model is a logical structure based on a theory. An
inductive model arises from empirical findings and generalization from them. The floating model
rests on neither theory nor observation, but is merely the invocation of expected structure.
Application of mathematics in social sciences outside of economics has been criticized for
unfounded models. Application of catastrophe theory in science has been characterized as a
floating model.

Dr. Zaer Abo-Hammour


Automatic Control Systems 2
Experiment 2: Mathematical Modelling Using Simulink

3. Introduction to Simulink

3.1 Simulink Description:

Simulink® is a block diagram environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based


Design. It supports system-level design, simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous test
and verification of embedded systems. Simulink provides a graphical editor, customizable block
libraries, and solvers for modeling and simulating dynamic systems. It is integrated with MATLAB®,
enabling you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models and export simulation results to
MATLAB for further analysis.

3.2 Simulink Features:

 Graphical editor for building and managing hierarchical block diagrams


 Libraries of predefined blocks for modeling continuous-time and discrete-time systems
 Simulation engine with fixed-step and variable-step ODE solvers
 Scopes and data displays for viewing simulation results
 Project and data management tools for managing model files and data
 Model analysis tools for refining model architecture and increasing simulation speed
 MATLAB Function block for importing MATLAB algorithms into models
 Legacy Code Tool for importing C and C++ code into models

3.3 Open the Simulink Library Browser:


You need MATLAB® running before you can open the Simulink® Library Browser.
1. In the MATLAB Command Window, enter simulink.
A short delay occurs the first time you open the Simulink Library Browser. The figure 1 shows
the Library Browser with the Out1 block selected in the Simulink/Commonly Used Blocks sub
library. A block description that appears when you hover over it.

2. The Library Browser keeps a repository of all the libraries it shows. If your library has missing
repository information, a notification bar appears above the Libraries pane when you refresh
the Library Browser. To prevent this notification from appearing again, click on Fix in the
notification bar and choose Resave libraries in SLX file format. This saves all libraries
in .slx format with Enable LBRepository property set to on. You can also open the Simulink
Library Browser from the MATLAB Toolstrip, by clicking the Simulink
Library button. To keep the Library Browser above all other windows on your
desktop, in the toolbar, select the Stay on topbutton .

Dr. Zaer Abo-Hammour


Automatic Control Systems 3
Experiment 2: Mathematical Modelling Using Simulink

Figure 2.1: Simulink Library

3.4 Create a New Simulink Model


Create a new Simulink model from the Simulink Library Browser.
1. From the Simulink Library Browser toolbar, click the New Model button . An empty
model diagram figure 2.2 opens in the Simulink Editor.

Figure 2.2: Simulink New Model

Dr. Zaer Abo-Hammour


Automatic Control Systems 4
Experiment 2: Mathematical Modelling Using Simulink

Example 1: Model the differential Equation (Time Domain)


2 (1)

where is a square wave with an amplitude of 1 and a frequency of 1 rad/sec, use an integrator
block and a gain block.
The Integrator block integrates its input to produce . Other blocks needed in this model
include a Gain block and a Sum block. To generate a square wave, use a Signal Generator block and
select the Square Wave form but change the default units to radians/sec. Again, view the output using
a Scope block. Gather the blocks and define the gain.

Figure 2.3: Blocks representation of equation 1


An important concept in this model is the loop that includes the Sum block, the Integrator block, and
the Gain block.
In this equation, is the output of the Integrator block. It is also the input to the blocks that
compute , on which it is based. This relationship is implemented using a loop.
The Scope displays at each time step. For a simulation lasting 10 seconds, the output shows in
figure 4:

Figure 2.4: The simulation result of

Dr. Zaer Abo-Hammour


Automatic Control Systems 5
Experiment 2: Mathematical Modelling Using Simulink

Example .2: Model the differential Equation (Frequency Domain- Transfer Function)
2 (2)

The equation you modeled in this example can also be expressed as a transfer function. The model
uses the Transfer Fcn block, which accepts u as input and outputs .
So, the block implements / . If you substitute for in the above equation, you get
2
Solving for gives

2
Or
1
2
The Transfer Fcn block uses parameters to specify the numerator and denominator coefficients. In
this case, the numerator is 1 and the denominator is s+2. Specify both terms as vectors of coefficients
of successively decreasing powers of s
In this case the numerator is [1] (or just 1) and the denominator is [1 2].

Figure 2.5:Transfer Fcn block parameter

Dr. Zaer Abo-Hammour


Automatic Control Systems 6
Experiment 2: Mathematical Modelling Using Simulink

Figure 2.6: Transfer function representation of equation 2

Figure 2.7: The simulation result of


Example 3:
Find the Solution of the following system

2 3

Where 0 1. 0 0
For the input function is: step, ramp, impulse, sinusoidal

Dr. Zaer Abo-Hammour


Automatic Control Systems 7

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