Leonora B.

Wanawan
 Learning Outcomes:
• translate statements to their
equivalent mathematical
representation accurately;
• determine correctly the truth
values of statements
• determine the validity of an
argument accurately
Lesson 1: Logic Statements
and Quantifiers
 Logic Statements
Types of
Sentences

Imperative Exclamatory

Declarative Interrogative
1.Is the test today?
2.Go get the newspaper.
3.This is a nice car!
4.Manila is the capital of
Philippines.
5.Hey! Come here.
6. Take your seat!
7.Do you like Mathematics?
8.Wow! He got perfect score in
Math!
9.Lang-ay Festival is a festival in
Mountain Province.
10.Impressive presentation!
11.Vanilla is the best ice cream flavor.
12.Lock the door when you leave the
house.
13.What website do you use to edit
your photographs?
14.My strawberry lemonade spilled!
15.Don’t walk around with scissors in
your hand!
16.Do you like pineapples on your
pizzas?
17.The article contains at least 1,000
words.
18.We didn't know you were planning
this party for us!
19.Schedule an appointment with the
dentist.
20.How are you?
 Logic Statements

Yosemite
National Park is
located in
California.
 Determine whether each
sentence is a statement.
a.Florida is a state in the
United States.
b.How are you?
9
c. 9 + 2 is a prime number
d.x + 1 = 5
e. Open the door.
f. 7055 is a large number.
g. In the year 2028, the
president of the Philippines will
be a woman.
h. x > 3.
 Quantifiers
1.Universal Quantifications
- the proposition that asserts
that P(x) is true for all or every
value of x
- denoted by the notation ∀(x)
- “∀(x), P(x)” as “for all P(x)”
or “for every P(x)”
 1. Universal Quantification

a. Let P(x) be the statement

“y + 1 > y.” What is the truth
value of the quantification
∀(x),P(x), where the domain
consists of all real numbers?

- True
 1. Universal Quantification

b. Let Q(x) be the statement

“y > 2.” What is the truth value
of the quantification ∀(x),Q(x),
where the domain consists of all
real numbers?

- False
 Quantifiers
2. Existential Quantifications
- forms a statement if and only
if P(x) is true for at least one
value of x
- denoted by the notation ∃(x)
- “∃(x), P(x)” as “for some
P(x)” or “there exists P(x)”
 2. Existential Quantification

a. Let P(x) be the statement

“y > 4.” What is the truth value
of the quantification ∃(x),P(x),
where the domain consists of all
real numbers?

- True
 2. Existential Quantification

b. Let Q(x) be the statement

“y = y + 1.” What is the truth
value of the quantification
∃(x),Q(x), where the domain
consists of all real numbers?

- False
 It’s Your Turn.

Make your own sentences on the

following. Make sure that your
sentences have something to do with
your course.
a. 2 propositions that are true
b. 2 propositions that are false
c. 2 sentences that are not proposition
d. 2 Universal quantification
e. 2 Existential quantification
 Simple Statements and
Compound Statements
Simple statement
- a statement that conveys a
single idea
Compound statement
- a statement that conveys two
or more ideas
 Simple Statements and
Compound Statements
• I will attend the meeting.
• I will go to school.
Connecting simple statements
with words and phrases such as
and, or, if … then, and if and only
if creates a compound statement.
I will attend the meeting and
I will go to school.
I will attend the meeting or I
will go to school.
If I will attend the meeting
then I will go to school.
I will attend the meeting if
and only if I will go to school.
 Logic Connectives and Symbols
Symbolic Type of
Statement Connective
Form Statement

not p not ∼p negation

p and q and p⋀q conjunction

p or q or p⋁q disjunction

If p, then q If … then p→q conditional

p if and only if q if and only if p q biconditional

p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.
Write the following compound statements in symbolic
form.
a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a
movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball
game.
e. I am going to a movie if and only if I am not going to
the basketball game.
 p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.

Compound Statement Symbolic Form

a. Today is Friday and it is raining. a.p ⋀ q
b. It is not raining and I am going to a b.∼q ⋀ r
movie. c.∼s ⋁ r
c. I am going to the basketball game or d.q → s
I am going to a movie. e.r s
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to
the basketball game.
e. I am going to a movie if and only if I
am not going to the basketball
game.
 Practice Exercise
p: The MU 2023 was held in El Salvador.
q: The MU 2023 was viewed on Kapamilya Channel.
r: It was not viewed on GMA 7.
s: Ms. Philippines was favored to win.
Write the following compound statements in
symbolic form.
a. The MU 2023 was held in El Salvador and it was
not viewed on GMA 7.
b. Ms. Philippines was favored to win if and only if the
MU 2023 was not held in El Salvador.
c. If the MU 2023 was held in El Salvador and it was
not viewed on GMA 7, then the MU 2023 was
viewed on Kapamilya Channel.
 Write each sentence in symbolic form. Represent
each simple statement in the sentence with the
letter indicated in the parentheses.

If today is Wednesday (w), then tomorrow is Thursday (t).

I went to the post office (p) and the bookstore (s).
A triangle is an equilateral triangle (l) if and only if it is
an equiangular triangle (a).
A number is an even (e) if and only if it has a factor of 2
(t).
If it is a dog (d), then it has fleas (f).
I will major in business marketing (m) or financial
marketing (f).

Activity 1
 Write each symbolic statement into a
compound sentence.
p: The tour goes to Italy.
q: The tour goes to Spain.
r: We go to Venice.
s: We go to Florence.
t: The hotel fees are included.
u: The meals are not included.
1) ∼u ⋁ ∼t
2) s ∼r
3) p → r
4) q → ∼s
5) ∼ s ∼u
6)(u ⋁ ∼t) → r
 p: The tour goes to Italy.
q: The tour goes to Spain.
r: We go to Venice.
s: We go to Florence.
t: The hotel fees are included.
u: The meals are not included.

1) ∼u ⋁ ∼t 1. The meals are included or the hotel fees are

2) s ∼r not included.
3) p → r 2. We go to Florence if and only if we will not go
to Venice.
4) ∼t ⋀ u
3. If the tour goes to Italy, then we go to Venice.
5) ∼ s ∼u
4. The hotel fees and the meals are not
6)(u ⋁ ∼t) → r included.
5. We will not go to Florence if and only if the
meals are included.
6. If the meals or the hotel fees are not included,
then We go to Venice.
 Write each symbolic statement into a
compound sentence.
p: The tour goes to Italy. Activity 2
q: The tour goes to Spain.
r: We go to Venice.
s: We go to Florence.
t: The hotel fees are included.
u: The meals are not included.
1) p ⋀ ∼q
2) r → ∼s
3) r ⋁ s
4) q → ∼s
5) r p
6)(t ⋀ u) (∼r ⋀ ∼s)
 Lesson 2: Truth Values of
Arguments and Truth Table
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you
should be able to:
1. determine the truth value
of a given argument; and
2. construct the truth table of
a given argument.
 Truth Table

A truth table shows the truth

or falsity of a compound
statement depending on the
truth or falsity of the simple
statements from which it was
constructed.
 Logical connectives
1.“and” (⋀)
2.“or” (⋁)
3.“if…then” or “implies” (→)
4.“if and only if” ( )
5.“not” (∼ or -)
 Conjunction Disjunction Conditional Biconditional

p q p⋀q p⋁q p→q p q

T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T
Note: If p is true (T) then –p is false (F).
If p is false (F) then –p is true (T).
 A.CONJUNCTION ⋀
EXAMPLES:
T
T
1. Baguio is the summer capital and
Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
T
T
2. Bontoc is in Mountain Province
and Atok is in Ifugao.
F F
 F F
3. Tadian is part of Bontoc and
La Trinidad is in Benguet.
T
F F
4. Tadian is part of Bontoc and
Atok is in Ifugao.
T
 B. DISJUNCTION ⋁
EXAMPLES:
T
T
1. Baguio is the summer capital or
Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
T
T
2. Bontoc is in Mountain Province or
Atok is in Ifugao. T
F
 F T
3. Tadian is part of Bontoc or
La Trinidad is in Benguet.
T
F F
4. Tadian is part of Bontoc or
Atok is in Ifugao.
T
 C. CONDITIONAL →
SITUATION: Living in an apartment and paying
rent.
p → q where p is I live in an apartment and q is I pay
rent.
What will be the outcome?
1.If I will live in an apartment then I pay rent.
2. If I will live in an apartment then I don’t pay
rent.
3. If I don’t live in an apartment then I pay rent.
4. If I don’t live in an apartment then I don’t pay
rent.
 D. BICONDITIONAL
SITUATION: I will pass my subject and I will pass
my exam.
p q where p is I will pass my subject and q is will
pass my exam.
What will be the outcome?
1. I will pass the subject if and only if I will pass my exam.
2. I will pass the subject if and only if I will pass not my
exam.
3. I will not pass the subject if and only if I will pass my
exam.
4. I will not pass the subject if and only if I will not pass
my exam.
 How to create the truth table

1. Create a table with 𝟐𝒏 rows

where n is the number of
proposition.
2. Fill in first the n columns with
all possible combinations.
3. Determine and enter the truth
value for each combination.