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Date: 5/31/2025, 1:17:00 AM

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A queue is a linear data structure that follows the First In, First Out (FIFO)
principle. This means the element added first will be removed first—like a line of
people waiting for a service.

Characteristics of a Queue:

Insertion (enqueue) happens at the rear (back).

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Deletion (dequeue) happens at the front.

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Maintains the order of elements.

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Real-life Example:
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Think of a queue in a movie theater:

The first person to enter the line is the first to get the ticket.

New people join at the back.

Basic Operations:

Operation Description
enqueue(item) Add an item to the rear of the queue
dequeue() Remove an item from the front
peek() or front() View the front item without removing
isEmpty() Check if the queue is empty
size() Return the number of elements

Types of Queues:
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 1. Simple Queue – Basic FIFO behavior.

2. Circular Queue – Last position connects to the first to form a circle, efficient
use of space.

3. Priority Queue – Elements are dequeued based on priority, not order.

4. Double-Ended Queue (Deque) – Insertion and deletion allowed at both ends.

Queue in C (Example using Array):

c
Copy
#define SIZE 100
int queue[SIZE];
int front = -1, rear = -1;

void enqueue(int item) {

if (rear == SIZE - 1)
printf("Queue is full\n");
else {

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if (front == -1) front = 0;
rear++;
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df
queue[rear] = item;

p
}

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}

int dequeue() {

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if (front == -1 || front > rear) pt
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ch
printf("Queue is empty\n");
else
return queue[front++];
}

Let me know if you want this explained with a diagram or as a PDF for revision.

Sure! Since you're preparing for the OPSC Assistant Industries Officer (AIO) exam,
here's a more detailed and exam-oriented explanation of Queue—including
theory, applications, advantages, and important points often asked in
competitive exams.

✅ Queue – Detailed Explanation

📘 Definition:

A queue is a linear data structure that works on the First In First Out (FIFO)
principle. The first element inserted is the first one to be removed.

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🧠 Why FIFO?

It models real-world scenarios like:

People standing in line

Print job management

Call center support tickets

🔧 Queue Operations (with Time Complexity):

Operation Description Time Complexity

enqueue() Insert element at rear O(1)
dequeue() Remove element from front O(1)
peek() Get front element O(1)
isEmpty() Check if queue is empty O(1)
isFull() (For array-based queues) O(1)

. i n
p df
🧰 Types of Queues:

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Type
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Description

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Simple Queue Standard FIFO queue
Rear and front are connected (helps in memory
Circular Queue
optimization)
Each element is assigned priority; highest priority is
Priority Queue
served first
Double-ended Queue
Insertion and deletion allowed at both front and rear
(Deque)

📌 Array vs Linked List Implementation:

Feature Array-based Queue Linked List-based Queue

Memory usage Fixed size Dynamic size
Speed Fast, but may waste space Slightly slower due to pointers
Overflow Possible (fixed size) Less likely

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🔄 Circular Queue (Important for Exams):

Problem with Simple Queue: After a few dequeue() operations, the front
moves forward and rear reaches the end—though space at the beginning is
unused.

Solution: Circular queue connects the rear to the front.

Formulae:

rear = (rear + 1) % size

front = (front + 1) % size

🧠 Applications of Queue:

CPU Scheduling

Disk Scheduling

Breadth-First Search (BFS) in Graphs

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IO Buffers, Pipes, File handling

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df
Print queue in OS

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❓ Possible MCQ Exam Questions:

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a
1. Which data structure uses FIFO?
a) Stack
b) Queue
c) Tree
ch
d) Graph

2. Which operation removes an element from the front in a queue?

a) Insert
b) Delete
c) Push
d) Pop

3. What is the condition for an empty queue (using array)?

front == -1 or front > rear

📝 Summary Points to Remember:

Queue = FIFO

Enqueue = Add at rear

Dequeue = Remove from front

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 Circular queues optimize space

Priority Queue ≠ FIFO (serves by priority)

BFS uses queue internally

Would you like this content formatted as a PDF for revision? I can generate it for
you in a clear layout.

Great! Here's a clear and detailed explanation of Linear Queue and Circular
Queue, especially for your OPSC AIO exam. These are often asked in both objective
and descriptive formats.

✅ 1. Linear Queue
📘 Definition:

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A Linear Queue is a linear data structure that follows the FIFO (First In First Out)

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principle. Elements are inserted at the rear and removed from the front.

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🔧 Operations:

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Enqueue (Insertion): At the rear

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Dequeue (Deletion): From the front

📊 Example:

Index 0 1 2 3 4
Queue 10 20 30
Front → 0 Rear → 2

After dequeue() (removing 10):

Index 0 1 2 3 4
Queue 20 30
Front → 1 Rear → 2

❌ Even though index 0 is now empty, it can't be reused in a linear queue!

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⚠️Disadvantage:

Wastage of memory: Once front moves forward, the space at the beginning
becomes unusable.

This leads to a "false overflow", even if the array has empty spaces.

✅ 2. Circular Queue
📘 Definition:

A Circular Queue is an improved version of a linear queue where the last position
is connected to the first, forming a circular structure.

🔁 Key Concept:

When the rear reaches the end of the queue and space is available at the
beginning (due to deletions), the rear wraps around.

🔧 Formulae:
. i n
Enqueue: rear = (rear + 1) % size
p df
Dequeue: front = (front + 1) % size
pt o
a t g
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📊 Example (Size = 5):

Initial Queue:

Index 0 1 2 3 4
Queue 10 20 30 40 50
Front → 0 Rear → 4

Now perform 2 dequeues:

Index 0 1 2 3 4
Queue 30 40 50
Front → 2 Rear → 4

Now enqueue 60 and 70:

| Index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|-------|60 |70 |30 |40 |50 |
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| Front → 2 | Rear → 1 |

Space is reused—this is the advantage of Circular Queue.

📋 Differences: Linear vs Circular Queue

Feature Linear Queue Circular Queue

Structure Straight line Circular (rear can wrap to front)
Inefficient (may waste
Space usage Efficient (reuses empty spaces)
space)
Overflow
rear == size - 1 (rear + 1) % size == front
condition
Performance-critical, memory-
Useful for Simple scenarios
efficient apps

✅ Real-world Uses:

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Linear Queue: Basic print jobs, call center tickets

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Circular Queue: CPU scheduling, buffering in routers, memory management

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Would you like a diagram to visually understand the difference, or a PDF version
for revision notes?
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ch

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