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Unit 5 - Python Programming

Unit 5 covers NumPy, a library for numerical computations in Python, focusing on its core N-dimensional array structure (ndarray) and its advantages such as efficient memory usage and fast computations. It discusses array creation methods, data types, arithmetic operations, indexing, and boolean indexing, as well as advanced features like universal functions and statistical methods. Additionally, it highlights the importance of data visualization in interpreting data patterns using libraries like matplotlib and seaborn.

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Ayush Gupta
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5 views9 pages

Unit 5 - Python Programming

Unit 5 covers NumPy, a library for numerical computations in Python, focusing on its core N-dimensional array structure (ndarray) and its advantages such as efficient memory usage and fast computations. It discusses array creation methods, data types, arithmetic operations, indexing, and boolean indexing, as well as advanced features like universal functions and statistical methods. Additionally, it highlights the importance of data visualization in interpreting data patterns using libraries like matplotlib and seaborn.

Uploaded by

Ayush Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 5: NumPy

1. Arrays and Vectorized Computation

Definition:​
NumPy (Numerical Python) is a library used for numerical computations in Python. It provides
powerful N-dimensional array objects and functions for operations on these arrays. The core of
NumPy is the ndarray (N-dimensional array).

Advantages of NumPy Arrays:

●​ Efficient memory storage and fast computations.


●​ Supports vectorized operations (element-wise operations without loops).
●​ Ideal for handling large datasets in scientific computing.

Vectorized Computation:​
Vectorization replaces slow Python loops with fast array expressions. For example:

Use Cases:

●​ Data analysis
●​ Machine learning preprocessing
●​ Simulations

2. The NumPy ND array

Definition:​
An ndarray is the core data structure of NumPy that represents arrays of any dimension.
Creating ND arrays:

Attributes of ndarray:

●​ ndim: Number of dimensions.


●​ shape: Size of each dimension.
●​ size: Total number of elements.
●​ dtype: Data type of array elements.

Example:

3. Creating ND Arrays

Methods to Create Arrays:

●​ np.array(): Convert Python lists to arrays.


●​ np.zeros((2,3)): Array of all zeros.
●​ np.ones((2,3)): Array of all ones.
●​ np.arange(0, 10, 2): Array from 0 to 10 with step 2.
●​ np.linspace(0, 1, 5): 5 evenly spaced numbers from 0 to 1.​
Example:

These methods help in scientific simulations and test data generation.

4. Data Types for ND Arrays

Purpose:​
NumPy allows setting specific data types for efficient memory and compatibility with C-based
libraries.

Common Data Types:

●​ int32, int64
●​ float32, float64
●​ bool
●​ complex​

Check/Change Data Types:


5. Arithmetic with NumPy Arrays

Element-wise Operations:

Operations:

●​ Addition: a + b
●​ Subtraction: a - b
●​ Multiplication: a * b
●​ Division: a / b​

Scalar Operations:

These operations are highly optimized in NumPy and run faster than native Python loops.

6. Basic Indexing and Slicing

Indexing:
Slicing:

2D Indexing:

Slicing helps in extracting sub-arrays efficiently.

7. Boolean Indexing

Definition:​
Allows filtering arrays using boolean conditions.

Example:

Boolean indexing is helpful in data selection and preprocessing.


8. Transposing Arrays and Swapping Axes

Transpose:

Swapping Axes:

These operations are crucial in reshaping data for ML models and image processing.

9. Universal Functions (ufuncs): Fast Element-wise Functions

Definition:​
Functions like np.add(), np.sqrt() work element-wise and are faster than Python loops.

Examples:
Other Examples:

●​ np.exp(a), np.sin(a), np.log(a), np.power(a, 2)

They allow fast mathematical computations on arrays.

10. Mathematical and Statistical Methods

Functions:

●​ sum(), mean(), std(), var(), min(), max()


●​ argmax(), argmin()

Example:

Statistical analysis is vital in data science and numerical modeling.

11. Sorting, Unique, and Set Logic

Sorting:
Unique:

Set Operations:

●​ np.intersect1d()
●​ np.union1d()
●​ np.setdiff1d()

Used in data cleaning and analysis to identify overlaps and differences.

12. Data Visualization

Definition:​
Visualization helps interpret data patterns using graphs and plots.

Libraries:

●​ matplotlib.pyplot
●​ seaborn

Examples:
Common Plots:

●​ Line plot
●​ Bar chart
●​ Histogram
●​ Scatter plot
●​ Pie chart

Used in data exploration, presentation, and machine learning.

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