Abstraction in Java

Methods:
1] Un-implemented method:
The method is without method body or implementation is known as un-
implemented method.
Example: un-implemented method is always abstract.
Un-Implemented-Un-parameterized method Un-Implemented-Parameterized method
abstract public void methodName ( ); abstract public void methodName ( int a, byte b);

2] Implemented method:
The method is with method body or implementation is known as un- implemented
method.
Example:
Implemented-Un-parameterized method Implemented-Parameterized method
public void methodName ( ) public void methodName ( int a, boolean b)
{ {
// implementation or code or logic // implementation or code or logic
} }

Note:
1] In abstraction in child class we need to convert un-implemented method into implemented
method.
2] Converting un-implemented method into implemented method means we are overriding that
method.

PerfectLearn-9168313434-[Offline/Online]
 What is Abstraction?
Hiding the implementation details from the users and only functionality will be provided to users.
User only use its functionality but user don’t know its implementation.
Ex-1: Zoom meeting-we are only using zoom meeting functionality, we don’t know about its internal
process.
Ex-2: email-compose mail-we are send mail by compose mail functionality, but how its work we are
unclear about it.

 How to achieve abstraction in java:

1] Abstract class [0-100%]
2] Interface [100%]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1] Abstract class [0-100%]
[Students must perfect in inheritance and method Overriding]
A] Abstract class contains implemented or un-implemented or both type of methods.
Example:
abstract public class Test abstract public class Test
{ {

//un-implemented method public void method2()

abstract public void method1(); {
// implemented method
public void method2() }
{
// implemented method
}
}

// conclusion we can make any class as

} abstract class without knowing its content.

PerfectLearn-9168313434-[Offline/Online]
B] If any method from class is abstract [un-implemented] then that class must be abstract.
C] We can’t create object for abstract class.

Q- How to call or access abstract class functions?

-By using child class only. [Inheritance]
Q- If any class contains only implemented methods, can we make that class as abstract?
-Yes. Abstract class is with or without unimplemented method.

Note:
1] Constructor never inherited so, no overriding and no abstraction.
2] If abstract class contains un-implemented methods then in child class we need to implements that
methods.

PerfectLearn-9168313434-[Offline/Online]
 3] Suppose, in first child class we don’t need to implements that un-implemented methodthen make
that class as abstract then make another child class and implement them.

PerfectLearn-9168313434-[Offline/Online]
2] Interface [100%]
-Interface are similar to abstract class but having all methods are abstract type.

Use
1. To achieve abstraction.
2. It support multiple inheritance.

Syntax:-
How to create interface. New interfaceprovide name of interface

Access-modifier interface InterfaceName

{

//Abstract method

//variable

Highlighted Points:
1] Interface methods are abstract only before JDK 7 version.

2] Un-implemented methods inside interface is always public abstract only

Example: public abstract void method1 ();
Since, it’s not compulsory to write public abstract before un-implemented method, java treated it as public abstract.

3] Variable inside interface is always public static final only

Example: public static final int a=45;
Since, it’s not compulsory to write public static final before variable, java treated it as public static final

PerfectLearn-9168313434-[Offline/Online]
 Since,
final permanent or Constance variable.
static single time memory allocation inside RAM.
4] But after JDK 8 we can go with implemented method also, but methods always static or default only 
public static void method2()
{
// implemented
}

OR
public default void method2()
{
// implemented
}
5] After JDK 9 we can go with private method also.
Q- How to call or access interface in java?
- By using implements keyword only.
- Below image shows Class Test implements Abc (interface) So, first we need to convert all un-implemented
methods into implemented methods inside class Test.

Example-1

PerfectLearn-9168313434-[Offline/Online]
 Example-2

- First we need to convert all un-implemented methods into implemented methods inside class Test and then we call
access or call it.

- Converting un-implemented method into implemented method means we are overriding that
method.

PerfectLearn-9168313434-[Offline/Online]
NOTE:
1] One interface can extends other interface also

Then, Test implements Xyz  [already Xyz extends Abc]

PerfectLearn-9168313434-[Offline/Online]
Key Points Between Abstractions

abstract Class interface

-It contains abstract or implemented methods. -Strictly all methods are abstract only still JDK 7.

-Then after JDK 8 we can take default and abstract

methods also.

-After JDK 9 we can go with private method also.

-We can go with any access modifier except private for -Access modifier is public only. Because, interface

abstract class methods only. methods are public only.

- In child class for overriding method follow overriding

rule.

-To access Abstract classby extends only. -To access interface by using implements only.

-Multiple inheritance is not permitted. -Multiple inheritance is permitted.

-Return Type We can go with any return type. Follow -Return Type We can go with any return type. Follow

method overriding rule for return type. method overriding rule for return type.

-We need to follow method overriding for converting -We need to follow method overriding for converting

abstract method to implemented method. abstract method to implemented method.

- 0 to 100 % abstraction can takes place. 100% abstraction takes place before JDK 7.

PerfectLearn-9168313434-[Offline/Online]