MODERN

CONTRACEPTION
 INTRODUCTION
CONTRACEPTION :
Contraception, also known as birth control, refers to
methods used to prevent pregnancy. These methods can
involve devices, medications, procedures, or behaviors.
MODERN CONTRACEPTION :
Modern contraception encompasses various devices,
practices, medications, and surgical procedures used to
intentionally prevent pregnancy.
 TYPES
1. Hormonal methods: pills, injections, implants
2. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) : copper or hormonal.
3. Barrier methods: male and female condoms.
4. Emergency contraception
5. Permanent methods: sterilization for men and
women.
6. Fertility awareness-based methods: calendar or
cycle tracking.
 BARRIER METHODS
CONDOM :
1.Female condom
a) A loose-fitting sheath placed inside the vagina before sex.
b) Made of nitrile or polyurethane.
c) Has rings at both ends to hold it in place.
2 . Male condom
a) A thin sheath worn over the penis during intercourse.
b) Made for latex , polyurethane, or polyisoprene
c) Single use and widely available.
SPERMICIDES :
SPERMICIDES ARE CHEMICAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS THAT KILL SPERM OR
IMMOBILIZE THEM, PREVENTING FERTILIZATION.
SPERMICIDES COME IN VARIOUS FORMS, INCLUDING:
CREAMS, GELS, FOAMS, SUPPOSITORIES, FILMS.

• HOW TO WORK : -
1. THEY DESTROY THE SPERM CELL MEMBRANE, MAKING SPERM UNABLE TO
SWIM OR FERTILIZE AN EGG.
2. INSERTED DEEP IN THE VAGINA BEFORE INTERCOURSE.
3. MOST NEED TO BE APPLIED 10–15 MINUTES BEFORE SEX AND REMAIN
EFFECTIVE FOR ABOUT 1 HOUR.
ADVANTAGE:
1.NO HORMONAL SIDEEFFECTS.
2.SOME PROTECT AGAINST STIS (ESPECIALLY MALE AND FEMALE CONDOMS).
3.AVAILABLE WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION (MOST TYPES).
4.IMMEDIATE RETURN TO FERTILITY AFTER STOPPING USE.
DISADVANTAGE :
1.IIMITED EFFECTIVENESS.
2.IIRITATION AND ALLERGIC REACTIONS.
3.THEY DO NOT PREVENT PREGNANCY AS WELL AS IUDS, IMPLANTS,
HORMONAL FORMS OF BIRTH CONTROL.
 ORAL CONTRACEPTION
• They are also known as “BIRTH CONTROL PILL “.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:-
Inhibits of ovulation

Thickening of cervical mucus

Thins endometrial lining

Reduced tubal motility

DISADVANTAGE :-
1.DECREASE SEXUAL MOTIVATION
2.PROBLEMS WITH BLOOD CLOTS.
3.WEIGHT GAIN
4.BREAST TENDERNESS.
TYPES :-
1.Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCs):
A) Contain both estrogen and progestin.
B) Taken in a 21-day or 28-day cycle
(with or without placebo pills).
Example – Microgynon, Rigevidon and Brevinor.
2. Progestin-Only Pills (POPs or Mini Pills):
A) Contain only progestin.
B) Taken continuously without a break.
Example – norethindrone, norgestrel, and drospirenone (DRSP).
3.Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs):
A) ECPs are not a regular method of contraception.
B) These pills are used after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy.
They work by delaying or preventing ovulation, and sometimes by preventing implantation.
 INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE
Definition: (IUCD)
An Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) is a small, T-shaped device that is inserted into
the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It is a long-acting, reversible, and highly effective
contraceptive method.
Types :
1.Non –hormonal IUCD : A non-hormonal IUCD, specifically the copper IUCD, is a type of
long-acting reversible contraception that uses copper to prevent pregnancy.
Example – Copper T 380A.
Duration – Effective for upto 10 years .
2.Hormonal IUCD : A hormonal IUCD, is a long-acting reversible contraceptive device that is
inserted into the uterus and releases progestin, a synthetic form of progesterone.
Example – Mirena ( levonorgestrel – releasing IUCD)
Duration – Effective for upto 5 years.
ADVANTAGE
- ONCE INSERTED, REMAIN IN PLACE
- REMAINS EFFECTIVE WHILE IN PLACE.
- IT PREVENTS PREGNANCY FOR LONG PERIOD
- DOES NOT INTE RFERE WITH SEXUAL ACTIVITY

DISADVANTAGE
- May cause bleeding and cramping.
- Increased risk of octopic pregnancy.
- Doesn’t prevent sexual transmitted diseases.
- it is not recommended for women who have heavy or long period.
DEFINITION :
PARMANENT METHOD
Permanent methods of contraception are surgical procedures used to permanently prevent pregnancy. These
are chosen by individuals or couples who are sure they do not want any (or more) children in the future.
TYPES :
A. For Women Tubal Ligation (Female Sterilization)
--Also called tubal sterilization or tubal ligation.
--Involves cutting, tying, or sealing the fallopian tubes.
--Prevents the egg from traveling to the uterus for fertilization.
--Usually done laparoscopically or after childbirth.
B. For Men Vasectomy (Male Sterilization)
--A minor surgical procedure.
--The vas deferens (sperm-carrying tubes) are cut or sealed.
--Prevents sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation.
--Very effective and safe with a short recovery time.
 HOW MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES IS BETTER THAN TRADTIONAL
METHODS
Modern Contraceptives :
1.High Effectiveness
2.Reliability
3.STD Protection
4.Variety of Options
5.Convenience
6.Reduced Unintended Pregnancies

Traditional Contraceptives :
1.Lower Effectiveness
2.No STD Protection
3.Less Control
4.Potential Risks
5.Lack of Comprehensive Car
In summary, while traditional methods may offer some advantages, such as cost-effectiveness and ease of access in some contexts,
modern contraceptives generally provide greater protection against pregnancy, STDs, and a wider range of potential health ben efits.
PERINATAL MENTAL
HEALTH ISSUES
CONCEPT OF PERINATAL PERIOD AND MENTAL HEALTH
ASSOCIATION

. The perinatal period encompasses the time around the birth of a child, typically
defined as starting at 22 completed weeks of gestation and ending seven
completed days after birth. It includes the period of pregnancy and the
postpartum period, often used to refer to the time from pregnancy to a year
after childbirth.
The Common Mental Health Concerns
1. Anxiety and depression
2. Postpartum depression (PPD)
3. Postpartum anxiety (PPA)
4. Trauma and PTSD
RISK FACTORS OF WOMEN TO AFFECTED
1.Biological Factors: 2. Psychological Factors: 3. Social and Environmental Factors:
-History of Mental Illness -Stress -Lack of Social Support
-Family History -Trauma -Domestic Violence
-Pregnancy Complication -Negative Attitudes -Unplanned Pregnancy
-Hormonal Changes -Adverse Childhood -Immigration Status
-Substance Use Experiences (ACEs)
-Nutritional Deficiencies
-Sleep Deprivation

INCIDENCE
• In India, perinatal mental health issues are a significant concern, with a substantial number of
women experiencing mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Studies
suggest a prevalence of perinatal depression ranging from 14-24%, while other pregnancy-
related disorders like anxiety and stress are estimated to affect 30.9% and 23% of women,
respectively. Additionally, a recent study indicated a 23% prevalence of generalized anxiety
disorder among perinatal women in a South Indian hospital.
 ISSUES DURING PERINATAL PERIOD
The perinatal period encompasses the time around the birth of a child, typically defined as starting at 22
completed weeks of gestation and ending seven completed days after birth. It includes the period of pregnancy
and the postpartum period, often used to refer to the time from pregnancy to a year after childbirth.The
perinatal period, which includes pregnancy and the postpartum period, is a critical time for mental health. Many
women experience significant emotional and psychological changes during this time.Common Mental Health
Concerns
1. Anxiety and depression- Women may experience anxiety, depression, or a combination of both during
pregnancy or after childbirth.
2. Postpartum depression (PPD)- A type of depression that occurs after childbirth, often accompanied by
feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and anxiety.
3. Postpartum anxiety (PPA)-Excessive worry, fear, or anxiety that can interfere with daily life and caring for the
baby.
4. Trauma and PTSD-Women who experience traumatic births or have a history of trauma may be at risk for
developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
 POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
Postpartum Depression (PPD)
Postpartum depression is a mental health condition that occurs in some women after
childbirth, characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, and difficulty
coping with motherhood.

Causes
1. Hormonal change: Shifts in estrogen and progesterone levels after childbirth.
2. Physical recovery: Pain, discomfort, and fatigue after delivery.
3. Emotional adjustments.. Adapting to new responsibilities and emotions.
4. History of depression or anxiety.. Previous experiences with mental health
conditions.
5. Lack of support: Insufficient emotional or practical support from family and friends.
 :1. Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness
SYMPTOMS 2. Loss of interest in activities or hobbies
3. Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
4. Difficulty bonding with the baby
5. Anxiety or worry
6. Irritability or mood swings
7. Fatigue or low energy
8. Difficulty concentrating or making decisions.

Treatment
1. Counseling or therapy: Talk therapy to address emotions and coping
strategies.
2. Medications.. Antidepressants or other medications to help manage
symptoms.
3. Support groups: Connecting with others who have experienced PPD.
4. Lifestyle changes: Self-care, rest, and social support .
 PTSD
• PTSD in Perinatal Mothers refers to post-traumatic stress disorder that occur during the perinatal
period, which includes pregnancy, childbirth, and the first year postpartum.

CAUSE
1.Traumatic childbirth experiences
2.Previous trauma (e.g., childhood abuse, sexual assault).
3.Perinatal loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal death)
4.High-risk pregnancies or NICU stays.
5.Domestic violence or partner abuse during pregnancy.
6.Lack of social support or a history of mental health issues.
SYMPTOMS
1. flashbacks about the traumatic event
2. difficulty sleeping, irritability3.Negative
3. mood and cognition (e.g., guilt, shame,)
4. Bonding difficulties or fear of harming the baby.
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is made based on DSM-5 criteria for PTSD often by a psychologist, psychiatrist, or trained
clinician. Tools like the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) or Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire (PPQ)
may be used.
TREATMENT
1.Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT)
2.Medication (e.g., SSRIs, prescribed cautiously during pregnancy/breastfeeding)
3.Peer support and psychoeducation
PREVENTION
1. Birth preparation classes with psychological support
2. Routine screening during prenatal
3. Support for women with a trauma history
 POSTNATAL BLUE

• Definition - Postnatal blues, also known as postpartum blues are a common experience for
new mothers characterized by temporary mood shifts, anxiety, and irritability that typically
appear within the first few days after childbirth .
• Causes –
1. Hormonal fluctuations
2. Stressful life events
3. Mood disorder
4. Family history
5. Lack of social support
Symptoms –
1.Depression
2. Mood swings
3. Anxiety
4. Restlessness
5. Sleep disturbance
Treatment –
1. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medicine
2. Lifestyle modification
3. Behavioral therapy
4. Stress management techniques ( meditation,yoga, breathing exercises)