1.

Precipitation
a. Calculate missing precipitation at D
Station Station Coordinates Normal Annual Precipitation in the Year 2000
Precipitation (cm) (cm)

A (1, 2.5) 280 250

B (4, 1) 150 100
C (3, 5) 300 250
D (3, 3) 250 ?
b. Using Double mass curve method, locate the year with faulty data in station A and correct
the data
Year Station A Average of 20
(mm) stations (mm)

2013 850 820

2014 920 910
2015 780 800
2016 950 930
2017 1100 1050
2018 700 750
2019 890 920
2020 1000 980
2021 820 850
2022 760 790
c. Compute the areal precipitation of your catchment area based on the four random points on your catchm
Assume year 2000 precipitation from question 1 and provide the rationale behind the selection of your meth
your catchment with rain gauges here.
h faulty data in station A and correct

ea based on the four random points on your catchment.

de the rationale behind the selection of your method. Paste
 2. Losses
a. Evapotranspiration

A 50 km² agricultural catchment is instrumented with a lysimeter (measuring AET) and a weather station.
Wind(u2) Solar
Day TMax(°C) Tmin(°C) RH (%) (m/s) (MJ/m²/day)
1 32 18 65 2.1 22
2 35 21 60 2.5 25
3 28 16 70 1.8 18
4 38 22 55 3 28
5 33 19 62 2.3 23
a) Estimate daily PET using Hargreaves (HG), Penman-Monteith (PM), and Blaney-Criddle (BC) methods.
b) Calculate total water that could be lost from the catchment over 7 days based on all methods.
c) Compute the overall bias of the methods with observation.
d) Comment on your result Make suitable assumption.
ng AET) and a weather station.
Lysimeter ET
(mm/day)
5.2
6
4.1
7.3
5.5
d Blaney-Criddle (BC) methods.
s based on all methods.
 b. Infiltration
The following infiltration data was collected during a storm event. Assume the final infiltration capacity (fc)
cm/hr.

Time (t) (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Infiltration Rate (f) 12 8.2 6.1 4.9 4.2 3.8 3.5

(cm/hr)

a) Linearize Horton’s equation and set up the least squares problem to find K and f0.
b) Compute the slope (−K) and intercept (cc) using the least squares method.
c) Determine f0 (initial infiltration capacity).
d) Write the final Horton’s infiltration equation for this dataset.
ume the final infiltration capacity (fc) is 3.0

and f0.
 3. Runoff
a. Current meter runoff calculation
A survey team measures the depth and velocity at various distances from the left bank of a river. The data was
using a current meter at regular intervals of 3 meters along a cross-section. Using
the mean-section method, compute the total discharge (in m³/s).

Depth Velocity
Distance from Left Bank (m) (m) (m/s)
0 0 0
3 1.2 0.5
6 1.8 0.7
9 2 1
12 1.7 0.9
15 1.1 0.6
18 0 0
b. Stage-Discharge
Calculate the stage-Discharge relationship and plot the graph based on your relationship.

No. Stage h (m) Discharge Q

(m³/s)
1 2 2.48
2 2.01 2.36
3 2.03 2.38
4 2.05 2.41
5 2.07 2.44
6 2.08 2.46
7 2.09 2.45
8 2.1 2.5
9 2.11 2.4
10 2.12 2.52
11 2.13 2.58
12 2.14 2.64
13 2.15 2.71
14 2.16 2.74
15 2.17 2.83
16 2.18 2.92
17 2.19 3
18 2.2 3.05
19 2.21 3.31
20 2.22 3.41
21 2.23 3.52
22 2.24 3.64
23 2.25 3.7
24 2.26 3.84
25 2.27 3.9
26 2.28 4.01
27 2.29 4.2
28 2.3 4.32
ity at various distances from the left bank of a river. The data was collected
meters along a cross-section. Using
discharge (in m³/s).

d plot the graph based on your relationship.

 Given, Rating curve form: Q= C(h − a)𝐵 a=0.026m (gauge base)
c. Hydrograph
Time (hr) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Discharge 5 8 20 50 80 110 75 45 25 12 5
(m³/s)
Plot the hydrograph and answer the following questions:
(a) What is the peak discharge, and at what time does it occur?
(b) Calculate the total runoff volume (in m³) over the storm duration.
(c) Separate baseflow and compute the direct runoff volume.
(d) What is the duration of the rising limb, peak flow, and recession limb?

d. Unit Hydrograph
Time (hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36
UH (m³/s) 0 20 50 30 15 5 0
Rainfall Excess: First 6 hours: 3 cm Next 6 hours: 2 cm
a) Compute the Direct Runoff Hydrograph (DRH) using superposition.
b) Derive the S-Curve for this UH.
c) Convert the 6-hour UH to a 12-hour UH using the S-Curve.

e. Flow Duration curve

A hydropower in Nepal is using the following data for hydrological design of its component.

Month 2015 2016 2017

Jan 15 18 16
Feb 14 15 17
Mar 20 22 21
Apr 30 32 31
May 45 50 48
Jun 60 65 62
Jul 80 85 82
Aug 90 92 88
Sep 70 75 72
Oct 40 45 42
Nov 25 28 26
Dec 18 20 19
nent.
 Assume Q40 to design the hydropower components and compute the monthly power production. The power p
is given as P(kW)=ρ⋅g⋅Q⋅H⋅η
ρ=1000kg/m³, g=9.81m/s²), Head (H) = 100 m, Efficiency (η) = 85% (turbine + generator).

f. Rainfall-Runoff relationship
A watershed has the following monthly rainfall (P) and runoff (R) data (in mm):

Month Rainfall (P) Runoff (R)

Jan 50 15
Feb 80 35
Mar 120 60
Apr 90 40
May 150 85
Jun 200 120
Jul 180 100
Aug 130 65
Sep 70 25
Oct 60 20
Nov 40 10
Dec 30 5
a) Plot the data (Rainfall vs. Runoff) and identify a linear trend.
b) Derive the linear regression equation R=aP+b using least squares.
c) Calculate the correlation coefficient (r) to assess model fit.
d) Predict runoff for a rainfall of 100 mm.
 ⋅η
e hydropower components and compute the monthly power production. The power production

²), Head (H) = 100 m, Efficiency (η) = 85% (turbine + generator).

onship
wing monthly rainfall (P) and runoff (R) data (in mm):

ainfall vs. Runoff) and identify a linear trend.

ar regression equation R=aP+b using least squares.
orrelation coefficient (r) to assess model fit.
or a rainfall of 100 mm.
 g. Urban Flood
You are tasked with designing a stormwater sewer to drain a small urban catchment.
 Area of catchment (A): 2.5 hectares
 Runoff coefficient (C): 0.75
 Rainfall intensity (i): 75 mm/hr (for a 10-year return period and time of concentration = 15 minutes)
 Length of sewer (L): 150 meters
 Sewer slope (S): 0.003 (or 0.3%)
 Manning’s roughness coefficient (n): 0.013 (typical for concrete pipe)

4. Groundwater
Calculate the flow rate based on the following conductivity considering Darcy’s Law.

Material Hydraulic Conductivity

(K) (m/s)
Sand 1 × 10⁻⁴
Silt 1 × 10⁻⁶
Clay 1 × 10⁻⁸
Darcy’s law is given as following. Here assume column length to be 2m and cross-sectional
area as 0.1m2. Interpret your result.

5. Water balance

The monthly values of different hydro-met conditions are provided for a catchment of 576 km2.
d
ning a stormwater sewer to drain a small urban catchment.
(A): 2.5 hectares
C): 0.75
: 75 mm/hr (for a 10-year return period and time of concentration = 15 minutes)
: 150 meters
003 (or 0.3%)
ss coefficient (n): 0.013 (typical for concrete pipe)

based on the following conductivity considering Darcy’s Law.

n as following. Here assume column length to be 2m and cross-sectional

erpret your result.

different hydro-met conditions are provided for a catchment of 576 km2.

 Temp (°C) Rain (mm) Interception Glacier Melt Observed Q
Month P (mm) (mm) ET (mm) (mm) (m³/s)

Jan -2 50 0 0 10 0 0.5
Feb -1 60 10 1.5 12 0 0.6
Mar 3 70 60 9 20 9 2
Apr 7 80 80 12 30 21 3.5
May 12 90 90 13.5 45 36 5
Jun 15 200 200 30 55 45 10
Jul 16 250 250 37.5 60 48 15
Aug 15 240 240 36 55 45 12
Sep 13 150 150 22.5 40 39 8
Oct 8 80 80 12 25 24 4
Nov 2 60 50 7.5 15 6 2.5
Dec -1.5 55 5 0.75 12 0 1
Based on this, compute the monthly storage of the catchment. Plot the monthly input, Output, storage
with temperature of the catchment. Comment on the hydrological behavior of
the catchment.
thly input, Output, storage along
of