Scribd
Upload
3 views6 pages

SQL-syntax (Panimalar)

The document outlines the four main types of SQL commands: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Transaction Control Language (TCL), and Data Control Language (DCL). It provides syntax and explanations for various operations such as creating, altering, and dropping tables, as well as inserting, updating, and deleting records. Additionally, it discusses transaction control commands like COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and permission management with GRANT and REVOKE.

Uploaded by

ponnaiyaguhan33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views6 pages

SQL-syntax (Panimalar)

The document outlines the four main types of SQL commands: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Transaction Control Language (TCL), and Data Control Language (DCL). It provides syntax and explanations for various operations such as creating, altering, and dropping tables, as well as inserting, updating, and deleting records. Additionally, it discusses transaction control commands like COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and permission management with GRANT and REVOKE.

Uploaded by

ponnaiyaguhan33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

1.

DDL --- Data Definition Language :


❖ DDL is used to construct an object in the database and deals with
the Structure of the Object
a) CREATE :
▪ It is used to create an object inside the data base.
▪ object can be table or view
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE Table_Name
(
Column_Name1 datatype constraint_type ,
Column_Name2 datatype constraint_type ,
……
Column_NameN datatype constraint_type );

b) RENAME :
▪ It is used to change the name of the table.

Syntax:
Rename existing_table_name to new_table_name;

c)ALTER :
▪ It is used to modify the structure of the table.
1.TO ADD A COLUMN :
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE Table_Name
ADD Column_Name Datatype Constraint_type ;

2.TO DROP A COLUMN :


1|Page
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE Table_Name
DROP COLUMN Column_Name ;

3.TO RENAME A COLUMN :

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE Table_Name
RENAME COLUMN Column_Name TO new_Column_Name ;

4.TO MODIFY THE DATATYPE :

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE Table_Name
MODIFY COLUMN_NAME New_Datatype;

5.TO MODIFY NOT NULL CONSTRAINTS :


Syntax:
ALTER TABLE Table_Name
MODIFY COLUMN_NAME Existing_datatype [NULL]/NOT
NULL;

d)TRUNCATE :
▪ IT IS USED TO REMOVE ALL THE RECORDS FROM
THE TABLE PREMANENTLY
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE Table_Name ;

e)DROP :
▪ IT IS USED TO REMOVE THE TABLE FROM THE
DATABASE.

2|Page
Cust
Cid Cname Phone_no Address DROP
1 A 1234567890 Bglr BIN
2 B 1234567899 Mysore
3 C 1234567880 Mglr

▪ Table will not be deleted permanently instead it’ll store inside


the bin folder.
▪ Inside the data base it’ll display the memory address where
the deleted table is pushed
Syntax:
DROP TABLE Table_Name ;

TO RECOVER THE TABLE :


Syntax:
FLASHBACK TABLE Table_Name
TO BEFORE DROP ;

TO DELETE THE TABLE FROM BIN FOLDER :


Syntax:
PURGE TABLE Table_Name ;

▪ Table will be permanently deleted from the binfolder can’t be


undo .
NOTE :
▪ DDL statements are auto - commit.
2.DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE ( DML ) :
▪ It is used to Manipulate the Object by performing insertion ,
updating and deletion .
▪ DML commands are not auto commit which should be save
Extensively using TCL commands .

3|Page
TYPES OF DML STATEMENTS:
1.INSERT : It is used to insert / create records in the table .
Syntax:-1
INSERT INTO Table_Name VALUES( v1 , v2 , v3 …… ) ;
Syntax:-2

2.UPDATE : It is used to modify an existing value .


Syntax:
UPDATE Table_Name
SET Col_Name = Value , Col_Name = Value ,….
[WHERE stmt ] ;
3.DELETE : It is used to remove a particular record from the table .
Syntax:
DELETE FROM Table_Name
[ WHERE stmt ];

3.TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE) :


▪ It is used to control the transactions done on the database .
▪ The DML Operations performed on the Database are known as
Transactions such as Insertion , Updating and Deletion .
▪ We have 3 Statements
1. COMMIT :
▪ This statement is used to SAVE the transactions into the DB .
Syntax:
COMMIT;
2.ROLLBACK:
4|Page
▪ This statement is used to Obtain only the saved data from the DB .
▪ It will bring you to the point where you have committed for the last
time .
Syntax:
ROLLBACK ;
3.SAVEPOINT:
▪ This statement is used to mark the positions or restoration points .
(nothing related to DB ) .
Syntax:
SAVEPOINT Savepoint_Name ;
Syntax:
ROLLBACK TO Savepoint_Name ;
4. DCL ( DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE) :
▪ This statement is used to control the flow of data between the users.
We have 2 statements :
1.GRANT :
▪ This statement is used to give the permission to another user.
Syntax:
GRANT SQL_STATEMENT
ON TABLE_NAME
TO USER_NAME ;

2.REVOKE :
▪ This statement is used to remove the permission from other user.
Syntax:

5|Page
REVOKE SQL_STATEMENT
ON TABLE_NAME
FROM USER_NAME ;

Requirement to create the table inside the data base:

6|Page

You might also like