App of Python for DS & AI Lecture 9

Lecture 9
Application of Python language for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence

Matplotlib 2
(lecture without lecture)

import matplotlib as mpl

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #plt interface
from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d #toolkit

We enable three-dimensional plots by importing the mplot3d toolkit, included with the main
Matplotlib installation.
With this 3D axes enabled, we can now plot a variety of three-dimensional plot types.

Once this submodule is imported, we can create a three-dimensional axes by passing the
keyword projection='3d' to any of the normal axes creation routines:

Task_01
plt.axes(projection='3d')
plt.show()

An empty three-dimensional axes

Three-Dimensional Points and Lines

The most basic three-dimensional plot is a line or scatter plot created from sets of (x,
y, z) triples.

Task_02
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
# Data for a three-dimensional line
zline = np.linspace(0, 15, 1000)
xline = np.sin(zline)
yline = np.cos(zline)
ax.plot3D(xline, yline, zline, 'red')
# Data for three-dimensional scattered points
zdata = 15 * np.random.random(100)
xdata = np.sin(zdata) + 0.1 * np.random.randn(100)
ydata = np.cos(zdata) + 0.1 * np.random.randn(100)
ax.scatter3D(xdata, ydata, zdata, c=zdata, cmap='PuBu');

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App of Python for DS & AI Lecture 9

plt.show()

Points and lines in three dimensions

Check what color maps are available.

Choose a map other than the one in the example.
from matplotlib import colormaps
list(colormaps)

Plotting a two-dimensional function

(lecture 3 reminder, broadcasting)

Task_03
x = np.linspace(0, 5, 50)
y = np.linspace(0, 5, 50)[:, np.newaxis]
z = np.sin(x) ** 10 + np.cos(10 + y * x) * np.cos(x)
plt.imshow(z, origin='lower', extent=[0, 5, 0, 5], cmap='viridis')
plt.colorbar()

Two-Dimensional Contour Plots

Task_04
(meshgrid)
def f(x, y):
return np.sin(x) ** 10 + np.cos(10 + y * x) * np.cos(x)
x = np.linspace(0, 5, 50)
y = np.linspace(0, 5, 50)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z = f(X, Y)

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App of Python for DS & AI Lecture 9

plt.contour(X, Y, Z, colors='black');
#plt.contour(X, Y, Z, cmap='binary');

Three-Dimensional Contour Plots

Like two-dimensional ax.contour plots, ax.contour3D requires all the input data to be in the
form of two-dimensional regular grids, with the Z data evaluated at each point.
Here we’ll show a three-dimensional contour diagram of a three dimensional sinusoidal
function

Task_05
(task 4 in 3D)
…
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
…
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.contour3D(X, Y, Z, 50, cmap='binary')
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_ylabel('y')
ax.set_zlabel('z');

A three-dimensional contour plot

Task_06
(sombrero)
Replace the function from the previous example with the "sombrero" function:

def f(x, y):

return np.sin(np.sqrt(x ** 2 + y ** 2))
x = np.linspace(-6, 6, 30)
y = np.linspace(-6, 6, 30)
…
ax = plt.axes(projection=’3d’)
…

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App of Python for DS & AI Lecture 9

A three-dimensional „sombrero” contour plot

Sometimes the default viewing angle is not optimal, in which case we can use the view_init
method to set the elevation and azimuthal angles.

Task_07
Elevation of 60 degrees (that is, 60 degrees above the x-y plane)
Azimuth of 35 degrees (that is, rotated 35 degrees counter-clockwise about the z-axis)
…
ax.set_zlabel('z');
ax.view_init(60, 35)
plt.show()

Adjusting the view angle for a three-dimensional plot

Wireframes and Surface Plots

Two other types of three-dimensional plots that work on gridded data are:
• wireframes
• and surface plots.
These take a grid of values and project it onto the specified three dimensional surface, and can
make the resulting three-dimensional forms quite easy to visualize.

Task_08
…
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, color='gray')
ax.set_title('wireframe');
ax.set_xlabel('x')
…

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App of Python for DS & AI Lecture 9

A wireframe plot

A surface plot is like a wireframe plot, but each face of the wireframe is a filled polygon.
Adding a colormap to the filled polygons can aid perception of the topology of the surface
being visualized
Task_09
…
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='viridis', edgecolor='none')
ax.set_title('surface');
…

A three-dimensional surface plot

Note that though the grid of values for a surface plot needs to be two-dimensional, it need not
be rectilinear.
Here is an example of creating a partial polar grid, which when used with the surface3D plot
can give us a slice into the function we’re visualizing.
Task_10
…
r = np.linspace(0, 6, 20)
theta = np.linspace(-0.9 * np.pi, 0.8 * np.pi, 40)
r, theta = np.meshgrid(r, theta)
X = r * np.sin(theta)
Y = r * np.cos(theta)
Z = f(X, Y)
…
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap='viridis', edgecolor='none')
ax.set_title('cutout of a sombrero')
…

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App of Python for DS & AI Lecture 9

A polar surface plot

Random sampling plot

Sometimes, instead of a uniformly sampled grid (Cartesian or polar) as in the previous
examples, we want to sample randomly.
Task_11
…
theta = 2 * np.pi * np.random.random(1000)
r = 6 * np.random.random(1000)
…
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.scatter(X, Y, Z, c=Z, cmap='viridis', linewidth=0.5)

Surface Triangulations
(with random sampling)
Task_12
…
ax.plot_trisurf(X, Y, Z, cmap='viridis', edgecolor='none');
…

Visualizing of the Möbius strip

Task_13

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App of Python for DS & AI Lecture 9

…
theta = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 30)
w = np.linspace(-0.25, 0.25, 8)
w, theta = np.meshgrid(w, theta)
phi = 0.5 * theta
r = 1 + w * np.cos(phi)
x = np.ravel(r * np.cos(theta))
y = np.ravel(r * np.sin(theta))
z = np.ravel(w * np.sin(phi))

from matplotlib.tri import Triangulation

tri = Triangulation(np.ravel(w), np.ravel(theta))

ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
ax.plot_trisurf(x, y, z, triangles=tri.triangles, cmap='viridis', linewidths=0.2);
ax.set_xlim(-1, 1)
ax.set_ylim(-1, 1)
ax.set_zlim(-1, 1)
…

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