Netaji Subhas University of Technology

Geeta Colony, New Delhi

Delhi-110031

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PROJECT

REPORT
2024-2025(4th SEM)

Submitted by: - Submitted To: - Mr Pateti krishna

NITESH YADAV (2023UEA7232)

Branch & Sec – ECAM 2 Department: ECE DEPARTMENT

📄 Abstract
This project simulates a basic wireless communication system using Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. It
aims to visualize how signal-to-noise ratio (Eb/N0) affects the bit error rate (BER) in a
digital communication system. MATLAB is used to simulate the process and plot
performance metrics. This simulation provides hands-on understanding of digital
modulation, error analysis, and the role of noise in wireless systems.

📑 Contents
1. Cover Page ...................................................... i
2. Abstract ......................................................... ii
3. Introduction ..................................................... 1
4. Theoretical Background .................................... 2
5. System Design .................................................. 3
6. MATLAB Implementation .................................. 4
7. Results and Analysis ........................................ 5
8. Applications of QPSK ....................................... 6
9. Future Scope .................................................... 7
10. Conclusion ...................................................... 8
11. MATLAB Code ................................................ 9
12. Simulation Output Plot ................................... 10

Of course! Here's your full expanded, polished, and more descriptive project content —

you can copy-paste it directly into your file:

📘 1. Introduction
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a highly efficient digital modulation scheme,
widely used in modern communication systems such as 4G/5G networks, satellite
communications, and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 standards).

Unlike simple modulation methods like Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), QPSK allows
transmission of two bits per symbol, effectively doubling the data rate without increasing
bandwidth requirements.

In this project, we aim to simulate a wireless communication system that uses QPSK
modulation over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.

The primary goal is to observe the system's behavior under varying noise conditions and
evaluate its performance based on the Bit Error Rate (BER).

This project will deepen our understanding of practical digital communication systems
and their robustness in noisy environments.

🧠 2. Theoretical Background
QPSK works by modulating the phase of a carrier signal. It uses four distinct phase shifts
to encode information:

• 45° (binary 00)

• 135° (binary 01)
• 225° (binary 11)
• 315° (binary 10)

Each phase shift represents a unique two-bit combination, thus allowing two bits to be
transmitted simultaneously with each symbol.

This phase-based encoding makes QPSK more bandwidth-efficient compared to simple

binary schemes.
In the presence of channel noise, the transmitted signal can get distorted.

Therefore, we simulate the AWGN channel — a standard model where noise is

statistically random with constant spectral density — to realistically observe the QPSK
system's reliability.

The system's performance is measured in terms of BER vs. Eb/N0, where Eb is the energy
per bit and N0 is the noise power spectral density.

🧪 3. System Design
The system is designed with the following components:

• Bit Generation:

A random sequence of binary bits (0s and 1s) is generated to represent the source
information.

• Modulation (QPSK Mapping):

Bits are grouped in pairs and mapped into complex QPSK symbols with specific phase
shifts.

• Channel (AWGN):

White Gaussian noise is added to simulate real-world wireless communication

environments.

• Demodulation:

Received noisy symbols are decoded back into the original bit stream based on the
quadrant in which they lie.

• Performance Metric:

The system performance is evaluated by calculating the Bit Error Rate (BER) at different
Eb/N0 values.
 Block Diagram:

Random Bits ➔ QPSK Modulation ➔ AWGN Channel ➔ QPSK Demodulation ➔

BER Calculation

💻 4. MATLAB Implementation
Here is the MATLAB code used to simulate the QPSK system over an AWGN channel:

% QPSK Simulation over AWGN Channel

clc;
clear;

close all;

% Parameters
N = 1e5; % Number of bits
EbN0_dB = 0:2:20; % SNR range in dB

% Bit Generation
bits = randi([0 1], 1, N);

% QPSK Modulation
symbols = (1/sqrt(2)) * ((1-2*bits(1:2:end)) + 1j*(1-2*bits(2:2:end)));

BER = zeros(1, length(EbN0_dB));

for k = 1:length(EbN0_dB)
EbN0 = 10^(EbN0_dB(k)/10);
noise_var = 1/(2*EbN0);

% AWGN noise
noise = sqrt(noise_var) * (randn(size(symbols)) + 1j*randn(size(symbols)));
 % Received Signal
rx_symbols = symbols + noise;

% Demodulation
rx_bits = zeros(1, N);
rx_bits(1:2:end) = real(rx_symbols) < 0;
rx_bits(2:2:end) = imag(rx_symbols) < 0;

% BER Calculation
BER(k) = sum(bits ~= rx_bits)/N;
end

% Plotting
figure;
semilogy(EbN0_dB, BER, 'bo-', 'LineWidth', 2);
grid on;
xlabel('Eb/N0 (dB)');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate (BER)');
title('QPSK over AWGN Channel');
legend('Simulation');

This simple and clean code simulates the system behavior and plots the BER vs. Eb/N0
graph.

📊 5. Results and Analysis

The results from the MATLAB simulation show the following observations:

• As Eb/N0 increases, the Bit Error Rate (BER) decreases.

This is expected, as a stronger signal relative to noise leads to fewer errors.

• At low SNRs (low Eb/N0), the BER is high due to significant noise interference.
• At higher SNRs (high Eb/N0), the BER approaches zero, indicating that QPSK
performs well under good channel conditions.
 • Compared to other modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK offers double the data
rate for the same bandwidth while maintaining acceptable error performance.

Sample Graph (Simulation Output): (You can run the code and take a screenshot of
this plot to attach.)

🌐 6. Applications of QPSK
QPSK finds numerous applications in real-world systems due to its high spectral
efficiency, noise robustness, and simplicity:

• 4G and 5G Mobile Communications:

• Used in LTE and NR (New Radio) standards for high-speed wireless
communication.
• Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 Standards):

Used in Wi-Fi networks for efficient data transmission over short ranges.

• Satellite Communication Systems (DVB-S):

Preferred for reliable and efficient transmission in satellite TV broadcasting.

• Software-Defined Radios (SDR) and Modems:

Used in modern communication equipment allowing flexible and programmable

operation.

QPSK strikes a balance between complexity, bandwidth efficiency, and noise

performance, making it a standard choice for many modern communication protocols.

🔮 7. Future Scope
There is significant scope for extending this project further:
 • Channel Enhancements:

Simulate QPSK under Rayleigh and Rician fading channels to model more realistic
mobile environments.

• Error Correction Coding:

Introduce Forward Error Correction (FEC) techniques like Hamming Codes,

Convolutional Codes, or Turbo Codes to improve system performance.

• Hardware Simulation:

Implement QPSK systems in Simulink or using USRP (Universal Software Radio

Peripheral) hardware for real-world deployment testing.

• Multi-User Simulation:

Extend the system to support Multiple Access techniques like OFDMA.

These future developments will enhance system robustness and provide exposure to more
advanced communication system design.

✅ 8. Conclusion
The simulation successfully demonstrates the behavior of a QPSK-modulated system over
an AWGN channel.

The results confirm theoretical expectations: as SNR improves, the Bit Error Rate drops
significantly.

QPSK is confirmed to be an efficient modulation technique for digital communication

systems, offering a good trade-off between spectral efficiency and error performance.

This project provides valuable insights into the functioning of wireless communication
systems and sets a foundation for more complex simulations in future work.
📎 9. Output Plot