Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences, Jabalpur

AutoCAD Model Questions and Answers

Q1) Define the following.
i) Tool bar ii) Edit commands iii) 2D and 3D model (RGPV 2018,2017.2016)

A1- Tool bar : Toolbars contain buttons that start commands. Buttons with a small black
triangle in the lower-right corner are flyout toolbars that contain related commands. With the
cursor over the icon, hold down the left button on your mouse until the flyout toolbar displays.
A toolbar can be floating or docked. A floating toolbar can be displayed anywhere on your
screen, and you can drag it to a new location, resize it, or dock it. A docked toolbar can be
attached to any edge of the drawing area.

ii) EDIT Commands : Edit commands are used to modify the drawing according to require
dimensions and shape of the drawing model.

a) Erase
b) Copy
c) Mirror
d) Offset
e) Array
f) Move
g) Scale
h) Trim (Explain each commands separately)

iii) 2D and 3D in Auto -cad : : Its support 2D As well as 3D drawing

2D objects have two dimension such as:

a) Rectangle,
b) Circle
c) Square,
d) Triangle etc. (Explain each commands separately)

Three Dimensional(3D) Auto-cad Drawing:

“3D” which known as “Three dimensional Model” basically 3D display a picture in a form
that appears to be physically present with a structure of design is necessary that it allows
pictures which appears easy to the human eye. So, this can be also explain in a sense of
items, which is display in a form that allow for different dimensions to be represented.
Therefore, height, width and depth are also included in 3D dimension.
Example–

 Any object in the real world & another example is Our body which is also in 3 dimensional.
 In other words, an image which provides the Perception of depth is also described by the 3D.
 Major Difference between “2D & 3D Auto-cad Drawing”:-
 “2D” is display as Two Dimensional geometry which is expressed in length & height on flat
planes but have no Depth. One of the example is ‟Shadow‟ which is two dimensional. So in
this way, 2D shapes are typically measured in square units like cm2. Whereas 3D which is
defined as 3 dimensional drawings or models they described objects with „Depth‟. This depth
of the object should not be confused with weight, as two objects can be the same depth but
here notice that one can be much heavier than the second object like a gallon of milk have
less weight than any other heavy object. So 3D measurement includes cubic unit cm3, quart
liters and also tablespoon. So, this the major difference between 2D & 3D.

Q 2. Define the term CAD. What are the advantages of using CAD

A2 : CAD (computer aided design) can be defined as : “The use of computer systems to
assist in the creation, modification, analysis or optimization of a design.”
Computer aided design is the technology concerned with the integrated design activities using a
digital computer. This includes computer generation and modification of graphic images on a
video display, analysis of design data, electronic storage and retrieval of design information and
printing these designs as a hard copy on a plotter or printer.
The generation of design drawings interactively by the user supplying information to the
computer via commands or with a menu driven series of instructions, is called computer aided
drafting. These drawings can easily be edited, manipulated and stored for future usages.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING

The advantages of CAD areas follows:

1. High productivity with reducing lead time

2. Accurate designing
3. Standardisation of design
4. Modifications in designs are easy and quick
5. Automatic database creation assists in the creation of manufacturing documentation
6. Better control over the complete project
7. Better communication and presentation of design
8. Optimised solutions as a result of detailed engineering analysis
Q3) Explain Co-ordinate System With Examples
Ans.
Absolute coordinate system: in this method the points are located to draw a line with respect to
the origin (0,0). To mark a point value is given in pairs for X-Coordinate value followed by Y-
Coordinate. Consider the following example to generate the given drawing.

20,70 40,70

40,50 80,50

80,20
20,20

Commands : LINE Press Enter Key or mouse left button

Specify first point : 20,20 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo] : 80,20 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo] : 80,50 press Enter
Specify next point or [close/ undo] : 40,50 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo/ close] : 40,70 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo/close] : 20,70 press Enter
Specify next point or [close/ undo] :Enter close press Enter to complete the drawing

Relative Coordinate System: In this method the points are located to draw a line with reference
to the previous point. Consider the following example to generate the given drawing.
20

40

50
30

20,20
80

Commands : LINE Press Enter Key or mouse left button

Specify first point : 20,20 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo] : @60,0 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo] : @0,30 press Enter
Specify next point or [close/ undo] : @-40,0 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo/ close] : @0,20 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo/close] : @-20, 0 press Enter
Specify next point or [close/ undo] :Enter close press Enter to complete the drawing

Polar Coordinate System: In this method the points are located to draw a line by defining the
distance of the point from the current position and the angle made to that line. The angle refered
in AutoCAD is given in fig.

20 90°

40
30°
180°
50 20°
30

20,20 80 270°

Commands : LINE Press Enter Key or mouse left button

Specify first point : 20,20 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo] : @60<0 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo] : @30<90 press Enter
Specify next point or [close/ undo] : @40<180 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo/ close] : @20<90 press Enter
Specify next point or [undo/close] : @20<180 press Enter
Specify next point or [close/ undo] :Enter close press Enter to complete the drawing

Q4) Explain methods of drawing circle in CAD?

A4) The circle command is used to draw circle of any given centre and diameter. There are Six
methods to draw a circle using AutoCAD.
(i) Centre radius method
(ii) Centre diameter method
(iii) Three point method
(iv) Two points method
(v) Tangent -Tangent Radius method(TTR)
(vi)
(vii) Tangent-Tangent-Tangent method (TTT)
Q5) Define Wireframe modellng?

A5) The word “wireframe” is related to the fact that one may imagine a wire that is bent to
follow the object edges to generate a model. Model consists entirely of points, lines, arcs and
circles, conics, and curves.In 3D wireframe model, an object is not recorded as a solid. Instead
the vertices that define the boundary of the object, or the intersections of the edges of the object
boundary are recorded as a collection of points and their connectivity.

Q6) Define Surface modeling?

A6) A surface model A surface model is a set of faces a set of faces.

 A surface model consists of wireframe entities that form the basis to create surface entities
the basis to create surface entities.

• In general, a wireframe model can be extracted from a surface model surface model by
deleting or blanking all surface entities deleting or blanking all surface entities

• Shape design and representation of complex objects such as car, ship , and airplane bodies as
well as castings

• Used to be separated, shape model are now incorporated into solid models solid models (e g
Pro/E) (e.g. Pro/E).

Q7) Explain ISO and ANSI Standards for drawing?

A7) Some basic, visual differences between the two standards in terms of drafting:
 ANSI dimensions are read horizontally. ISO dimensions are parallel to the dimension line.
 ANSI dimensions are centered on the dimension line. ISO dimension are placed above the
dimension line.
 ANSI tends to use abbreviations. ISO uses symbols. (example: RAD, DIAM, 3 PLACES
versus R, Ø, 3X)
 Dimensions have a different syntax.
ANSI: 1.000 DIAM 3 PLACES
ISO: 3X Ø 1.000

Q8)What are Array Commands in Autocad?

A8) The array command in AutoCAD is used to make multiple copies of objects. Although you
can use the copy command to duplicate objects, the array command is more flexible and precise.
One advantage of using the array command is that it allows you to copy objects in a defined
angle and exact number of copies. Therefore, you can create array in various pattern. For
example, you can show multiple objects in a row, column, or irregular pattern such as a spiral.
 Two types of array commands :

A) Rectangular Array
B) Polar Array

Q9) CAD Software: The CAD Software is an interpreter or translator which allow the user
to perform specific type of of application or job related to CAD.
Various types of Software used for Drafting:
 Auto-cad
 Pro-e
 IDEAS
 CATIA
 Solid-Works
 Ansys

Q.10. Explain Fillet and Chamfer commands

Q.11 Explain different Utility Commands

Q12. Explain Dimensioning Commands in Auto CAD

A technical drawing is incomplete without annotation. Notes on a drawing are important to
convey design information or clarify intent which can‟t be portrayed by linework alone.
Measuring distances from a scaled, printed drawing is inaccurate. Dimensions allow exact values
to be shown on a drawing which can then be used for construction.

DIMENSIONING OBJECTS
You can access the dimensioning tools from the Ribbon Annotate tab > Dimension panel. The
required dimension tool can be chosen from the Dimension drop-down.

LINEAR
The Linear dimension tool measures horizontal or vertical distances. To
create Linear dimensions click the points 1, then 2 to identify the element to be dimensioned.
Click point 3 to locate the dimension line. The dimension distance will show the vertical or
horizontal distance depending on whether you move your cursor in a horizontal or vertical
direction when placing point 3.
Command line: To start the Linear Dimension tool from the command line, type “DIMLIN”
and press [Enter].

ALIGNED
The Aligned dimension tool measures the length along an object.
To create an Aligned dimension click the points 1, then 2 to identify the element to be
dimensioned. Click point 3 to locate the dimension line.

Command line: To start the Aligned Dimension tool from the command line, type “DIMALI”
and press [Enter].

ANGULAR
The Angular dimension tool measures an angle between two objects.
To create an Angular dimension select object 1, and then object 2 to identify the elements
creating the angle. Click point 3 to locate the dimension line.
Command line: To start the Angular Dimension tool from the command line, type “DIMANG”
and press [Enter].

Q13. Explain Draw toolbar or Draw commands in Auto CAD

Draw Commands is Used to Draw an object on auto cad screen .
1. LINE
2. POLY LINE
3. CONSTRUCTION LINE
4. RECTANGLE
5. CIRCLE
6. ARC
7. POLYGON
8. HATCHING
9. SPLINE

((Explain each commands separately)

Q14. Explain Zoom commands In autoCAD.

Increases or decreases the magnification of the view in the current viewport. You can change
the magnification of a view by zooming in and out, which is similar to zooming in and out
with a camera. Using ZOOM does not change the absolute size of objects in the drawing. It
changes only the magnification of the view.

Zooming and panning in AutoCAD can be done entirely with the mouse wheel. Point the
cursor to where you would like to zoom and turn the mouse wheel to zoom in and out. You
can also pan by clicking and dragging with the mouse wheel, using it as you would a mouse
button. When you press down and click with the mouse wheel, the cursor will turn into a hand
icon and the Pan command will temporarily be activated. As long as the scroll wheel is
pressed down, you can drag the mouse to change your view position without zooming or
moving any objects. If you double–click with the mouse wheel, you will activate the Zoom
Extents command. This will zoom out or in to fit all of the objects in your drawing to the
edges of the screen so you can see the entire drawing. If you click and drag with the mouse
wheel, you will shift to a 3D orbit view, which is not recommended in 2D drawing. You can
zoom or pan with the mouse wheel without interrupting whatever command you may be
using at the time you zoom or pan. Because the mouse wheel is so versatile, many users use it
exclusively for zooming and panning. It‟s highly recommended that you always use a mouse
when drawing with AutoCAD, even if you are on a laptop with a trackpad.
ZOOM Command (Z)

You can also access the Zoom command with the keyboard by entering its alias, Z. There are
many options within the Zoom command, but the most common are Extents, which was
explained earlier, Window, which will allow you to specify a window to zoom to by clicking
with your mouse, and All, which will zoom to the drawing limits. Drawing limits is an area
specified by the Limits command, If you can‟t zoom out far enough to see all the objects in
your drawing with the mouse wheel, it‟s because your drawing limits are too small. You can
correct this problem by using Zoom Extents to see all of your objects. Entering the Zoom
command with the keyboard can be useful if you are working on a laptop without a mouse
because you can simply press Z Enter E Enter for Zoom Extents or Z Enter A Enter for Zoom
All.

Q.15 Expalin Building Information Modeling(BIS)

Building Information Modeling
British Standards Institute gives an accurate definition of BIM, the definition is: “the process of
generating and managing information about a building during its entire life. BIM is a suite of
technologies and processes that integrate to form the „system‟ at the heart of which is a
component-based 3D representation of each building element; this supersedes traditional
design tools currently in use.”
In other words, BIM is a 3D digital modeling method for modeling, controlling a building
project. Each design team member creates and maintains its own BIM model as part of a
“central model.” The BIM models should also have the capacity of clash detection in a central
model by different contributors.
Government construction strategy [15] has started to promote the adoption of BIM since 2011.
Therefore, BIM will dominant the construction industry development in the next several
decades, changing the way of the interaction between different disciplines of the construction
industry. In this section, the BIM will be discussed in detail.

Introduction
BIM allows users to build a model using software such as Revit. The model contains all the
project information, including drawings and specifications. All different stakeholders have
access to the central model made in Revit, enabling project participants from all disciplines
such as architects, facility managers, M & E Engineers, and structural engineers to coordinate
their work. BIM integrates designs from initial design to construction and until the project
finishes. Using a program such as Revit, updates of drawing can be done automatically to
reflect each discipline's input, enabling integrated management of information of building
components.
The use of the BIM increases the productivity of the design activities, consequently resulting in
efficient building designs which, in turn, saves the material cost. It can also result in shorter
construction times and a safer construction process. As systems are increasingly digitized, BIM
is seen as fundamental to the development of future smarter cities.
 Q. 16 How to make a Cone in AutoCAD?

Creating cones
 Do one of the following to choose Cone ( ): On the ribbon, choose Draw 3D > Cone (in Draw 3D Solids). On
the menu, choose Draw > 3D Solids > Cone. On the Draw 3D Solids toolbar, click the Cone tool. ...
 Specify the center of the base of the cone.
 Specify the radius or diameter.
 Specify the height.

Q.17 How to make a pyramid in AutoCAD?

Create a Solid Pyramid
1. Click Home tab Modeling panel Pyramid. Find.
2. At the Command prompt, enter s (Sides). Enter the number of sides to use.
3. Specify the center point of the base.
4. Specify the radius or diameter of the base.
5. Specify the height of the pyramid.

Also draw by using extrude commands

The Extrude command in AutoCAD 3D is used to create a surface or solid of a 2D surface or a 3D curve.

Consider the below image:

The Extrude command is widely used to create walls, shapes, etc.

Example 1:

Consider the below 2D surface.

Here, we have created a rectangle.

o To create a solid of the above figure, follow the below steps:

 1. Select Extrude command from the ribbon panel, as shown below:

Or
Type Extrude on the command line < press Enter.
2. Select the object, which we want to Extrude.
Here, we have selected the rectangle.
3. Press Enter.
4. Now, specify the height of the Extrude.
We can specify the height in +Z or –Z direction.
We can either determine the height with the cursor or by the value.
Here, we have specified the value = 5.
The object will now look like the below image:

Example 2:Consider the 2D object shown below:

Here, we have drawn three objects.

The steps are listed below:

1. Type Extrude on the command line < press Enter.

2. Select the object.
Here, we will first select the inner polygon.
3. Press Enter.
 4. Specify the height. Here, we have entered height = 4.
The object will appear as:

Q18 Expain the layering concept in autoCAD.

Manages layers and layer properties.

The following prompts are displayed.

List Layers
Displays a list of the currently defined layers, showing their names, states, color numbers, linetypes, lineweights, and whether they
are externally dependent layers.
Make
Creates a layer and makes it current. New objects are drawn on the current layer.

If no layer exists for the name you enter, a new layer with that name is created. The new layer is on and assumes the following
properties by default: color number 7, the CONTINUOUS linetype, and a lineweight of DEFAULT.

If the layer exists but is turned off, it is turned on.

Set
Specifies a new current layer but does not create the layer if it does not already exist. If the layer exists but is turned off, it is turned
on and made current. A frozen layer cannot be made current.

New
Creates layers. You can create two or more layers by entering names separated by commas.

Rename
Renames an existing layer.

On
Makes selected layers visible and available for plotting.

Off
Makes selected layers invisible and excludes them from plotting.

Color
Changes the color associated with a layer. Enter a color name or a number from 1 through 255.

True Color
Specifies a true color to be used for the selected object. Enter three integer values from 0 to 255 separated by commas to
specify a true color.

Color Book
Specifies a color from a loaded color book, guide, or set to use for the selected object. Enter the name of a color book that
has been installed, such as "DIC COLOR GUIDE(R)$DIC 43".

The color is assigned to the layer or layers, and the layers are turned on. To assign a color but turn off the layer, precede the color
with a minus sign (-).

Ltype
Changes the linetype associated with a layer.

Lweight
Changes the lineweight associated with a layer.

If you enter a valid lineweight, the current lineweight is set to the new value. If you enter a lineweight that is not valid, the current
lineweight is set to the nearest fixed lineweight value. If you would like to plot an object with a custom width not found in the list of
fixed lineweight values, you can use the Plot Style Table Editor to customize plotted lineweights.

Transparency
Changes the transparency level associated with a layer. Enter a value from 0 to 90.

After specifying a transparency value, the following prompt is displayed:

Enter name list of layer(s) for transparency specified value% <0>:

Enter the names of the layers to which to apply this transparency level, or press Enter to apply it to the current layer only

Material
Attaches a material to a layer. The material must be available in the drawing before it can be assigned to a layer.

Plot
Controls whether visible layers are plotted. If a layer is set to plot but is currently frozen or turned off, the layer is not plotted.

Pstyle
Sets the plot style assigned to a layer.

Note: The Pstyle option is available only when you are using named plot styles. (The PSTYLEPOLCY system variable is
set to 0.)
If you select a plot style other than NORMAL, the following prompt is displayed:

Enter name list of layer(s) for plot style current <current>:

Enter the names of the layers to use this plot style, or press Enter to apply the style to the current layer only

Freeze
Freezes layers, making them invisible and excluding them from regeneration and plotting.

Thaw
Thaws frozen layers, making them visible and available for regeneration and plotting.

Lock
Locks layers, preventing editing of objects on those layers.

Unlock
Unlocks selected locked layers, permitting editing of objects on those layers.

State
Saves and restores the state and property settings of the layers in a drawing.

?—List Named Layer States

Lists the named layer state (LAS) files in the support path for the drawing.

Save
Saves the state and properties settings of the layers in a drawing under a specified layer state name. When saving a layer
state, you specify which layer settings are affected when the layer state is later restored.

Restore
Restores the state and property settings of all layers to previously saved settings. Restores only those layer state and
property settings that were selected when the layer state was saved.

Edit
Changes the saved layer settings for a specified layer state. When the layer state is restored, the specified settings are used.

Name
Changes the name of a saved layer state.

Delete
Removes a saved layer state.

Import
Loads a previously exported layer state (LAS) file, or layers states from a file (DWG, DWS, DWT) into the current
drawing. Additional layers may be created as a result of importing a layer state file.

Export
Saves a selected named layer state to a layer state (LAS) file.

Description
Sets the description property value of the existing layer.

A warning prompt is displayed when you enter a description to a layer with an existing description.

Q-19 Explain Plotters in graphics

Plotters are a special type of output device. It is suitable for applications:

1. Architectural plan of the building.

2. CAD applications like the design of mechanical components of aircraft.
3. Many engineering applications.
Advantage:
1. It can produce high-quality output on large sheets.
2. It is used to provide the high precision drawing.
3. It can produce graphics of various sizes.
4. The speed of producing output is high.

Drum Plotter:
It consists of a drum. Paper on which design is made is kept on the drum. The drum can rotate in both
directions. Plotters comprised of one or more pen and penholders. The holders are mounted perpendicular
to drum surface. The pens are kept in the holder, which can move left to the right as well as right to the left.
The graph plotting program controls the movement of pen and drum.

Flatbed Plotter:
It is used to draw complex design and graphs, charts. The Flatbed plotter can be kept over the table. The
plotter consists of pen and holder. The pen can draw characters of various sizes. There can be one or more
pens and pen holding mechanism. Each pen has ink of different color. Different colors help to produce
multicolor design of document. The area of plotting is also variable. It can vary A4 to 21'*52'.