1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:
` The development of Internet of Things (IoT), smart
power meters and smart electrical appliances are used by the
consumers to closely monitor the energy consumed and to determine
their consumption. This is made probable to capture and analyse sensor
data in real time. The proposed system uses IoT infrastructure to
monitor, smartly measure and schedule the consumption of electricity
resources in real time. Energy management platform is a great example
of using Internet of Things for energy monitoring and management. This
solution transforms the way people and companies use and control
electricity, electrical devices, loads and power storage. It consists of a
smart hardware, software and data tools. Once equipped with this
system, a house, office building or any other facility turns into a smart
space with a rich set of features and capabilities for power consumption
monitoring and control.
The energy consumption can be monitored by using
an electric device called an energy meter. The cost and the regular
usage of power consumption are informed to the user to overcome high
bill usage. The energy meter shows the amount of units consumed and
transfers the data to both the customer and to the electrical board so
this helps in reducing man-power. The user can check their power usage
from anywhere and at any time interval. The IoT is used to turn on/turn
off the household appliances using relay and Arduino interfacing. The
objective of this system is to monitor the amount of electricity
consumed.
The concept of the Internet of Things was invented by
and coined by Peter T. Lewis in September 1985 in a speech he
delivered at a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
supported session at the Congressional Black Caucus 15th Legislative
Conference. Internet of Things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical

1
devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart
devices"), buildings, and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these
objects to collect and exchange data. In 2013 the Global Standards
Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as "the
infrastructure of the information society".
The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities
for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic
benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. When IoT is
augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an
instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also
encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent
transportation and smart cities. "Things" in the IoT sense, can refer to a
wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring plants, biochip
transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters,
automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for
environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field operation devices that
assist fire fighters in search and rescue operations. Legal scholars
suggest looking at "Things" as an "inextricable mixture of hardware,
software, data and service".
Current market examples include home automation
such as the control and automation of lighting, heating (like smart
thermostat), ventilation, air conditioning systems, and appliances such
as washer/dryers, robotic vacuums, air purifiers, ovens or
refrigerators/freezers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring. The
platforms which supports IoT to store and retrieve data from things
using any protocol over the Internet or via a Local Area Network are:
Freeboard, XOBXOB, Adafruit IO, Thing Speak, Lab of Things, Konekt,
KaaIoT Platform, Temboo, The Things, IBM Cloud, Open Sensors, Smart
Living, Google Cloud Platform, Jump Wire.

2
1.2 Objective:
The main objective of the project is to monitoring the
energy and controlling the electrical appliances by using
microcontrollers and Arduino. The experimental study is carried out by
performing load test using different domestic loads and observed.

1.3 Organization of thesis:

A brief introduction of the content is given below as:
Chapter-1: Introduction
Chapter-2: Overview of project
Chapter-3: Literature survey
Chapter-4: Methodology
Chapter-5: Hardware description
Chapter-6: Software description
Chapter-7: Results and discussions

3
 2. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
2.1 Overview:
Awareness of electricity consumption in the home or
building is a first step towards saving energy. The combination of
alternative energy and pervasive technologies for monitoring and
controlling energy consumption is a powerful vehicle for reducing
energy demand. With effective feedback about energy consumption and
control of household appliances, users can be motivated and
encouraged to change their behaviour on energy use such as turning off
lights or reducing heat. These small changes in behaviour can lead to
significant energy savings. The proposed system can monitor and
measure electricity usage in real-time. With the proposed system, users
can remotely control real-time electricity usage through web and other
mobile devices such as smart phones or smart pads.
In this project, a power consumption and monitoring
system of the area that continuously monitor the consumption of
consumer is proposed. If this consumption is beyond the limit of the
meter in that case it cut off the power supply of the whole area. This
work proposes a real-time electricity bill for quantifying the energy used
in domestic facilities. The presented prototype is extremely compact
and satisfies safety measures to be used by anyone in a domestic
installation. As a reinforcement measure for avoiding large consumption
bills, the system is programmed to send messages to the user,
remembering if the estimated consumption is large.

2.2 Advantages:
The advantages of energy consumption monitoring and controlling are:
 Managing all of your home devices from at any place.

 Awareness of electricity consumption in the home or building

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  Maximizing home security.

 Remote control of home functions.

 Increased energy efficiency.

 Home management insights.

 Save Energy with Smart Energy Consumption.

 Customize as Per Your Convenience.

 Ease of Using smart home technology.

2.3 Disadvantages:
The disadvantages of energy consumption monitoring and controlling are:
 Significant installation costs.

 Reliable internet connection is crucial.

 Security issues.

 Technological problems in connected homes.

 You may lock yourself out of your own house.

 Helplessness if technology fails.

 Some people may not like smart technologies.

 Maintenance and repair issues.

 This system consumes some energy.

2.4 Applications:

1.Lighting

Home lighting can automatically adjust to personal needs. For instance,

if users start watching a movie, the lights can be programmed to
automatically dim not to distract them from the plot. When you enter your
home, the lighting can be turned on automatically without the necessity to
press a button.

2.Bathrooms

IoT technologies in the bathroom can make your home routine more
entertaining and convenient. Smart mirrors can connect to other devices

5
like laptops and smartphones, recognize the faces of family members in
front of them, and display the information those people find interesting,
such as news articles, weather forecasts, or specific websites. Special
sensors can monitor movement in the bathroom, and turn off the water
automatically if no one is there.

3.Kitchen

With artificial intelligence technology, IoT devices can make the cooking
process safer and easier. Smart sensors can ensure that everything is OK
in your kitchen: they can check for smoke and carbon monoxide, or that
the temperature and humidity levels are right.

4.Security Systems

When you leave your home, do you always check that the doors and
windows are closed, and that the TV, computer, and electrical appliances
are off Smart security systems will do that for you with the help of special
sensors.

5.Safety Sensors

Safety sensors are smart devices that can identify when there is
something wrong at your home. They can notify users of potential threats
immediately and even take necessary action to prevent them. All they
need is a smartphone connected to the Internet and sensors installed at
their home.

6.Temperature Control

With temperature control automation, you can adjust the home

temperature to the level that suits you best. Smart thermostats control the
temperature based on configurations set by users in accordance with their
preferences. These controllers can check your current activity and change
the temperature accordingly.

7.Home Routine

Al and ML technologies can control the temperature in your home, the

lighting arrangement, or the security system. The technology can offer you
news updates, find the information you request on the Internet, send you
notifications via the app on the Internet about the purchases you need to

6
 make, order you a meal, schedule an appointment, and book you a flight
or a hotel.

3.LITERATURE SURVEY

 In the paper, “Electrical Power Consumption Monitoring using a Real-

time System”, Elamvazuthi et.al discussed the development and
implementation of a micro-controller based portable digital power meter
that has the capability to measure three phase power supply for a single
device in order to optimize power usage in a plant.
 In the paper, “Real-time Energy Monitoring and Controlling System
based on ZigBee Sensor”, WoongHee Kim et.al The proposed system is
composed of two main components: a wireless sensor network and an
intelligent home gateway. Wireless sensors are used for sensing and
transmitting electricity data and remote monitoring and control of home
appliances are provided to users through the intelligent home gateway.
 In the paper, “Monitoring and Controlling Energy Consumption Using IOT
and Blockchain”, V.Subbulakshmi et.al discussed an IoT system that
continuously monitors electrical energy consumed by various electrical
devices and if it reaches a certain threshold value, the devices will be
automatically turned off or switched to power saving mode. In order to
ensure security, the amount of energy utilized by IoT devices and the
threshold value provided by the user, is stored in a local server using
the concept of blockchain technology.
 In the paper, “IoT Based Power Consumption Monitoring and Controlling
System”, Suchitra Pandey et.al discussed a model which aims to control
and monitor power consumption of a particular area or sector. The
designed model monitors the power consumption of the end users and
cuts off the power supply when it exceeds the set limit. The device
sends the power consumption data to the supplier’s blink server using
Internet of Things (IoT) technology.
 In the paper, “Prototype for Monitoring and Accessing Electricity Usage
Details in Cloud using IoT Energy Meter”, Rajaprakash S et.al Discussed

7
 system used energy meter with microcontroller to monitor electricity
usage and transmits energy consumed details and cost to server. Users
check hourly or daily usage of electricity and their cost online using
simple web applications.
 In the paper, “IoT-Based Electricity Bill for Domestic Applications”, Emilio
Barocio Espejo et.al discussed this bill is a low-cost tool that takes
advantage of the IoT technology for generating an easy reading real-
time bill allowing the customers to constantly review and administrate
their energy consumption. Using low-cost sensors and the electronic
board Particle® Photon, an energy meter is proposed.
 In the paper, “Automatic Energy Control and Monitoring System For
Building”, Hnin Nu Thaung et.al discussed how the system enables users
to save energy by monitoring and controlling appliances through
terminals. This paper gives an overview of sensor technology and
wireless networks in the development of an intelligent energy
management system for buildings. This technology has ample potential
to change the way we live and work. ZigBee is used as a communication
medium in building intelligent energy management system.

8
 4.METHODOLOGY
4.1 Introduction:
The smart energy meter monitoring system of the
block diagram consists of Arduino, energy meter, Wi-Fi module and IoT,
Relay and transformer. Energy meter used here is clamp energy meter.
A 230V AC mains is the input given to the transformer and AC mains is
converted to low voltage. Energy meter measures the live current,
voltage and power in terms of KW-h. Microcontroller reads these
parameters and send it to the cloud. NodeMCU is a Wi-Fi device which
has a microcontroller in it. This connects the local router through IoT.
The status of these parameters can be obtained through mobile or
laptop. Wi-Fi is used for data communication. Wi-Fi is configured with
Arduino.
The Data from the Energy meter is sent to Arduino
and to Wi-Fi module and it reaches the user’s mobile phone. In this
system the user can switch on/off the mains or home appliances from
their Android smart phone app. The Wi-Fi module trans and receives the
data from cloud and sends to Arduino and the Arduino controls the relay
to switch on and off the circuit of the home.
4.2 Real -time home automation monitoring:
In home network the various electrical and electronics
appliances are connected through internet to the home server. The
measured data from the devices has to be stored and the storage
function is carried out by server for analysis purpose. The gadgets may
be a wearable for aged or elderly people where the device monitors the
persons residing at home. The actuators are bridged to these devices
with the support of technology such as Zigbee, Z-wave etc. to send
signals to the web server to execute required actions.
Thus, actuators send instructions based on its location
of server using either Zigbee or Bluetooth. The electronic devices are

9
made to perform specific task when even the user presence is
unavailable at home location by accessing the home server using
different data network. Thus, context aware based system engrosses
main parts namely application unit taken.
Central controller-based
This system meliorates the security of homes by
providing a secured control mode. But it is very complicated because it
must provide answers to the questions who can decide and who can
have a control and who can access control information.

4.3 Internet of Things (IOT)

The concept of the Internet of Things was invented by
and term coined by Peter T. Lewis in September 1985 in a speech he
delivered at a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
supported session at the Congressional Black Caucus 15th Legislative
Conference. Internet of Things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical
devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart
devices"), buildings, and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these
objects to collect and exchange data. In 2013 the Global Standards
Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as "the
infrastructure of the information society".
The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities
for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic
benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. When IoT is
augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an
instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also
encompasses technologies such as smart grids smart homes, intelligent
transportation and smart cities.
"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety
of devices such as heart monitoring plants, biochip transponders on

10
farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles with built in
sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen
monitoring or field operation devices that assist fire fighters in search
and rescue operations. Legal scholars suggest to look at
1."Things" as an "inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and
service".
2 These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing
technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other
devices. Current market examples include home automation such as the
control and automation of lighting, heating (like smart thermostat),
ventilation, air conditioning systems, and appliances such as
washer/dryers, robotic vacuums, air purifiers, ovens or
refrigerators/freezers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring. The
platforms which support IoT to store and retrieve data from things using
any protocol over the Internet or via a Local Area
Network are: Freeboard, XOBXOB, Adafruit IO, Thing Speak, Lab of
Things, Konekt, KaaIoT Platform, Temboo, The Things, IBM Cloud, Open
Sensors, Smart Living, Google Cloud Platform, Jump Wire.

Fig. 4.3: Schematic diagram of Internet of Things

4.4 The IoT Reference Model
The ITU-T has defined a reference model for IoT. This model is divided
into the four layers: application layer, service support and application
support layer, network layer and device layer. Each one of these layers
also includes management and security capabilities. As shown in the

11
figure 4.4 these capabilities have both generic and specific capabilities
that can cut across multiple layers.The application layer contains IoT
applications which require certain support capabilities from the
underlying layer to function. The service and application support layer
consist of generic support capabilities which can be used by IoT
applications, examples of such capabilities could be data processing or
storage.The specific support capabilities are those other than the
generic capabilities which are required to create support for diversified
applications. The network layer is divided into networking and transport
capabilities. The networking capabilities provide relevant control
functions for network connectivity, while the transport capabilities focus
on the ransport of IoT service and application specific data.

Fig4.4: The IoT Reference Mode

At the bottom of the model, there is the device layer in which the device
capabilities include direct and indirect interaction with the
communication network. Unlike direct interaction, indirect interaction
requires a gateway to be able to send and receive information via the
network. Two other capabilities are ad hoc networking and sleeping and
waking up which enable devices to connect in an ad hoc manner and
saving energy.The device layer also includes gateway capabilities to
support devices connected via different types of wired and wireless
technologies by supporting multiple interfaces.

12
 4.5 Basic Building Blocks of IoT
To develop an IoT application, we need several key
building blocks. Figure 4.5 shows the different components involved in
an IoT application. The connected device – The actual physical device
we want to control and manage. It needs to be connected somehow,
either wired or wireless. The local user -This is the user who wants to
interact directly with the device to either control it, or receive
information regarding its operation.The router – This is the part that
connects the device to the Internet. The connection can be via ADSL,
cable, cellular, etc.

Fig.4.5:Components of IoT Application

In some cases, there is no router where we want to place our device, or a
standard router is not sufficient for the application, so you may need to
provide a router of your own.The Cloud solution – A Cloud solution can be
simple storage of data flowing from your connected device, or can include
complex analytic functions that are performed on the data coming from the
device and reported to the local or remote user.The remote user – The user
who is not in the proximity of the device, but wants to control or receive
information regarding the device from afar. The remote user – The user who is
not in the proximity of the device, but wants to control or receive information
regarding the device from afar.

13
4.6 Internet of Things Communication Modes
From an operational perspective, it is useful to think
about how IoT devices connect and communicate in terms of their
technical communication models. Device-to-Device Communications The
device-to-device communication model represents two or more devices
that directly connect and communicate between one another, rather
than through an intermediary application server. These devices
communicate over many types of networks, including IP networks or the
Internet. Often, however these devices use protocols like Bluetooth,40
Z-Wave,41 or ZigBee42 to establish direct device-to-device
communications.

Fig 4.6: Example of device-to-device communication mode

These device-to-device networks allow devices that adhere to a

particular communication protocol to communicate and exchange
messages to achieve their function. This communication model is
commonly used in applications like home automation systems, which
typically use small data packets of information to communicate between
devices with relatively low data rate requirements. Residential IoT
devices like light bulbs, light switches, thermostats, and door locks
normally send small amounts of information to each other in a home
automation scenario.

14
 5.HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 INTRODUCTION:
For the measurement of the energy consumed, IoT-
Based Measurement System is proposed by designing a non-intrusive
system with compact characteristics and easy installation. Block
Diagram for Real Time Monitoring System is shown in figure 5.1.

The block diagram consists of Arduino, energy meter,

WIFI module and IoT, Relay and transformer. Energy meter used here is
clamp energy meter. A 230V AC main is the input given to the
transformer and AC mains is converted to low voltage by using step
down transformer. Bridge rectifier is used to convert the 12V AC to 12V
DC. Arduino is a microcontroller which controls the loads and sends the
signals to the cloud devices like (mobiles phones, laptop, tabs). The
relay receives the signal from cloud device and control loads.

Fig 5.1: Block Diagram for Real Time Monitoring System

5.2 Hardware Model:
The hardware setup of IoT based electrical energy
consumption live monitoring and controlling as shown in the figure 5.2.
which consisting of step down transformer for giving supply to the
microcontroller, and relay is to sense the signals about 5V relays are

15
 present. The transistor is used for switching on and off loads. A rectifier
is used to convert AC to DC voltage to give the supply to the Arduino.
Voltage regulator is used to maintain constant voltage of 12V and
capacitive filter is used to reduce ripples in the DC output supply of the
rectifier. then these DC supply used as supply to the Arduino.

Fig 5.2: Hard ware setup

5.3 Transformer
A step-down transformer is a type of transformer that converts the high
voltage (HV) and low current from the primary side of the transformer to
the low voltage (LV) and high current value on the secondary side of the
transformer. The reverse of this is known as a step-up transformer. A
transformer is a type of static electrical equipment that transforms
electrical energy (from primary side windings) to magnetic energy (in
transformer magnetic core) and again to the electrical energy (on the
secondary transformer side). A step-down transformer has a wide
variety of applications in electrical systems and transmission lines.

16
 Fig 5.3: Transformer
When it comes to the operation voltage, the step-up
transformer application can be roughly divided into two groups: LV
(voltages up to 1 KV) and HV application (voltages above 1 KV).

Just as transformers can step down the voltage – going from

a higher primary side voltage to a lower secondary side voltage – they
can also step up the voltage, going from a lower primary side voltage to
a higher secondary side voltage. These are known as step-up
transformers. Usually, electrical power is generated at 11Kv. For
economical reasons AC power is transmitted at very high voltages say
220 kV or 440 kV over long distances. Therefore, a step-up transformer
is applied at the generating stations.
Construction of a Transformer mainly consists of
 Magnetic circuit (consisting of core, limbs, yoke and damping
structure).
 Electrical circuit (consisting of primary and secondary windings)
 Dielectric circuit (consisting of insulations in different forms and
used at different places)
 Tanks and accessories (conservator, breather, bushings, cooling
tubes, etc.)
The following are the Losses in the Transformer
 Core or iron losses
 Hysteresis loss
 Eddy current loss
 Copper losses
 Stray losses
5.4 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set
of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of
operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of
contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break
contacts, or combinations thereof. Relays are used where it is necessary

17
to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal
coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays
were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to
perform logical operations.
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to
close or open the contacts, but other operating principles have been
invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor
properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating
coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called protective relays.

Fig 5.4: Relay

5.5 Energy Meter
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, energy meter, or
kilowatt-hour meter is a device that measures the amount of electric
energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered
device. Electric meter or energy meter measures the total power
consumed over a time interval.

Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers'

premises for billing and monitoring purposes. They are typically
calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour
(kWh). They are usually read once each billing period. When energy
savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure
demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day"
metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record

18
usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods.
Also, in some area’s meters have relays for demand response load
shedding during peak load periods.

Fig 5.5: Energy meter

5.6 Bridge rectifier:
Many electronic circuits require a rectified DC power supply
to power various electronic basic components from the available AC
mains supply. Rectifiers are used to convert an AC power to a DC power.
Among the rectifiers, the bridge rectifier is the most efficient rectifier
circuit. We can define bridge rectifiers as a type of full-wave rectifier
that uses four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration to
efficiently convert alternating (AC) current to a direct (DC) current. In
the next few sections, let us learn more about its construction, working,
and more.

The construction of a bridge rectifier is shown in the figure

below. The bridge rectifier circuit is made of four diodes D1, D2, D3, D4,
and a load resistor RL. The four diodes are connected in a closed-loop
configuration to efficiently convert the alternating current (AC) into
Direct Current (DC). The main advantage of this configuration is the
absence of the expensive center-tapped transformer. Therefore, the size
and cost are reduced.

19
The bridge rectifier circuit used for converting AC to DC is as shown in
the figure 5.6. The input signal is applied across terminals A and B and
the output DC signal is obtained across the load resistor RL connected
between terminals C and D.

Fig 5.6: Bridge rectifier

The four diodes are arranged in such a way that only two diodes conduct
electricity during each half cycle. D1 and D3 are pairs that conduct
electric current during the positive half cycle/. Likewise, diodes D2 and
D4 conduct electric current during a negative half cycle.
When an AC signal is applied across the bridge rectifier,
during the positive half cycle, terminal A becomes positive while
terminal B becomes negative. This results in diodes D1 and D3 to
become forward biased while D2 and D4 become reverse biased. The
current flow during the positive half-cycle is shown in the figure 5.7

Fig.5.7: Positive half cycle

20
 During the negative half-cycle, terminal B becomes positive
while the terminal A becomes negative. This causes diodes D2 and D4 to
become forward biased and diode D1 and D3 to be reverse biased.The
current flow during the negative half cycle is shown in the figure 5.8

Fig.5.8:Negtive half cycle

5.7 Transistor:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify
or switch electrical signals and power. The transistor is one of the basic
building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor
material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an
electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of
terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the
controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some
transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found
embedded in integrated circuits.

Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and

some from germanium, but certain other semiconductor materials are
sometimes used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier,
in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in
bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube,
transistors are generally smaller and require less power to operate.

21
Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high
operating frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of
transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple
manufacturers.

Fig 5.9: Transistor

Depending upon where the three terminals of the
transistor are located on the semiconductor, we can have either an npn
transistor or a pnp transistor. In the transistor symbol, an arrow between
the emitter and base indicates the direction of current flow.
npn and pnp transistors symbols
npn and pnp transistor symbols
The sequence of doped regions in a pnp transistor is:
p-region collector
n-region base
p-region emitter
The sequence of doped regions in a npn transistor is:
n-region collector
p-region base
n-region emitter
Composition of Transistors
We can think of a transistor as made of two diodes pointing either
towards or away from each other.
npn and pnp transistors using diodes
npn and pnp transistors using diodes

22
Before we dive into their significance, let's take a moment to familiarize
ourselves with terminology that is used to describe diodes.
Electrons - Negatively-charged carriers of current
Holes - Positively-charged carriers of current
Current - Result of the flow of charged carriers - both holes and
electrons
Doping - Addition of impurities into a semiconductor to form regions
rich in electrons or holes - either electron donors (like Phosphorous) or
electron acceptors (like Boron) are added into the semiconductor.
n-region - Negatively-charged area of the semiconductor into which
electron donor atoms are added so that there is an extra electron that is
free to float away per donor atom
p-region - Positively-charged area of the semiconductor into which
electronic acceptor atoms are added so that there is an extra space or
hole created per acceptor atom
PN JUNCTION - Region where the p- and n-regions meet allowing
electrons and holes diffuse across
Top: PN junction of a diode; Bottom: symbol for a diode
Top: PN junction of a diode; bottom: symbol for a diode
Biasing - Process of adding an outside voltage source to make the
diode behave a certain way
Forward-biased - Connecting a voltage source such that its positive
terminal connects to the p-region and negative terminal to the n-region
of the diode; voltage is greater at the tail end compared to the pointed
end of the diode symbol
Reverse-biased - Connecting a voltage source such that its positive
terminal connects to the n-region and negative terminal to the p-region
of the diode; voltage is higher at the pointed end when compared to the
tail end of the diode symbol

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5.8 Arduino:
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on
easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read
inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message -
and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by
sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do
so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and
the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Fig 5.10: Arduino

Arduino has been used in thousands of different projects and
applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet
flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux.
Designers and architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and
artists use it for installations and to experiment with new musical
instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of the projects
exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn
new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can
start tinkering just following the step-by-step instructions of a kit, or
sharing ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.

5.9 Wi-Fi-module:
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC with
integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any microcontroller
access to your Wi-Fi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting
an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another

24
application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed
with an AT command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this
up to your Arduino device and get about as much Wi-Fi-ability as a Wi-Fi
Shield offers (and that's just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an
extremely cost-effective board with a huge, and ever growing,
community.

Fig 5.11: Wi-Fi module

This module has a powerful enough on-board
processing and storage capability that allows it to be integrated with the
sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with
minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its
high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry,
including the front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area.
The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-
exitance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work
under all operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.

There is an almost limitless fountain of information available

for the ESP8266, all of which has been provided by amazing community
support. In the Documents section below you will find many resources to
aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to transforming
this module into an IoT (Internet of Things) solution!

The ESP8266 Module is not capable of 5-3V logic shifting

and will require an external Logic Level Converter. Please do not power
it directly from your 5V dev board. This ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module Adaptor

25
comes with on-board logic level converter and 3.3V LDO regulator for
easy interfacing to Arduino boards.
Features:
 802.11 b/g/n
 Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching
network
 Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power management units
 +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Power down leakage current of <10uA
 Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application
processor
 SDIO 1.1 / 2.0, SPI, UART
 STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4ms guard interval
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
 Default baud rate: 115200

5.10 Current sensor:

A current sensor is a device that detects and converts
current to an easily measurable output voltage, which is proportional to
the current through the measured path. There are a wide variety of
sensors, and each sensor is suitable for a specific current range and
environmental condition. Among these sensors, a current sensing
resistor is the most commonly used. It can be considered a current-to-
voltage converter, where inserting a resistor into the current path, the
current is converted to voltage in a linear way. The technology used by
the current sensor is important because different sensors can have
different characteristics for a variety of applications.

26
 Current sensors are based on either open or closed
loop hall effect technology. A closed-loop sensor has a coil that is
actively driven to produce a magnetic field that opposes the field
produced by the current being sensed. The hall sensor is used as a null-
detecting device, and the output signal is proportional to the current
being driven into the coil, which is proportional to the current being
measured. In an open loop current sensor, the magnetic flux created by
the primary current is concentrated in a magnetic circuit and measured
using a hall device. The output from the hall device is the signal
conditioned to provide an exact (instantaneous) representation of the
primary current.

A digital current sensor reads the current flowing

through the conductor and uses an on/off switch to display communicate
whether the current is running at the predetermined amperage set by
the user. The switch can be used to control a warning light or trigger a
relay to send a message to another alarm or system. A Current Switch
is integrated with normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC) switch. At
a preset current level (trip point) the switch will either open or close.

An analog current sensor displays the range or volume consumed, much

like a speedometer in a car, and can also be used to
trigger the same light, data output, etc. Whether
you choose digital or analog depends on your
project needs.Current sensors are perfect for
monitoring fans, pumps, motors, and other
electrical loads for proper operation.

Fig 5.12: Current Sensor

27
 Imagine you manage an underground mine and need
to ensure a certain level of airflow reaches the miners working below.
Your engineers have determined that a 17amp flow will generate
enough breathable air for the miners. You attach a current sensor to a
controller on the wall of the mine to measure the amount of air flow. If
the air flow sits at 17amp, your digital switch will stay on or your
analogy will maintain a steady number. If the air flow goes below
17amp, an alarm will sound.

5.11 Volatge Regulator:

The voltage regulator is needed to keep voltages within the
prescribed range that can be tolerated by the electrical equipment using
that voltage. Such a device is widely used in motor vehicles of all types
to match the output voltage of the generator to the electrical load and
to the charging requirements of the battery. Voltage regulators also are
used in electronic equipment in which excessive variations in voltage
would be detrimental.

In motor vehicles, voltage regulators rapidly switch from one

to another of three circuit states by means of a spring-loaded, double-
pole switch. At low speeds, some current from the generator is used to
boost the generator’s magnetic field, thereby increasing voltage output.
At higher speeds, resistance is inserted into the generator-field circuit so
that its voltage and current are moderated. At still higher speeds, the
circuit is switched off, lowering the magnetic field. The regulator
switching rate is usually 50 to 200 times per second.

Electronic voltage regulators utilize solid-state

semiconductor devices to smooth out variations in the flow of current. In
most cases, they operate as variable resistances; that is, resistance
decreases when the electrical load is heavy and increases when the load
is lighter. Voltage regulators perform the same function in large-scale
power-distribution systems as they do in motor vehicles and other

28
machines; they minimize variations in voltage in order to protect the
equipment using the electricity. In power-distribution systems the
regulators are either in the substations or on the feeder lines
themselves. Two types of regulators are used: step regulators, in which
switches regulate the current supply, and induction regulators, in which
an induction motor supplies a secondary, continually adjusted voltage to
even out current variations in the feeder line.

Fig 5.13: Volatge regulator

5.12 Capacitive Filter:
A capacitor-input filter is a filter circuit in which the first
element is a capacitor connected in parallel with the output of the
rectifier in a linear power supply. The capacitor increases the DC voltage
and decreases the ripple voltage components of the output. The
capacitor is often referred to as a smoothing capacitor or reservoir
capacitor. The capacitor is often followed by other alternating series and
parallel filter elements to further reduce ripple voltage, or adjust DC
output voltage. It may also be followed by a voltage regulator which
virtually eliminates any remaining ripple voltage, and adjusts the DC
voltage output very precisely to match the DC voltage required by the
circuit.

During the time the rectifier is conducting and the potential

is higher than the charge across the capacitor, the capacitor will store
energy from the transformer; when the output of the rectifier falls below
the charge on the capacitor, the capacitor will discharge energy into the
circuit. Since the rectifier conducts current only in the forward direction,
any energy discharged by the capacitor will flow into the load. This
results in output of a DC voltage upon which is superimposed a

29
waveform referred to as a sawtooth wave. The sawtooth wave is a
convenient linear approximation to the actual waveform, which is
exponential for both charge and discharge. The crests of the sawtooth
waves will be more rounded when the DC resistance of the transformer
secondary is higher.

The working of this capacitor mainly depends on the

capacitive reactance principle. It is nothing but how the impedance of a
capacitor alters with a signal frequency that is flowing through it. A
nonreactive component like a resistor offers similar resistance to a
signal apart from the frequency of the signal. This means 1Hz & 100KHZ
signals flow throughout a resistor with equal resistance.

But a capacitor is different because its impedance or

resistance will change based on the signal frequency which is flowing
through. These are reactive devices that offer high resistance to low-
frequency signals and low-resistance to high-frequency signals using the
formula like XC= 1/2πfc. A capacitor gives dissimilar impedance values
for dissimilar frequency signal. In a circuit, it can operate as a resistor.

In power supply circuits, this capacitor can be calculated to

ensure the least ripple at the output. The formula is C = I / 2f Vpp. From
the equation above, ‘I’ is load current, ‘f’ is i/p frequency of AC and ‘Vpp’
is the minimum ripple that may be acceptable because almost it’s never
possible to make this ‘0’.

The circuit diagram of the filter capacitor is shown below. In

this circuit, the capacitor works like a high pass filter that allows high
frequencies and blocks direct current. Similarly, they can also wo rk as a
low pass filter to allow DC and block AC. Here the capacitor is connected
in parallel with the component instead of connecting in series. This

30
 circuit is a high-frequency capacitive filter. Here, the flow of current will
be in the least resistance direction.

Because a capacitor gives extremely low resistance for high-

frequency signals, so these signals will supply through the capacitor.
Like this, the circuit in this arrangement, it is a high-frequency filter. The
signals like low-frequency current will not supply throughout the
capacitor, as it gives high resistance for low-frequency signals.
The applications of this include the following.
 The line filter capacitor is applicable in several industrial loads as well as
appliances in order to defend the appliance from the noise of line
voltage noise and to defend other devices on a similar line from the
generated noise within the circuit.
 These capacitors can be used in all types of filters which are used in
signal processing. The best example of this application is like an audio
equalizer. It uses different frequency bands to permit amplification for
low, high, and midrange frequency tones.
 It is used for glitch removal on DC power rails
 It is used for RFI removal (radio frequency interference) for power or
signal lines to come in or exit equipment.
 This capacitor can be connected after the voltage regulator to get a
smooth DC power supply.
 This capacitor is used in audio, IF or RF filters

Fig 5.14: Capacitive filter

31
 6. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

6.1. Introduction to Arduino:

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform in
electronics based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Subtly
speaking, Arduino is a microcontroller based prototyping board which
can be used in developing digital devices that can read inputs like finger
on a button, touch on a screen, light on a sensor etc. and turning it in to
output like switching on an LED, rotating a motor, playing songs through
a speaker.

The Arduino board can be programmed to do anything by

simply programming the microcontroller on board using a set of
instructions for which, the Arduino board consists of a USB plug to
communicate with your computer and a bunch of connection sockets
that can be wired to external devices like motors, LEDs etc. The aim of
Arduino is to introduce the world of electronics to people who have small
to no experience in electronics like hobbyists, designers, artists etc.

Arduino is based on open source electronics project i.e. all

the design specifications, schematics, software are available openly to
all the users. Hence, Arduino boards can bought from vendors as they
are commercially available or else you can make your own board by if
you wish i.e. you can download the schematic from Arduino’s official

32
website, buy all the components as per the design specification,
assemble all the components, and make your own board.

33
6.2 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE:
Arduino boards are generally based on microcontrollers from
Atmel Corporation like 8, 16 or 32 bit AVR architecture based
microcontrollers. The important feature of the Arduino boards is the
standard connectors. Using these connectors, we can connect the
Arduino board to other devices like LEDs or add-on modules called
Shields.

The Arduino boards also consists of on board voltage

regulator and crystal oscillator. They also consist of USB to serial
adapter using which the Arduino board can be programmed using USB
connection. In order to program the Arduino board, we need to use IDE
provided by Arduino. The Arduino IDE is based on Processing
programming language and supports C and C++.

6.3 Arduino UNO

Arduino UNO is a basic and inexpensive Arduino board and
is the most popular of all the Arduino boards with a market share of over
50%. Arduino UNO is considered to be the best prototyping board for
beginners in electronics and coding.

Fig 6.3: Arduino uno

UNO is based on ATmega328P microcontroller. There are
two variants of the Arduino UNO: one which consists of through – hole
microcontroller connection and other with surface mount type. Through-
hole model will be beneficial as we can take the chip out in case of any

34
problem and swap in with a new one. Arduino UNO comes with different
features and capabilities. As mentioned earlier, the microcontroller used
in UNO is ATmega328P, which is an 8-bit microcontroller based on the
AVR architecture.

UNO has 14 digital input – output (I/O) pins which can be

used as either input or output by connecting them with different
external devices and components. Out of these 14 pins, 6 pins are
capable of producing PWM signal. All the digital pins operate at 5V and
can output a current of 20mA.

6.4 Pins of Arduino:

Fig 6.4: Pins of Arduino

 Pins 0 and 1 are used for serial communication. They are used to
receive and transmit serial data which can be used in several ways
like programming the Arduino board and communicating with the
user through serial monitor.
 Pins 2 and 3 are used for external interrupts. An external event
can be triggered using these pins by detecting low value, change
in value or falling or rising edge on a signal.
 As mentioned earlier, 6 of the 14 digital I/O Pins i.e. 3, 5, 6, 9, 10,
and 11 can provide 8-bit PWM output.

35
  Pins 10, 11, 12 and 13 (SS, MOSI, MISO AND SCK respectively) are
used for SPI communication.
 Pin 13 has a built-in LED connected to it. When the pin is HIGH, the
LED is turned on and when the pin is LOW, it is turned off.

6.5 Address Pins Of Ardunio:

Arduino Uno has 6 analog input pins which can provide
10 bits of resolution i.e. 1024 different values. The analog pins on the
Arduino UNO are labelled A0 to A5. By default, all the analog pins can
measure from ground to 5V. Arduino UNO has a feature, where it is
possible to change the upper end of the range by using the AREF pin
but the value should be less than 5V. Additionally, some analog pins
have specialized functionality. Pins A4 and A5 are used for I2C
communication.

Fig 6.5: Address pins of Arduino

6.6 PARTS OF Arduino:

There are different ways in which we can power the
Arduino UNO board. The USB cable, which is used to program the
microcontroller, can be used as a source of power.There is a power jack,
using which an external regulated power supply in the range of 7V – 12V
can be supplied. Additionally, the power can also be supplied from a
battery through the VIN pin.

36
 The UNO board has on-board voltage regulators for 5V
and 3.3V, which can be used as power supply for small external devices
like LEDs. This is a brief introduction to Arduino and Arduino UNO board.
In the next tutorial, we’ll see the installation and setup of the Arduino
IDE.

Fig 6.6: Parts of Arduino

6.7 ARDUINO PIN OUT DIAGRAM:

IP+ & IP- Connect the sensor in series to the system
whose current you want to measure. Cut the circuit wire and connect
one end of wire to IP+ and other to IP-. Recall the high school lectures,
current can be measured only in series. So don’t connect the sensor in
parallel You may damage it by connecting it in parallel. Vi out is the
voltage out pin. ACS712 outputs an analog signal in correspond to any
variation across the IP+ and IP- pins or in other words it outputs analog
voltage on VIOUT pin if there is any variation in the current.
Quiescent output voltage (VIOUT(Q)). The output of the
device when the primary current is zero. For a unipolar supply voltage, it
nominally remains at VCC ⁄ 2. Thus, VCC = 5V translates into VIOUT(Q) =
2.5 V. Variation in VIOUT(Q) can be attributed to the resolution of the
ACS712. If the ACS712 is working on 5V(Vcc=5V) and there is no current
flowing from input the Viout will be 2.5v. 2.5v is the base voltage at
input of 5v, now any change in the input current will bring change in the
output voltage. Viout decreases when current start flowing through the
ACS712 pins.

37
 ACS712 is available in market in three ratings.
 ACS712ELCTR-05B-T
 ACS712ELCTR-20A-T
 ACS712ELCTR-30A-T

 ACS712ELCTR-05B-T can measure 5 to -5 Ampere current. Where

185mV change in Output voltage from initial state represents 1-Ampere
change in Input current.
 ACS712ELCTR-20A-T can measure 20 to -20 Ampere current. Where
100mV change in Output voltage from initial state represents 1-Ampere
change in Input current.
 ACS712ELCTR-30A-T can measure 30 to -30 Ampere current. Where
66mV change in Output voltage from initial state represents 1-Ampere
change in Input current.

ACS712 Dc current measurement formula is given by

Current = (ACSOffset – (Arduino measured analog reading)) / Sensitivity

ACS Offset is normal voltage output at Vi out pin when no

current is flowing through the circuit. Arduino measured analog
reading is the analog signal value read and converted to actual voltage
from the analog channel to which ACS712 output is connected.
Sensitivity is ACS712 change in current representing 1 Ampere.

The following are the key features of Arduino:

 Microcontroller: ATmega328.
 Operating Voltage: 5V.
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V.
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V.
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6.
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA.
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA.

38
  Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
The figure 6.7 shows pin out diagram of Aurdino. Pins 10,
11, 12 and 13 (SS, MOSI, MISO AND SCK respectively) are used for SPI
communication. Pin 13 has a built-in LED connected to it. When the pin
is HIGH, the LED is turned on and when the pin is LOW, it is turned off.

Fig 6.7: Pin Out Diagram

39
 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
7.1 Equivalent Circuit model:

An approximated model of IoT based electrical energy

consumption live monitoring and controlling has been done in live. The
electrical equivalent circuit of this model is as shown in the figure 7.1.
U1
7805
TR1
BR1 1 3
VI VO

GN D
V2
VSINE

2
C1
BRIDGE
TRAN-2P2S
1nF
Q1 L2
R2 12V
VCC BC547
10k RL1
GND 12V

D0

D1

D2

NODE MCU D3

R1 Q2
BC547
VCC OUT D4
10k L1
12V

ACS712 RL2
12V

GND AC AC

V1
VSINE

Fig 7.1: Equivalent Circuit Model

The output of this model is to control the appliances
and monitor the appliances consumption units and charges how much it
consumes. Firstly AC signal of 230 V is step down to 12V by using
rectifier circuit AC signal is converted to DC signal for input supply of
Arduino. The capacitive filter is used to reduce ripple in the signal.
Voltage regulator is used to maintain constant 12V dc signal to Arduino.

Arduino is used to collect the data from current sensor

and send it to the cloud device like (mobile phones, personal computer,
tabs, laptops ,etc). from the cloud device it takes the signal and given to

40
 the relay controls. The transistor is quick switching device to operate the
relay. The relay is used to control the load device.
7.2 Hardware Developed
The figure 7.2 shows the developed system for monitoring power.
Under initial conditions the reference value of system is set as 230W. Hence
power consumption of that particular area will be in the range of (0-230KW)
but not more than the final limit. On placing the 3 bulbs means power
consumption of 3 houses will be calculate. The bulbs are placed in a single
board.

Fig 7.2 Hardware Developed

Case 1: Two lighting loads are used.
When two bulbs of 15W are placed as shown in figure 7.3 & power
supply of the system is turned on then current starts flowing. When
bulbs of load 1 and load 2 are switched on then load is varied & the
consumption can be seen by cloud device.

41
 Fig 7.3: Two lighting loads

The figure 7.4 shows the output of two lighting loads for
4hr.The units consumed by two lighting loads is 2 kw/ hr.

Fig 7.4: output of two lighting loads

Case 2: One lighting load and One suction motor.
When one bulb of 15W and motor of 18W is placed in
the home model as shown in figure 4.5 & power supply of the system is
turned with load 1 and load 2 are switched on then load varies.

42
 Fig 7.5: One lighting load and One suction motor
The figure 7.6 shows the output of One lighting load
and One Suction Motor for 2hr. The units consumed of two lighting loads
is 10 kw/ hr.

Fig 7.6: Output of One lighting load and One suction motor
7.3 Energy Conservation
The information regarding energy meter status was
received and displayed in the mobile application used for measuring the

43
energy consumption. As the utilization of current increases the power
consumed is also increased.
So, from the data received on the mobile application
by the authorized person can perform the following operations regarding
the power consumption:
1.Switching off the unnecessary loads in order to avoid the
unnecessary consumption.
2. Can monitor & control the power consumption from a remote
place.
3.Can analyse the daily energy consumption.

The case study of energy consumption is performed

on different types of loads and the meter readings are considered for
1hr usage of electrical energy as shown in table 7.1. The energy can be
conserved by turning off the appliances consuming more wattage which
in turn reduces the problem of voltage drop at home & conserves the
energy consumption.
Table 7.1
S.N Name of the Quantit Watts Actual New Error
O appliances y consume meter meter
d reading reading

1. Television 1 70W 0.074 0.024 0.05

2. Ceiling Fan 4 75W 0.3 0.25 0.05

3. Grinder 1 150W 0.15 0.11 0.04

4. Refrigerator 1 250W 0.25 0.21 0.04

5. Mixer Grinder 1 550W 0.55 0.50 0.05

6. Washing 1 700W 0.7 0.65 0.05

Machine
7. Air conditioner 1 840W 0.84 0.80 0.04

8. Tube light 3 58W 0.057 0.052 0.05

9. LED bulb 3 60W 0.06 0.06 0

44
10. Bed lamps 2 15W 0.03 0.03 0

45
 CONCLUSION

Awareness of electricity consumption is the first step

towards saving energy. An IoT-based smart energy management system
for homes and buildings is presented in this project. The proposed
system can monitor and measure the current, voltage, and power
consumption in real-time. The proposed system consists of a prototype
for monitoring, storing, accessing electricity usage details in cloud using
IoT Energy Meter. Wi-Fi connectivity is used for frequent up gradation of
energy used details. With the proposed system, users can access and
analyse their hourly or daily usage details of the electricity & also
remotely control real-time electricity usage through mobile Blynk
application. With effective feedback about energy consumption and
control of household appliances, consumers can be motivated and
encouraged to change their behaviour on energy usage such as turning
off unnecessary loads. These small changes can lead to significant
energy savings.

46
 FUTURE SCOPE

In future, the proposed system is extended to the

other sectors such as industries, agriculture & transport through
modernisation of machinery, equipment and infrastructure such as
motors, drives & capacitors.

47
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