ENGINEERING DRAWING

• Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of

three dimensional objects.
• In general, it provides necessary information about the shape,
size, surface quality, material, manufacturing process, etc., of
the object.
• It is the graphic language from which a trained person can
visualize objects.
Drawing Instruments and aids:
• The Instruments and other aids used in drafting work are
listed below:
• Drawing board
• Set squares
• French curves
• Templates
• Mini drafter
• Instrument box
• Protractor
• Set of scales
• Drawing sheets
• Pencils
Drawing Board:
• Until recently drawing boards used are made of well seasoned
softwood of about 25 mm thick with a working edge for
T-square.
• Nowadays mini-drafters are used instead of T-squares which
can be fixed on any board.
• The standard size of board depends on the size of drawing
sheet size required.
Mini-Drafter:
• Mini-drafter consists of an angle formed by two arms with
scales marked and rigidly hinged to each other .
• It combines the functions of T-square, set-squares, scales and
protractor.
• It is used for drawing horizontal, vertical and inclined lines,
parallel and perpendicular lines and for measuring lines.
Instrument Box
⚫ Instrument box contains
⚫ Compasses,
⚫ Dividers and
⚫ Inking pens.
Pencils
⚫ Pencils with graphite of different degrees of hardness or
grades are available in the market.
⚫ The hardness or softness of the graphite is indicated by 3H,
2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, etc.
⚫ The grade HB denotes medium hardness of graphite
used for general purpose.
⚫ The hardness increases as the value of the numeral before the
letter H increases.
⚫ The graphite becomes softer, as the value of the numeral
before B increases.
Pencils
⚫ HB Soft grade for Border lines, lettering and free sketching
⚫ H Medium grade for Visible outlines, visible edges and
boundary lines
⚫ 2H Hard grade for construction lines, Dimension lines, Leader
lines, Extension lines, Centre lines, Hatching lines and Hidden
lines.
Drawing Sheet
⚫ The standard drawing sheet sizes are arrived at on the basic
Principal of x: y = 1: 2^ (1/2) and xy = 1 where x and y are the
sides of the sheet.
⚫ For example AO, having a surface area of 1 Sq.m; x = 841 mm
and y = 1189 mm.
⚫ The successive sizes are obtained by either by halving along
the length or doubling the width, the area being in the ratio 1:
2.
⚫ Designation of sizes is given in the fig. For class work use of A2
size drawing sheet is preferred
Drawing Sheet
Lines
⚫ Just as in English textbook the correct words are used for
making correct sentences; in Engineering Graphics, the details
of various objects are drawn by different types of lines.
⚫ Each line has a definite meaning and sense to convey.
Lines
⚫ Visible Outlines, Visible Edges: (Continuous wide lines) the
lines drawn to represent the visible outlines/ visible edges /
surface boundary lines of objects should be outstanding in
appearance.
⚫ Dimension Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): Dimension
Lines are drawn to mark dimension.
⚫ Extension Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): There are
extended slightly beyond the respective dimension lines.
⚫ Construction Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): These are
drawn for constructing drawings and should not be erased after
completion of the drawing.
⚫ Hatching / Section Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines): These
are drawn for the sectioned portion of an object. These are
drawn inclined at an angle of 45° to the axis or to the main
outline of the section.
Lines
⚫ Guide Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines): These are drawn
for lettering and should not be erased after lettering.
⚫ Break Lines (Continuous Narrow Freehand Lines):Wavy
continuous narrow line drawn freehand is used to represent
break of an object.
⚫ Break Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines With Zigzags):
Straight continuous narrow line with zigzags is used to
represent break of an object.
⚫ Dashed Narrow Lines (Dashed Narrow Lines):Hidden
edges / Hidden outlines of objects are shown by dashed lines
of short dashes of equal lengths of about 3 mm, spaced at
equal distances of about 1 mm. the points of intersection of
these lines with the outlines / another hidden line should be
clearly shown.
Lines
⚫ Center Lines (Long-Dashed Dotted Narrow Lines): These
are drawn at the center of the drawings symmetrical about an
axis or both the axes. These are extended by a short distance
beyond the outline of the drawing.
⚫ Cutting Plane Lines: Cutting Plane Line is drawn to show
the location of a cutting plane. It is long-dashed dotted
narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and change of
direction. The direction of viewing is shown by means of
arrows resting on the cutting plane line.
⚫ Border Lines: Border Lines are continuous wide lines of
minimum thickness 0.7 mm.
Lines
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments

or computer methods.
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example
Axis of center

Centre Line
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example
Isometric to Orthographic view conversion
Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example
Engineering
Drawing
 Introduction
⚫An engineering drawing is a type of technical
drawing, used to fully and clearly define
requirements for engineered items, and is usually
created in accordance with standardized
conventions for layout, nomenclature,
interpretation, appearance size, etc.
⚫Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously
capture all the geometric features of a product or
a component.
⚫The end goal of an engineering drawing is to
convey all the required information that will allow
a manufacturer to produce that component.
23
Purpose of an Engineering Drawing
1. An engineering drawing is not an illustration.
2. It is a specification of the size and shape of a part or assembly.
3. The important information on a drawing is the dimension and
tolerance of all of its features.

24
 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
 Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering
Drawing Standard
 Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code

Country Code Full name

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard

UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

 Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(JIS) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0
 Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c
Border Drawing space Drawing
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
 Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

33
 Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing

34
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
Types of Line

36
 Line Conventions
• Visible Lines – solid thick lines that represent visible edges or contours
• Hidden Lines – short evenly spaced dashes that depict hidden features
• Section Lines – solid thin lines that indicate cut surfaces
• Center Lines – alternating long and short dashes
• Dimensioning
– Dimension Lines - solid thin lines showing dimension extent/direction
– Extension Lines - solid thin lines showing point or line to which dimension applies
– Leaders – direct notes, dimensions, symbols, part numbers, etc. to features on
drawing
• Cutting-Plane and Viewing-Plane Lines – indicate location of cutting planes for sectional
views and the viewing position for removed partial views
• Break Lines – indicate only portion of object is drawn. May be random “squiggled” line
or thin dashes joined by zigzags.
• Phantom Lines – long thin dashes separated by pairs of short dashes indicate alternate
positions of moving parts, adjacent position of related parts and repeated detail
• Chain Line – Lines or surfaces with special requirements

37
 V1iewing-plane line
3Dimension Line 4enter Line
C
2Extension line
5Hidden Line

6Break Line

7Cutting-plane Line
8Visible Line

10
Center Line (of motion)

Leader
Phantom Line
14

1S3ection Line

SECTION
12 A-A 11VIEW B-B

38
 Traditional
Drawing Tools
DRAWING TOOLS
 DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square 2. Triangles
 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils

 DRAWING TOOLS

5. Sandpaper 6. Compass
 DRAWING TOOLS

7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield

 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper

 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
XYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU
VWXYZABCDEF
Lettering
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
XYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU
VWXYZABCDEF
 Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :

To communicate nongraphic information.

As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity - size
- line thickness
 Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
Line Convention
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

51
 Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because

1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size. Width is distorted

52
Orthographic
Projection
 MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
Object views from top
1

2
1 5 2 3 4

5
3

4
Projection plane

54
Image of a part represented in First Angle Projection

55
 Orthographic / Multiview
• Draw object from two / three perpendicular views

What it looks
like pictorially
/ Orthographic

56
57
58
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Rotate

Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.

Multiview drawing

Three dimensions of an object is shown.

Axonometric drawing
59
 Multiview Drawing
Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

60
Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Advantage Easy to understand

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

61
Isometric projection

62
Isometric projection

63
 Auxiliary Views
• Used to show true dimensions of an inclined
plane.

64