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MODULE 2

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

Learning Consequences

In the end of this module learners must be able to:

1. Deliberate about language, symbols and conventions of mathematics.
2. Describe the nature of mathematics as a language.
3. Execute operations on mathematical expressions correctly.
4. Agree that mathematics is a useful language.

Introduction
This module is the second of a series of eight modules in Mathematics in
the Modern World.
A language is an orderly means of communicating through the use of
sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all utilize in expressing
ourselves and communicating to others. It is also a methodology of words used
in particular discipline. Language consists of the following components:
1. Dictionary of symbols or words.
2. Grammar or laws of how these symbols are utilized.
3. Group of people who use and understand these symbols.
4. Span of meanings that can be conveyed with these symbols.

Each language has its vocabulary (the words), and its laws for combining
these words into complete thoughts (the sentences). This is the same with
mathematics. Like any language, mathematics has its own symbols, syntax and
rules.

Thus, in order to learn mathematics language, a clear understanding ṓf

the characteristics of the mathematical language is essential. A brief discussion
on the conventions in mathematical language particularly the comparison
between expressions and sentences is also important. Equally important is a
concise discussion on the four basic concepts – sets, relations, functions and
binary operations. Likewise, a discussion on elementary logic focusing on
connectives, quantifiers, negation and variables is also included.
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LESSON 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS

The utilization of mathematics language differs from the language of

ordinary speech in the following ways.

1. Mathematics language is non-temporal. In mathematics, there is no past,

present, or future. All is just as is. Due to this, it presents difficulties in forming
convincing examples but only brings minor difficulty for the student.

2. Mathematics language lacks emotional content, although sometimes

mathematicians tend to enliven their speech with phrases. Likewise, the
absence of emotion from formal mathematical discourse or its introduction in
informal discourse presents no difficulty for students.

3. Mathematics language is precise (able to provide very fine distinctions).

Common speech has lots of uncertainty, hidden agendas, and unspoken
cultural conclusions. The very clarity and lack of ambiguity in mathematics is
actually a stumbling block for the beginners.

Being trained resolving uncertainty in ordinary speech, many students are

continuously searching for the hidden conclusions in mathematical
statements. But there are none, so automatically they end up changing the
stated definition and making a misinterpretation. Conversely, since ordinary
speech allows so much ambiguity,the majority of students have little practice
in forming understandable, correct sentences and often have the shortage of
patience to do so. This resulted in large difficulties for students.

Accuracy in mathematics is like a culture of being correct always. Meaning

and boundaries should be the distinction. Mathematical facts are being
established informally and being done more formally, with essential and
sufficient conditions stated up front and restricting the discussion to a
particular class of objects. Mathematical culture of accuracy has established a
precise, greatly symbolic language, and a dialectic manner that allows for the
transformation, adjustment and collective refinement of concepts found in
experiences, and mathematical reasoning is anticipated to be correct.

4. Mathematics language is concise or shows simplicity (able to say things

briefly). Being concise or condensed is a powerful part of the culture in the
language of mathematics..

Mathematicians want the easiest probable single exposition at the price of

supplementary terminology and machinery to let all the different particularities
to be included into the explanation at the highest possible level.
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5. Mathematics language is powerful (able to express difficult thoughts with

relative ease).

Ṯhe abstraction in mathematics is the wish to unify multiple instances

under a single conceptual framework and allows easier entry of the subject
and the growth of more powerful .

Activity
Watch the video by following the link below.
linkhttp://www.onemathematicalcat.org/pdf_files/LANG1.pdf

Assessment
Directions: Determine the characteristics of mathematical language that
describes the following situations.
1. A student determines the past and future participle of the number twenty.

2. Aimer, a student of Mr. Tabunda in College Algebra, is looking for the hidden
conclusions in mathematical statements.

3. In a certain reading class, a student put emotions in reading various

equations.

4. Mr. Varilla is discussing a very difficult topic in Mathematics in the Modern

World but he was able to explain it to the class easily through illustrations and
by giving examples.

5. An engineering professor is having a graded recitation in his class. He posted

a problem on solving linear equations in one unknown. Then he called Feirie
to solve the problem. Feirie successfully solved the problem and explained
her answer briefly.

Reflection
Directions: Select two characteristics of mathematical language and cite a
personal experience or situation describing the characteristics that you selected.

Assignment
Directions: Determine the characteristics of mathematical language that
describe the following situations.
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1. Mr. Martirez is discussing a topic in Differential Equations. Although the topic

was difficult, his students learned it because he explained it clearly and gave
numerous examples.

2. Ian is a grade 6 student @ Congress Elementary School. He took a quiz in

their Mathematics class. After recording the scores and distributing the test
papers, Ian received his test paper. Ian found out that his answers were near
to the correct value but marked incorrect by his teacher.

3. One day, Vernice is very sad because she and her boyfriend break out.
During a discussion of a lesson in her Mathematics class, she was called by
her teacher to read the definition of a function. Since she is sad, she carries
her feelings in reading the definition.

4. Five is an odd counting number. The past participle of the number five is the
fifth.

5. Mr. Caracas is a very good professor of mathematics. He teaches the lessons

in Mathematics in the Modern World with relative ease.

LESSON 2.2 CONVENTIONS IN MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE:

EXPRESSIONS VERSUS SENTENCES

In English, nouns are utilized to label things we want to talk about such as
people, places, and things while sentences are used to express absolute
thoughts.

A particular English sentence has one or more than one noun, and at
least one verb. For instance, in the sentence “Feirie likes mathematics”. ‘Feirie’
and ‘mathematics’ are nouns while ‘likes’ is a verb.

The mathematical counterpart of a `noun' is called an expression. An

expression is a label given to a mathematical object of interest. The object of
interest in mathematics may be numbers, sets etc. The mathematical counterpart
of a sentence is also called a sentence. A mathematical sentence, same as
English sentence, must express an absolute thought.
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The summary of the analogy is shown below.

ENGLISH MATHEMATIC
S

Name appointed to an NOUN (person, place, EXPRESSION

object of interest thing) Examples:
Examples: ½
Feirie 5+3
Batangas
computer

An absolute thought SENTENCE SENTENCE

Examples: Examples:
The capital of the 8 + 3 = 12
Philippines is Manila. 8 + 4 = 12
The capital of the
Philippines is Caloocan
City.

Concepts Regarding Expressions

Numbers are the most common type of mathematical expression. A

particular number may have several names. For instance, the expressions

10 2 + 8 10 ÷ 1 (8 ÷ 2) + 6 2+2+2+2+2

all look unlike, but are all just different names for the same number. The
expression 10 is called the standard name of number ten. This easy idea that
numbers have several names is highly important in mathematics.

Concepts Regarding Sentences

As mentioned, English sentences have verbs. So, it also applies to

mathematical sentences. In the mathematical sentence, “3 + 5 = 8 “, the verb is
`='. Reading the sentence as “three plus five is equal to Eight”, then it's simple to
hear the verb. In fact, the equal sign `=' is one of the most popular mathematical
verbs.

Sentences can be true or not true (false). The notion of truth (i.e., the
property of being true or false) is of basic importance in the mathematical
language.
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Conventions in Languages

All languages have conventions. In English, for example, it is agreed to

capitalize proper names (like `Feirie' and `Batangas'). This agreement provides it
easy for a reader to tell apart between a common noun (like `carol', a Christmas
song) and a proper noun (like `Carol').

Mathematics also has its conventions, which help readers determine

different types of mathematical expressions.

Definitions in Mathematics

In order to communicate convincingly, people must accept the meanings

of particular words and phrases. When vagueness is present, uncertainty can
result. The main way to avoid vagueness is by the use of definitions. By defining
words and phrases, it is at ease that everyone agrees on their meaning.

Illustrations

Definition of Expression

An expression is the mathematical counterpart of an English noun. It is an

accurate arrangement of mathematical symbols utilized to represent a
mathematical object of interest. An expression does NOT show an absolute
thought. In specific, it does not make sense to ask if an expression is true or
false.

There are various types of expressions in mathematics, because there are

many types of mathematical objects to be discussed. Some types of expressions
are numbers, sets, functions, matrices and vectors.

The three most common types of expressions are numbers, sets, and
functions.

Definition of Mathematical Sentence

A mathematical sentence is the counterpart of an English sentence. It is

an accurate arrangement of mathematical symbols that shows a complete
thought. It is important to ask about the TRUTH of a sentence: Ḭs it true? Is it
false? Is it sometimes true/ or sometimes false?

Sentences have verbs. For instance, the sentence `2 + 3 = 5' is read as

`two plus three equals five' or `two plus three is equal to five'. An accurate
thought is being stated, ẉhich in this case is true.
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Activity
View the video by following the link below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iu_7DxT8Tv4

Assessment
Directions: Do as indicated.
1. The number `nine' has several names. Give names fulfilling the following
properties. There are multiple correct answers but select only one.
a. Its `standard' name.
b. A name utilizing a plus sign, +
c. A name utilizing a multiplication sign,

2. Determine the verb in each sentence.

a. Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
b. The store manager analyzes the data.
c. 3 + 4 =7
d. 3 + 4 < 8

3. Categorize each item as an “English noun (EN)”, “mathematical expression

(ME)”, “English sentence (ES)” or “mathematical sentence (MS)”. Then, in
every sentence (English or mathematical), determine the verb.

a. Aimer
b. 3+4 7
c. Feirie is pretty.
d. t2
e. 2 t

4. Categorize the truth value of each sentence as ‘always true (AT)’, ‘always
false (AF)’ or ‘sometimes true or sometimes false (STSF)’.

a. The word `cat' begins with the letter ` k '.

b. 3+2=4
c. 6 4=2
d. The cat is white.
e. x=1

5. Utilize the mathematical expression ` 7 ' in three sentences fulfilling the

following conditions. There may be multiple correct answers but select only
one.
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a. The truth value is true.

b. The truth value is false.
c. The truth value is sometimes true or sometimes false.

Reflection
Directions: Aside from the conventions in English Language and Mathematical
Language mentioned above, give at least one convention you learned on each
language during your basic education.

Assignment
Directions: Do as indicated.
1. The number `fifteen' has several names. Give names fulfilling the following
properties. There may be multiple correct answers but select only one.
a. Its `standard' name
b. A name utilizing a minus sign,
c. A name utilizing a division sign,

2. Determine the verb in each sentence.

a. Ian is sleeping.
b. Ferdinand likes to cook.
c. 5 + 10 7
d. 7+ 4 8

3. Categorize each item as an “English noun (EN)”, “mathematical expression

(ME)”, “English sentence (ES)” or “mathematical sentence (MS)”. Then, in
each sentence (English or mathematical), determine the verb.

a. Aimer hates Calculus.

b. 0<1
c. 7
d. 3+4
e. 73+4

4. Categorize the truth value of each sentence as ‘always true (AT)’, ‘always
false (AF)’ or ‘sometimes true or sometimes false (STSF)’.
a. x 1 = 0
b. t + 3 = 3 + t
c. This sentence is not true.
d. x + 0 = x
e. 1 x = ẋ
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5. Utilize the mathematical expression ` x ' in three sentences fulfilling the

following conditions. There may be multiple correct answers but select only
one.

a. The truth value is true.

b. The truth value is false.
c. The truth value is sometimes true or sometimes ḟalse.

Lesson 2.3 FOUR BASIC CONCEPTS: SETS, RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS

AND BINARY OPERATIONS

The four basic concepts are sets, relations, functions and binary
operations.

1. Set. It is a comprehensible group of objects. A comprehensible set means

that it is possible to find out whether an object belongs to a given set. The
objects are known as members or elements of a set. It is symbolized by .
Likewise, the symbol is read as “.

The following are examples of sets.

The objects or elements of set A are BSIT, BSIE, BSEntrep, BSEE and
BSA. Set A has 5 elements. Each course is an element of set A. In symbols,
.

The number of elements of any set is called cardinality. If set A has 5

elements, then the cardinality of A is 5. In symbols, C(A)=5.
Set B has 12 elements namely BGSM, SMB, ROS, TNT, NLEX, COL,
BWE, MER, PHX, MAG, ALA, GBP. Each PBA team is an element of set B. In
symbols,
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Both sets A & B are finite sets since its elements can be counted. A set is said
to be finite if the number of elements are countable.
The numbers multiple by 5 are the elements of set C. These numbers are
5, 10, 15, 20 so on and so forth. Any number multiple of 5 is an element of set C.
In symbols,
5, 10, 15, 20, ...
Set C is an infinite set since ṯhe counting of elements is endless. A set is infinite
if the number or counting of elements is endless. The symbol … is called
ellipses.
Set D has 10 elements namely 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100.
The elements of set D are the numbers multiples of 10 from 10 to 100. Each
multiple of 10 from 10 to 100 is an element of set D. In symbols,
10, 20, 30, 40, ...100
Set D is a finite set.
Notice that both sets C and D have the symbol of ellipses but classified as
infinite and finite sets, respectively. Set C does not have the last element making
it infinite while set D has the last element.
A set that has only one element is called uni-set or singleton while a set
with no element is called empty or null set. An empty set is symbolized by or .

In mathematics, there are lots of sets of numbers. Below are some of the
sets of numbers.

Methods of Describing a Set

1. The tabular or roster form is a way of describing a set where the elements are
set apart by commas and bound by braces. It is also known as Set-Roster
Notation.

2. The rule form is a way of describing a set which makes use of the symbol . It
is read as “ It is also known as Set-Builder Notation.

In the above examples of sets, sets A, C and D are examples of sets

written in tabular or roster form while set B is in rule form.
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Types of Sets

1. Equal sets. Sets A & B are equal, symbolized by , if the two sets ḥave the
same cardinality and have the same elements.

2. Equivalent sets. Sets A & B are equal, symbolized by , if the two sets have
the equal number of elements or cardinality.

3. Joint sets. Two sets are said to be joint if they have elements in common.

4. Disjoint sets. Two sets are disjoint if they have no element in common.

5. Universal Set. It is the totality of elements under analysis.

Illustration

Consider the following sets below.

Sets E and F are equal sets, denoted by , since they have the same
cardinality and same elements. Both sets have elements A, E, I, O, U and
C(E)=C(F)=5.

Sets E, F and G are equivalent sets since they have the same cardinality.
C(E)=C(F)=C(G)=5.

Sets E and F are joint sets since the sets have common elements, that is,
the vowels of the English alphabets. Likewise, set G is joint to set H. Sets G and
H have elements in common which are 10 and 20.

The pairs of sets E and G, E and H, F and G, and F and H are not joint
sets or disjoint since the sets have no common element.

The universal set of sets E and F is maybe the set of uppercase letters of
the English alphabet while the universal set of sets G and H is maybe the set of
counting, whole, integers, rational or real numbers.

Subset
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Set A is a subset of set B, symbolized by , if only if each element of A is

also an element of B.

Kinds of Subsets

1. Proper subset. Set A is a proper subset of set B, symbolizes by , if and only

if all elements of A are in B but there is a minimum of one element of B that is
not in A. The symbol denotes that it is not a proper subset.

2. Improper subset. Any set has two improper subsets namely, the null set and
the set itself.

Illustration

Consider the following sets below. If

then, set M is proper subset of set L, symbolizes by , since each element of set
M are found in set L but the element 30 of set L is not in set M. Likewise, ṡet O ḭs
a proper subset of set N, denoted ḇy since each element of set O is found in set
N but the elements 10, 60 and 70 of set N are not in set O.

The two improper subsets of all sets mentioned above are the null set and
the set itself. So, for sets L, M, N and O, their improper subsets are or and sets
L, M, N and O respectively.

Power Set

The power set of set A, symbolized by P(A), is a set whose elements are
all subsets of set A. The total number of subsets of a set can be found by utilizing
the formula below.

Illustration

If then
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Noticed that the number of elements of P(A) is 8. These 8 elements are the
proper and improper subsets of set A. Using the formula , which is the total
number of subsets of set A.

Basic Operations of Sets

1. Union of sets. The union of sets A and B, symbolized by is a set containing

elements found in A or B or both.
In symbols,

2. Intersection of sets. The intersection of sets A and B, symbolized by is a

set containing elements found in both A and B.
In symbols,

3. Difference of two sets. The difference of set A to set B, symbolized by is a

set containing elements found in A but not in B. Conversely, the difference of
set B to set A, symbolized by , is a set containing elements found in B but not
in A.
In symbols, and

4. Complement of a set. Ṯhe complement of set A, symbolized by , with

respect to the universal set is a set containing elements found in the
universal set but not in set A.
In symbols,

Illustration
Consider the following sets below. If

then, the union of sets I and Ϳ, I and K, and J and K are

.
Conversely, the intersection of sets I and Ϳ, I and Ḵ, and Ϳ and Ḵ are

.
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Also, the difference of set I to set J, set I to set K, and set J to set K are

while the difference of sets J to I, sets K to I, and sets K to J are

Lastly, the complement of sets I, J and K are

The Product Set

It is also known as “Cartesian product”. Let and . The set of distinct

ordered pairs

in which the first component of each pair is an element of while the second is an
element of , is called product set (in that order) of the given set. Thus if, and
are arbitrary sets, ẉe define

Illustration

If and , then

2. Relation. Consider sets and . A relation is a subset of . Given an ordered

pair in , , symbolized by , provided that is in .
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The domain of is set while set is its co-domain. A relation may be

depicted by an arrow diagram.

Illustration
Let and define a relation R from M to N as follows:
Given any , means that is an integer.
1. State what are the ordered pairs of .
2. State what are the ordered pairs of .
3. What is the domain and co-domain of ?
4. Is
5. Is
6. Is
7. Illustrate R utilizing an arrow diagram.

Answers
1. To determine which ordered pairs are in , applying the Cartesian product.

2. To determine which ordered pairs are in R, follow the steps below.

a. Consider every ordered pairs in . For every ordered pair, know the
values of x and y.
For , and ; for , and ; for , and ; for , and ; f or , and ; for , and
b. Substitute the values of x and y in the expression and simplify.
For , For ,
For , For ,
For , For ,

c. Determine which of the ordered pairs when substituted to resulted in

an integer.
The ordered pairs in R are

3. Domain of R is while its co-domain is .

4. Yes. Since .
5. No. Since .
6. Yes. Since .
7. The arrow diagram for R is found below.
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3. Function. A function from a set to a set is a relation with domain and co-
domain that fulfill the following two properties:
i. For each element , there is an element such that .
● Each element of is the first element of the ordered pair of
ii. For all elements , if and , then .
● No two distinct ordered pairs in have the same or like first
element.

Illustration
Given . Which of the relations defined below are functions from ?
a.
b. For all , means that .
c. is defined by the arrow diagram below.

Answers
a. Relation B satisfies property i but not property ii of the definition of a
function, that is, no two distinct ordered pairs have the same first
element. Noticed that ordered pairs and have the same first elements.
Therefore, relation B is not a function.

b. To determine if relation C is a function, follow the steps below.

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1. Perform .

2. Consider every ordered pairs in . For every ordered pair, know the
values of x and y.
For , and ; for , and ; for , and ; for , and ; f or , and ; for , and
for , and ; for , and ; f or , and

3. Substitute the values of x and y in the expression and simplify.

For , For ,
For , For ,
For , For ,
For , For ,
For ,
4. Determine which of the ordered pairs when substituted to satisfy
the equation.
The ordered pairs in C are

5. Verify if relation C satisfies both properties of a function.

Relation C satisfy property ii but not property i of the definition of a
function “every element of is the first element of the ordered pairs of
relation F.” Noticed that only elements 2 and 4 of set M were used as ḟirst
element of the ordered pairs found in relation C.

Therefore, relation C is not a function.

c. Relation D ḭs a function since it satisfy both properties of the
definition of a function. Each element of set M were used as first
elements of the ordered pairs of relation D and no two distinct ordered
pairs in relation D have the same first element.

4. Binary Operation. A binary operation “ ” on a non-empty set is a

mapping which associates with each ordered pair of elements of a
uniquely defined element .
In brief, a binary operation on a set is a mapping into .

Illustration
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Let and . Which of the four fundamental operations (addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division) is a binary operation of set A.

Answers

To determine which of the four basic operations is a binary

operation of set A. Follow the steps below.

1. Consider every ordered pairs in . For every ordered pair, add, subtract,
multiply and divide the first element to the second element.

In addition
for ,
for ,
for ,
for ,

In subtraction,
for ,
for ,
for ,
for ,

In multiplication,
for ,
for ,
for ,
for ,

In division
for ,
for ,
for ,
for ,

2. Determine if there is a sum, difference, product and quotient that is not

element of set A. If there exist a sum, difference, product and quotient
not ḙlement of set A, then ṯhat particular operation ḭs not a binary
operation of the given set.
The sum -2, 0 and 2 are not elements of .
The difference -2, 0 and 2 are not elements of .
The product -1 and 1 are elements of .
The quotient -1 and 1 are elements of .
 19

Therefore, only multiplication and division are binary operation of

set A.

Activity
View the video by following the links below.
ḣttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUNajHYVRz8 (sets)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IM-pZkuw2zg (sets)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nz2PLg7o8M0 (sets)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BmYm5lbzkk (relation and function)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzsAehzmjrU (binary operation)

Assessment
Directions: Do as indicated.

1. Let and
a. Express set using tabular or roster form.
b. Express set using rule form.
c. Is set A, finite or infinite? Explain.
d. Is set B, finite or infinite? Explain.
e. Are sets A and B, joint? Explain.
f. Find P(A).
g. Find .
h. Find .

2. Consider the following sets below.

Execute the indicated operation.

a.
b.
c.
d.

3. Let and ḁnd define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any , implies
that is a counting number.
a. State what are the ordered pairs of .
b. What is the domain of ?
c. What is the co-domain of ?
d. Explain
e. Explain
 20

f. Explain
g. Explain
h. Illustrate utilizing an arrow diagram.
i. Is a function? Explain.

4. Let , which of the four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division) is a binary operation of set A? Explain and show
your solution.

Reflection
Directions: What conclusion can you made between and ? and ? and ? Equal
and equivalent sets? Relation and Function?

Assignment
Directions: Do as indicated.

1. Let and
a. Express set using tabular or roster form.
b. Express set using rule form.
c. Is set A, finite or infinite? Explain.
d. Is set B, finite or infinite? Explain.
e. Are sets A and B, joint? Explain.
f. Find P(A).
g. Find .
h. Find .

2. Consider the following sets below.

Execute the indicated operation.

a.
b.
c.
d.
 21

3. Let and and define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any , implies
that .

a. State what are the ordered pairs of .

b. What is the domain of ?
c. What is the co-domain of ?
d. Is Explain
e. Is Explain
f. Is Explain
g. Illustrate utilizing an arrow diagram.
h. Is a function? Explain.

4. Let , which of the four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division) is a binary operation of set A? Explain and show
your solution.

LESSON 2.4 ELEMENTARY LOGIC: CONNECTIVES, QUANTIFIERS,

NEGATIONS AND VARIABLES

Definition and Uses of Logic

Logic is the science of correct thinking. It deals with the laws and
processes utilized in sound thinking and reasoning. Logic has many uses. For
example, Lawyers and judges utilize logic to converse more constructively,
create valid arguments, examine legal contracts and make decisions.
Programmers utilize logic in designing computer software but Electrical
engineers utilize logic in designing circuits for smartphones. While
mathematicians utilize logic to answer problems and create mathematical proofs.

Definition of a Statement

Statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but NOT

both true and false.
There are two kinds of statements namely simple and compound. A
simple statement is a statement that carries a single idea while a compound
statement is a statement that carries at least two ideas.

Illustration

Find out whether each sentence is a statement.

1. Is the test today?
2. Go get the newspaper.
 22

3. Florida is a state in the United States.

4. How are you?
5. is a prime number.
Answers
1. Not a statement. It ends with a question mark and not a declarative
sentence. The sentence is interrogative.
2. Not a statement. The sentence is not declarative because it is imperative.
3. Statement. It is a declarative sentence.
4. Not a statement. It ends with a question mark and not a declarative
sentence. The sentence is interrogative.
5. Statement. It is a declarative sentence.
Joining simple statements with words and phrases such as and, or, if …
then and if and only if makes a compound statement.
For instance, the sentence - “I will attend the meeting or I will go to
school.” is a compound statement. It consisted of the two simple statements, “I
will attend the meeting.” nnd “I will go to school.” The word or is a connective for
the two simple statements.

Now, English mathematician George Boole utilized symbols such as to

represent simple statements and the symbols to represent connectives. See the
table below.

Illustration

Give the negation of each statement.

1. Ellie is an opera singer.
2. The dog does not need to be fed.
Answers
1. Ellie is not an opera singer.
2. The dog needs to be fed.
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Given the simple statements below.

Today is Monday. : It is raining.
I am going to SM Novaliches. I am going to the volleyball game.

Convert each compound statement into symbolic form.

1. Today is Monday and it is raining.
2. It is not raining and I am going to the volleyball game.
3. I am going to the volleyball game or I am going to SM Novaliches.
4. If it is raining, then I am not going to the volleyball game.
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
Given the simple statements below.
The game will be played in Calamba. : The game will be shown in GMA.
The game will not be shown on TV5. The SMB are favored to win.

Convert each of the following symbolic statements in words.

1.
2.
3.
Answers
1. The game will be shown in GMA and it will be played in Calamba.
2. The game will be shown on TV5 and the SMB are favored to win.
3. The SMB are favored to win if and only if the game will not be played in
Calamba.

Quantified Statements and Its Negation

The word ‘some’ and phrases ‘there exists’ and ‘at least one’ found in a
statement are called existential quantifiers. It is utilized as prefixes to affirm the
existence of something.

The words ‘none’, ‘no’, ‘all’, and ‘every’ found in a statement are called
universal quantifiers. ‘None’ and ‘no’ are universal quantifiers that deny the
existence of something, whereas the universal quantifiers all and every (or each)
are utilized to affirm that each element of a given set fulfills some condition.

A false statement has a negation of a true statement while a true

statement has a negation of a false statement.
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For instance, the negation of the false statement, “No doctors write in a
legible manner” is “Some doctors write in a legible manner.” This can also be
stated as, “There exists at least one doctor who writes in a legible manner.”

Table below shows the rule on how to write the negation of some
quantified statements.

Illustration

Give the negation of each statement.

1. Some airports are open.
2. All bears are brown.
3. No smart phones are expensive.
4. Some vegetables are not green.
Answers
1. No airports are open.
2. Some bears are not brown.
3. Some smartphones are expensive.
4. All vegetables are green.

Truth Value and Truth Table

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Each statement has a truth value of either ṯrue or false but NOT both. A
simple statement has a truth value of either true (T) or false (F). A compound
statement has truth value depending on the truth values of its simple statements
and its connectives.

A truth table is a table that illustrates the truth value of a compound

statement for all the possible truth values of its simple statements.
a. Truth table for .

b. Truth Value of a Conjunction

The conjunction of p and q, symbolized by , is true if and only if

BOTH and are TRUE. Sometimes the word but is used in place of the
connective and.

View the table below for truth table.

c. Truth Value of a Disjunction

The disjunction of p and q, symbolized by , is true if and only if is

true, is true, or both and are true.

View the table below for truth table.

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d. Truth Value of a Conditional

The conditional of p and q, symbolized by , is false if is true and is

false. It is true in all other cases. Here, statement p is called a premise or
hypothesis while statement q is called consequent or conclusion.
Conditional statements are also known as single implication.

View the table below for truth table.

e. Truth Value of a Bi-Conditional

The statement is called a bi-conditional and is symbolized by . The

bi- conditional is true only when have the same truth value.
Bi-conditional statements are also known as double implication.

View the table below for truth table.

Illustration
1. Find out whether each statement is true or false.
 27

a. .
b. .
c. 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number.
d. 2 is a prime ṉumber and 2 is an even number.
e. If is an even integer, then is an even integer.
f. If , then .
g. A triangle is equilateral if and only if the triangle is equiangular.

2. Construct a table for . Find out the truth value of , given that is true and
is false?

Answers
1. .
a. True. The statement ‘’ is a compound statement and the same as
. The truth value of the simple statement ‘’ is true while the truth value
of the simple statement ‘’ is false. Applying the truth value of a
disjunction for this case (see the truth table for disjunction), the
compound statement ‘’ is true.

b. False. The statement ‘’ is a compound statement and the same as .

Both simple statements ‘’ and ’ has the truth value of false. Applying
the truth value of a disjunction for this case (see the truth table for
disjunction), the compound statement ‘ ’ is false.

c. False. Obviously it is a compound statement. The truth value of the

simple statement ‘5 is a whole number’ is true while the truth value of
the simple ṡtatement ‘5 is an even number’ is false. Applying the truth
value of a conjunction for this case (see the truth table for
conjunction), the compound statement is false.

d. True. Again, it is a compound statement. Both simple statements ‘2 is

a prime number’ and ‘2 is an even number’ have the truth value of true.
Applying the truth value of a conjunction for this case (see the truth
table for conjunction), the compound statement is true.

e. True. It is a compound statement particularly conditional. Here the

hypothesis is ‘ is an even number’ while the conclusion is ‘ is an even
integer’. Every time that an even integer is raised to an exponent 2
(multiply by itself), the result is also an even integer. Therefore, the
truth value of the compound statement is true.
 28

f. False. It is a conditional compound statement. Here the hypothesis is

which ḣas a truth ṿalue of true but the conclusion ‘7=8’ ḣas a truth
ṿalue of false. Applying ṯhe truth value of a conditional for this case
(see the truth table for conditional), the compound statement is
false.

g. True. It is a bi-conditional statement. A triangle that has three equal

sides has also three equal angles. A triangle that has three equal sides
is called an equilateral triangle and a triangle that has three equal
angles is called an equiangular triangle. Therefore, the compound
statement is true.

2. To create a truth table for the compound ṡtatement , create a table

showing ṗ, q, , , and as columns. Then, write all possible truth values for
p and q. View the table below.

Fill out each column from left to right. Start with column , and so on.

Now, to answer the question “What is the truth value of , given that is
true and is false?”, using the columns p and q, look for the row where p is
true and q is false are located. Then, using this row, look for the truth
value where is located.
This truth value is the ṿalue of given that is true and is false.
 29

Therefore, the truth value of , given that is true and is false is true.

Activity
View the video by following the ḻinks below
ḣttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1P4jPlqj-bE
ḣttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNs3anCepyY

Assessment
Directions: Do as indicated.

Find out whether each sentence is a statement.

1.
2. Open the window.
3. 7055 is a large number.
4.
5. In the year 2022, Sara Duterte will be the next President of the
Philippines.
Given the simple statements below.
Today is Tuesday. : It is raining.
I am going to Fairview Terraces. I am going to the baseball game.

Convert each compound statement in symbolic form.

1. Today is not Tuesday and I am going to Fairview Terraces.
 30

2. I am going to the baseball game or I am not going to Fairview Terraces.

3. I am going to Fairview Terraces if and only if it is raining.
4. If today is Tuesday, then I am not going to Fairview Terraces.
Given the simple statement below.
p: The tour goes to Italy. q: The tour goes to Spain.
r: We go to Venice. s: We go to Florence.

Convert each symbolic statement in words.

1.
2.
3.
Give the negation of the following quantified statements. Begin every negation
with “Some”, “No”, or “All”.
1. All cars run on gasoline.
2. None of the students took my advice.
3. All movies are worth the price of admission.

Find out the truth value of each statement.

1. or .
2. and 7 is a prime number.
3. .
4. and
5. If , then .

Construct a truth table ḟor (. Then, answer the following questions.

1. Find out the truth value of given that is true and is false?

2. Find out the truth value of given that is true and is true?

Reflection
Directions: Give three important points on learning elementary logic.

Assignment
Directions: Do as indicated.

Find out whether each sentence is a statement.

 31

1.
2. Get one whole sheet of yellow paper.
3. Zero is an even number.
4. What is your name?
5. In the year 2022, the president of the Philippines will be a woman.

Convert each sentence in symbolic form. Symbolize each simple statement

in the sentence with the letter indicated in the parentheses. Also, find out
whether the sentence is a conjunction, a disjunction, a negation, a
conditional, or bi-conditional.
1. If today is Sunday (s), then tomorrow is Monday (m).
2. I went to the market (m) and the bookstore (s).
3. A number is an even number (e) if and only if it has a factor of 2 (t).
4. If it is a bird (b), then it has feathers (f).
5. I will major in english (e) or mathematics (m).

Given the simple statements below.

p: The tour goes to Italy. r: We go to Venice.
t: The hotel fees are included. u: The meals are not included.

Convert each symbolic statement in words.

1.
2.
3.
Give the negation of each quantified statement. Begin every negation with
“Some”, “NO”, or “All”.
1. No odd numbers are divisible by 2.
2. Some lions are playful.
3. Everybody enjoyed the dinner.
4. Some actors are not rich.

Find out the truth value of each statement.

1. If is an odd integer, then is an odd integer.
2. A triangle is isosceles if and only if the triangle has 2 equal sides.
3. and 1 is a prime number.
4.
5. and

Construct a truth table ḟor (. Then, answer the following questions.

 32

1. Find out the truth value of given that is false and is true?

2. Find out the truth value of given that is false and is false?

References

Sirug, Winston S. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. Manila:

Mindshapers Co. Inc.
Sirug, Winston S. (2008). College Algebra. Manila: Mindshapers Co. Inc.
Aufmann, R. Et.al. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. Manila: Rex Book
Store, Inc.
http://www.onemathematicalcat.org/pdf_files/LANG1.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iu_7DxT8Tv4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUNajHYVRz8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IM-pZkuw2zg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nz2PLg7o8M0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BmYm5lbzkk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzsAehzmjrU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1P4jPlqj-bE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNs3anCepyY