Chapter 1- Light: reflection and refraction ✨

Topics to be covered 💗 ●​ Refraction of light

○​ Refractive index
●​ Light
●​ Reflection of light ○​ Lens
○​ Plane mirror ■​ Concave lens
○​ Spherical mirrors ■​ Convex lens
■​ Concave ○​ Power
■​ Convex
○​ Rules of Ray
○​ Ray diagrams
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Light Reflection of light

Light ​ Reflection of light
●​ It is a form of energy needed to ●​ It is the sending/bouncing back
see things around us. of light rays that fall on a
○​ It is only when light surface of an object.
enters our eyes that we ○​ Objects having a smooth,
can see objects. polished, and shining
○​ Light travels in a straight surface tend to reflect
line. more light than an
○​ Light has a dual nature, unpolished, dull, and
i.e, it has both wave rough surface.
(electromagnetic waves) ○​ Silver is the best reflector
and particle properties. of light.
○​ Wavelength of light- 4 x ○​ Mirrors are made by
10-7 to 8 x 10-7 depositing a thin layer of
○​ Speed of light- 3 x 108 silver metal on the back
Luminous and non-luminous of a plane glass sheet.
objects Then, the silver layer is
●​ Objects that emit their own light protected by a coat of
are luminous objects red paint.
■​ Sun, stars, bulbs, ○​ The reflection on a mirror
tubelight, torches, takes place on the silver
fire, etc. surface in it.
●​ Objects that do not emit their Ray and beam
own light are non-luminous ●​ Ray: It is the straight line along
objects. which light travels/
■​ Flower, chair, ●​ Beam: A bundle of light rays.
humans, wood,
etc.
Some terms Regular and diffused reflection
●​ Plane mirrors: They are flat ●​ Regular: a parallel beam of i
surfaces that reflect light is reflected as a parallel
symmetrical images with little beam in one direction. Occurs
distortion. on a smooth surface like a
●​ Incident ray: the ray that falls plane mirror—forms clear
on the mirror surface. image.
●​ Normal ray: an imaginary ray ●​ Diffused: a parallel beam of
that is at a right angle to the incident light is reflected in diff.
mirror surface. directions. Occurs on rough
●​ Reflected ray: the ray that is surfaces like wood. Doesn’t
reflected by the mirror form a clear image.
●​ Point of incidence: the point at Object and image
which the incident ray falls ●​ Object: anything that gives out
●​ ∠i: made by the incident ray light rays.
with the normal ray at the point ●​ Image: an optical appearance
of incidence. produced when light rays
●​ ∠r: made by the reflected ray coming from an object are
with the normal ray at the point reflected by a mirror or refracted
of incidence. from a lens.
Laws of reflection Real and virtual image
●​ It consists of two laws: ●​ Real: image that can be
obtained on a screen. Always
inverted.
■​ Cinema screen
●​ Virtual: image that can not be
obtained on a screen. Always
erect.
■​ Image on
mirror/lens.
1.​ The angle of incidence is Image formed by plane mirror
always equal to the angle of
reflection. (∠i = ∠r)
2.​ The incident ray, normal ray,
and reflected ray lie on the
same plane at the point of
incidence.
○​ If a light ray falls
normally, then ∠i = ∠r =
0°, meaning it will be
reflected along the same
path. ●​ Can only be seen by looking in
○​ Applies to all kinds of the mirror
mirrors.
Image of an extended/finite object Uses of a plane mirror
1.​ Used to see ourselves.
2.​ Fixed on the inside walls of
some shops to give an
illusion/make them look bigger.
3.​ Fixed on blind turns on some
busy roads so drivers can see
the vehicle behind them and
prevent accident.
4.​ Used in making periscope.

Reflection of light in spherical

mirrors
Lateral inversion Some terms
●​ It is a phenomenon in which the ●​ Centre of curvature (c): The
right side of an object becomes center of the sphere of which
its left side and vice versa. the mirror's reflecting surface
○​ The word AMBULANCE forms a part.
on ambulances is written ●​ Pole: The center point of the
reversed or as a mirror reflecting surface of a spherical
image because when we mirror.
are driving a car and an ●​ Radius of curv. (r): The radius
ambulance is coming of the sphere of which the
from behind, we can see mirror's reflecting surface forms
the laterally inverted a part. R = 2f
image of the reversed ●​ Principal axis: The imaginary
text in our rear view straight line passing through the
mirrors and read it as pole and the center of curvature
AMBULANCE. Since it of the mirror.
carries ill patients, we ●​ Focus (F): The point where
can make way for it to parallel rays of light either
reach the hospital. converge or appear to diverge
Characteristics of an image formed after reflecting from the mirror.
by a plane mirror ●​ Focal length(f): The distance
1.​ Image is virtual, meaning it can’t between the pole and the
be obtained on a screen. principal focus.
2.​ The image is erect, meaning the ●​ Aperture: The diameter of the
image is the same side up as reflecting surface of the
the obj. spherical mirror.
3.​ Same size as obj. Concave mirrors
4.​ Same distance, meaning u=v. ●​ It is the spherical mirror in which
5.​ The image is laterally inverted. ref. of light takes place in a
concave/bent in surface.
 ○​ Used as Torches (placed
at focus), Search-lights,
and Vehicle, Headlights,
Shaving Mirrors(gives
enlarged image),
Dentist's Mirrors, Solar
Furnaces (at focus), and
antennas (collects
signals)

Convex mirror
●​ It is that spherical mirror in
which the ref. of light takes
place at a convex/bulging out
​
surface.
Image formed by a concave mirror
○​ Used as Rear-View
1.​ Object at infinity
Mirrors in Vehicles:
1. Preferred in vehicles
as they provide erect but
diminished images.
2. Have a wider field of
view due to their outward
curve.
3. Allow drivers to see a
larger area compared to ●​ The image formed is:
plane mirrors. a.​ At focus
b.​ Real and inverted
Rules of ray diagram c.​ Highly diminished

2. The object is beyond c

●​ The image formed is:

a.​ b/w focus and centre
b.​ Real and inverted
c.​ diminished
3. The object is at c 6. The object is between F and P

●​ The image formed is: ●​ The image formed is:

a.​ At centre a.​ Behind the mirror
b.​ Real and inverted b.​ Virtual and erect
c.​ Same size c.​ Enlarged/magnified
Image formed by convex mirror
4. The object is between C and F 1.​ The object is at infinity

●​ The image formed is:

●​ The image formed is:
a.​ Behind the mirror and at
a.​ Beyond c
F
b.​ Real and inverted
b.​ Virtual and erect
c.​ Enlarged/magnified
c.​ Highly diminished
2.​ The object is anywhere (b/w
5. The object is at F
infinity and P)

●​ The image formed is:

●​ The image formed is:
a.​ At infinity
a.​ Behind the mirror
b.​ Real and inverted
and b/w P and F
c.​ Highly enlarged/
b.​ Virtual and erect
Magnified
c.​ Diminished
Sign convention
●​ The object is placed to the left
of the mirror.
 ●​ All distances parallel to the because of a change in
principal axis are measured the speed of light as it
from the pole of the mirror. passes from one medium
●​ All distances measured in the to another with a different
direction of the incident ray refractive index.
(along + X-axis) are taken as ●​ Incident Ray: The incoming ray
positive, and those measured of light in the first medium is
against the direction of the called the incident ray.
incident ray (along – X-axis) are ●​ Refracted Ray: The ray that
taken as negative. bends as it enters the second
●​ Distance measured medium is called the refracted
perpendicular to and above the ray.
principal axis are taken as ●​ Normal ray: The imaginary line
positive. perpendicular to the surface at
●​ Distances measured the point of incidence is called
perpendicular to and below the the normal ray.
principal axis are taken as ●​ Emergent ray: An emergent ray
negative. is the ray of light that emerges
○​ u is always positive. from a medium after undergoing
○​ Focal length- refraction.
concave: negative ●​ Lateral displacement of e. ray:
Convex: positive the perpendicular distance b/w
Mirror formula the original path of incident ray
and the emergent ray coming
out of the glass slab.

Magnification

●​ Where: h’ = positive (virtual

images)
h = negative (real images)
m = negative (real)
m = positive (virtual)

Causes of refraction
Refraction of light
●​ When the light goes from air
Refraction
into water, it bends towards
●​ The phenomenon of the
normal because there is a
bending of light rays obliquely
reduction in its speed.
when it enters one medium to
●​ When the light goes from water
another is called refraction.
to air, it bends away from
○​ The bending of a light ray
during refraction occurs
 normal because there is an difference in the densities of the
increase in the speed of light. medium. This atmospheric
○​ If the incident ray falls refraction occurs in a medium of
normally to the glass gradually changing refractive
slab, then there is no index.
bending and the light ray ●​ A line or a spot of ink on a
goes straight. paper will always appear to be
Bending theory raised when viewed through the
●​ Rarer to denser medium (bends glass slab due to the refraction
towards normal) of light as the density of glass
●​ Denser to rarer medium (bends and air is different.
away from normal) ●​ A coin or stone when lying at
Laws of refraction the bottom of a container filled
●​ The incident ray, refracted ray, with water appears to be raised
and the normal to the interface because of refraction of light.
of two media at the point of Refractive index
incidence all lie on the same ●​ The refractive index is a
plane. measure of how much light is
●​ The ratio of the sine of the bent or refracted when it enters
angle of incidence to the sine of a new medium. It is denoted by
the angle of refraction is a the symbol ‘n’.
constant. This is also known as
Snell’s law of refraction.

Effects of refraction of light

●​ A swimming pool always looks
shallower than it really is
because the light coming from ●​ Absolute ref. Index: The
the bottom of the pool bends absolute refractive index is
when it comes out at the defined as the ratio of the speed
surface due to refraction of light of light in a vacuum to the
as the density of air and water speed of light in the given
are different. medium.
●​ A straight stick, when immersed ●​ Relative ref. Index: The
partly in water and partly in air it refractive index of any medium
always looks bent at the surface with respect to another medium
of water because the light which is not vacuum is called
coming from the stick bends relative refractive index.
when it comes out at the Refraction through a rectangular
surface due to refraction of light. glass slab
●​ Twinkling of stars is due to the ●​ When an incident ray enters a
refraction of light because of the glass slab from air, it makes an
angle of incidence (i) with the
 normal beam and bends 2. Concave (thinner in
towards the normal beam as it the middle, diverging
moves from a rarer to a denser light rays).
medium. Uses: spy holes in doors,
●​ After passing through the glass some telescopes,
slab, the refracted ray makes an glasses
angle of refraction (r) at the Rules to obtain image
other surface.
●​ The emergent ray then bends
away from the normal beam as
it exits from glass (denser) to air
(rarer), forming an angle of
emergence (e) with the normal.
●​ The emergent ray is parallel to
the incident ray, with the
perpendicular distance between
them known as lateral
displacement.
●​ Since the angle of incidence
equals the angle of emergence,
the emergent ray remains
parallel to the incident ray.
●​ In a glass slab, light is refracted
twice: first from a rarer to a
denser medium and then from
denser to rarer.
●​ This refraction causes the
lateral displacement of the
emergent ray. Image in concave mirror
Lenses
●​ A transparent material bound by
two surfaces, of which one or
both surfaces are spherical.
○​ Types of Lenses:
1. Convex (thicker in the
middle, converging light
rays)
Uses: overhead
projector, camera, focus
sunlight, simple
telescope, magnifying
glass, projector
microscope.
Image in convex lens

Important formulas for refraction

●​ All measurements are taken
from the optical centre of the
Power
lens.
●​ The ability of a lens to converge
●​ focal length of a convex lens =
or diverge the ray of light after
positive, and that of a concave
refraction through it is called the
lens = negative.
power of the lens. It is defined
as the reciprocal of focal length.
●​ SI unit = Dioptre (D)
○​ 1 dioptre is the power of
a lens whose focal length
is 1 metre. 1D = 1m.
○​ power of a convex lens =
positive
○​ power of concave lens =
negative.