5

Energy Management of Hybrid

Energy Storage System in PHEV
With Various Driving Mode
S. Arun Mozhi1*, S. Charles Raja1, M. Saravanan1
and J. Jeslin Drusila Nesamalar2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Thiagarajar
College of Engineering, Madurai, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj
College of Engineering, Virudhunagar, India

Abstract
The diminution of fossil fuel due to substantial consumption has hastened the
improvement of the electric vehicle. So, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
is widely used for transportation system to lessen the fossil fuel utilization. This is
recognized to be the finest short-term solution to lessen greenhouse gas emission.
In PHEV, the Energy Storage System (ESS) plays a key role. Even though some
batteries supply both high power and high energy, they may overheat and their
lifetime is short. Therefore, various power sources have to be implicated. Ultra-
capacitors, due to extended life cycle and instantaneous high power properties,
are a prominent appendage for the energy storage system. An ultra-capacitor is
incorporated in hybrid energy storage system to provide instant high power to
the vehicle. In this chapter, battery and ultra-capacitors are modeled as a hybrid
energy storage system of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and they have been simu-
lated using MATLAB Simulink. Various cases such as acceleration and decelera-
tion of the vehicle have been discussed and results are analyzed. Simulation result
corroborates that peak power demand requisite for the vehicle is delivered by the
ultra-capacitor, thereby the main grid stress is reduced.

Keywords: Battery, ultra-capacitor, energy management, hybrid energy storage

system, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, acceleration, deceleration, driving mode

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Chitra A, P. Sanjeevikumar, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen and S. Himavathi (eds.) Artificial Intelligent

Techniques for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles, (103–114) © 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLC

103
104 AI Techniques for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

5.1 Introduction
In the past, various types of vehicles were available which used gasoline,
diesel, biodiesel, compressed natural gases, etc., as fuel sources. Due to the
usage of fossil fuel for vehicle transportation, the environment got affected.
Environmental pollution and degradation became a major problem in the
world. The main reason was the emission of greenhouse gases and indus-
trial waste. The problem cannot be eliminated but it can be reduced with
the use of alternate source of energy for the vehicle i.e. from non-­renewable
source to renewable source. So, an electric vehicle was recognized to be the
finest short-term solution.
The electric cars were invented in different countries by different inven-
tors. It is very hard to pinpoint the year of invention of electric vehicle. In
18th century, the first electric vehicle was designed. But the positive result
was gained by William Morrison of Des Moines, lowa in 1890–1891 in
the United States. Its top speed is 23 kmph. Battery is the main source for
driving the electric car and it gets exhausted easily. As charging stations are
not available everywhere, it’s very difficult to charge the electric vehicle. To
boost the capacity of the battery in an electric vehicle, the size of the bat-
tery must be increased which increases the total vehicular mass.
Another type called Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) came into existence
which uses both fuel and battery as a source for running the vehicle. The
chemical energy of the fuel is transformed to mechanical energy to run
the vehicle. Fuel source not only drives the vehicle but also charges the
battery. The fuel to wheel efficiency of the hybrid electric vehicle is too low.
To overcome this drawback, the alternate type of vehicle called Plug-In
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is designed [1].
The experimental study about the battery—super-capacitor incorpo-
rated energy storage system [2, 3] for the electric vehicle application helps
to find the solution for the installation of charging station [4–6]. Energy
management [7–16] in and out of electric vehicle i.e. energy management
in the energy storage system, energy management between the electric
vehicle and charging station, etc., is essential to ensure the reliability of
supply. The penetration of electric vehicles into the distribution system
within the permissible limit i.e. optimal integration [17–20] reduces the
main grid stress.

5.1.1 Architecture of PHEV

The fuel economy is improved in PHEV due to the Charge-Depletion (CD)
mode of the vehicle. In CD form, the vehicle is driven only with the energy
 Energy Management of ESS in PHEV 105

Interface circuit

Converter

Engine Generator Battery

Bidirectional power flow

Motor Wheels
Unidirectional power flow

Figure 5.1 Architecture of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

obtained from electric motor. Another mode called Charge-Sustaining

mode, where the vehicle is operated like a traditional HEV. This is the main
advantage of PHEV. If charging station is available everywhere, the prog-
ress of PHEV will be increased.
Owing to the direct charging of battery at the charging station, use of fuel
source was trimmed down. While the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery is
reduced to its threshold value, the energy requisite is supplied by the engine.
Figure 5.1 shows the architecture of Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with
the power flow directions. The sources of PHEV are fuel and energy stor-
age system. The fuel source is generally an Engine–Generator set, where
the chemical energy of the fossil fuel or natural gases is converted to
mechanical energy by the engine and the generator converts this mechani-
cal energy into electrical energy. The energy storage system consists of bat-
tery. The battery is charged from the charging station via interface circuit.
The electrical energy from these sources is converted to mechanical energy
via motor.

5.1.2 Energy Storage System

The performance of PHEV varies depends on the Energy Storage System
present in it. ESS consists of only battery in the normal EV. This ESS
106 AI Techniques for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

supplies the required high energy to the vehicle. But vehicles need both
high energy and high power. Consequently, an ultra-capacitor is incorpo-
rated to supply high power to the vehicle. The energy storage system which
consists of both ultra-capacitor and battery is recognized as Hybrid energy
storage system (HESS).

5.2 Problem Description and Formulation

5.2.1 Problem Description
Now-a-days, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is widely used for transpor-
tation system to reduce fossil fuel consumption. But in PHEV, the energy
storage system plays a vital role. For the ESS of plug-in hybrid electric
vehicle, energy is not the only requirement for an electric vehicle to drive.
While driving along the slopes, the vehicle requires high power. So, HESS
is brought in which is incorporated with the ultra-capacitor.
In the Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle, the fuel to wheel efficiency is
enhanced with the presence of Hybrid Energy Storage System i.e. Battery–
Ultra-capacitor model (BA–UC model). To increase the efficiency of the
vehicle, the structure of HESS of PHEV is designed carefully as it mainly
depends on the battery and the ultra-capacitor connection. And the power
allocation between them reduces the energy loss in the vehicle. Thereby it
enriches the fuel economy of the vehicle.

5.2.2 Objective
The main contribution is to allocate the power between battery and the
ultra-capacitor, and to evaluate a best power delivery between ultra-capacitor
and battery pack in order to increase the reliability of energy storage sys-
tem of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

5.2.3 Problem Formulation

The inappropriate power allotment between the battery pack and the
ultra-capacitor leads to high energy loss as it depends on the structure of
HESS. If the energy loss is high, the energy output of the HESS to the vehi-
cle is low. Therefore the efficiency of the system is affected. Accordingly, the
performance of the vehicle is diminished.
 Energy Management of ESS in PHEV 107

5.3 Modeling of HESS

The presence of electric motor in the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle miti-
gates the use of internal combustion engine. By this means emission of pol-
lutants and the fuel efficiency of the vehicle are increased. In the proposed
system, the hybrid energy storage system of the PHEV consisting of both
ultra-capacitor pack and battery pack are modeled.
The super-capacitor and the battery are connected in series with the
boost converter and buck/boost converter respectively. The characteristics
of both the energy sources are analyzed with the help of scope. The power
required for the vehicle is calculated from the driving cycle pattern of the
vehicle.
The battery parameters such as voltage, current and state of charge are
monitored with the scope and the battery power is calculated from the bat-
tery voltage and battery current. Likewise, the super-capacitor parameters
are also monitored and power of super-capacitor is calculated from the
super-capacitor voltage and current. The power of HESS is calculated by
adding the source powers i.e. an adder block is used. The voltage amplitude
of the DC voltage source is set to 42 V.
The battery and the ultra-capacitor which are connected in series as
shown in Figure 5.2 with the converters supplies the power required for
the electric vehicle. Both the energy sources are charged and discharged
according to the requirement. At the time of starting the SOC of the battery

Battery DC-DC DC/AC

pack converter converter

DC-DC
converter

Ultra-capacitor pack

CAN Bus (Connects the energy storage system and electric vehicle)

Figure 5.2 Structure of proposed system.

108 AI Techniques for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Table 5.1 Battery parameters.

Rated capacity 6.6 Ah
Nominal voltage 26.4.V
Initial state of charge 100%
Internal resistance 0.04

Table 5.2 Ultra-capacitor parameters.

Rated capacitance 500 F
Equivalent DC series resistance 2.1.mΩ
Number of series capacitor 6
Operating temperature 25 °C

is 100%. When the vehicle gets started, the SOC of the battery decreases i.e.
the battery starts discharging. While applying brake, ultra-capacitor gets
charged due to regenerative braking. The incorporation of ultra-capacitor
with the battery ensures the reliability of power supply to the vehicle.
The parameters of both the battery pack and the ultra-capacitor are
given in Tables 5.1 and 5.2. The state of charge (SOC) of battery is initially
100%. The parameters given in the table are used to identify the type of bat-
tery pack and the ultra-capacitor to be used in the energy storage system of
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

5.4 Results and Discussion

5.4.1 Case 1: Gradual Acceleration of Vehicle
The characteristics of battery pack such as SOC, current and voltage for the
gradual acceleration of the vehicle is plotted in Figure 5.3(a). The battery
voltage was very high at initial stage and it was nominal due to constant
load. In Figure 5.3(b), the characteristics of super-capacitor such as cur-
rent, voltage and SOC is plotted. The super-capacitor voltage was very high
at initial stage and decreases due to load.
Figure 5.3(c) shows the power delivered by the super-capacitor and the
battery pack to the load. At the peak time the power required for the load is
 Energy Management of ESS in PHEV 109

<SOC (%)> <Current I>

100 140
98 120
100
96
80
94
60
92
40
90 20
88 0
86 –20
<Current (A)> <Voltage V>
50 18
40 16
14
30
12
20
10
10
8
0 6
–10 4
<Voltage (V)> <SOC %>
31 110
100
30
90
29 80
70
28 60
27 50
40
26 30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time offset: 0 Time offset: 0

(a) (b)
Supercapacitor power (w) Power (w)
3000

1500 2500

2000
1000
1500

1000
500
500
0 0
Battery power (w) Power required (w)
1200 2000
1000

800 1500

600
1000
400

200
500

–200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time offset: 0 Time offset: 0

(c) (d)

Figure 5.3 Characteristics of gradually accelerated vehicle: (a) Battery characteristics

and (b) ultra-capacitor characteristics (c) power of ultra-capacitor pack and battery pack
(d) power output of HESS and power required.

delivered by the ultra-capacitor. The power supplied by the super-capacitor

is 1,500 W and the battery supplies 1,100 W. This power is calculated from
the voltage and current values of the battery and super-capacitor. Figure
5.3(d) shows the power supplied by the energy storage system and the
power required for the electric vehicle. This power is the sum of the powers
of both battery and super-capacitor and it is 2,600 W. The power required
for the electric vehicle tracks the driving cycle pattern of the vehicle. In this
the power required is set as 2,000 W.

5.4.2 Case 2: Gradual Deceleration of Vehicle

In Figure 5.4(a), the characteristics of battery pack such as SOC, current
and voltage for the gradual deceleration of the vehicle is plotted. Initially
the battery voltage was very high. Suddenly the voltage is decreased to
a low value and then it increases gradually. The current is initially high
110 AI Techniques for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
<SOC (%)> 150 <Current I>
100

95 100

90 50

85 0

80 –50
<Current (A)> <Voltage V>
60 17
50
16
40
30 15
20 14
10
0 13

–10 12
<Voltage (V)> <SOC %>
31 95
30
90
29
85
28
27 80

26 75
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time offset: 0 Time offset: 0

(a) (b)
Supercapacitor power (w) Power (w)
1500 3000

1400
2500

1300
2000

1200

1500
1100

1000
1000

900 500
Battery power (w) Power required (w)
1900 1600

1400 1500

1200 1200

1000
1000
800
800
600
500
400
400
200
200
0
0 –200

–200 –400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time offset: 0 Time offset: 0

(c) (d)

Figure 5.4 Characteristics of gradually decelerated vehicle: (a) Battery characteristics

and (b) ultra-capacitor characteristics (c) power of ultra-capacitor pack and battery pack
(d) power output of HESS and power required.

and decreases gradually due to deceleration. In Figure 5.4(b), the char-

acteristics of super-capacitor such as current, voltage and SOC is plotted.
The super-capacitor voltage was very high at initial stage and decreases due
to load.
Figure 5.4(c) shows the power delivered by the super-capacitor and the
battery pack to the load. Due to deceleration of vehicle, the battery power
is zero as no power required for the vehicle at braking. Figure 5.4(d) shows
the power supplied by the energy storage system and the power required
for the electric vehicle. During deceleration, the power required for the
vehicle is negative.

5.4.3 Case 3: Unsystematic Acceleration and Deceleration

of Vehicle
The unsystematic acceleration and deceleration of the electric vehicle is
shown in Figure 5.5. In Figure 5.5(a), the characteristics of battery pack
such as SOC, current and voltage for sudden acceleration and deceleration
of the vehicle is plotted. The battery current was zero at initial stage and
it varies according to the unsystematic changes in the speed of the vehi-
cle. In Figure 5.5(b), the characteristics of super-capacitor such as current,
voltage and SOC is plotted. The super-capacitor voltage was high and then
maintained constant.
 Energy Management of ESS in PHEV 111
<SOC (%)> <Current I>
100 200

80
150
60
100
40
50
20

0 0
<Current (A)> <Voltage V>
200 18
16
150
14
100 12
10
50
8

0 6
<Voltage (V)> <SOC %>
40 100
90
30
80
20 70
60
10
50

0 40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time offset: 0 Time offset: 0

(a) (b)
1500
Supercapacitor power (w) Power (w)
4500

4000

3500
1000 3000

2500

2000

500 1500

1000

500

0 0
Battery power (w) Power required (w)
4000 4000

3500
3000
3000
2000
2500

2000 1000

1500
0
1000
-1000
500

0 -2000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time offset: 0 Time offset: 0

(c) (d)

Figure 5.5 Characteristics of unsystematically accelerated and decelerated vehicle:

(a) Battery characteristics and (b) ultra-capacitor characteristics (c) power of ultra-
capacitor pack and battery pack (d) power output of HESS and power required.

Figure 5.5(c) shows the power delivered by the super-capacitor and

the battery pack to the load. Due to the unsystematic acceleration and
deceleration of vehicle, the battery power variation is high and it is zero
during deceleration as no power is required for the vehicle at the time of
braking. Figure 5.5(d) shows the power supplied by the energy storage
system and the power required for the electric vehicle. During sudden
application of acceleration and deceleration, the power required for the
vehicle changes rapidly. During braking the vehicle power requirement
is negative.

5.5 Conclusion
In this chapter, hybrid energy storage system of plug-in hybrid electric
vehicle is modeled in MATLAB Simulink. The simulation result infers that
the ultra-capacitor supply power during peak power demand. Due to the
variation of speed, the electrical vehicle was driven in two modes such as
acceleration mode and deceleration mode. These modes are analyzed from
the simulation results. During acceleration, the battery SOC starts decreas-
ing i.e. battery is discharged as the vehicle consumes energy and during
deceleration the battery power is zero as there is no power required for the
vehicle while applying brake.