Functions

In this lesson the following topics will be covered:

Interpretation of graphs (Functions)

- Quadratic function
- Hyperbolic function
- Exponential function
- Average gradient
- The sine function
- The cosine function
- The tan function

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Quadratic / Parabolic function:

1. The effects of a and c / q

c / q represents the vertical movement of the graph:

Your value of a represents the shape of your graph:

If the value of your a is positive your graph will be concaved upwards

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If the value of your a is negative your graph will be concaved downwards

2. Domain & Range

Domain

Range

The range will depend on your value of q and a (concavity of your graph)

- Concaved upwards ( a is positive ) , Range = y ≥ q

- Concaved downwards ( a is negative ) , Range = y ≤ q

N.B Your parabolic formula was derived from your quadratic equation
by completing the square.

From your parabolic equation you can take out the turning point of your graph ( -p ; q )

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Now Iam going to show you an example on how to convert a quadratic equation into a
parabolic equation

3. Intercepts ( This method applies to all Functions)

- To find the x intercepts of your graph you will have to equate your equation to 0 then
solve for x

- To find the y intercept of your graph you will have to substitute all values of x with 0

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 4. The vertical movement of the graph

The vertical movement of the graph will effect your value of x

5. Steps on how to draw your parabolic function

Step 1 : Determine your asymptote

Step 2 : Work out the intercepts of your graph

Step 3 : Find the turning point of your graph and plot it

Step 4 : Plot your points & sketch your graph ( including your axis of symmetry line )

Step 5 : State the Domain & Range

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 6. Finding the Equation of the graph

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Hyperbolic Function

The effects of q on the vertical shift

. If m is added to q, the graph is shifted up by m units.

. If m is subtracted to q, the graph is shifted down by m units.

. The horizontal asymptote is the line y = q

. The vertical asymptote is the y axis, the line x = -p

The effects of a on the position of the graph

. If a > 0

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. If a < 0

Vertical movement of the graph

. If p is added to the graph, the graph will move p units to the left

. If p is subtracted to the graph, the graph will move p units to the right

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Domain & Range

Domain

The domain is all values of x which are real numbers, but the domain cannot be the value of x that
will make the denominator equal to 0.

Range

The range is all values of y which are real numbers, but the range cannot be your value of q because
q is your horizontal asymptote

Asymptotes

Horizontal asymptote - ( y = q )

Vertical asymptote - ( x = -p )

Axes of symmetry lines

, you need to take out the point of intersection ( -p, q ) then sub the point into
these equations.

Y1 = x + c1 ////// Y2 = -x + c2

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Steps on how to draw your hyperbola graph:

Step 1: Examine the equation & see which quadrants your graph will lie

Step 2: Determine the asymptotes

Step 3: Determine your X & Y intercepts

Step 4: Determine the axis of symmetry

Step 5: Plot the points & sketch the graph

Step 6: State the domain & range

Finding the equation of the graph

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Transformation ( This method is the same for all graphs [ Parabola/ Hyperbola / Exponential]

Reflection over the x- axis

= if a graph is reflected over the x- axis this will cause the y values to be negative

i.e f (x) now becomes - f (x) ( meaning that you are going to multiply the entire equation by –1 )

Reflection over the y-axis

= This will cause your x values to be negative [ y(x) now becomes y(-x) ]

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Exponential Function

The effects of q on the vertical shift

- If m units is added to q, the graph will move m units up

- If m units is subtracted to q, the graph will move m units down

. (q) is also your horizontal asymptote y = q

The Horizontal movements of the graph

The horizontal movement will effect our x variable

- If m units is added to x, the graph will shift m units to the left

- If m units is subtracted to x, the graph will shift m units to the right

The effects of b on your graph

If b > 1

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 If b is a fraction

The effects of a on the shape of your graph

. If a is positive , your graph will be increasing

. If a is negative , your graph is decreasing (the graph is reflected below the horizontal
asymptote)

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Domain & Range

Domain

( all values of x which are real numbers)

Range

You will use your asymptote to determine your range

Y (> / <) q

Steps on how to sketch the exponential function

Step 1 : Determine your asymptote

Step 2 : Calculate your intercepts

Step 3 : Determine 2 extra points for your graph

Step 4 : Plot the points & sketch the graph

Step 5 : State the domain & range

Reflections

Reflection over the x- axis

= if a graph is reflected over the x- axis this will cause the y values to be negative

i.e f (x) now becomes - f (x) ( meaning that you are going to multiply the entire equation by –1 )

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Reflection over the y-axis

= This will cause your x values to be negative [ y(x) now becomes y(-x) ]

Finding the equation of an exponential function

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Summary

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The sine function

Effects of q on the vertical shift

. If q > 0 , the graph will be shifted vertically upwards by q units

. If q < 0 , the graph will be shifted vertically downwards by q units

Effects of a on the shape

.(a) represents the amplitude of the graph ( the distance between your x-axis & the highest point of
your graph)

- For a > 1 the amplitude of the graph will increase

- If a < -1 your graph will be reflected below your x-axis

The period of your graph is 360, but if there is any value before your theta, you will have to divide
360 by that value to get your period

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Domain & Range

Domain

= the domain will depend on the period of your graph

Range

= the range will depend on the amplitude of your graph (Determine the range for Sin0+2 function)

The amplitude is 1 (because a = 1)

Range: -1 ≤ y ≤ 1

Intercepts

Horizontal movement of the graph

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Worked example of the sketched graph

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The cosine function

Effects of q on the vertical shift of the graph

- If q > 0 , the graph will be vertically shifted q units up

- If q < 0, the graph will be vertically shifted q units down

Horizontal movement of the graph

Effects of a on the shape

(a) Represents the amplitude of the graph

- If a > 1 the amplitude will increase

- If a < 1 the graph will be reflected below the x-axis

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Period

The period of your graph is 360, but if there is any value before your theta, you will have to divide
360 by that value to get your period.

Domain & Range

Domain

= the domain will depend on the period of your graph..... e.g if your period is 360

Domain= [-360; 360]

Range

= the range will depend on the amplitude of your graph (Determine the range for 2Cos0 function)

The amplitude is 2 (because a = 2)

Range: -2 ≤ y ≤ 2

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Worked Example (Finding the equation of a cosine graph)

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The tangent graph

The effects of q on the vertical shift

- If q > 0 , the graph will be shifted upwards by q units.

- If q < 0 , the graph will be shifted downwards by q units.

The Horizontal movement of the graph

Period

The period of your graph is 180, but if there is any value before your theta, you will have to divide
180 by that value to get your period.

Asymptote

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Effects of a on the shape of the graph

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Worked Example

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Average gradient

The average gradient between any two points on a curve is the gradient of the straight line
passing through the two points.

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