HTML Headings

HTML headings are titles or subtitles that you want to display on a

webpage.

Example

Heading 1
Heading 2
Heading 3
Heading 4
Heading 5
Heading 6

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important
heading.

Example
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Heading 2</h2>
<h3>Heading 3</h3>
<h4>Heading 4</h4>
<h5>Heading 5</h5>
<h6>Heading 6</h6>
Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and
after a heading.
Headings Are Important
Search engines use the headings to index the structure and content of your
web pages.

Users often skim a page by its headings. It is important to use headings to

show the document structure.

<h1> headings should be used for main headings, followed by <h2> headings,
then the less important <h3>, and so on.

Note: Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make
text BIG or bold.

Bigger Headings
Each HTML heading has a default size. However, you can specify the size for
any heading with the style attribute, using the CSS font-size property:

Example
<h1 style="font-size:60px;">Heading 1</h1>

HTML Paragraphs
A paragraph always starts on a new line, and is usually a block of text.

HTML Paragraphs
The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.

A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically add

some white space (a margin) before and after a paragraph.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
HTML Display
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.

Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.

With HTML, you cannot change the display by adding extra spaces or extra
lines in your HTML code.

The browser will automatically remove any extra spaces and lines when the
page is displayed:

Example
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>

<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of spaces
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>

HTML Horizontal Rules

The <hr> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often
displayed as a horizontal rule.

The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an

HTML page:

Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>
The <hr> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

HTML Line Breaks

The HTML <br> element defines a line break.

Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new
paragraph:

Example
<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

The Poem Problem

This poem will display on a single line:

Example
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</p>

Solution - The HTML <pre> Element

The HTML <pre> element defines preformatted text.

The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually

Courier), and it preserves both spaces and line breaks:

Example
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</pre>

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML
elements and their attributes.

Tag Description

<p> Defines a paragraph

<hr> Defines a thematic change in the content

<br> Inserts a single line break

<pre> Defines pre-formatted text

HTML Styles
The HTML style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as
color, font, size, and more.

Example
I am Red
I am Blue

I am Big
The HTML Style Attribute
Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.

The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:

<tagname style="property:value;">

The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.

You will learn more about CSS later in this tutorial.

Background Color
The CSS background-color property defines the background color for an
HTML element.

Example
Set the background color for a page to powderblue:

<body style="background-color:powderblue;">

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

Example
Set background color for two different elements:

<body>

<h1 style="background-color:powderblue;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="background-color:tomato;">This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
Text Color
The CSS color property defines the text color for an HTML element:

Example
<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Fonts
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML
element:

Example
<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Text Size
The CSS font-size property defines the text size for an HTML element:

Example
<h1 style="font-size:300%;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Text Alignment
The CSS text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an
HTML element:

Example
<h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered Heading</h1>
<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>

Chapter Summary
• Use the style attribute for styling HTML elements
• Use background-color for background color
• Use color for text colors
• Use font-family for text fonts
 • Use font-size for text sizes
• Use text-align for text alignment

HTML Text Formatting

HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.

Example
This text is bold

This text is italic

This is subscript and superscript

HTML Formatting Elements

Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

• <b> - Bold text

• <strong> - Important text
• <i> - Italic text
• <em> - Emphasized text
• <mark> - Marked text
• <small> - Smaller text
• <del> - Deleted text
• <ins> - Inserted text
• <sub> - Subscript text
• <sup> - Superscript text

HTML <b> and <strong> Elements

The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example
<b>This text is bold</b>

The HTML <strong> element defines text with strong importance. The
content inside is typically displayed in bold.
Example
<strong>This text is important!</strong>

HTML <i> and <em> Elements

The HTML <i> element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood.
The content inside is typically displayed in italic.

Tip: The <i> tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from
another language, a thought, a ship name, etc.

Example
<i>This text is italic</i>

The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text. The content inside is
typically displayed in italic.

Tip: A screen reader will pronounce the words in <em> with an emphasis,
using verbal stress.

Example
<em>This text is emphasized</em>

HTML <small> Element

The HTML <small> element defines smaller text:

Example
<small>This is some smaller text.</small>

HTML <mark> Element

The HTML <mark> element defines text that should be marked or highlighted:

Example
<p>Do not forget to buy <mark>milk</mark> today.</p>

HTML <del> Element

The HTML <del> element defines text that has been deleted from a
document. Browsers will usually strike a line through deleted text:

Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>

HTML <ins> Element

The HTML <ins> element defines a text that has been inserted into a
document. Browsers will usually underline inserted text:

Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> <ins>red</ins>.</p>

HTML <sub> Element

The HTML <sub> element defines subscript text. Subscript text appears half a
character below the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller
font. Subscript text can be used for chemical formulas, like H2O:

Example
<p>This is _subscripted text.</p>

HTML <sup> Element

The HTML <sup> element defines superscript text. Superscript text appears
half a character above the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a
smaller font. Superscript text can be used for footnotes, like WWW[1]:

Example
<p>This is ^{superscripted} text.</p>

HTML Text Formatting Elements

Tag Description
 <b> Defines bold text

<em> Defines emphasized text

<i> Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood

<small> Defines smaller text

<strong> Defines important text

<sub> Defines subscripted text

<sup> Defines superscripted text

<ins> Defines inserted text

<del> Defines deleted text

<mark> Defines marked/highlighted text

HTML <blockquote> for Quotations

The HTML <blockquote> element defines a section that is quoted from
another source.

Browsers usually indent <blockquote> elements.

Example
<p>Here is a quote from WWF's website:</p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html">
For 60 years, WWF has worked to help people and nature thrive. As the
world's leading conservation organization, WWF works in nearly 100
countries. At every level, we collaborate with people around the world
to develop and deliver innovative solutions that protect communities,
wildlife, and the places in which they live.
</blockquote>

HTML <q> for Short Quotations

The HTML <q> tag defines a short quotation.

Browsers normally insert quotation marks around the quotation.

Example
<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony
with nature.</q></p>

HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations

The HTML <abbr> tag defines an abbreviation or an acronym, like "HTML",
"CSS", "Mr.", "Dr.", "ASAP", "ATM".

Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation

systems and search-engines.

Tip: Use the global title attribute to show the description for the
abbreviation/acronym when you mouse over the element.

Example
<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was founded
in 1948.</p>

HTML <address> for Contact Information

The HTML <address> tag defines the contact information for the
author/owner of a document or an article.

The contact information can be an email address, URL, physical address,

phone number, social media handle, etc.
The text in the <address> element usually renders in italic, and browsers will
always add a line break before and after the <address> element.

Example
<address>
Written by John Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
Example.com<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>

HTML <cite> for Work Title

The HTML <cite> tag defines the title of a creative work (e.g. a book, a
poem, a song, a movie, a painting, a sculpture, etc.).

Note: A person's name is not the title of a work.

The text in the <cite> element usually renders in italic.

Example
<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edvard Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>

HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional Override

BDO stands for Bi-Directional Override.

The HTML <bdo> tag is used to override the current text direction:

Example
<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to left</bdo>

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements

Tag Description

<abbr> Defines an abbreviation or acronym

 <address> Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document

<bdo> Defines the text direction

<blockquote> Defines a section that is quoted from another source

<cite> Defines the title of a work

<q> Defines a short inline quotation

HTML Comments
HTML comments are not displayed in the browser, but they can help
document your HTML source code.

HTML Comment Tag

You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:

<!-- Write your comments here -->

Notice that there is an exclamation point (!) in the start tag, but not in the
end tag.

Note: Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help
document your HTML source code.

Add Comments
With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML
code:

Example
<!-- This is a comment -->

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<!-- Remember to add more information here -->

Hide Content
Comments can be used to hide content.

This can be helpful if you hide content temporarily:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<!-- <p>This is another paragraph </p> -->

<p>This is a paragraph too.</p>

You can also hide more than one line. Everything between the <!-- and the -
-> will be hidden from the display.

Example
Hide a section of HTML code:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<!--
<p>Look at this cool image:</p>
<img border="0" src="pic_trulli.jpg" alt="Trulli">
-->
<p>This is a paragraph too.</p>

Hide Inline Content

Comments can be used to hide parts in the middle of the HTML code.

Example
Hide a part of a paragraph:
<p>This <!-- great text --> is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Colors
HTML colors are specified with predefined color names, or with RGB, HEX,
HSL, RGBA, or HSLA values.

Color Names
In HTML, a color can be specified by using a color name:

Tomato

Orange

DodgerBlue

MediumSeaGreen

Gray

SlateBlue

Violet
 LightGray

HTML supports 140 standard color names.

Background Color
You can set the background color for HTML elements:

Hello World

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy
nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi
enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit
lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Example
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="background-color:Tomato;">Lorem ipsum...</p>

Border Color
You can set the color of borders:

Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Example
<h1 style="border:2px solid Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid Violet;">Hello World</h1>
Color Values
In HTML, colors can also be specified using RGB values, HEX values, HSL
values, RGBA values, and HSLA values.

The following three <div> elements have their background color set with
RGB, HEX, and HSL values:

rgb(255, 99, 71)

#ff6347

hsl(9, 100%, 64%)

The following two <div> elements have their background color set with RGBA
and HSLA values, which add an Alpha channel to the color (here we have
50% transparency):

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5)

hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5)

Example
<h1 style="background-color:rgb(255, 99, 71);">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:#ff6347;">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:hsl(9, 100%, 64%);">...</h1>

<h1 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5);">...</h1>

<h1 style="background-color:hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5);">...</h1>

HTML RGB and RGBA Colors

An RGB color value represents RED, GREEN, and BLUE light sources.

An RGBA color value is an extension of RGB with an Alpha channel

(opacity).
RGB Color Values
In HTML, a color can be specified as an RGB value, using this formula:

rgb(red, green, blue)

Each parameter (red, green, and blue) defines the intensity of the color with
a value between 0 and 255.

This means that there are 256 x 256 x 256 = 16777216 possible colors!

For example, rgb(255, 0, 0) is displayed as red, because red is set to its

highest value (255), and the other two (green and blue) are set to 0.

Another example, rgb(0, 255, 0) is displayed as green, because green is set

to its highest value (255), and the other two (red and blue) are set to 0.

To display black, set all color parameters to 0, like this: rgb(0, 0, 0).

To display white, set all color parameters to 255, like this: rgb(255, 255,
255).

Experiment by mixing the RGB values below:

rgb(255, 99, 71)

RED

255

GREEN

99

BLUE

71
Example
 rgb(255, 0, 0)

rgb(0, 0, 255)

rgb(60, 179, 113)

rgb(238, 130, 238)

rgb(255, 165, 0)

rgb(106, 90, 205)

Shades of Gray
Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all three parameters:

Example

rgb(60, 60, 60)

rgb(100, 100, 100)

rgb(140, 140, 140)

 rgb(180, 180, 180)

rgb(200, 200, 200)

rgb(240, 240, 240)

RGBA Color Values

RGBA color values are an extension of RGB color values with an Alpha
channel - which specifies the opacity for a color.

An RGBA color value is specified with:

rgba(red, green, blue, alpha)

The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0
(not transparent at all):

Experiment by mixing the RGBA values below:

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5)

RED

255

GREEN

99

BLUE

71

ALPHA

0.5
Example

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.2)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.4)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.6)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.8)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 1)