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Lesson 1 - Statistics and Probability

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6 views17 pages

Lesson 1 - Statistics and Probability

Uploaded by

arquillano.mist
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
Lesson 1: Introducing Statistics
1. How old is 1. How old are
your teacher? the people
residing in our
town?
2. Is the vehicle of
the Mayor of our 2. Do dogs eat
municipality bigger
than the vehicle
more than
used by the President cats?
of the Philippines?
3. How many 3. Does it rain
days are there more in our
in December? country than
in Thailand?
4. Does the 4. Do math
Principal of the teachers earn
school has a more than
post graduate science
degree? teachers?
5. How much 5. How many
does the books do my
Barangay classmates
Captain receive usually bring to
as allowance? school?
6. What is the 6. What is the
proportion of
weight of my Filipino children
aged 0 to 5 years who
smallest are underweight or
classmate? overweight for their
age?
On the other hand, in the second group of questions one
The first group of questions needs observations or data to be able to respond to the
could be answered by a piece question. In some questions you need to get the observations
of information which is or responses of all those concerned to be able to answer the
considered always true. There is question. On the first question in the second group, you need
a correct answer which is based to ask all the people in the locality about their age and among
on a fact and you don’t need the values you obtained you get a representative value. To
the process of inquiry to answer the second question in the second group, you need to
answer such kind of question.
get the amount of food that all dogs and cats eat to respond
For example, there is one and
only one correct answer to the to the question. However, we know that is not feasible to do
first question in Group 1 and so. Thus what you can do is get a representative group of
that is your age as of your last dogs and another representative group for the cats. Then we
birthday or the number of measure the amount of food each group of animal eats.
years since your birth year. From these two sets of values, we could then infer whether
dogs do eat more than cats.
•
So as you can see in the second group of questions you
need more information or data to be able to answer the
question. Either you need to get observations from all
those concerned or you get representative groups from
which you gather your data. But in both cases, you need
data to be able to respond to the question. Using data to
find an answer or a solution to a problem or an inquiry is
actually using the statistical process or doing it with
statistics.
Main Lesson

1. Statistics as a Tool in Decision-Making

Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be able to make a


decision. Hence, it is a tool in decision-making process. Statistics as a
science involves the methods of collecting, processing, summarizing
and analyzing data in order to provide answers or solutions to an
inquiry. One also needs to interpret and communicate the results of the
methods identified above to support a decision that one makes when
faced with a problem or an inquiry.
Trivia: The word “statistics” actually comes from the word “state”—
because governments have been involved in the statistical activities,
especially the conduct of censuses either for military or taxation
purposes. The need for and conduct of censuses are recorded in the
pages of holy texts. In the Christian Bible, particularly the Book of
Numbers, God is reported to have instructed Moses to carry out a
census. Another census mentioned in the Bible is the census ordered by
Caesar Augustus throughout the entire Roman Empire before the birth
of Christ.
Statistics enable us to
• characterize persons, objects, situations, and
phenomena;
• explain relationships among variables;
• formulate objective assessments and comparisons;
and, more importantly
• make evidence-based decisions and predictions.
2. Statistical Process in Solving a Problem

After the data were gathered, we must verify the quality of the data to
make a good decision. Data quality check could be done as we process
the data to summarize the information extracted from the data. Then
using this information, one can then make a decision or provide
answers to the problem or question at hand.
To summarize, a statistical process in making a decision or
providing solutions to a problem include the following:
• Planning or designing the collection of data to answer statistical
questions in a way that maximizes information content and minimizes
bias;
• Collecting the data as required in the plan;
• Verifying the quality of the data after they were collected;
• Summarizing the information extracted from the data; and
• Examining the summary statistics so that insight and meaningful
information can be produced to support decision-making or solutions
to the question or problem at hand.
Hence, several activities make up a statistical process which for some
the process is simple but for others it might be a little bit complicated
to implement. Also, not all questions or problems could be answered
by a simple statistical process. There are indeed problems that need
complex statistical process. However, one can be assured that logical
decisions or solutions could be formulated using a statistical process.
KEY POINTS

• Difference between questions that could be and those


that could not answered using Statistics.
• Statistics is a science that studies data.
• There are many uses of Statistics but its main use is in
decision-making.
• Logical decisions or solutions to a problem could be
attained through a statistical process.

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