DROP DATABASE databaseName

DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS databaseName

CREATE DATABASE databaseName
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS databaseName

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Syntax of CREATE TABLE command is :

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CREATE TABLE <table-name>
( <column name> <data type> ,

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<column name> <data type> ,
......... ) ;

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We write the following command :

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CREATE TABLE employee
( ECODE integer ,
ENAME varchar(20) ,

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GENDER char(1) ,
GRADE char(2) ,
GROSS integer ) ;

JM
INSERTING DATA INTO TABLE

Syntax of INSERT is :

INSERT INTO <tablename> [<column list>]

VALUE ( <value1> , <value2> , .....)

INSERT INTO employee

VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);
OR
INSERT INTO employee (ECODE , ENAME , GENDER , GRADE , GROSS)
VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);

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 ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000

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SELECTING ALL DATA

SELECT * FROM <tablename> ;

SELECT * FROM Employee;

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SELECTING PARTICULAR COLUMNS

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SELECT ECODE , ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE ;

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SELECTING PARTICULAR ROWS

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

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WHERE GENDER = ‘F’ ;

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SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS > 48000;

ELIMINATING REDUNDANT DATA

The DISTINCT keyword eliminates duplicate rows from the results of a
SELECT statement. For example ,

SELECT GENDER FROM EMPLOYEE ;

SELECT DISTINCT(GENDER) FROM EMPLOYEE;

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 VIEWING STRUCTURE OF A TABLE
DESCRIBE <tablename>

DESCRIBE EMPLOYEE ;

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USING COLUMN ALIASES

Syntax :

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SELECT <columnname> AS column alias , <columnname> AS column alias .....
FROM <tablename> ;

SELECT ECODE AS “EMPLOYEE_CODE”;

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FROM EMPLOYEE;

CONDITION BASED ON A RANGE

BETWEEN operator

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SELECT ECODE , ENAME ,GRADE

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FROM EMPLOYEE

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WHERE GROSS BETWEEN 40000 AND 50000 ;

CONDITION BASED ON A LIST

IN operator

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE GRADE IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);

NOT IN operator

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE GRADE NOT IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);

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 CONDITION BASED ON PATTERN MATCHES

1. percent(%) – The % character matches any substring.

2. underscore(_) – The _ character matches any character.

SELECT ENAME

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FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘R%’

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to display details of employee whose second character in name is ‘e’.

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SELECT *

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FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘_e%’ ;

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to display details of employee whose name ends with ‘y

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE

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WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%y’ ;

SEARCHING FOR NULL

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SELECT *

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FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS IS NULL;

SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Marks IS NULL ;

SORTING RESULTS

ORDER BY clause

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 SELECT <column name> , <column name>....
FROM <tablename>
WHERE <condition>
ORDER BY <column name>

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
ORDER BY ENAME ;

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SELECT ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE

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WHERE GROSS > 40000
ORDER BY ENAME desc ;

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MODIFYING DATA IN TABLES

UPDATE <tablename>

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SET <columnname>=value , <columnname>=value

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WHERE <condition>;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET GROSS = 55000
WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET GROSS = 58000, GRADE=’B2’
WHERE ECODE = 1009;

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 DELETING DATA FROM TABLES
To delete some data from tables, DELETE command is used. The DELETE
command removes rows from a table.
DELETE FROM <tablename>
WHERE <condition>;

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE GRADE =’A1’;

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TO DELETE ALL THE CONTENTS FROM A TABLE

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DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;

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DROPPING TABLES
The DROP TABLE command lets you drop a table from the database. The
syntax of DROP TABLE command is :

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DROP TABLE <tablename> ;

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DROP TABLE employee;

S.NO. DELETE COMMAND DROP TABLE COMMAND

1 It is a DML command. It is a DDL Command.
2 This command is used to delete only This command is used to delete all the data of
rows of data from a table the table
along with the structure of the table. The table
is no
longer recognized when this command gets
executed.
3 Syntax of DELETE command is: Syntax of DROP command is :
DELETE FROM <tablename> DROP TABLE <tablename>;
WHERE <condition> ;

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 ALTER TABLE COMMAND

ADDING COLUMNS TO TABLE

ALTER TABLE <tablename>

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ADD <Column name> <datatype> <constraint> ;

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ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

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ADD ADDRESS VARCHAR(50);

MODIFYING COLUMNS

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ALTER TABLE <table name>
CHANGE <old column name> <new column name> <new datatype>;
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

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CHANGE GROSS SALARY INTEGER;
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

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CHANGE ENAME EM_NAME VARCHAR(30);
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
MODIFY GRADE VARCHAR(2);

DELETING COLUMNS

ALTER TABLE <table name>

DROP <column name>;
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
DROP GRADE ;

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 AGGREGATE / GROUP FUNCTIONS

AVG( )
This function computes the average of given
data. e.g.

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SELECT AVG(SAL)

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FROM employee ;

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COUNT()

SELECT COUNT(ecode)
FROM employee ;
MAX( )

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This function returns the maximum value from a given column or expression.

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e.g.

SELECT MAX(SAL)
FROM employee ;

MIN( )

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This function returns the minimum value from a given column or expression.
e.g. SELECT MIN(SAL)
FROM employee;

SUM( )
This function returns the sum of values in given column or expression.
e.g. SELECT SUM(SAL)
FROM employee;

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 GROUPING RESULT – GROUP BY

SELECT * FROM `products` GROUP BY prod_code;

SELECT prod_code as 'Product code',COUNT(*) as 'Count',CAST(AVG(price) as

INT) as 'average' from products;

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SELECT prod_code as 'Product code',COUNT(*) as 'Count',CAST(AVG(price) as
INT) as 'average' from products GROUP BY prod_code;

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SELECT prod_code as 'Product code',COUNT(*) as 'Count',CAST(AVG(price) as
INT) as 'average' from products GROUP BY prod_code HAVING COUNT >=2

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Distinct clause

SELECT price from products

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SELECT DISTINCT price from products

SELECT DISTINCT price ,name from products

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Concat function

SELECT concat(prod_code,' - ',name)as 'Product Desc ',prod_id,quantity,price

FROM products

SELECT * FROM `products`

SELECT products.prod_id,products.prod_code,products.name FROM

`products`

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 SELECT products.prod_id,products.prod_code,products.name FROM
`products` WHERE prod_id <=103

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SELECT products.prod_id,products.prod_code,products.name FROM
`products` WHERE name='red'

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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name LIKE 'pen%'

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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name NOT LIKE 'r_d%'

SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name NOT LIKE 'r_d%' AND prod_code=

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'pen'
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name NOT LIKE 'r_d%' OR prod_code=
'pen'

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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name='red pen' OR name='pink pen'

SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name IN('red pen','pink pen');

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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name NOT IN('red pen','pink pen');

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SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name LIKE '_e%'

SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE name LIKE '_e%' ORDER BY prod_code

ASC

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