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2 ++Synchronous+Generators+

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6 views32 pages

2 ++Synchronous+Generators+

Uploaded by

Muthu Kumaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

Generators in Power Systems


Synchronous Generators

▪ Large scale power is generated by three-phase synchronous generators, known as alternators

Mechanical power Electrical power

▪ Hydro turbines ▪ Balanced 3- phase voltages

▪ Steam turbines ▪ The frequency is dependent on


generator speed
▪ Gas turbines

Magnetic field
Synchronous Generators
➢ Construction

1. Stator

• The stator is the stationary part of the alternator

• It carries the armature winding in which the


voltage is generated

• Armature winding are 3-phase coils shifted in


space by 120 degrees
Synchronous Generators
➢ Construction

2. Rotor

• The rotor is the rotating part of the alternator

• The rotor carries the field winding

• Field coil is connected to DC source to produce the


main field flux.

• The rotor may be one of two types:

a. Salient pole rotor


b. Cylindrical rotor
Synchronous Generators
➢ Construction

a. Salient pole rotor


• salient pole rotor consists of poles
projecting out from the surface of the rotor
core
• This type is used in the low and medium
speed (from 120 to 400 RPM)
• Low speed rotors of the alternators
possess a large diameter to provide the
necessary space for the poles

• Salient pole generators are driven by 4-pole machine 12-pole machine


Hydroelectric turbines

Speed No of poles
Synchronous Generators
➢ Construction

b. Cylindrical rotor
• there are no-physical poles to be seen
as in the salient pole rotor.
• Slots are cut in the rotor

• The field windings are placed in these


slots and is excited by DC supply
• This type is used in the high-speed rotors
(1500 to 3000 RPM) like steam power
generators

Speed No of poles (2 or 4 poles)


Synchronous Generator Operation

• An alternator or synchronous generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction

When the armature winding of alternator subjected to the rotating magnetic field, the
voltage will be generated in the armature winding.
Synchronous Generator Operation
• The frequency of the generated armature EMF is : P: no of pole pairs
n: rotor speed in rpm

• For the generator connected to the electric grid with constant frequency, the generator must
be driven at constant speed to be synchronized with the grid

• This speed is called synchronous speed


Synchronous Generator Operation
Induced EMF Equation

• Now, we need to drive an equation


for the induced EMF in the armature
winding (Ea)

Ea = per phase armature voltage

Ea = ??
Induced EMF Equation

• Let us assume the total magnetic flux (Ø) per


pole of a cylindrical rotor revolving with an
angular speed (w):

• where w= 2𝜋f is the angular frequency in rad/s.

• For a coil with N turns, the induced emf in the coil, from Faraday's law is

• The rms value of the induced voltage is


Induced EMF Equation

• Øm : maximum flux per pole


• f : frequency
• N : number of turns in each phase
• Kw : the winding factor(0.85 to 0.95) ; because not all the
phase turns are not in the same magnetic condition at the
same time
Induced EMF Equation
➢ Magnetization curve of synchronous
generators

• The internal generated voltage EA is directly proportional to


the flux and to the speed.

• The field circuit IF is related to the flux Ø in the manner shown


Induced EMF Equation
➢ Magnetization curve of synchronous
generators

• The internal generated voltage EA is related to the field


current as shown in Figure.

• This plot is called the magnetization curve or


the open-circuit characteristic of the machine.
Equivalent circuit of synchronous generator

➢ In synchronous generator, the output voltage is balanced three phase voltages

Field Armature

➢ Thus, like three phase systems, we can deal with the per phase equivalent circuit
Equivalent circuit of synchronous generator

➢ Per-phase equivalent circuit of S.G


• RF: Field winding resistance
• IF: Field current
• VF: Field DC voltage
• EA: per phase armature voltage

• IA: Armature current


Xs = X + XA.R • RA: per-phase armature resistance

• VØ : per-phase terminal (load) voltage


Self armature Armature reaction (A.R)
reactance reactance • Xs : Synchronous reactance
Equivalent circuit of synchronous generator

➢ Per-phase equivalent circuit of S.G

▪ Equations of the equivalent circuit

EA= VØ + IARA + jIAXs


VF= IfRF
Load complex power : SL= 3VØ.IA*
ϴ = load power factor angle
Load active power : PL= Po/p = 3VØIA cos (ϴ)
Cos(ϴ) = load power factor
Load reactive power : QL= Qo/p = 3VØIA sin (ϴ)
Equivalent circuit of synchronous generator

➢ Per-phase equivalent circuit of S.G

▪ Usually in power systems, the armature


resistance RA is much smaller than the
synchronous reactance Xs and is often
neglected

Neglect RA
EA= VØ + jIAXs (RA is neglected)
Phasor diagram of synchronous generators

▪ Voltages in a synchronous generator are expressed


as phasors because they are AC voltages.

▪ There are 3 cases of the load power factor

1. Lagging power factor

2. Unity power factor

3. Leading power factor


Phasor diagram of synchronous generators

1. Lagging power factor

EA= VØ + IARA + jIAXs

1. VØ is a reference
2. IA is lagging VØ by angle ϴ
3. IA RA is in phase with IA
4. IA XS is perpendicular to IA

5. EA is vectorial summation of VØ and IA RA


and IA XS
Phasor diagram of synchronous generators

2. Unity power factor

EA= VØ + IARA + jIAXs

1. VØ is a reference
2. IA is in phase with VØ
3. IA RA is in phase with IA
4. IA XS is perpendicular to IA

5. EA is vectorial summation of VØ and IA RA


and IA XS
Phasor diagram of synchronous generators

3. leading power factor

EA= VØ + IARA + jIAXs

1. VØ is a reference
2. IA is leading VØ by angle ϴ
3. IA RA is in phase with IA
4. IA XS is perpendicular to IA

5. EA is vectorial summation of VØ and IA RA


and IA XS
Performance parameters of synchronous generator

1. Power flow diagram of S.G

▪ A synchronous generator needs to be


connected to a prime mover whose speed is
reasonably constant ,

▪ Not all the mechanical power going into a


synchronous generator becomes electrical power
out of the machine.

▪ The difference between input power and output power represents the losses of the machine
Performance parameters of synchronous generator

1. Power flow diagram of S.G

Input torque Rotational speed in r/s

Converted power = developed power = induced power


➢ The power converted from mechanical to
electrical form internally is given by
Performance parameters of synchronous generator

2. Efficiency of S.G

3. Voltage regulation of S.G

➢ It is defined as the percentage change in the terminal voltage from no load to rated load
➢ It is an indication of the voltage drop occurs inside the generator

➢ At no load
Power angle characteristics of Synchronous generator

▪ Power angle characteristics of Synchronous generator indicates the relation power delivered
by the generator (Po/p) and the power angle (δ)

Assume :

1. The generator is cylindrical rotor generator

2. Lagging power factor of load

3. RA is neglected
Power angle characteristics of Synchronous generator

▪ Power angle characteristics of Synchronous generator indicates the relation power delivered
by the generator (Po/p) and the power angle (δ)

Phasor diagram
Power angle characteristics of Synchronous generator

▪ Power angle characteristics of Synchronous generator indicates the relation power delivered
by the generator (Po/p) and the power angle (δ)
Power angle characteristics of Synchronous generator

Notes about power c/c’s

➢ If EA and VØ are kept constant, the power


delivered by the generator depends on the
power angle (or torque angle)

➢ The control of the generator real active power flow is


achieved by controlling the input ,mechanical power
(Governor control)

Pmech Ti/p δ Po/p


Power angle characteristics of Synchronous generator

Notes about power c/c’s

➢ The maximum power that the generator can supply


without exceeding the stability limit occurs at δ= 90

➢ Pmax is the static stability limit of the generator,


normally generator never come close to that limit.
[δ at full load 20 to 30 degrees]

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