1. Differentiate between HTML and XML.

Feature HTML XML

Purpose Displaying and structuring Transporting and storing data
content on the web
Focus Presentation Data structure and content
Tags Predefined tags (e.g., <p>, User-defined, semantic tags
<h1>, <img>) describing data
Structure Fixed, defines the layout of a Flexible, represents hierarchical
document data
Validation Less strict, browsers try to Highly strict, requires
render even with errors well-formed documents
Content & Data Blends content with Separates data from
presentation tags presentation (often used with
XSLT/CSS)
Readability Designed for human readability Designed for machine
in browsers readability and processing
In simpler terms:
●​ HTML is like the blueprint for how a webpage looks and feels. It tells the browser what's a
heading, what's a paragraph, where images go, etc. The tags have specific meanings
related to presentation.
●​ XML is like a structured way to organize and describe any kind of information. The tags
you use describe the data itself, not how it should be displayed. Think of it as a way to
label information so that different systems can easily understand and exchange it.

2. Briefly provide an introduction to different programming languages.

Programming languages are essentially sets of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
They allow us to create software, applications, websites, and much more. Different
programming languages are designed with specific purposes and characteristics in mind. Here's
a brief overview of some common types:
●​ Compiled Languages (e.g., C, C++, Go, Rust): The source code is translated into
machine code (a language the computer directly understands) before execution. This
generally leads to faster performance.
●​ Interpreted Languages (e.g., Python, JavaScript, Ruby, PHP): The source code is
executed line by line by an interpreter. This often makes development faster and easier,
as you can run code without a separate compilation step.
●​ Scripting Languages (e.g., Python, JavaScript, Bash): Often used for automating
tasks, web development (front-end and back-end), and system administration. They are
usually interpreted.
●​ Object-Oriented Languages (OOP) (e.g., Java, Python, C++, C#): These languages
organize code around "objects," which can contain both data and methods (functions).
OOP promotes code reusability and modularity.
●​ Functional Languages (e.g., Haskell, Lisp, Scala): These languages treat computation
as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoid changing state and mutable data.
 They are often used for complex computations and concurrency.
●​ Markup Languages (e.g., HTML, XML): While technically not programming languages in
the sense of executing logic, they define the structure and presentation of data. (As
discussed in the previous question).
●​ Query Languages (e.g., SQL): Designed for managing and retrieving data from
databases.

3. Describe web servers and server products.

A web server is a computer system that hosts websites and delivers web pages to users upon
request. It essentially acts as a middleman between a user's web browser and the website's
files.

Key functions of a web server include:

●​ Receiving Requests: When you type a website address into your browser, your browser
sends a request to the web server hosting that site.
●​ Processing Requests: The web server software processes this request, figures out
which file(s) are needed.
●​ Serving Content: The web server then sends the requested files (HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, images, etc.) back to your browser, which then renders the webpage for you
to see.
●​ Security: Web servers often implement security measures to protect the website and its
data.
●​ Logging: They typically keep logs of server activity, which can be useful for analysis and
troubleshooting.

Server Products: These are software applications that run on the server hardware to perform
the web server functions. Some popular web server software products include:
●​ Apache HTTP Server: A widely used, open-source web server known for its flexibility
and extensive module system.
●​ Nginx: Another popular open-source web server known for its high performance, stability,
and efficient use of resources. It's often used for reverse proxying, load balancing, and
HTTP caching.
●​ Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Services): A web server developed by Microsoft,
primarily used in Windows environments.
●​ LiteSpeed: A high-performance web server known for its speed and event-driven
architecture.
.

4. Describe briefly various types of programming paradigms and their advantages and
disadvantages.

A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of programming that provides a way of

thinking about and structuring software. Different paradigms offer different approaches to
problem-solving. Here are a few key ones:
●​ Imperative Programming: This paradigm focuses on describing how to achieve a result
through a sequence of commands or statements that change the program's state.
 ○​ Advantages: Often maps directly to hardware execution, can be efficient for certain
tasks.
○​ Disadvantages: Can lead to complex and less maintainable code as programs
grow, side effects can make reasoning about code harder.
○​ Examples: C, Fortran.
●​ Declarative Programming: This paradigm focuses on describing what the desired result
is, without explicitly specifying the steps to achieve it. The underlying system figures out
how to get the result.
○​ Advantages: Can lead to more concise and easier-to-understand code, often
better for parallel execution.
○​ Disadvantages: Can be less efficient for some tasks as the programmer has less
control over the execution process, can have a steeper learning curve for some.
○​ Examples: SQL (for querying databases), HTML (for describing document
structure), functional programming languages.
●​ Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): As mentioned earlier, this paradigm organizes
code around "objects" that encapsulate data and behavior. Key concepts include
encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
○​ Advantages: Promotes code reusability, modularity, and maintainability, models
real-world entities more naturally.
○​ Disadvantages: Can sometimes lead to more complex class hierarchies, potential
for increased overhead.
○​ Examples: Java, Python, C++, C#.
●​ Functional Programming: This paradigm treats computation as the evaluation of
mathematical functions, emphasizing immutability and avoiding side effects.
○​ Advantages: Can lead to more predictable and testable code, well-suited for
concurrency and parallelism.
○​ Disadvantages: Can have a different way of thinking that might be challenging for
programmers used to imperative styles, can sometimes have performance
overhead for certain tasks.
○​ Examples: Haskell, Lisp, Scala.
●​ Procedural Programming: A subset of imperative programming where code is organized
into procedures (also known as functions or subroutines).
○​ Advantages: Easier to understand and implement for smaller programs compared
to OOP, can be more efficient than some other paradigms.
○​ Disadvantages: Can become difficult to manage and maintain as programs grow
larger, data and functions are often separate, leading to potential data access
issues.
○​ Examples: C, Pascal.