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The document is a tutorial sheet for a course on Probability and Statistics, containing various exercises related to events A, B, and C, including expressions of events, probability calculations, and applications of probability theory. It covers topics such as Venn diagrams, conditional probabilities, and the analysis of random experiments involving dice and coin flips. Additionally, it includes questions on quadratic equations, PIN probabilities, and uniform probability laws.

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6 views2 pages

Sheet 1

The document is a tutorial sheet for a course on Probability and Statistics, containing various exercises related to events A, B, and C, including expressions of events, probability calculations, and applications of probability theory. It covers topics such as Venn diagrams, conditional probabilities, and the analysis of random experiments involving dice and coin flips. Additionally, it includes questions on quadratic equations, PIN probabilities, and uniform probability laws.

Uploaded by

Gamerithms
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA202: Probability and Statistics,

Tutorial Sheet 1
1. Express each of the following events in terms of the events A, B, and C as well as the operations of comple-
mentation, union, and intersection:

(a) At least one of the events A, B, C occurs;


(b) At most one of the events A, B, C occurs;
(c) None of the events A, B, C occurs;
(d) All three events A, B, C occur;
(e) Exactly one of the events A, B, C occurs;
(f) Events A and B occur, but not C;
(g) Either event A occurs or, if not, then B also does not occur;

In each case, draw the corresponding Venn diagrams.

2. Let A and B be events with P (A) = 52 , P (B) = 21 , P (A ∩ B) = 3


20 . Calculate the following probabilities.

(a) P (Ac )
(b) P (A ∪ B)
(c) P (Ac ∩ B)

3. If A and B are events in a sample space, prove that P (A ∩ B) ≥ P (A) + P (B) − 1

4. Show that the probability that exactly one of the events A or B occurs is equal to P (A) + P (B) − 2P (A ∩ B).

5. You flip a fair coin 3 times, determine the probability of the below events. Assume all sequences are equally
likely:

(a) Three heads (HHH)


(b) The sequence head, tail, head (HTH)
(c) Any sequence with 2 heads and 1 tail
(d) Any sequence where the number of heads is greater than or equal to the number of tails

6. In a group of 100 students, 60 study algebra, 80 study calculus, and 54 study both algebra and calculus. A
student is chosen at random with all of the 100 equally likely to be chosen.

i) What is the probability that the chosen student does not study either subject?
ii) What is the conditional probability that the chosen student studies algebra given that they study calculus.

7. A number is chosen at random from the set {1, 3, 5} with all choices equally likely. Then a number is chosen
at random from the set {2, 4, 6} with all choices equally likely.

a) Write down the sample space for this experiment explaining your notation carefully.
b) What is the probability that the first number chosen is larger than the second number chosen?
c) What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers chosen is 7?
d) What is the probability that the two numbers chosen differ by exactly 1?

8. The coefficients a, b and c of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are determined by rolling a fair die three
times in a row. What is the probability that both the roots of the equation are real? What is the probability
that both roots of the equation are complex?

9. A bag contains two red balls, two blue balls, and one green ball. I select three balls from the bag at random,
one after the other, and without replacement.

(a) Determine the probability that I first choose a red ball, then a blue ball, then a green ball.
(b) Determine the probability that I choose one ball of each color in any order.
(c) Determine the probability that all three balls are either red or blue.

10. When I open a bank account I am allocated a 4-digit personal identification number (PIN) at random. Find
the probability of each of the following events, giving brief explanations for your answers.

(a) Every digit of my PIN is even.


(b) My PIN has no repeated digits.
(c) My PIN is palindromic (reads the same forwards as backwards).
(d) No digit of my PIN exceeds 7.
(e) The digits in my PIN are in strictly increasing order.

11. A and B throw a pair of unbiased dice alternatively with A starting the game. The game ends when either A
or B wins. A wins if he throws a sum of 6 before B throws a sum of 7. B wins if he throws a sum of 7 before
A throws a sum of 6. What is the probability that A wins the game?

12. Tom has a peculiar pair of four-sided dice. When he rolls the dice, the probability of any particular outcome
is proportional to the sum of the results of each die. All outcomes that result in a particular sum are equally
likely.

(a) Probability of the sum being even


(b) Probability of Tom rolling a 2 and a 3, in any order

13. Tom and Jerry each choose at random a number in the interval [0, 2]. We assume a uniform probability law
under which the probability of an event is proportional to its area. Consider the following events:
1
A : The magnitude of the difference of the two numbers is greater than ,
3
1
B : At least one of the numbers is greater than ,
3
C : The two numbers are equal,
1
D : Tom’s number is greater than .
3

Find the probabilities P (B), P (C), and P (A ∩ D).

14. Let Ω = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Define a probability for Ω by putting


1
P (A) = (|A ∩ {1, 2}| + 2|A ∩ {3, 4}|)
6
for each A ⊆ Ω. Does function P define a probability function on Ω?

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