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Contents

Overview of threaded fasteners

Screwed Joints  Advantages and disadvantages of

Screwed Joints
Prof. Nirosh Jayaweera Thread Terminology
22nd March, 2023 Forms of Screw Threads
Thread Representation
Stresses in screwed fastening due to
static loading

Learning Outcomes Fastening Type

After this lesson students should be able to: 1. Permanent

1. Distinguish between screws and bolts. Welding Gluing Riveting

2. Describe advantages and disadvantages of

screw joints compared with other fastening
methods.
3. Recognize thread terminology.
4. Perform strength calculation of screw joints
for particular applications.

Fastening Type Threaded Fasteners

2. Temporary Screw
An externally threaded fastener, generally assembled
2.1 Threaded fastener
into a blind threaded hole
- bolts Bolt
- studs An externally threaded fastener inserted through
- screws holes in parts and screwed into a nut on the opposite
side
2.2 Non-threaded fastener
- keys key

- pin

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Threaded Fasteners Threaded Fasteners

 Two very basic types of machine-threaded  Screws and bolts are made in a wide range
fasteners are of materials, with steel being perhaps the
- nuts & bolts and screws. most common, in many varieties.
 Their great advantages include the  Where great resistance to weather or
oease of assembly, which generally requires corrosion is required, stainless steel, titanium,
no special equipment brass or bronze may be used, or a coating
o the possibility to dis- and re-assemble such as brass, zinc or chromium applied.
without (much) damage to the joint.
oThey may be used for most materials.

Common fasteners Bolt and screw head styles

Common types of nuts Advantages of Screwed Joints

Screwed joints are highly reliable in service
Screwed joints are easy to assemble and
disassemble.
 A wide range of screwed joints is available to
adopted under various working conditions
Screws are relatively cheap to produce due to
standardisation and highly efficient manufacturing
processes.
Screws can be used to transmit power such as lead
screw.

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Disadvantages of Screwed Joints Thread Terminology

External thread A thread cut on the outside of

The stress concentration in the threaded
portions which are vulnerable points under a cylindrical body.
variable load conditions
Internal thread A thread cut on the inside of
The strength of the screwed joints is not a cylindrical body.
comparable with welded or riveted joints.
Screwed joints become loose due to External thread
Internal thread
machine vibrations.

Thread Terminology Thread Terminology

Right-hand Thread that will assemble when Crest The peak edge of a thread.
thread turned clockwise. The bottom of the thread cut into
Root
a cylindrical body.
Left-hand Thread that will assemble when
thread turned counter-clockwise. Thread angle The angle between threads faces.
External Thread Internal Thread
Thread angle

Root Crest

Crest

Thread Terminology Thread Terminology

The largest diameter on • Pitch diameter
Major diameter an internal or external thread. Equal to major diameter minus single depth of
The smallest diameter on thread
Minor diameter an internal or external thread. Tolerance and allowances given at pitch diameter
line
External Thread Internal Thread
Minor dia.

Major dia.

Major dia.
Minor dia.

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Thread Terminology Thread Terminology

The distance between crests of
Pitch LEAD = 1P LEAD = 3P
threads.

The distance a screw will advance

Lead
when turned 360o.
External Thread Internal Thread

LEAD = 2P

Pitch
Pitch

Threaded Fasteners Threaded Fasteners

3
1 2
4 5

6 7 88

Helical ridge of
uniform section
formed on inside
10 or outside of
9
cylinder or cone

British Standard Whitworth

Forms of Screw Threads (BSW) Thread
1. British Standard Whitworth (BSW) Thread It is a symmetrical ‘V’–thread in which the angle
2. British Association (B.A.) thread between flanks is 55°. These threads are generally
used on bolts, nuts and studs etc.
3. American National Standard Thread
4. ISO Metric Thread
5. Unified Standard Thread
6. Worm Thread
7. Square Thread
8. Acme Thread
9. Knuckle threads
10. Buttress threads

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American National Standard

British Association (B.A.) thread
Thread
It is a symmetrical ‘V’—thread in which angle It is also a ‘V’— thread in which angle between
between flanks is 47½°. These threads are used flanks is 60°. These are used for general purpose
on screws for precision work as on bolts, nuts, studs and screws etc.

ISO Metric Thread ISO Metric Thread (Cont.)

60° included angle
D (Internal) = 0.6143 x pitch
Crest = .125 x pitch
Root = .250 x pitch

Unified Standard Thread Unified Thread (Cont.)

• Developed by U.S., Britain, and Canada for
standardized thread system
• Combination of British Standard Whitworth
and American National Standard Thread

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Worm Thread Square Thread

Used to mesh worm gears and transmit motion The sides of the flanks of square threads are normal to
between two shafts at right angles to each other but the axis and hence parallel to each other. The pitch of the
not in same plane threads is often taken as twice that of B.S.W. threads of
D = .6866P the same diameter. These are used for power
transmission D = .500P
F = .335P
F = .500P
C = .310P C = .500P + .002

Acme Thread Knuckle threads

These are modified form of square threads and are much
Knuckle threads are the modified form of square threads.
stronger than square threads. The threads angle is 29°.
These are semicircular at the crest and root. The radius of
These are used for the process of engagement and
the semicircle is 0.25 P and working depth is 0.5 P. These
disengagement of threads. use for feed screws, jacks, and
threads are used in electric bulb and bottles etc.
vises F = .3707P
D = minimum .500P C = .3707P - .0052
= maximum .500P + 0.010 (for maximum depth)

Buttress threads Threaded Fastener Units

These threads are combined form of square and V–threads. U.S. Standard
One side of the thread is perpendicular to the axis of the thread
and other is inclined at 45°. These are used for power measured in inches and fractions of inches: ¼, 5/8,1-
transmission. 1/8 etc.

Metric (SI)
measured in millimeters

A fastener specified to one measurement system may

have similar sizes to a fastener of the other system, but
they will not fit together properly

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Thread Representation Detailed Representation

1. Detailed representation Use slanting lines to represent crest and root.

Roots and crest are drawn in sharp Vs.

2. Schematic representation External thread Internal thread

Thread runout

3. Simplified representation

Pitch 60o

Schematic Representation Simplified Representation

Use thick continuous lines for representing crest
Use alternate long and short lines for representing
and thin continuous lines for representing root of
crests and roots of the thread, respectively.
the thread, respectively.
External thread Internal thread
External thread Internal thread
Thread runout

Pitch/2

Root (thick line) Root

Pitch Crest (thin line) Crest

Simplified Representation Dimensioning External Thread

Use thick continuous lines for representing crest
Use local note to specify :- thread form, nominal size,
and thin continuous lines for representing root of pitch (if it is a fine thread)
the thread, respectively.
Use typical method to specify :- thread length.
External thread Internal thread
M10 ×1.5 Coarse thread
×1.0 Fine thread

Thread
Sectional view xx length

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Threaded Fastener (BOLT : Terminology) STUD : Terminology

Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head.
Stud is a headless bolt, threaded at both ends.
Thread length

Thread length Thread length

Length
Hexagonal head Drawing
Width Head
bolt and nut across flat thickness representation

Length

Let’ s think together… Fasteners Basic Rules

What do you think about the following suggestions for
design improvement?
Use correct length and thread.
(A) Nothing have to be changed. Start threads by hand (no tool).
(B) Use shorter bolt with the
same thread length. Install all bolts before final tightening any one on a
single part.
(C) Reduce the thread length.
Tighten all installed fasteners before leaving or leave
(D) Add washer or nut.
a note NOT TIGHT

Tighten evenly to a correct torque specification

and in proper sequence.
Correct Inappropriate Wrong

Stresses in screwed fastening due to

Fasteners static loading
Tightening Wheels Stresses in screw fastening:
1. Internal stresses due to screwing up forces
2. Stresses due to external forces and
Tightening multiple bolts 3. Stresses due to combination of stresses at (1) and (2)

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Initial stresses due to screwing up Initial stresses due to screwing up

forces forces
Stresses induced in a bolt, screw or stud when it is When the joint is not required as tight as fluid tight, the
screwed up tightly initial tension in the bolt may be reduce to half.

1. Tensile stress due to stretching of bolt

The smaller diameter bolts (less than M16 or M18) may
Non of the above mentioned stresses are accurately
fail during tightening, therefore larger diameter bolts are
determine. Therefore designed on the basis of direct used for fluid tight joints.
tensile stress with a large factor of safety in order to
account for the indeterminate stresses. If the bolt is not initially stressed, the maximum safe
Initial tension in a bolt axial load is given by

P = Permissible stress X Cross-sectional area at

bottom of the thread (i.e. Stress area)

Initial stresses due to screwing up Initial stresses due to screwing up

forces forces
Stress area may be obtained from Table or it may be
found by using the relation Ʈ = Torsional shear stress
Stress area = T = Torque applied, and
dp = Pitch diameter
dc = Minor or core diameter of the thread
dc = Minor diameter
2. Torsional shear stress caused by the frictional Due to repeated unscrewing and tightening of the nut
resistance of the threads during its tightening increases torsional twisting moment (T)

3. Shear stress across the thread

Initial stresses due to screwing up Initial stresses due to screwing up

forces forces
4. Compression or crushing stress on thread

The compression or crushing stress between the

threads (σc) may be obtained by using:
b = Width of the thread section at the root

The average thread shearing stress for the nut is:

d = Major diameter
dc = Minor diameter and
n = Number of threads in engagement

d = Major diameter

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Question Answer

Given
Determine the safe tensile load for a bolt
d = 30 mm; σt = 42 MPa = 42 N/mm2;
of M30, assuming a safe tensile stress of
42 MPa. From table (coarse series) stress area at the
bottom of the thread corresponding to M30 is
561 mm2
Safe tensile load = Stress area X σt
= 561 x 42 = 23562 N
=23.562 kN

Assumption: Bolt is not initially stressed.

Stresses due to External Forces Stresses due to External Forces

The following stresses are induced in a bolt when it is External load applied
subjected to an external load.

1. Tensile stress The value of the nominal diameter of bolt corresponding

to the value of dc may be obtained from Table. or it may
The bolts, studs and screws usually carry a load in the be found by using the relation
direction of the bolt axis which induces a tensile stress
in the bolt Stress area =

dc = Root or core diameter of the thread

If the external load is taken up by a number of bolts
σt = Permissible tensile stress for the bolt material

Stresses due to External Forces Question

2. Shear stress Two machine parts are fastened together tightly

Shearing load carried by the bolts: by means of a 24 mm tap bolt. If the load tending
to separate these parts is neglected, find the
stress that is set up in the bolt by the initial
tightening.

d = Major diameter of the bolt

n = Number of bolts

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Answer Combined tension and shear stress

Given
d = 24 mm
Maximum principle shear stress
From table (coarse series) core diameter of the thread
corresponding to M24 is dc = 20.32 mm
σt = Stress set up in the bolt
Initial tension in the bolt
Maximum principle tensile stress
Initial tension in the bolt can also be calculated using

These stresses should not exceed the safe permissible

value of stresses

Question Answer
An eye bolt is to be used for lifting of 60 kN. Find the nominal Given
diameter of the bolt, if the tensile stress is not to exceed 100
MPa. Assume coarse threads. P = 60 kN = 60 x 103 N; σt = 100 MPa = 100 N/mm2;
d = Nominal diameter of the bolt
dc = Minor diameter of the bolt

Load on the bolt (P):

From table standard core diameter (dc) is 28.706 mm and

the corresponding nominal diameter (d) is 33 mm.

Any Questions?

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