SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Definition:If
() and ∅() are two functions such that, ∅() =
() then ∅() is called integral


of
() or anti – derivative or primitive and we write it as
()  = ∅() and read it as:
‘integral of
() w.r.t.  is ∅()’

()  = ∅() ⟺ ∅() =
()



Since integration is the reserve process of differentiation, an integral of a function can be

obtained by the inverting the formula of the derivatives. From the formulae of derivatives, we can
obtain directly the corresponding formulae for integrals as shown below:

INTEGRALS OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS:

Differentiation Integration
d 
(x ) = (n + 1)x  x  dx = + C Where,  ≠ −1

dx 

1dx = x + c


(x) = 1

d 1 −1 1 −1
! "= # dx = +c
dx x x x # x

d 1 1
$%x& =  dx = 2%x + c
dx 2 %x %x
d 1 1
(log x) =  dx = log+x+ + c
dx x x

d 
(e ) =  e e dx = e + c
dx
d 
a dx = + c Where, a > 0, a≠ 1
./
(a ) =  a log a
dx 012 .

(sin x) = cos x cos xdx = sin x + c

4
4

d
(cos x) =  − sin x sin xdx =  − cos x + c
dx

1
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

d
(tan x) = sec # x sec # xdx = tan x + c
dx
d
(cot x) = −cosec # x cosec # xdx =  − cot x + c
dx
d
(sec x) = sec x tan x sec x tan xdx = secx + c
dx
d
(cosecx) =  −cosecx cot x cosecx cot xdx =  −cosecx + c
dx

(sin8 x) =  (cos 8 x) = dx = sin8 x + cOR −cos 8 x + c


&
4  4 8
4 %89 4 %89 %89

(tan8 x) =  (cot 8 x) =  dx = tan8 x + cOR −cot 8 x + c

4  4 8 
4 9 4 9 9
&

(sec 8 x) = (cosec 8 x) = dx = sec 8 x + cOR −cosec 8 x + c

4  4 8 
4 %9 8 4 %9 8 %9 8
&

Rules of Integration:
1. 
() + :()  =
()  + :() 
2. 
() − :()  =
()  − :() 
3. ;
()  = ;
()  where ‘K’ is constant
4. If ; and ;# are constants then ;
 () + ;#
# ()  = ;
 ()  + ;#
# () 
If
()  = ∅() + < then
(= + >)  = ∅(= + >) + <

?
5.
Note: This Rule 5 tells us that if is replaced by = + > in integrals of the standard function, then
in standard formulae we may replace  by = + > and divide the obtained answer by =

 (0A)
(lx + m) dx =

x  dx = + C Where, n ≠ −1 + cWhere, n ≠ -1
 0 

1 −1 1 −1
dx = +c dx = +c
x # x (lx + m)# l(lx + m)

1 1 2
dx = 2%x + c dx = %lx + m + c
%x %lx + m l

1 1 1
dx = log+x+ + c dx = log+lx + m+ + c
x lx + m l

1
e dx = e + c e0A dx = e0A + c
l

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 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

./ 1 a0A
a dx = + c Where, a > 0, a≠ 1 a0A dx = +c
012 . l loga

1
cos xdx = sin x + c cos(lx + m)dx = sin(lx + m) + c
l

1
sin xdx =  − cos x + c sin(lx + m)dx = − cos(lx + m) + c
l

1
sec # xdx = tan x + c sec # (lx + m)dx = tan(lx + m) + c
l

1
cosec # xdx =  − cot x + c cosec # (lx + m)dx =  − cot(lx + m) + c
l

1
sec x tan xdx = secx + c sec(lx + m). tan(lx + m)dx = sec(lx + m)  + c
l

1
cosecx cot xdx =  −cosecx + c cosec(lx + m)cot(lx + m)dx = − cosec(lx + m)  + c
l

1 1 1
dx = sin x + c
8 dx = sin8 (lx + m) + D
C1 − (lx + m)# l
%1 − x #
OR −cos8 x + c OR − cos8 (lx + m) + c

0

1 1 1
dx = tan8 x + c dx = tan8 (lx + m) + c
1 + x# 1 + (lx + m)# l
OR −cot 8 x + c OR − 0 cot 8 (lx + m) + c


1 1 1
dx = sec 8 x + c dx = sec 8 (lx + m) + c
(lx + m)C(lx + m)# − 1 l
x%x # − 1
OR −cosec 8 x + c OR − 0 cosec 8 (lx + m) + c


Note: (1) The standard formulae given in general form need not be memorized separately. Students
should study preceding remark carefully and use it directly while solving examples on
integration.
(2) Students should note that the above remarks hold good only if is replaced by a linear
function = + >. It does not hold good if  is replaced by, say,  # , F  , sin etc.

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 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

SOME STANDARD INTEGRAL FORMULA:

f H (x)
dx = log+f(x)+ + c
f(x)
1

f H (x)
dx = 2Cf(x) + c
Cf(x)
2


 H $f(x)&
$f(x)& f (x)dx = +c
n+1
3

4 tanxdx = log +secx+ + c = − log+cosx+ + c

5 cot xdx = log+sin x+ + c = − log+cosecx+ + c

x π
sec xdx = log +sec x + tan x+ + c = log Itan J + MI + c
2 4
6

x
cosecxdx = log+cosecx − cot x+ + c = log Itan I + c
2
7

1 1 x
dx = tan8 J M + c
x# +a # a a
8

1 1 a+x
dx = log N N+c
a# −x # 2a a−x
9

1 1 x−a
dx = log I I+c
x # − a# 2a x+a
10

1
dx = log Ix + Cx # + a# I + c
%x # + a#
11

1
dx = log Ix + Cx # − a# I + c
%x # − a#
12

1 x
dx = sin8 J M + c
%a# − x # a
13

x a# x
Ca# − x # dx = Ca# − x # +  sin8 J M + c
2 2 a
14

x a#
Cx # + a# dx = Cx # + a# +  log Ix + Cx # + a# I + c
2 2
15

x a#
Cx # − a# dx = Cx # − a# − log Ix + Cx # − a# I + c
2 2
16

17 F  
() +
H ()  = F 
() + <

4
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

Integral / Type Method

1. tan# x dx Put tan# x = sec # x − 1

2. cot # x dx Put cot # x =  cosec # x − 1

8O1P#
3. sin# x dx Put sin# x = J #
M

O1P#
4. cos # x dx Put cos# x = J #
M

Q 
sinQ x dx Put sinQx = sin  − sin(3x)
R R
5.

Q 
cos Q x dx Put cosQ x = cos x + cos(3x)
R R
6.

 
dx, dx
±PU  PVO ±W. 
1
dx
7. Rationalize it
cosecx ± cot x

1
dx
Either rationalize it or use half angle formula
1 ± cos x 
1 + cos x = 2 cos # J M& 1 – cos x = 2 sin# J M

8.
# #

To integrate, the product of Sine

9. and sine, sine and cosine, cosine Use defactorisation formula
and cosine.

10. C1 ± sin x dx Use half angle formula,1 ± sin 2θ = (cosθ ± sinθ)#


Use half angle formula,1 + cosx = 2cos# J M,
#
C1 ± cos  dx x
1– cosx = 2sin# J M
11.
2
Z()
dx
[()
Where P(x) and Q(x) are 1. Divide P(x) by Q(x)
12. polynomial in x 2. Write P(x) = quotient. Q(x) + remainder
(degree of P(x) ≥ degree of Q(x)) 3. Put value of P(x) in integral and take separate division.

If degree of _() ≤ 1
]()
? 9 ^
 where _() is a 1. Separate division & Separate integrals
ab ()
 = log
() + < and standard formulae.
13. polynomial in x.
a()
2. Use

If degree of _() ≥ 2

5
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

1. First divide _()>c= # + >

2. Write P(x) = quotient (= # + >) + remainder
3. Put value of P(x) in integral and take separate division
and then integrate.

f()
P(x)%ax + b dx , dx
%.g
Put (= + >)  = h
f()
14. P(x)(ax + b) dx, (.g)
dx

Where, P(x) is polynomial in x

4
. PU g O1P  .V/ g 4
dx dx
1. write NR = A(DR)+B (DR)
O PU 4 O1P  OV/ 4
,
2. Find A and B
15. 3. Put value of NR in integral.
Note : Answer is always
i + jkl:+mn+ + <
4. Take separate division and separate integral.
ob ()
dx = log+f(x)+ + <
o()
5. use

PU(.) PU(.)
dx dx 1. Adjust angle of DR in NR
PU(g) O1P(g)
2. Apply formula sin (A ± B), cos (A ± B) in NR only.
,
O1P(.) O1P(.)
dx,
16.
PU(g) O1P(g)
dx
3. Take separate division and Separate integral.

1
1. Multiply and divide by cos (b – a).
dx 2. Write (b – a) = (x − a) − (x − b) in NR.
17. sin(x − a) cos(x − b)
3. Apply formula cos (A – B) in NR only.
4. Take separate division and Separate integral.

1
dx
1. Multiply and divide by sin (b – a)
sin(x − a) sin(x − b) 2. Write (b – a) = (x − a) − (x − b) in NR.
1
dx
cos(x − a) cos(x − b)
18. 3. Apply formula sin (A – B) in NR only.
4. Take separate division and Separate integral.
Note : In above method, instead of (b – a) we can take (a – b)

1. Find %a# + b # = r
2. Divide and multiply by r in DR only.
1 . g . g
dx 3. Put = cos ∝ , = sin ∝OR = sin ∝ , = cos ∝
19. asinx + bcosx q q q q

4. Put DR in form sin (A + B) OR In form cos (A + B).

5. use formula cosecdxst secxdx
g .
6. Replace ∝= tan8 J M st ∝= tan8 J M
. g

6
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

(wx)9  #
OR = J × <lF

{<{Fhl
M
R(yx) #
1. Find LT =

1 1 When coefficient of  # is 1
dx,
ax + bx + c
# quadratic
20.
2. Make complete square
  
3. Apply formula, 9 .9
dx , .9 89
dx , 9 8.9
dx

(ax #
4
1. Express k + ~ = i + bx + c) + B
4

2. Obtain the value of A and B by equating the coefficient of

like powers of x on both sides
0UV.q 0A
dx
3. Replacek + ~ = i 4 (ax # + bx + c) + B in given integral
4
|}.4q.WUO .9 gO
,
21.
4. Take separate division and separate integral.
ob ()
dx = log+f(x)+ + c
o()
5. In one integral , use formula,

|}.4q.WUO
6. In another integral, use type,

1 1. Divide NR and DR by cos# x.

dx
asin# x + bcos# x + c
2. Convert each term of DR in tanx using 1+tan# θ= sec # θ.
1
dx
asin# x + bcos# x
22.
3. Put tanx = t.
  
.PU9 O
dx , gO1P9 O
dx 4. Convert integral into type |}.4q.WUO


1 1. Put tanJ#M = t (angle of tan is half of angle of sin & cos)
dx
asinx + bcosx + c 
M dt
1 W9
2. dx = 2J
dx
a sin x + b cos x #W.(€#) #W 8W.9 (€#)
3. sin x = W.9 (€#) = W9 , Cos x = W.9 (€#) = W9
8W9
23.

 
. PU O
dx , g O1P O
dx 
|}.4q.WUO
4. Covert integral in type

1
dx Put x = t ‚ Where k is LCM of n and m.
x + x
24.  


Odd power of sin x or cos x 1. Separate one sin x or cos x.

2. Put remaining in terms of power of sin# xorcos# x.
sin xdx,

cos x dx

3. Replace sin# x = 1 − cos # xorcos # x = 1 − sin# x
25.

Where, n is odd natural number 4. Put cos x = t or sin x = t

1. Write integrand in power of sin# xorcos# x.

Even power of sin x or cos x.

sin xdx, cos xdx 2. Replace sin# x = J

8O1P #
Morcos# x =J
O1P #
M
# #
26.

Where, n is even natural number 3. Go to reducing power by step (2).

7
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

1. Separate one tan# xƒ„cot # x.

2. Replace that tan# x = sec # x − 1orcot # x = cosec # x − 1.
Any power of tan x or cot x

27. tan xdx, cot  x dx 3. Separate integral.

4. In one integral put tan x = t or cot x = t
Where, n is even or odd.
5. In another integral, repeat above steps, if require.

Even power of sec x or cosec x 1. Separate one sec # xƒ„cosec # x

2. Write remaining in power of sec # xorcosec # x.
sec xdx,

cosec xdx

3. Replace sec # x = 1 + tan# x orcosec # x = 1 + cot # x.
28.

Where, n is even natural number 4. Put tan x = t or cot x = t

Odd power of sec x or cosec x.

29. sec  xdx, cosec  xdx Use integration by parts.

Where, n = 3

If integrand Contains Substitute

1.%a# − x # x = a sin θ, x = a cos θ

2.%x # − a# x = a sec θ, x = a cosec θ

3. %a# + x # x = a tan θ, x = a cot θ

Example involving square root
30.

4.C(a − x)€(a + x) x = a cos θ

5.C(a − x)€x x = a sin# θ

6.%2ax − x # x = 2a sin# θ

(wx)9  #
1. Find LT = R(yx)
OR = J# × <lF

{<{Fhl
M
 
C|}.4q.WUO
,
%.9 gO
dx When coefficient of  # is 1
31.
2. Adjust LT and make complete square.
  
dx , dx, dx
%9 .9 %9 8.9 %.9 89
3. Use formula

1. Express k + ~ = i 4 (ax # + bx + c) + B
4

0UV.q 0A 2. Obtain the value of A and B by equating the coefficient

C|}.4q.WUO %.9 gO
, dx
32. of like powers of x on both sides

3. Replacek + ~ = i 4 (ax # + bx + c) + B in the given

4

integral

8
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

4. Take separate division & separate integral.

5. In one integral, substitute quadratic = t or
ob ()
dx = 2Cf(x) + c
Co()
use formula

C|}.4q.WUO
6. In another integral, use type

 
33. 0UV.q%0UV.q (Z|)%.g
dx Put ax + b = t # i.e. %linear = h

 

34. 0UV.qC|}.4q.WUO (Z|)%.9 gO Put px + q = W
dx

(wx)9  #
OR = J × <lF

{<{Fhl
M
R(yx) #
1. Find LT =

When coefficient of  # is 1
Cquadratic
2. Adjust LT and make complete square.
Cax #
35.
+ bx + c  3. Use formula %x # + a# dx , %x # − a# dx,

Ca# − x # dx

1. Express k + ~ = i 4 (ax # + bx + c) + B
4

2. Obtain the value of A and B by equating the coefficient

k{F=†Cquadratic
of like powers of x on both sides

3. Replacek + ~ = i 4 (ax # + bx + c) + B in the given

4

(k + ~)Cax # + bx + c 
36.
integral
4. Take separate integral.
5. In one integral, substitute quadratic = t
6. In another integral, use type Cquadratic

37. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION :

Z|
distinct linear factor
Z| ‡ ˆ
(8.)(8g)
Express : (8.)(8g) = +
(i) dx
(8.) (8g)

px # + qx + r
dx
distinct linear factor
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) Z9 |q ‡ ˆ
Express : (8.)(8g)(8O) = (8.) + (8g) + (8O)
‰
(ii)

px + q
dx
repetitive linear factor
(x − a)# Z|
Express : (8.)9 =
‡ ˆ
+ (8.)9
(iii)
(8.)

9
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

Z9 |q
repetitive linear factor
Z9 |q ‡ ˆ ‰
(8.)Š
= (8.) + (8.)9 + (8.)Š
(iv) dx
(8.)Š
Express :

Z9 |q
repetitive linear factor
Z9 |q ‡ ˆ ‰
(8.)9 (8g)
Express : (8.)9 (8g) = (8.) + (8.)9 + (8g)
(v) dx

px # + qx + r
dx
Linear & quadratic factor

(x − a)(x # + bx + c) Z9 |q ‡

Express: (8.)(9 gO) = (8.) + (9 gO)
ˆ‰
(vi)

1. Multiply x inside the bracket.

Inside power 2. Divide NR and DR by x  .
1
dx
38.
x(ax  + b)
3. Adjust derivative of DR in NR.
ob ()
4. Use formula
o()
dx = log+f(x)+ + c.

Outside power 1. Adjust x and (ax + b) in NR

1
dx
39. 2. Take separate division and Separate integral
x (ax + b)

3. Repeat above steps ‘n’ times.

du
uvdx = u vdx −  ! vdx" dx
dx
INTEGRATION BY PARTS :
40. To integrate, the product of two
different functions.

1. While using integration by parts we select the function ‘v’ such that vdxiseasilypossible
2. To select ‘u’ and ‘v’ we use LIATE rule
L – Log, I – Inverse, A – Algebraic, T –Trigo, E – Exponential
Function. We select ‘u’ as that function which come first in LIATE order
3. To integrate, sin8 x, cos8 x……..& log x we take v = 1 and apply integration by parts


()

1. Find the function
() such that = NR


sin  ± cos  2. Put
() = h


= + >{2 3. Squaring
() = h obtain value of {2
41.


|}.4q.WUO
4. Use type

x# + 1 
dx Divide by  # and put J ± M = h
xR + 1
42.

1. Multiply & divide by = + > into root

Ž Ž
‚‘?’ ?^
 0UV.q
‚‘?’ “
43. ,
C|}.4q.WUO
2. Convert into type

10
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

If f(x)dx = g(x) + c, then f(x)dx = g(x) = g(b) − g(a)

g g
. .
1

g g g
f(x) ± g(x) dx = f(x)dx ± g(x)dx
2
. . .

k. f(x)dx =k f(x)dx,where
g g
. .
3 k is a constant.

^ g
du
uvdx = (u vdx)g. − ! vdx" dx
4
dx
? .

g g
f(x)dx = f(t)dt
5
. .

g .
f(x)dx = − f(x)dx
6
. g

If a < c < b, then f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(x)dx

g O g
. . O
7

. .
f(x)dx = f(a − x)dx
8
— —

g g
f(x)dx = f(a + b − x)dx
9
. .

#. .
f(x)dx = f(x) + f(2a − x) dx
10
— —

f(x)dx =2 f(x)dx if f(x) = f(2a − x)

#. .
— —
11

.
2
f(x)dx™fšisanevenfunctions œ
.
f(x)dx = ˜
12
—
8.
0™fšisanoddfunctions

11
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

AREA UNDER THE CURVE:

(i) Area bounded by curve and axis: Y
c = 
()
The area A bounded by the curve c = 
(), the x – axis

and the ordinates  = = and  = > is given by

i= c =
() 
^ ^
? ?
 = =  = >
X
O

The area A bounded by the curve  = 
(c), the y – axis

Y
(ii)
c= 
and the lines c = < and c =  is given by
 =
(c)
i=  c=
(c) c
ž 
ž“ “
c = <

O X
Remarks: Y

(i) If the curve, under consideration, is below the Ÿ − axis O == =>
X
X’

Then the area bounded by curve, X – axis and lines

 = =,  = >is Negative

So we consider absolute value in such case

Y

Thus, required area = I
() I

^
Y’

?

¡£ 
 = =
(ii) The area above x – axis is taken as positive and below
X’ O h  = > X
x – axis as negative
¡¢ 
(iii) The area right to y– axis is taken as positive and left to

y – axis as negative.
Y’

(iii) If the curve under consideration, lies above as well as below the X- axis say i < 0= i# > 0,

then A, the area of region is given by, i = +i + + i# Where i =
()  = i# =
() 
^
?

12
 SHREEJI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY

Symmetry:

(1) Symmetry about X- axis: If on changing c to– c, there is no change in the equation of curve,

then curve is symmetry about X- axis

(2) Symmetry about Y- axis: If on changing to– , there is no change in the equation of curve,

then curve is symmetry about Y- axis

(3) Symmetry about both axes: If on changing  to –  and cto – c, there is no change in equation of

curve then the curve is symmetry about both axes

Area bounded by two curves:

Y

(i) The area A between the curves c =
 () and c = 
 ()

c# =
# () between the limits  = = to  = > is given

c# = 
# ()

by i =
() −
() = 
() −
# () 

^ ^ ^
?  ? # ? 
== =>
X
O

ori = (c − c# ) 
^
?
Y
# =
# (c)

(ii) The area A between the curves  =
 (c) and c= 

# =
# (c)between the limits y = c and y = d is given by  =
 (c)

i=
(c) c−
(c) c= 
(c) −
# (c) c

   c = <
“  “ # “ #

or i = ( − # ) c
 O X
“

13