1.

Advantages and Disadvantages of SaaS (Software as a Service)

Advantages:

1. Cost-effective – No need to buy, install, or maintain hardware/software.

2. Scalability – Easy to scale services up or down based on demand.
3. Accessibility – Accessible from anywhere via the internet.
4. Automatic updates – Providers handle updates and maintenance.
5. Reduced time to deploy – Quick setup and use.
6. Cross-device compatibility – Works on PCs, tablets, and smartphones.

Disadvantages:

1. Limited customization – Less control over features and functionality.

2. Data security risks – Sensitive data is stored offsite.
3. Internet dependency – Requires a stable internet connection.
4. Downtime risks – Service outages can affect productivity.
5. Compliance issues – Harder to meet some regulatory requirements.
6. Vendor lock-in – Switching providers may be difficult and costly.

2. Virtual Machines (VMs)

A Virtual Machine (VM) is a software emulation of a physical computer that runs an operating
system and applications like a physical machine.

Key Features:

 Each VM runs its own OS and applications.

 Uses a hypervisor (like VMware, Hyper-V, or KVM) to manage multiple VMs on a
single physical machine.
 VMs are isolated from each other, enhancing security and stability.
 They support server consolidation, saving costs and space.
 VMs can be easily backed up, restored, or migrated between physical servers.

3. Data Security Risks in Cloud Computing

1. Data Breaches – Unauthorized access to sensitive data.

2. Data Loss – Accidental deletion or corruption of data.
3. Account Hijacking – Stolen login credentials can compromise services.
4. Insider Threats – Employees or contractors misusing access.
5. Insecure APIs – Poorly secured APIs can be exploited.
6. Compliance Violations – Cloud storage may not meet legal requirements.
 7. Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks – Can bring down cloud services.

4. Distributed Computing

Distributed Computing is a model where computing tasks are divided among multiple
machines (nodes) connected via a network.

Characteristics:

 Scalability – Easily add more machines to handle more work.

 Fault Tolerance – Failure in one node doesn't crash the entire system.
 Resource Sharing – Nodes share processing power, memory, etc.
 Parallel Processing – Tasks are executed simultaneously to improve performance.
 Examples include cloud systems, peer-to-peer networks, and blockchain.

6. Difference Between Private Cloud and Public Cloud

Feature Private Cloud Public Cloud

Ownership Owned and operated by one org Owned by service providers (e.g., AWS)
Accessibility Restricted to internal users Open to general public or orgs
Security High – controlled environment Varies – shared infrastructure
Cost High (setup & maintenance) Pay-as-you-go, cost-effective
Customization Highly customizable Limited customization
Use Case Sensitive or critical data General-purpose computing

Grid computing is a type of distributed computing where resources like processing power,
storage, and data from multiple computers are combined to work on a single task or set of tasks.

Key Features:

 Resource Sharing: Uses idle resources from different locations.

 Parallel Processing: Tasks are divided and run simultaneously across many systems.
 Heterogeneous Systems: Different computers (even with different OS) can work
together.
 Geographically Distributed: Resources can be located in different cities or countries.
 Scalability: Easily scalable by adding more computers to the grid.
Use Cases:

 Scientific research (e.g., climate modeling, space exploration)

 Large-scale data analysis
 Complex mathematical calculations

Example:
The SETI@home project uses volunteers’ computers worldwide to analyze radio signals for
signs of extraterrestrial life.

7. Explain Business Benefits in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing offers several benefits to businesses that improve efficiency, reduce costs, and
enhance innovation:

1. Cost Savings:
o No need for upfront investment in hardware or infrastructure.
o Pay only for what you use (pay-as-you-go model).
2. Scalability:
o Easily scale up or down based on business demand.
o Ideal for growing or seasonal businesses.
3. Flexibility & Mobility:
o Access data and applications from anywhere, on any device.
o Supports remote work and global operations.
4. Speed and Agility:
o Quick deployment of resources and applications.
o Faster time-to-market for products and services.
5. Disaster Recovery & Backup:
o Automatic data backup and recovery in case of failure or loss.
6. Security & Compliance:
o Cloud providers offer advanced security tools and compliance support.

8. Briefly Explain Apache Hadoop Library (6 Marks)

Apache Hadoop is an open-source framework used for processing and storing large-scale
data across clusters of computers.
Core Components:

1. HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System):

o Stores large data files across multiple machines with redundancy.
2. MapReduce:
o A programming model for processing big data in parallel.
3. YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator):
o Manages and schedules resources across the cluster.
4. Hadoop Common:
o Provides libraries and utilities used by other Hadoop modules.

Benefits:

 Handles big data efficiently.

 Works on commodity hardware, reducing cost.
 Fault-tolerant and highly scalable.
 Used by companies like Facebook, Amazon, and LinkedIn.

Section -b

9. Services and Deployment Models in Cloud Computing

Cloud Service Models:

1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service):

o Provides virtualized computing resources like servers, storage, and networking.
o Example: Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure VMs.
2. PaaS (Platform as a Service):
o Offers platforms to develop, test, and deploy applications without managing
infrastructure.
o Example: Google App Engine, Heroku.
3. SaaS (Software as a Service):
o Delivers software applications over the internet.
o Example: Gmail, Microsoft Office 365.

Cloud Deployment Models:

1. Public Cloud:
o Services offered over the internet and shared among multiple users.
o Example: AWS, Google Cloud.
2. Private Cloud:
o Cloud infrastructure used exclusively by one organization.
 oMore secure and customizable.
3. Hybrid Cloud:
o Combines public and private cloud features.
o Data and apps can move between environments.
4. Community Cloud:
o Shared among organizations with similar goals or requirements.

✅ 10. Short Notes

a) PaaS (Platform as a Service):

 A cloud service that provides a development and deployment environment.

 Developers can build apps without managing infrastructure.
 Supports tools, databases, and middleware.
 Example: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Service.

b) Integration of Private and Public Cloud:

 Known as Hybrid Cloud.

 Combines the security of private cloud with the flexibility of public cloud.
 Helps manage sensitive data privately while using public cloud for less critical services.
 Useful for disaster recovery, scalability, and cost efficiency.

✅ 11. a) What is Virtualization? Explain Its Uses

Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual version of hardware, OS, storage, or network
resources.

Uses:

 Allows multiple operating systems on one physical machine.

 Reduces hardware costs.
 Supports resource isolation and improves system utilization.
 Enables quick deployment and recovery of applications.
 Common in cloud data centers to maximize efficiency.

✅ 11. b) Access Control and Authentication in Cloud Computing

  Access Control:
Ensures that only authorized users can access certain data or services. Methods include
role-based access control (RBAC), policies, and permissions.
 Authentication:
Confirms user identity using credentials like usernames, passwords, biometrics, or multi-
factor authentication (MFA).
Important for protecting data from unauthorized access in cloud environments.

✅ 12. Working of MapReduce with Example

MapReduce is a programming model for processing large datasets in parallel.

Two Phases:

1. Map Phase:
o Input data is split into chunks.
o Each chunk is processed to produce key-value pairs.
2. Reduce Phase:
o Key-value pairs are grouped by key.
o Values for each key are combined to get the final result.

Example: Word Count

 Input: Text files with sentences.

 Map: Each word is mapped as (word, 1).
 Reduce: Adds all values for each word to get total count.

Result: (word1, 5), (word2, 3), etc.

✅ 13. a) Google App Engine

 A PaaS by Google for developing and hosting web applications.

 Supports multiple languages (Java, Python, Node.js, etc.)
 Automatically handles infrastructure, scaling, and monitoring.
 Developers just focus on coding and deployment.

✅ 13. b) Aneka

 Aneka is a .NET-based platform for developing and deploying cloud applications.

 Supports multiple programming models like Task, Thread, and MapReduce.
  Offers resource management, billing, and monitoring.
 Used in both private and public cloud setups.

✅ 14. Short Notes

a) Multi-Tenancy Issue:

 In cloud computing, multiple users (tenants) share the same infrastructure.

 Issues arise when one tenant's data or performance affects others.
 Requires strong data isolation, security, and resource allocation mechanisms.

b) Cloud Infrastructure Services:

 Known as IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service).

 Provides virtual machines, storage, networking, and load balancers.
 Users manage OS and apps; the provider manages hardware.
 Example: AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine.