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102S207 CS19L01

Chapter 5 discusses eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and diagonalization, defining key concepts and properties related to linear operators and their corresponding matrices. It provides examples illustrating the relationship between eigenvalues and eigenvectors, including how to determine them from matrices. The chapter concludes with a homework set for practice on the material covered.

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6 views8 pages

102S207 CS19L01

Chapter 5 discusses eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and diagonalization, defining key concepts and properties related to linear operators and their corresponding matrices. It provides examples illustrating the relationship between eigenvalues and eigenvectors, including how to determine them from matrices. The chapter concludes with a homework set for practice on the material covered.

Uploaded by

neil.tu.tu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 5

EIGENVALUES, EIGENVECTORS, AND DIAGONALIZATION


Definition

Note: In these definitions v ∈ Rn and λ ∈ R, but sometimes it is


necessary to extend the domain of T to allow v ∈ Cn and λ ∈ C.
Example:
y
reflection operator T about the line y = (1/2)x

L b1 is an eigenvector of T corresponding
b2 to the eigenvalue 1.
b1 = T (b1 ) x
b2 is an eigenvector of T corresponding
to the eigenvalue -1.
T (b2 ) = b2
Definition

Note: In these definitions v ∈ Rn and λ ∈ R, but sometimes it is


necessary to allow v ∈ Cn and λ ∈ C.

Example: 0.6 0.8
A=
0.8 0.6
       
5 7 2 1
A = ,A = ,A = ,A =
5 6 1 2

non-eigenvectors eigenvectors
Example:
2 3 2 3
5 2 1 1
A=4 2 1 1 5 v=4 1 5 ⇒
2 2 4 1
2 32 3 2 3 2 3
5 2 1 1 4 1
Av = 4 2 1 1 5 4 1 5 = 4 4 5 = 4 4 1 5 = 4v ⇒
2 2 4 1 4 1

A(cv) = c(Av) = c(4v) = 4(cv), 8c 2 R

An eigenvector of A corresponds to a unique eigenvalue.


An eigenvalue of A has infinitely many eigenvectors.

Property
The eigenvectors and corresponding eigenvalues of a linear operator are the same
as those of its standard matrix.

Proof T(v) = λv ⇔ Av = λv.


Property
Let A be an n⇥n matrix with eigenvalue . The eigenvectors of A corresponding
to are the nonzero solutions of (A In )v = 0.

Proof Av = λv ⇔ Av - λv = 0 ⇔ Av - λInv = 0 ⇔ (A - λIn)v = 0.

Definition

Definition

Example: to check 3 and -2 are eigenvalues of the linear operator


✓ ◆ 
x1 2x2
T =
x2 3x1 + x2

0 2
consider its standard matrix A =
3 1

The rank of A - 3I2 is 1, so its null space is not the zero space, and
every nonzero vector in the null space is an eigenvector of T
corresponding to the eigenvalue 3.
Similarly, the rank of A + 2I2 is 1, so its null space is not the zero
space, and every nonzero vector in the null space is an eigenvector
of T corresponding to the eigenvalue -2.
Example: to check that 3 is an eigenvalue of B and find a basis for
the corresponding eigenspace, where
2 3
3 0 0
B=4 0 1 2 5
0 2 1

find the reduced row echelon form of B - 3I3 and the


solution set of (B - 3I3)x = 0, respectively, to be
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
0 1 1 x1 x1 1 0
4 0 0 0 5 4 x2 5 = 4 x3 5 = x1 4 0 5 + x3 4 1 5
0 0 0 x3 x3 0 1

Thus {[ 1 0 0 ]T, [ 0 1 1 ]T} is a basis of the eigenspace


of B corresponding to the eigenvalue 3.
Example: some square matrices and linear operators on Rn have no

0 1
real eigenvalues, like the 90º-rotation matrix 1 0
T (x) = Ax = x
An eig. vec. x ===> unique eig. val. λ.

An eig. val. λ ===> multiple eig. vectors x.

===> The set of all eig. vectors corr. to λ is

{x 2 Rn : (A In )x = 0} \ {0}

eigenspace corr. to the eig. val. λ


7
Homework Set for Sections 5.1

Section 5.1: Problems 1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 29, 31,
35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59

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