GLOBALIZATION AND MIGRATION

McRey Banderlipe II, M.Sc.

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 Credits: Organization
for Economic
Cooperation and
Development

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 Definition
● (Human) Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to
another with the intention of settling, whether permanently or temporarily, at
the new location.

● Types:
○ Internal migration - people moving from one area to another within one country
○ International migration - people cross borders from one country to another

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 International Migration
● International migration can be broken down into several (non-exhaustive)
groups:
○ Immigrants - people who move permanently to another country
○ Temporary labor migrants - people who stay in another country for a fixed period
○ Illegal migrants - migration of people through violation of that country’s immigration laws, also
includes irregular migrants
○ Petitioned migrants - migrants whose family petitioned or sponsored them to move into the
country of destination.
○ Refugees and asylum seekers - those “unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded
fear of prosecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion (i.e. Rohingya refugees, Refugee Olympic Team, refugees from
Syria, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Ukraine, South Sudan, Central African Republic, and Myanmar).

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 ● Migration is a key feature of our increasingly interconnected world. It has also
become a flashpoint for debate in many countries, which underscores the
importance of understanding the patterns of global migration and the
economic impact that is created when people move across the world’s
borders.

● A report from the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), “People on the Move:
Global Migration’s Impact and Opportunity”, aims to fill this need.

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 Thoughts from the MGI Report
● Refugees might be the face of migration in the media,
○ But 90 percent of the world’s 247 million migrants have moved across borders voluntarily,
usually for economic reasons.
○ Voluntary migration flows are typically gradual, placing less stress on logistics and on the
social fabric of destination countries than refugee flows.
○ Most voluntary migrants are working-age adults, a characteristic that helps raise the share of
the population that is economically active in destination countries.

● By contrast, the remaining 10 percent are refugees and asylum seekers who
have fled to another country to escape conflict and persecution.
○ Roughly half of the world’s 24 million refugees are in the Middle East and North Africa,
reflecting the dominant pattern of flight to a neighboring country.

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 Thoughts from the MGI Report
● But the recent surge of arrivals in Europe has focused the developed world’s
attention on this issue.
○ A companion report, “Europe’s New Refugees: A Road Map for Better Integration Outcomes”,
examines the challenges and opportunities confronting individual countries.
○ Fifty percent of global migrants have moved from the developing countries to the developed
zones of the world and contribute anywhere from 40 to 80 percent of their labor force.
○ Their growth has outstripped the population growth in the developing countries (3 percent
versus only 0.6 percent), such that today, according to the MGI, “First generation immigrants
constitute 13 percent of the population in Western Europe, 15 percent in North America, and
48 percent in the GCC countries.” (Gulf Cooperation Council, which includes Bahrain, Kuwait,
Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates)
○ The majority of migrants remain in the United States, 95 percent in the United Kingdom, and
(percent in Australia. Once settled, they contribute enormously to raising the productivity of
their host countries.

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 Global Migration
● Global Migration is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries,
especially to find work.
● Most global migration is from developing countries to developed ones. Global
migration can be understood as a cause and effect relationship, though the
causes are just as numerous as their effects.
● People move across international borders for variety of reasons: Pull and
push factors.
○ Pull factors - Reasons to migrate, factors that attract people in are where immigrants are going
○ Push factors - Reasons to leave, factors that lead migrants decide to leave their home.

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 Credits: Dina Jaccob
(2013).
“Euro-Mediterranean
Security and
Cooperation:
Immigration Policies
and Implications”

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 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
● Even if 90% of the value generated by migrant workers remains in their host countries, they
have sent billions back to their home countries through remittances.
○ These remittances make significant contributions to the development of small-and
medium-term industries that help generate jobs.
○ Remittances likewise change the economic and social standing of migrants, shown by
new or renovated homes and their relatives‟ access to new consumer goods.
○ The purchasing power of migrant’s family doubles and makes it possible for children to
start or continue their schooling.

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 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
● Yet, there remain serious concerns about the economic sustainability of those reliant on
migrant monies.
○ The Asian Development Bank (ADB) observes that in countries like the Philippines,
remittances “do not have a significant influence on other key items of consumption or
investment such as spending on education and health care.”
○ Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting “household out of poverty…but not in
rebalancing growth, especially in the long run.

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 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
● Global migration is “siphoning…qualified personnel, [and] removing dynamic young workers.
This process had often been referred to as “brain drain.”
○ According to MGI, countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia have lost one-third of their
college graduates.
■ Sixty percent of those who moved to OECD destinations were college graduates,
compared to just nine percent (9%) of the overall population in the country.
■ Fifty-two percent of Filipino who leaves for work in the developed world has tertiary
education, which is more than the double 23 percent of the overall Filipino
population.

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 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
● Furthermore, the loss of professionals in certain key roles, such as doctors, has been
detrimental to the migrants‟ home countries.
○ In 2006, some 15 percent of locally-trained doctors from 21 sub-Saharan African
countries had emigrated to the United States or Canada
○ The losses were particularly steep in Liberia (where 43 percent of doctors left), Ghana
(30 percent), and Uganda (20 percent)

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 Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
● Governments are aware of this long-term handicap, but have no choice but to continue
promoting migrants work as part of state policy because of the remittances‟ impact on GDP.
○ They are equally “concerned with generating jobs for an underutilized workforce and in
getting the maximum possible inflow of worker remittances.
○ Governments are thus actively involved in the recruitment and deployment of works,
some of them setting up special departments like the Bureau of Manpower, Employment
and Training in Bangladesh; the Office of the Protector of Emigrants within the Indian
Labor Ministry; and the Philippine Overseas Employment Agency (POEA).
○ The sustainability of migrant-dependent economies will partially depend on the strength
of these institutions.

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 Something to ponder…

How does immigration impact the economy? | CNBC Explains

Introducing Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants

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 Something to ponder…

How does immigration impact the economy? | CNBC Explains

Introducing Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants

This presentation is protected by national and international copyright laws. Reproduction and distribution of the presentation without permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.
© Mc Reynald II Banderlipe, All rights reserved.
 Movie Review: Milan
● What is the movie or documentary all about?
● What are the themes shown in the movie?
● Do you think the movie or documentary
effectively discussed those theme or themes?
● How is the movie or documentary related to
the current lesson?

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