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Rohan SQL - ydydyd

Electronics and telecommunication (University of Mumbai)

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DAY 1
Thursday, July 16, 2020 9:35 AM

SQL ( STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE )

DATABASE

What is DATA ?
"Data is a raw-fact which describes the attributes of an Entity ".
Properties or Attributes

I am creating an account for myself :

Attributes
Laptop Laptop
First name : Rohan
Surname : Singh Brand : Dell Brand : Apple
Phone number : 9876543210 RAM : 8gb RAM : 16gb
Password : Rohan@123 Touch : no Touch : yes
Dob : 14-MAY-199X
Gender : MALE Height : 20cms
Contacts
Name : Dinga
Color : blue Phone : 108
Example : Water Bottle
DOB: 14-feb-95
Entity
Capacity : 500ml
Attributes

DATABASE :

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"Database is a place or a medium in which we store the data in a

Systematic and organized manner "

STUDENT : YOU HAVE TO PRESENT

Database
PPT

Dinga PPT
HARD DISK

PEN DRIVE

➢ The basic operations that can be performed on a database are

▪ CREATE / INSERT
▪ READ / RETRIEVE
▪ UPDATE / MODIFY
▪ DELETE / DROP

➢ These operations are referred as "CRUD" Operations .

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ( DBMS ) :

"It is a software which is used to maintain and manage

The database "
➢ Security and authorization are the two important features that
DBMS provides .
Software

Data

QUERY
LANGUAGE Database

DBMS
➢ We use query language to communicate or interact with DBMS
➢ DBMS stores the data in the form of files .

A D E
B C

RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

( RDBMS ):

"It is a type of DBMS software in which we store the data

In the form of Tables ( rows & columns ) ".
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In the form of Tables ( rows & columns ) ".

Software

Data

STRUCTURED
QUERY Database
LANGUAGE
RDBMS

• We use SQL to communicate or interact with RDBMS

• RDBMS stores the data in the form of Tables.

Names
Example :
A
B
C
D
E

Notes link : bit.ly/roSQLQCDM34

Mail ID : [email protected]
Instagram : ro_sql_helpmate

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DAY 2
Friday, 17 July 2020 8:59 AM

RELATIONAL MODEL :

Relational Model was designed by E.F CODD .

In Relational Model we can store the data in the from of tables .

Any DBMS which follows Relational Model becomes RDBMS .

DBMS. Relational Model RDBMS

Any DBMS which follows rules of EF CODD becomes RDBMS .

TABLE : "It is a logical organization of data which consists of

Columns &Rows .

Columns / Attribute / Fields

Rows
/ Cell
Records
/
Tuples

Example : Emp ( Entity )

- Eid
Employee : - Ename
EID ENAME SALARY
- Salary
1 SMITH 1000
2 ALLEN 1500
3 CLARK 2000

RULES OF E.F CODD :

1. The data entered into a cell must always be a single valued data .

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RULES OF E.F CODD :

1. The data entered into a cell must always be a single valued data .

Example :

EID ENAME PHONE_NO

1 SMITH 101
2 ALLEN 102 , 202
3 CLARK 103

EID ENAME PHONE_NO ALTERNATE NO

1 SMITH 101
2 ALLEN 102 202
3 CLARK 103

2. According to E.F CODD we can store the data in Multiple Tables ,

If needed we can establish a connection between the tables with the
Help of Key Attribute .

3. In RDBMS we store everything in the from of tables including

Metadata .

Example : Metadata : The details about a data is knows as Metadata.

EID ENAME PHOTO

1 SMITH
2 ALLEN PHOTO
3 CLARK Image Name : Mypic
size : 127kb
resolution : 400 x 600
format : jpeg
DATA

MetaTable
Image name size Format Resolution
Mypic 127 jpeg 400 x 600

4. The data entered into the table can be validated in 2 steps .

i. By Downloaded
assigning Datatypes
by Nithyashree .
Mohan ([email protected])
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4. The data entered into the table can be validated in 2 steps .

i. By assigning Datatypes .
ii. By assigning Constraints .
Datatypes are mandatory , whereas Constraints are Optional .

DATATYPES :

It is used to specify or determine the type of data that will be stored

In a particular memory location .

Datatypes in SQL :

1. CHAR
2. VARCHAR / VARCHAR2
3. DATE
4. NUMBER
5. LARGE OBJECTS
i. Character Large Object .
ii. Binary Large Object .

NOTE : SQL is not a Case Sensitive Language .

1. CHAR : In character datatype we can store 'A-Z' , 'a-z' , '0-9'

And Special Characters( $ , & , @ , ! … ) .

Ø Characters must always be enclosed within single quotes ' '.

Ø Whenever we use char datatype we must mention size
Ø Size : it is used to specify number of characters it can store .
§ The maximum number of characters it can store is
2000ch.
Ø Char follows fixed length memory allocation .
Syntax: CHAR ( SIZE )

Example : CHAR ( 8 )

Q S P

Used Memory Unused Memory ( memory wastage )

2. VARCHAR : In varchar datatype we can store 'A-Z' , 'a-z' , '0-9'

And Special
Downloaded Characters(
by Nithyashree $,&,@,!…).
Mohan ([email protected])
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Used Memory Unused Memory ( memory wastage )

2. VARCHAR : In varchar datatype we can store 'A-Z' , 'a-z' , '0-9'

And Special Characters( $ , & , @ , ! … ) .

○ Characters must always be enclosed within single quotes ' '.

○ Whenever we use char datatype we must mention size
○ Size : it is used to specify number of characters it can store .
§ The maximum number of characters it can store is
2000ch.
○ VarChar follows variable length memory allocation .

Syntax: VARCHAR ( SIZE )

Example : VARCHAR ( 8 )

Q S P

Used Memory Unused Memory ( free memory )

NOTE : VARCHAR2 : it is an updated version of varchar where in

We can store up to 4000Ch.

Syntax: VARCHAR2( SIZE )

Example :
STUDENT
USN SNAME ADDRESS PAN_NO
CHAR(4) VARCHAR(10) VARCHAR(10) CHAR(10)
QSP1 DINGA BANGALORE ABC123XYZ1
QSP2 DINGI MYSORE ABC123XYZ2

ASSIGNMENT :

1. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN CHAR & VARCHAR

ASCII : [ American Standard Code For Information Interchange ]

'A' 65
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ASCII : [ American Standard Code For Information Interchange ]

'A' 65
'Z' 90
'a' 97
'z' 122

Basavanagudi Bangalore Contact Details :

Counselors Number :
1 9845687781
2 9686700900

HR Number :
1 9686700800 Freshers ( 2018 , 2019 , 2020 )
2 9663011671 Experienced ( Below 2018 )
3 7337885026 What's App Contact

Social Media :
Facebook Qspiders Basavanagudi
Instagram Qspiders_basavanagudi
YouTube Qspiders Basavanagudi

My Contact :
Notes bit.ly/roSQLQCDM34
Software bit.ly/roSoftWIN
bit.ly/roSoftMAC
Mail [email protected]
Instagram Ro_sql_helpmate

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DAY 3
Monday, July 20, 2020 9:40 AM

3. NUMBER : It is used to store numeric values .

SYNTAX: NUMBER ( Precision , [ Scale ] )

[ ] - Not Mandatory .

Precision : it is used to determine the number of digits used

To store integer value .

Scale : it is used to determine the number of digits used to store

Decimal ( floating ) value within the precision .
➢ Scale is not mandatory , and the default value of scale
Is zero ( 0 ) .

Example : Number ( 3 ) +/- 999

Example : Number ( 5 , 0 ) +/- 99999
Example : Number ( 5 , 2 ) +/- 999.99
Example : Number ( 7 , 3 ) +/- 9999.999
Example : Number ( 4 , 4 ) +/- .9999
Example : Number ( 5 , 4 ) +/- 9.9999
Example : Number ( 3 , 6 ) +/- .000999
Example : Number ( 5 , 8 ) +/- .00099999
Example : Number ( 2 , 7 ) +/- .0000099

EID PHONE_NO SALARY

Number( 3 ) Number ( 10 ) Number ( 7 , 2 )
101 9876543210 9000.85

4. DATE : it is used to store dates in a particular format .

It used Oracle specified Format .

'DD-MON-YY' OR 'DD-MON-YYYY'
'22-JUN-20' '22-JUN-2020'

SYNTAX: DATE

Example :

DOB Hiredate Anniversary

Date Date Date
'01-JAN-1945' '20-JUN-20' '15-APR-2008'
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'01-JAN-1945' '20-JUN-20' '15-APR-2008'

5. LARGE OBJECTS

1. Character large object ( CLOB ) :

It is used to store characters up to 4 GB of size .

2. Binary large object ( BLOB ) :

It is used to store binary values of images , mp3 , mp4

Documents etc …. Up to 4GB of size .

NOTE :

FOR WINDOWS :

Software : Oracle : Oracle 10g - Version

Name : SQL*Plus
To download : bit.ly/roSoftWIN

If getting errors !!!

Contact me on : [email protected]

Or

Send screenshot to INSTAGRAM : ro_sql_helpmate

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DAY 4
Tuesday, July 21, 2020 9:34 AM

CONSTRAINTS :

It is a rule given to a column for validation .

Types of Constraints :

1. UNIQUE
2. NOT NULL
3. CHECK
4. PRIMARY KEY
5. FOREIGN KEY .

1. UNIQUE : "It is used to avoid duplicate values into the column ".

2. NOT NULL : "It is used to avoid Null ".

3. CHECK : "It is an extra validation with a condition

If the condition is satisfied then the value is accepted else
Rejected ".

4. PRIMARY KEY : "It is a constraint which is used to identify a record

Uniquely from the table " .

Characteristics of Primary key :

➢ We can have only 1 PK in a table
➢ PK cannot accept duplicate / repeated values .
➢ PK cannot accept Null
➢ PK is always a combination of Unique and Not Null Constraint.

5. FOREIGN KEY : "It is used to establish a connection between the

The tables "

Characteristics of Foreign key :

➢ We can have only Multiple FK in a table
➢ FK can accept duplicate / repeated values .
➢ FK can accept Null
➢ FK is not a combination of Unique and Not Null Constraint.
➢ For an Attribute ( column ) to become a FK ,it is mandatory
That it must be a PK in its own table .

Example :

EMP

Primary key
Check ( Salary > Check
0 ) ( length(phone) = 10 )
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0 ) ( length(phone) = 10 )
Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null
Unique Unique
EID NAME SALARY DOJ PHONE
Number(2) Varchar(10) Number(7,2) Date Number(10)
1 A 10000 '20-JUN-20' 9876543210
2 B 20000 '20-JUN-19' 9876543222
3 C 35000 '01-JAN-18' 9876543333
4 D 50000 '01-OCT-19' 9876511111

Example for Foreign Key :

Emp
EID NAME SALARY DNO FK CID FK
1 A 10000 20 2
2 B 20000 10 3
3 C 35000 20 1
4 D 50000 10 2
Child Table

Customer
CID CNAME CNO Dept
1 X 1001 DNO DNAME LOC
2 Y 2002 10 D1 L1
3 Z 3003 20 D2 L2
Parent Table Parent Table

ASSIGNMENT :

1. Differentiate between Primary key and Foreign key .

PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

It is used to identify a records It is used to establish a connection
Uniquely from the table. Between the tables
It cannot accept Null It can accept Null
It cannot accept duplicate values It can accept duplicate values
It is always a combination of It is not a combination of
Not Null and Unique constraint Not Null and Unique constraint
We can have only 1 PK in a table We can have Multiple FK in a table

NOTE : NULL
Null Is a keyword which is used to represent Nothing / Empty Cell.

Characteristics of Null :
➢ Null doesn’t represent 0 or Space .
➢ Any operations performed on a Null will result in Null itself
➢ Null doesn’t Occupy any Memory .
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➢ Null doesn’t Occupy any Memory .

➢ We cannot Equate Null .

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DAY 5
Wednesday, July 22, 2020 9:02 AM

OVERVIEW OF SQL STATEMENTS :

1. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE ( DDL )

2. DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE ( DML )
3. TRANSCATION CONTROL LANGUAGE ( TCL )
4. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE ( DCL )
5. DATA QUERY LANGUAGE ( DQL )

DATA QUERY LANGUAGE ( DQL _) :

" DQL is used to retrieve the data from the database " .

It had 4 statements :

1. SELECT
2. PROJECTION
3. SELECTION
4. JOIN

1. SELECT : "It is used to retrieve the data from the table and display it.

2. PROJECTION : "It is a process of retrieving the data by selecting only

the columns is known as Projection " .
➢ In projection all the records / values present in a particular column
are by default selected .

3. SELECTION : "It is a process of retrieving the data by selecting both

the columns and rows is known as Selection " .

4. JOIN :"It is a process of retrieving the data from Multiple tables

simultaneously is known as Join " .

PROJECTION
➢ "It is a process of retrieving the data by selecting only the columns is
known as Projection " .
➢ In projection all the records / values present in a particular column are
by default selected .

SYNTAX :
SELECT * / [DISTINCT] Column_Name / Expression [ALIAS]
FROM Table_Name ;

ORDER OF EXECUTION
1. FROM Clause
2. SELECT Clause

Example : Write a query to display names of all the students .

DATABASE
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Example : Write a query to display names of all the students .

DATABASE
SELECT SNAME
Student
FROM STUDENT ;

Output of FROM Clause

Output of SELECT Clause
Student
SID SNAME BRANCH PER SNAME
1 A ECE 60 A
2 B CSE 75 B
3 C ME 50 C
4 D ECE 80 D
5 C CSE 75 C
6 E CIVIL 95 E

NOTE :

➢ FROM Clause starts the execution .

➢ For FROM Clause we can pass Table_Name as an argument .
➢ The job of FROM Clause is to go to the Database and search for
the table and put the table under execution .
➢ SELECT Clause will execute after the execution of FROM Clause
➢ For SELECT Clause we pass 3 arguments
 *
 Column_Name
 Expression
➢ The job of SELECT Clause is to go the table under execution and
select the columns mentioned .
➢ SELECT Clause is responsible for preparing the result table .
➢ Asterisk(*) : it means to select all the columns from the table .
➢ Semicolon : it means end of the query .

➢ WAQTD student id and student names for all the students.

SELECT SID , SNAME

FROM STUDENT ;

➢ WAQTD name and branch of all the students .

SELECT SNAME , BRANCH

FROM STUDENT ;

➢ WAQTD NAME , BRANCH AND PERCENTAGE FOR ALL THE

STUDENTS .

SELECT SNAME , BRANCH , PER

FROM STUDENT ;

➢ WAQTD details of all the students from students table .

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SELECT *
FROM STUDENT ;

➢ WAQTD sname , sid , per , branch of all the students .

SELECT SNAME , SID , PER , BRANCH

FROM STUDENT ;

EMP Table :

➢ WAQTD name salary and commission given to all the employees .

Select ename , sal , comm

From emp ;

➢ WAQTD name of the employee along with their date of joining .

Select ename , hiredate

From emp ;

DEPT :
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

➢ WAQTD dname and location for all the depts .

Select dname , loc

From dept ;

QUESTIONS ON EMP AND DEPT TABLE:

1.WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS FROM THE

EMPLOYEE TABLE.
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EMPLOYEE TABLE.
2.WAQTD NAMES OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES.
3.WAQTD NAME AND SALARY GIVEN TO ALL THE
EMPLOYEES.
4.WAQTD NAME AND COMMISSION GIVEN TO ALL THE
EMPLOYEES.
5.WAQTD EMPLOYEE ID AND DEPARTMENT NUMBER OF ALL
THE EMPLOYEES
IN EMP TABLE.
6.WAQTD ENAME AND HIREDATE OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES .
7.WAQTD NAME AND DESIGNATION OF ALL THE
EMPLPOYEES .
8.WAQTD NAME , JOB AND SALARY GIVEN ALL THE
EMPLOYEES.
9.WAQTD DNAMES PRESENT IN DEPARTMENT TABLE.
10.WAQTD DNAME AND LOCATION PRESENT IN DEPT TABLE.

Assignments have to Mailed TO : [email protected]

Subject : QCDM34 DAY 5 ASSIGNMENT

Name : Your Name

Mail ID : [email protected]
Batch Code : QCDM34
Phone : 9876543210

Please find the attachment below .

Thank You ,
Yours Faithfully ,
Rohan Singh R .

DISTINCT Clause

" It is used to remove the duplicate or repeated values from the

Result table " .
➢ Distinct clause has to be used
As the first argument to
Example : select clause .
➢ We can use multiple columns
Student As an argument to distinct
SID SNAME BRANCH PER clause, it will remove the
1 A ECE 60 combination of columns in
which the records are
2 B CSE 75 duplicated .
3 C ME 50
4 D ECE 80
5 C CSE 75
6 E CIVIL 95

➢ SELECT SNAME
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➢ SELECT SNAME
FROM STUDENT ;

SNAME
A
B
C
D
C
E

➢ SELECT DISTINCT SNAME

FROM STUDENT ;

SNAME
SNAME
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
C
E
E

➢ SELECT DISTINCT BRANCH

FROM STUDENT ;

BRANCH
ECE BRANCH

CSE ECE

ME CSE

ECE ME

CSE CIVIL

CIVIL

➢ SELECT DISTINCT PER

FROM STUDENT ;
PER
PER
60
60
75
75
50
50
80
80
95
75
95

➢ SELECT DISTINCT BRANCH , PER

FROM STUDENT ;
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FROM STUDENT ;

BRANCH PER
BRANCH PER
ECE 60
ECE 60
CSE 75
CSE 75
ME 50
ME 50
ECE 80
ECE 80
CSE 75
CIVIL 95
CIVIL 95

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DAY 6
Thursday, July 23, 2020 9:00 AM

EXPRESSION

"A statement which gives result is known as Expression ".

Expression is a combination Operand and Operator .

Operand : These are the values that we pass .

Operator : These are the Symbols which perform some Operation on

The Operand .

Example : 5 * 10

EMP
EID ENAME SAL
1 A 100
2 B 200
2 C 100

1. WAQTD name and salary given to the employees .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP ;

2. WAQTD name and annual salary of the employees .

SELECT ENAME , SAL * 12

3. FROM EMP ;
ENAME SAL*12
A 1200
B 2400
C 1200
4. WAQTD all the details of the employee along with annual salary

Select eid , ename , sal , sal*12

From emp ;

Select emp.* , sal*12

From emp ;

5. WAQTD name and salary with a hike of 20% .

Select ename , Sal + Sal*20/100

From emp ;

Formulae to calculate percentage :

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Formulae to calculate percentage :

Sal + Sal * a / 100 Sal * 1.a

6. WAQTD name and salary of an employee with a deduction

Of 10% .

Select ename , sal - sal * 10 /100

From emp ;

ALIAS

"It is an alternate name given to a Column or an Expression

In the result table " .
○ We can assign alias name with or without using 'As'
keyword .
○ Alias names have to be a single string which is separated
by An underscore or enclosed within double quotes .
Example : ANNUAL_SALARY
"ANNUAL SALARY"
➢ WAQTD annual salary for all the employees .

Select sal*12
From emp ;
SAL*12
1200
2400
1200

Select sal*12 Annual_Salary

From emp ;
Annual Salary
1200
2400
1200

Select sal + sal * 10 / 100 Hike

From emp ;

➢ WAQTD name and salary with a deduction 32% .

Select Ename , sal-sal*32/100 as deduction

From emp ;

ASSIGNMENT ON EXPRESSION & ALIAS

1.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE ALONG WITH THEIR

ANNUAL SALARY.
2.WAQTD ENAME AND JOB FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEE WITH
THEIR HALF TERM SALARY.
3.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES ALONG
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3.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES ALONG

WITH AN ANNUALBONUS OF 2000.
4.WAQTD NAME SALARY AND SALARY WITH A HIKE OF
10%.
5.WAQTD NAME AND SALARY WITH DEDUCTION OF 25%.
6.WAQTD NAME AND SALARY WITH MONTHLY HIKE OF
50.
7.WAQTD NAME AND ANNUAL SALARY WITH DEDUCTION
OF 10%.
8.WAQTD TOTAL SALARY GIVEN TO EACH EMPLOYEE
(SAL+COMM).
9.WAQTD DETAILS OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES ALONG WITH
ANNUAL SALARY.
10.WAQTD NAME AND DESIGNATION ALONG WITH 100
PENALTY IN SALARY.

SELECTION :
"It is a process of retrieving the data by selecting both the columns
and rows is known as Selection " .

SYNTAX :
SELECT * / [DISTINCT] Column_Name / Expression [ALIAS]
FROM Table_Name
WHERE <Filter_Condition> ;

ORDER OF EXECUTION
1. FROM
2. WHERE
3. SELECT

WHERE Clause

"Where clause is used to filter the records ".

Example :

➢ WAQTD names of the employees working in dept 20 .

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➢ WAQTD names of the employees getting salary More than 300 .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 300 ;

➢ WAQTD names and salary of the employees working in dept 10.

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 ;

➢ WAQTD all the details of the employees whose salary is

Less than 1000 rupees .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < 1000 ;

EMP :

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➢ WAQTD name and hiredate of an employee hired on

'09-JUN-1981'

SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE DATE = '09-JUN-1981' ;

➢ WAQTD details of the employee whose name is 'Miller'

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ;

➢ WAQTD details of the employee hired after '01-JAN-1982'

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE > '01-JAN-1982' > ;

➢ WAQTD name sal and hiredate of the employees who were

Hired before 1985 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE < '01-JAN-1985' ;

➢ WAQTD name sal and hiredate of the employees who were

Hired after 1985 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE > '31-DEC-1985' ;

➢ WAQTD name of the employees who was hired on Valentine's

day 2020 .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
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FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE = '14-FEB-2020' ;

ASSIGNMENT ON WHERE Clause .

1.WAQTD THE ANNUAL SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE WHOS

NAME IS SMITH

2.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS CLERK

3.WAQTD SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE

WORKING AS SALESMAN

4.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP WHO EARNS MORE THAN

2000

5.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP WHOS NAME IS JONES

6.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP WHO WAS HIRED AFTER

01-JAN-81

7.WAQTD NAME AND SAL ALONG WITH HIS ANNUAL

SALARY IF THE ANNUAL SALARY IS MORE THAN 12000

8.WAQTD EMPNO OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE WORKING

IN DEPT 30

9.WAQTD ENAME AND HIREDATE IF THEY ARE HIRED

BEFORE 1981

10.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS

MANAGER

11.WAQTD NAME AND SALARY GIVEN TO AN EMPLOYEE IF

EMPLOYEE EARNS A COMMISSION OF RUPEES 1400

12.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES HAVING COMMISSION

MORE THAN SALARY

13.WAQTD EMPNO OF EMPLOYEES HIRED BEFORE THE

YEAR 87

14.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS AN N

ANALYST

15.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPS EARNING MORE THAN 2000

RUPEES PER MONTH

COMMANDS ON SQL*Plus :

1. CLEAR SCREEN [ CL SCR ] : To clear the screen

2. SET LINES 100 PAGES 100 : To set the dimensions of the
output page .
3. EXIT / QUIT : To Close the Software .
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3. EXIT / QUIT : To Close the Software .

4. When account is Locked !!!
➢ Log in as SYSTEM
➢ Password TIGER
➢ ALTER USER SCOTT ACCOUNT UNLOCK ;
➢ ALTER USER SCOTT IDENTIFIED BY TIGER ;
5. SELECT * FROM TAB ;
➢ EMP
➢ DEPT
➢ SALGRADE
➢ BONUS

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DAY 7
Friday, July 24, 2020 9:44 AM

OPERATORS IN SQL

1. ARITHEMATIC OPERATORS :- ( + , - , * , / )
2. CONCATENATION OPERATOR :- ( || )
3. COMPARISION OPERATORS :- ( = , != or <> )
4. RELATIONAL OPERATOR :- ( > , < , >= , <= )
5.LOGICAL OP : ( AND , OR , NOT )
6.SPECIAL OPERATOR :-
1.IN
2.NOT IN
3.BETWEEN
4.NOT BETWEEN
5.IS
6.IS NOT
7.LIKE
8.NOT LIKE
7.SUBQUERY OPERATORS:-
1.ALL
2.ANY
3.EXISTS
4.NOT EXISTS

CONCATENATION Operator :

" It is used to join the strings ".

Symbol : ||

Example : SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' ;

Ename
ALLEN
MARTIN
SMITH

SELECT 'Hi ' || ename

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' ;

Ename
Hi ALLEN
Hi MARTIN
Hi SMITH

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➢ WAQTD name and deptno of the employees hired

After '01-JAN-87' .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE > '01-JAN-1987' ;

➢ WAQTD name and hiredate of the employees hired

before 31-JUL-88

SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE < '31-JUL-88' ;

LOGICAL OPERATORS

1. AND
2. OR
3. NOT

We use logical operators to write multiple conditions .

1. WAQTD name and deptno along with job for the

employee working in dept 10 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO , JOB

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 ;

2. WAQTD name and deptno along with job for the

employee working as manager in dept 10 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO , JOB

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND DEPTNO = 10 ;

3. WAQTD name , deptno , salary of the employee working

in dept 20 and earning less than 3000 .

SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL < 3000 ;

4. WAQTD name and salary of the employee if emp earns

More than 1250 but less than 3000 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 1250 AND SAL < 3000 ;

5. WAQTD name and deptno of the employees if the works

in dept 10 or 20 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

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SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 20 ;

6. WAQTD name and sal and deptno of the employees

If emp gets more than 1250 but less than 4000 and works
in dept 20 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 1250 AND SAL < 4000 AND DEPTNO
=20 ;

7. WAQTD name , job , deptno of the employees working

as a manager in dept 10 or 30 .

SELECT ENAME , JOB , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND ( DEPTNO = 10 OR
DEPTNO = 20 ) ;

8. WAQTD name , deptno , job of the employees working

in dept 10 or 20 or 30 as a clerk .

SELECT ENAME , JOB , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='CLERK' AND ( DEPTNO = 10 OR
DEPTNO = 20 AND DEPTNO = 30 ) ;

9. WAQTD name , job and deptno of the employees

working as clerk or manager in dept 10 .

SELECT ENAME , JOB , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE ( JOB = 'CLERK' OR JOB ='MANAGER' )
AND DEPTNO = 10 ;

10. WAQTD name , job , deptno , sal of the employees

working as clerk or salesman in dept 10 or 30 and
earning more than 1800 .

SELECT ENAME , JOB , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE ( JOB ='CLERK' OR JOB ='SALESMAN')
AND ( DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 30 ) AND SAL >
1800 ;

ASSIGNMENT ON LOGICAL OPERATORS :

1.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING

AS CLERK AND EARNING LESS THAN 1500
2.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES
WORKING AS MANAGER IN DEPT 30
3.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP ALONG WITH
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3.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP ALONG WITH

ANNUAL SALARY IF THEY ARE WORKING IN DEPT
30 AS SALESMAN AND THEIR ANNUAL SALARY HAS
TO BE GREATER THAN 14000.
4.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMP WORKING
IN DEPT 30 OR AS ANALYST
5.WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPMLOYEES WHOS
SALARY IS LESS THAN 1100 AND THEIR
DESIGNATION IS CLERK
6.WAQTD NAME AND SAL , ANNUAL SAL AND
DEPTNO IF DEPTNO IS 20 EARNING MORE THAN 1100
AND ANNUAL SALARY EXCEEDS 12000
7.WAQTD EMPNO AND NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES
WORKING AS MANAGER IN DEPT 20
8.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN
DEPT 20 OR 30 .
9.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
ANALYST IN DEPT 10 .
10.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEE WORKING AS
PRESIDENT WITH SALARY OF RUPEES 4000
11.WAQTD NAMES AND DEPTNO , JOB OF EMPS
WORKING AS CLERK IN DEPT 10 OR 20
12.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
CLERK OR MANAGER IN DEPT 10 .
13.WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN
DEPT 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 .
14.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WITH EMPNO
7902,7839.
15.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
MANAGER OR SALESMAN OR CLERK
16.WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES HIRED AFTER 81
AND BEFORE 87
17.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES EARNING MORE
THAN 1250 BUT LESS THAN 3000
18.WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES HIRED AFTER 81
INTO DEPT 10 OR 30
19.WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES ALONG WITH
ANNUAL SALARY FOR THE EMPLOYEES WORKING
AS MANAGER OR CLERK INTO DEPT 10 OR 30
20.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS ALONG WITH ANNUAL
SALARY IF SAL IS BETWEEN 1000 AND 4000 ANNUAL
SALARY MORE THAN 15000

SPECIAL OPERATORS :

1. IN
2. NOT IN
3. BETWEEN
4. NOT BETWEEN
5. IS
6. IS NOT
7. LIKE
8. NOT LIKE

1. IN : It is a multi-valued operator which can accept

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1. IN : It is a multi-valued operator which can accept

multiple values At the RHS .
Syntax: Column_Name / Exp IN ( v1 , v2 , . . Vn )

Example :

➢ WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in

dept 10 or 30 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 30 ;

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO IN ( 10 , 30 ) ;

➢ WAQTD name and job of the employee working as a

clerk or manager Or salesman .

SELECT ENAME , JOB

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK' , 'MANAGER' ,
'SALESMAN' ) ;

➢ WAQTD empno , ename and salary of the employees

whose empno Is 7902 or 7839 and getting salary more
than 2925.

SELECT EMPNO , ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE EMPNO IN ( 7902 , 7839 ) AND SAL> 2925 ;

2. NOT IN : It is a multi-valued operator which can accept

multiple values At the RHS . It is similar to IN op instead
of selecting it Rejects the values .

Syntax: Column_Name / Exp NOT IN ( v1 , v2 , . . vn )

Example :

➢ WAQTD name and deptno of all the employees except

the emp Working in dept 10 or 40 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN ( 10 , 40 ) ;

➢ WAQTD name , deptno and job of the employee

working in dept 20 but not as a clerk or manager .

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SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND
JOB NOT IN ( 'CLERK' ,'MANAGER' ) ;

ANSWERS :

1.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS

CLERK AND EARNING LESS THAN1500
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='CLERK' AND SAL< 1500 ;

2.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES

WORKING AS MANAGER IN DEPT 30
SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND DEPTNO=30 ;

3.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP ALONG WITH ANNUAL

SALARY IF THEY ARE WORKING INDEPT 30 AS
SALESMAN AND THEIR ANNUAL SALARY HAS TO BE
GREATER THAN 14000
SELECT EMP.* , SAL*12 ANNUAL_SALARY
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB ='SALESMAN' AND SAL*
12 > 14000 ;

4.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMP WORKING IN

DEPT 30 OR AS ANALYST
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 30 OR JOB ='ANALYST' ;

5.WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPMLOYEES WHOS SALARY IS

LESS THAN 1100 AND THEIR DESIGNATION IS CLERK
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL< 1100 AND JOB ='CLERK' ;

6.WAQTD NAME AND SAL , ANNUAL SAL AND DEPTNO IF

DEPTNO IS 20 EARNING MORE THAN 1100 AND ANNUAL
SALARY EXCEEDS 12000
SELECT ENAME , SAL , SAL*12 , DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL > 1100 AND SAL*12 > 12000 ;

7.WAQTD EMPNO AND NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES

WORKING AS MANAGER IN DEPT 20
SELECT EMPNO , ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB ='MANAGER' ;

8.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN DEPT 20

OR 30
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 30 ;
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WHERE DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 30 ;

9.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS

ANALYST IN DEPT 10
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB ='ANALYST' ;

10.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEE WORKING AS

PRESIDENT WITH SALARY OF RUPEES 4000
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL=4000 AND JOB ='PRESIDENT' ;

11.WAQTD NAMES AND DEPTNO , JOB OF EMPS WORKING

AS CLERK IN DEPT 10 OR 20
SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO, JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = ‘CLERK’ AND ( DEPTNO =10 OR DEPTNO =
20);

12. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS CLERK

OR MANAGER IN DEPT 10
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ( JOB = ‘CLERK’OR JOB = ‘MANAGER’ ) AND
DEPTNO = 10;

13. WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN DEPT 10 ,

20 , 30 , 40
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 20 OR DEPTNO = 30 OR
DEPTNO =40 ;

14. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WITH EMPNO 7902,

7839
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE EMPNO = 7902 OR EMPNO = 7839;

15. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS

MANAGER OR SALESMAN OR CLERK
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = 'MANAGER' OR JOB = 'SALESMAN' OR JOB =
'CLERK';

16.WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES HIRED AFTER 81

AND BEFORE 87
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE > '31-DEC-81' AND HIREDATE <'01-
JAN-87'

17.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES EARNING MORE

THAN 1250 BUT LESS THAN 3000
SELECT *
FROM EMP

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FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 1250 AND SAL < 3000 ;

18.WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES HIRED AFTER 81

INTO DEPT 10 OR 30
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDARE > '31-DEC-81' AND ( DEPTNO = 10 OR
DEPTNO = 20 ) ;

19.WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES ALONG WITH

ANNUAL SALARY FOR THE EMPLOYEES WORKING
AS MANAGER OR CLERK INTO DEPT 10 OR 30
SELECT ENAME , SAL*12
FROM EMP
WHERE ( JOB = 'MANAGER' OR JOB ='CLERK') AND
( DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 30 ) ;

20.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS ALONG WITH ANNUAL

SALARY IF SAL IS BETWEEN 1000 AND 4000 ANNUAL
SALARY MORE THAN 15000
SELECT EMP.* , SAL*12
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 1000 AND SAL < 4000 AND SAL*12 > 15000 ;

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DAY 8
Monday, July 27, 2020 9:32 AM

3. BETWEEN : "It is used whenever we have range of values "

[ Start value and Stop Value ] .

Syntax:

Column_Name BETWEEN Lower_Range AND Higher_Range ;

- Between Op works including the range .

Example :

➢ WAQTD name and salary of the employees if the emp is earning

Salary in the range 1000 to 3000 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL BETWEEN 1000 AND 3000 ;

➢ WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in dept 10

And hired during 2019 (the entire year of 2019) .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 AND HIREDATE BETWEEN '01-
JAN-2019' AND '31-DEC-2019' ;

➢ WAQTD name , sal and hiredate of the employees hired during

2017 into dept 20 with a salary greater that 2000 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL> 2000 AND HIREDATE
BETWEEN '01-JAN2017' AND 31-DEC-2017' ;

4. NOT BETWEEN : It is Opposite of Between .

Syntax:

Column_Name NOT BETWEEN Lower_Range AND Higher_Range ;

Example :

➢ WAQTD name and salary of the employees if the emp is not

earning Salary in the range 1000 to 3000 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL NOT BETWEEN 1000 AND 3000 ;

➢ WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in dept 10

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➢ WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in dept 10

And not hired during 2019 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 AND HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN '01-
JAN-2019' AND '31-DEC-2019' ;

➢ WAQTD name , sal and hiredate of the employees who were not
hired during 2017 into dept 20 with a salary greater that 2000 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL> 2000 AND HIREDATE NOT
BETWEEN '01-JAN2017' AND 31-DEC-2017' ;

5. IS : "It is used to compare only NULL "

Syntax: Column_Name IS NULL ;

Example :

EID ENAME SAL COMM

1 A 1000 100
2 B null null
3 C null 200
4 D 2000 null

➢ WAQTD name of the employee who is not getting salary .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL IS NULL ;

➢ WAQTD name of the emp who doesn’t get commission .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NULL ;

➢ WAQTD name , sal and comm of the emp if the emp doesn’t earn
both .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , COMM

FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NULL AND SAL IS NULL ;

6. IS NOT : "It is used to compare the values with NOT NULL ".

Syntax: Column_Name IS NOT NULL ;

Example :
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Example :

➢ WAQTD name of the employee who is getting salary .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL IS NOT NULL ;

➢ WAQTD name of the emp who gets commission .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL ;

➢ WAQTD name , sal and comm of the emp if the emp doesn’t earn
commission but gets salary .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , COMM

FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NULL AND SAL IS NOT NULL ;

7. LIKE : "It is used for Pattern Matching ".

To achieve pattern matching we use special characters .

➢ Percentile (%)
➢ Underscore ( _ )

Syntax: Column_Name LIKE 'pattern' ;

Example :

➢ WAQTD details of an employee whose name is SMITH .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ;

➢ WAQTD details of the employee who's name starts with 'S' .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE 'S%' ;

➢ WAQTD details of the employee who's name ends with 'S' .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employees who have character 'S' in their

names .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S%' ;
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WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S%' ;

➢ WAQTD names that starts with 'J' and ends with 'S' .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE 'J%S' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp has char 'A' as his
second character .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '_A%' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp has char 'A' as his Third
character .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '__A%' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp has char 'A' as his
second character and 'S' is last character .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '_A%S' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp has char 'A' present at at
least 2 times .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%A%A%' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp name starts with 'A' and
ends with 'A' .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE 'A%A' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp's salary's last 2 digit is

50 rupees .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL LIKE '%50' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employees hired in November .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE LIKE '%NOV%' ;
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WHERE HIREDATE LIKE '%NOV%' ;

8. NOT LIKE :Opposite of Like .

Syntax: Column_Name NOT LIKE 'pattern' ;

ASSIGNMENT ON SEPCIAL OPERATORS :

1) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE COMMISSION IS

NULL
2) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO DON’T HAVE A
REPORTING MANAGER
3) LIST ALL THE SALESMEN IN DEPT 30
4) LIST ALL THE SALESMEN IN DEPT NUMBER 30 AND
HAVING SALARY GREATER THAN 1500
5) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE NAME STARTS
WITH ‘S’ OR ‘A’
6) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES EXCEPT THOSE WHO ARE
WORKING IN DEPT 10 & 20.
7) LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE NAME DOES NOT START
WITH ‘S’
8) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE HAVING
REPORTING MANAGERS IN DEPT 10
9) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE COMMISSION IS
NULL AND WORKING AS CLERK
10) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO DON’T HAVE A
REPORTING MANAGER IN DEPTNO 10 OR 30
11) LIST ALL THE SALESMEN IN DEPT 30 WITH SAL MORE
THAN 2450
12) LIST ALL THE ANALYST IN DEPT NUMBER 20 AND
HAVING SALARY GREATER THAN 2500
13) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE NAME STARTS
WITH ‘M’ OR ‘J’
14) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WITH ANNUAL SALARY
EXCEPT THOSE WHO ARE WORKING IN DEPT 30
15) LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE NAME DOES NOT END
WITH ‘ES’ OR ‘R’
16) LIST ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE HAVING
REPORTING MANAGERS IN DEPT 10 ALONG WITH 10%
HIKE IN SALARY
17) DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEE WHO ARE
‘SALESMAN’S HAVING ‘E’ AS THE LAST BUT ONE
CHARACTER IN ENAME BUT SALARY HAVING EXACTLY
4 CHARACTER
18) DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEE WHO ARE JOINED
AFTER YEAR 81
19) DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEE WHO ARE JOINED IN
FEB
20) LIST THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE NOT WORKING AS
MANAGERS AND CLERKS IN DEPT 10 AND 20 WITH A
SALARY IN THE RANGE OF 1000 TO 3000.

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DAY 9
Tuesday, July 28, 2020 9:37 AM

FUNCTIONS

Are a block of code or list of instructions which are used to perform a

specific task .

There are 3 main components of a function

1. Function_Name
2. Number_of_arguments ( no of inputs )
3. Return type

Types of Functions in SQL :

1. SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS

2. MUTLI ROW FUNCTIONS / AGGREGATE / GROUP
FUNCTIONS.

Multi Row Functions;

It takes all the inputs at one shot and then executes and provides
A single output .
➢ If we pass 'n' number of inputs to a MRF( ) it returns '1' Output .

List of MRF ( )

1. MAX( ) : it is used to obtain the maximum value present in the

column
2. MIN ( ) : it is used to obtain the minimum value present in the
column
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column
3. SUM ( ) : it is used to obtain the summation of values present in the
column
4. AVG( ) : it is used to obtain the average of values present in the
column
5. COUNT( ) : it is used to obtain the number of values present in the
column

NOTE :

➢ Multi row functions can accept only one argument , i.e a

Column_Name or an Expression

MRF ( Column_Name / Exp )

➢ Along with a MRF( ) we are not supposed to use any other

Column_Name in the select clause .

➢ MRF( ) ignore the Null .

➢ We cannot use a MRF( ) in where clause .

➢ COUNT( ) is the only MRF which can accept * as an

Argument .

Examples :

1. WAQTD maximum salary given to a manager .

SELECT MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' ;

2. WAQTD Total salary given to dept 10

SELECT SUM( SAL )

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO =10 ;

3. WAQTD number of employees earing more than 1500 in dept 20

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 1500 AND DEPTNO = 20 ;

4. WAQTD number of employee having 'E' in their names .

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%E%' ;

5. WAQTD minimum salary given to the employees working as clerk

in Dept 10 or 20 .

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SELECT MIN( SAL )

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB='CLERK' AND DEPTNO IN ( 10 , 20 ) ;

6. WAQTD number of employees hired after 1982 and before 1985

into Dept 10 or 30 .

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE JIREDATE >'31-DEC-1982' AND HIREDATE <'01-
JAN-1985' AND DEPTNO IN ( 10 , 30 ) ;

7. WAQTD number of employees getting commission .

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL ;

SELECT COUNT( COMM )

FROM EMP ;

8. WAQTD maximum salary given to employees if the emp has

character 'S' in the name and works as a Manager in dept 10 with as
salary of more than 1800 .

SELECT MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S%' AND JOB ='MANAGER' AND
DEPTNO = 10 AND SAL> 1800 ;

9. WAQTD number of employees working in dept 10 or 30 and

getting commission without the salary .

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO IN ( 10 , 30 ) AND COMM IS NOT NULL
AND SAL IS NULL ;

SELECT COUNT( COMM )

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO IN ( 10 , 30 ) AND SAL IS NULL ;

10. WAQTD maximum salary given to a manager working in dept 20

and also his comm must be greater than his salary .

SELECT MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND DEPTNO = 20 AND COMM >
SAL ;

ASSIGNEMENT ON MRF( )

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1.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES GETTING SALARY LESS

THAN 2000 IN DEPTNO 10
2.WAQTD TOTAL SALARY NEEDED TO PAY EMPLOYEES
WORKING AS CLERK
3.WAQTD AVERAGE SALARY NEEDED TO PAY ALL
EMPLOYEES
4.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING 'A' AS THEIR
FIRST CHARACTER
5.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS CLERK OR
MANAGER
6.WAQTD TOTAL SALARY NEEDED TO PAY EMPLOYEES
HIRED IN FEB
7.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO 7839 (MGR)
8.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES GETTING COMISSION IN
DEPTNO 30
9.WAQTD AVG SAL , TOTAL SAL , NUMBER OF EMPS AND
MAXIMUM SALARY GIVEN TO EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
PERSIDENT
10.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING 'A' IN THEIR
NAMES
11.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPS AND TOTAL SALARY NEEDED
TO PAY THE EMPLOYEES WHO HAVE 2 CONSICUTIVE L's IN
THEIR NAMES
12.WAQTD NUMBER OF DEPARTMENTS PRESENT IN
EMPLOYEE TABLE
13.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING CHARACTER 'Z'
IN THEIR NAMES
14.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING '$' IN THEIR
NAMES .
15.WAQTD TOTAL SALARY GIVEN TO EMPLOYEES WORKING
AS CLERK IN DEPT 30
16.WAQTD MAXIMUM SALARY GIVEN TO THE EMPLOYEES
WORKING AS ANALYST
17.WAQTD NUMBER OF DISTINCT SALARIES PRESENT IN
EMPLOYEE TABLE
18.WAQTD NUMBER OF JOBS PRESENT IN EMPLOYEE TABLE
19.WATQD AVG SALARY GIVEN TO THE CLERK
20.WAQTD MINIMUM SALARY GIVEN TO THE EMPLOYEES
WHO WORK IN DEPT 10 AS MANAGER OR A CLERK

ANSWERS :

1.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES GETTING SALARY LESS

THAN 2000 IN DEPTNO 10
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 AND SAL < 2000 ;
2.WAQTD TOTAL SALARY NEEDED TO PAY EMPLOYEES
WORKING AS CLERK
SELECT SUM(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='CLERK';
3.WAQTD AVERAGE SALARY NEEDED TO PAY ALL

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3.WAQTD AVERAGE SALARY NEEDED TO PAY ALL

EMPLOYEES
SELECT AVG(SAL)
FROM EMP ;
4.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING 'A' AS THEIR
FIRST CHARACTER
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE 'A%';
5.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES WORKING AS CLERK OR
MANAGER
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB IN ('MANAGER' , 'CLERK' );
6.WAQTD TOTAL SALARY NEEDED TO PAY EMPLOYEES
HIRED IN FEB
SELECT SUM(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE LIKE '%FEB%';
7.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO 7839 (MGR)
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR = 7839 ;
8.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES GETTING COMISSION IN
DEPTNO 30
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL AND DEPTNO = 30 ;
OR
SELECT COUNT(COMM)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 30 ;
9.WAQTD AVG SAL , TOTAL SAL , NUMBER OF EMPS AND
MAXIMUM SALARY GIVEN TO EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
PERSIDENT
SELECT AVG(SAL) , SUM(SAL) , COUNT(*) , MAX(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = 'PRESIDENT' ;
10.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING 'A' IN THEIR
NAMES
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%A%';
11.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPS AND TOTAL SALary needed to pay
THE EMPLOYEES WHO HAVE 2 CONSICUTIVE L's IN THEIR
NAMES
SELECT COUNT(*) , SUM(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%LL%';
12.WAQTD NUMBER OF DEPARTMENTS PRESENT IN
EMPLOYEE TABLE
SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT DEPTNO )
FROM EMP ;
13.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING CHARACTER '_'
IN THEIR NAMES
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IN THEIR NAMES
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%!_%' ESCAPE '!' ;
14.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING ATLEAST 2
PERCENTILES IN THEIR NAMES
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%!%%!%%' ESCAPE '%' ;
15.WAQTD TOTAL SALARY GIVEN TO EMPLOYEES WORKING
AS CLERK IN DEPT 30
SELECT SUM(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='CLERK' AND DEPTNO = 30 ;
16.WAQTD MAXIMUM SALARY GIVEN TO THE EMPLOYEES
WORKING AS ANALYST
SELECT MAX(Sal)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='ANALYST' ;
17.WAQTD NUMBER OF DISTINCT SALARIES PRESENT IN
EMPLOYEE TABLE
SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT SAL )
FROM EMP ;
18.WAQTD NUMBER OF JOBS PRESENT IN EMPLOYEE TABLE
SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT JOB )
FROM EMP ;
19.WATQD AVG SALARY GIVEN TO THE CLERK
SELECT AVG(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='CLERK' ;
20.WAQTD MINIMUM SALARY GIVEN TO THE EMPLOYEES
WHO WORK IN DEPT 10 AS MANAGER OR A CLERK
SELECT MIN(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB IN ( 'MANAGER' , 'CLERK' ) ;

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DAY 10
Wednesday, July 29, 2020 9:44 AM

GROUP & FILTERING

GROUPING : GROUP BY Clause

Group by clause is used to group the records .

SYNTAX:

SELECT group_by_expression / group_function

FROM table_name
[WHERE <filter_condition>]
GROUP BY column_name/expression ;

ORDER OF EXECUTION:

1-FROM
2-WHERE(if used) [ROW-BY-ROW]
3-GROUP BY [ROW-BY-ROW]
4-SELECT [GROUP-BY-GROUP]

EMP
EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO
1 A 100 20
2 B 200 10
3 C 300 30
4 D 100 10
5 E 200 10
6 A 400 30
7 C 500 20
8 F 200 30

Example :

➢ WAQTD number of employees working in each dept .

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO ;

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NOTE :

➢ Group By clause is used to group the records .

➢ Group By clause executes row by row .
➢ After the execution of Group By clause we get Groups .
➢ Therefore any clause that executes after group by must execute
Group By Group .
➢ The Column_Name or expression used for grouping can be used
In select clause .
➢ Group By clause can be used without using Where clause .

Questions :

1. WAQTD number of employees working in each dept except the

Employee working as analyst .

SELECT DEPTNO , COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB NOT IN 'ANALYST'
GROUP BY DEPTNO ;

2. WAQTD maximum salary given to each job .

SELECT JOB , MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP
GROUP BY JOB ;

3. WAQTD number of employees working in each job if the

employees Have character 'A' in their names .

SELECT JOB , COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%A%'
GROUP BY JOB ;

4. WAQTD number of employees getting commission in each

dept .

SELECT DEPTNO , COUNT( COMM )

FROM EMP

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FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO ;

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS ON GROUP BY

1.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN EACH

DEPARTEMENT EXCEPT PRESIDENT.
2.WAQTD TOTAL SALARY NEEDED TO PAY ALL THE
EMPLOYEES IN EACH JOB.
3.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEEES WORKING AS
MANAGER IN EACH DEPARTMENT .
4.WAQTD AVG SALARY NEEDED TO PAY ALL THE
EMPLOYEES IN EACH DEPARTMENT EXCLUDING THE
EMPLOYEES OF DEPTNO 20.
5.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING CHARACTER
'A' IN THEIR NAMES IN EACH JOB .
6.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND AVG SALARY
NEEDED TO PAY THE EMPLOYEES WHO SALARY IN
GREATER THAN 2000 IN EACH DEPT.
7.WAQDTD TOTAL SALARY NEEDED TO PAY AND NUMBER
OF SALESMANS IN EACH DEPT.
8.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES WITH THEIR MAXIMUM
SALARIES IN EACH JOB.
9.WAQTD MAXIMUM SALARIES GIVEN TO AN EMPLOYEE
WORKING IN EACH DEPT.
10.WAQTD NUMBER OF TIMES THE SALARIES PRESENT IN
EMPLOYEE TABLE .

FILTERING : HAVING Clause

" Having Clause is used to Filter the Group "

SYNTAX:

SELECT group_by_expression / group_function

FROM table_name
[WHERE <filter_condition>]
GROUP BY column_name/expression
HAVING <group_filter_condition>

ORDER OF EXECUTION:

1-FROM
2-WHERE(if used) [ROW-BY-ROW]
3-GROUP BY(if used) [ROW-BY-ROW]
4-HAVING (if used ) [GROUP-BY-GROUP]
5-SELECT [GROUP-BY-GROUP]

Example :

➢ WAQTD to find number of employees working in each

Dept if there are at least 3 employees in each dept .

SELECT DEPTNO , COUNT(*)

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SELECT DEPTNO , COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO
HAVING COUNT(*)>=3 ;

Questions :

1. WAQTD the designations in which there are at lest 2 employees

Present .

SELECT JOB , COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
GROUP BY JOB
HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 ;

2. WAQTD the names that are repeated .

SELECT ENAME , COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
GROUP BY ENAME
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1 ;

3. WAQTD names that are repeated exactly twice .

SELECT ENAME , COUNT(*)

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SELECT ENAME , COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
GROUP BY ENAME
HAVING COUNT(*) = 2 ;

4. WAQTD the salary that is repeated .

SELECT SAL, COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
GROUP BY SAL
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1 ;

5. WAQTD number of employees working in each dept having

At least 2 emp's Character 'A' or 'S' in their names .

SELECT DEPTNO , COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%A%' OR ENAME LIKE '%S%'
GROUP BY DEPTNO
HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 ;

6. WAQTD job and total salary of each job , if the total salary
Of each job is greater than 3450 .

SELECT JOB , SUM( SAL )

FROM EMP
GROUP BY JOB
HAVING SUM( SAL ) > 3450 ;

7. WAQTD job and total salary of the employees if the employees

Are earning more than 1500.

SELECT JOB , SUM( SAL )

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 1500
GROUP BY JOB ;

NOTE :

Differentiate between Where and Having .

WHERE HAVING
➢ Where clause is used to ➢ Having clause is used to
Filter the records Filter the groups .
➢ Where clause executes row ➢ Having clause executes
By row . Group by group
➢ In Where Clause we cannot ➢ Can use MRF( ).
Use MRF( )
➢ Where clause executes before ➢ Having clause executes
Group by clause . After group by clause .

8. WAQTD Job wise maximum salary if the maximum salary

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8. WAQTD Job wise maximum salary if the maximum salary

Of each job exceeds 2000 .

SELECT JOB , MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP
GROUP BY JOB
HAVING MAX( SAL ) > 2000 ;

9. WAQTD number of emp earning sal more than 1200 in each job
and the total sal needed to pay emp of each job must exceeds
3800.

SELECT JOB , COUNT(*) , SUM( SAL )

FROM EMP WHERE SAL > 1200
GROUP BY JOB
HAVING SUM( SAL ) > 3800 ;

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS ON HAVING CLAUSE

1.WAQTD DNO AND NUMBER OF EMP WORKING IN EACH

DEPT IF THERE
ARE ATLEAST 2 CLERKS IN EACH DEPT
2.WAQTD DNO AND TOTAL SAALARYNEEDED TO PAY ALL
EMP
IN EACH DEPT IF THERE ARE ATLEAST 4 EMP IN EACH
DEPT
3.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMP EARNING SAL MORE THAN 1200
IN EACH JOB
AND THE TOTAL SAL NEEDED TO PAY EMP OF EACH JOB
MUST EXCEES 3800
4.WAQTD DEPTNO AND NUMBER OF EMP WORKING ONLY
IF THERE ARE 2 EMP WORKING IN EACH DEPT AS
MANAGER .
5.WAQTD JOB AND MAX SAL OF EMP IN EACH JOB IF THE
MAX SAL EXCEEDS 2600
6.WAQTD THE SALARIES WHICH ARE REPEATED IN EMP
TABLE
7.WAQTD THE HIREDATE WHICH ARE DUPLICATED IN EMP
TABLE
8.WAQTD AVG SALARY OF EACH DEPT IF AVG SAL IS LESS
THAN 3000
9.WAQTD DEPTNO IF THERE ARE ATLEAST 3 EMP IN EACH
DEPT WHOS NAME
HAS CHAR 'A' OR 'S' .
10.WAQTD MIN AND MAX SALARIES OF EACH JOB IF MIN
SAL IS MORE THAN 1000 AND MAX SAL IS LESS THAN 5000 .

ANSWERS :

1.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN EACH

DEPARTEMENT EXCEPT PRESIDENT

SELECT DEPTNO, COUNT(*)

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SELECT DEPTNO, COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB NOT IN 'PRESIDENT'
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

2.WAQTD TOTAL SALARY NEEDED TO PAY ALL THE

EMPLOYEES IN EACH JOB
SELECT JOB , SUM(SAL)
FROM EMP
GROUP BY JOB

3.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEEES WORKING AS

MANAGER IN EACH DEPARTMENT

SELECT DEPTNO, COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB='MANAGER'
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

4.WAQTD AVG SALARY NEEDED TO PAY ALL THE

EMPLOYEES IN EACH DEPARTMENT EXCLUDING THE
EMPLOYEES OF DEPTNO 20

SELECT DEPTNO, AVG(SAL)

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN 20
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

5.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HAVING CHARACTER

'A' IN THEIR NAMES IN EACH JOB

SELECT JOB, COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%A%'
GROUP BY JOB;

6.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND AVG SALARY

NEEDED TO PAY THE EMPLOYEES WHO SALARY IN
GREATER THAN 2000 IN EACH DEPT

SELECT DEPTNO, COUNT(*) , AVG(SAL)

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 2000
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

7.WAQDTD TOTAL SALARY NEEDED TO PAY AND NUMBER

OF SALESMANS IN EACH DEPT

SELECT DEPTNO, COUNT(*) , SUM(SAL)

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB='SALESMAN'
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

8.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES WITH THEIR MAXIMUM

SALARIES IN EACH JOB
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SALARIES IN EACH JOB

SELECT JOB, COUNT(*) , MAX(SAL)

FROM EMP
GROUP BY JOB;

9.WAQTD MAXIMUM SALARIES GIVEN TO AN EMPLOYEE

WORKING IN EACH DEPT

SELECT DEPTNO, MAX(SAL)

FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

10.WAQTD NUMBER OF TIMES THE SALARIES PRESENT IN

EMPLOYEE TABLE

SELECT SAL , COUNT(*)

FROM EMP
GROUP BY SAL;

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DAY 11
Thursday, July 30, 2020 9:40 AM

SUB-QUERY
" A QUERY WRITTEN INSIDE ANOTHER QUERY IS KNOWN
AS SUB QUERY "

Working Principle :

Let us consider two queries Outer Query and Inner Query .

➢ Inner Query executes first and produces an Output .
➢ The Output of Inner Query is given / fed as an Input to Outer Query .
➢ The Outer Query generates the Result.
➢ Therefore we can state that 'the Outer Query is dependent on
Inner Query' and this is the Execution Principle of Sub Query .

Why / When Do we use SUB QUERY :

Case 1 : Whenever we have Unknowns present in the Question

We use sub query to find the Unknown .

Example :

EMP
EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO
1 ALLEN 1000 20
2 BLAKE 2000 10
3 CLARK 3000 30
4 MILLER 1500 10
5 SMITH 2500 10

1. WAQTD names of the employees earning more than 2500 .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 2500 ;

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WHERE SAL > 2500 ;

2. WAQTD names of the employees earning less than MILLER .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'MILLER' );

3. WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in the same

Dept as SMITH .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) ;

4. WAQTD name and hiredate of the employees if the employee

Was hired after JONES .

SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE > ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JONES' ) ;

5. WAQTD all the details of the employee working in the same

Designation as KING .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = ( SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' );

6. WAQTD name , sal , deptno of the employees if the employees

Earn more than 2000 and work in the same dept as JAMES .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 2000 AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JAMES' ) ;

7. WAQTD all the details of the employees working in the

Same designation as MILLER and earning more than 1500.

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 1500 AND JOB = ( SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ) ;

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SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = ( SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ) AND SAL > 1500 ;

8. WAQTD details of the employees earning more than SMITH

But less than KING .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) AND SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) ;

9. WAQTD name , sal and deptno of the employees if the employee Is

earning commission in dept 20 and earning salary more than Scott .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL AND DEPTNO = 20 AND
SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SCOTT' ) ;

10. WAQTD name and hiredate of the employees who's name ends with
'S' and hired after James .

SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S' AND
HIREDATE > ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JAMES' ) ;

11. WAQTD names of the employees working in the same dept as

JAMES and earning salary more than ADAMS and working in the
same job role as MILLER and hired after MARTIN .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO=(SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME='JAMES') AND
SAL>(SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME='ADAMS') AND
JOB=(SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME='MILLER') AND
HIREDATE>(SELECT HIREDATE
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HIREDATE>(SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME='MARTIN');

12. WAQTD all the details of the employees working as salesman in the
dept 20 and earning commission more than Smith and hired after
KING .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='SALESMAN' AND
DEPTNO = 20 AND
COMM > ( SELECT COMM
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) AND
HIREDATE > ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) ;

13. WAQTD number of employees earning more than SMITH and less
than MARTIN .

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH') AND
SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MARTIN' )

14. WAQTD Ename and SAL for all the employees earning more than
JONES .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME =JONES' ) ;

15. WAQTD all the details of the employees working as a manager .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' ;

NOTE :
➢ In the Inner Query / Sub Query we cannot select more than One
column .
➢ The corresponding columns need not be same , but the datatypes
of those has to be same .

ASSIGNMENT ON CASE 1

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1.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING MORE THAN

ADAMS
2.WAQTD NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING
LESS THAN KING
3.WAQTD NAME AND DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY ARE
WORKING IN THE SAME DEPT AS JONES
4.WAQTD NAME AND JOB OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES WORKING
IN THE SAME DESIGNATION AS JAMES
5.WAQTD EMPNO AND ENAME ALONG WITH ANNUAL SALARY
OF ALL THEEMPLOYEES IF THEIR ANNUAL SALARY IS
GREATER THAN WARDS ANNUAL SALARY.
6.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY
ARE HIRED BEFORE SCOTT
7.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY
ARE HIRED AFTER THE PRESIDENT
8.WAQTD NAME AND SAL OF THE EMPLOYEE IF THEY ARE
EARNING SAL LESS THAN THE EMPLOYEE WHOS EMPNO IS 7839
9.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THE
EMPLOYEES ARE HIRED BEFORE MILLER
10.WAQTD ENAME AND EMPNO OF THE EMPLOYEES IF
EMPLOYEES ARE EARNING MORE THAN ALLEN
11.WAQTD ENAME AND SALARY OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO
ARE EARNING MORE THAN MILLER BUT LESS THAN ALLEN .
12.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING IN
DEPT 20 AND WORKING IN THE SAME DESIGNATION AS SMITH
13.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
MANAGER IN THE SAME DEPT AS TURNER
14.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES HIRED
AFTER 1980 AND BEFORE KING
15.WAQTD NAME AND SAL ALONG WITH ANNUAL SAL FOR ALL
EMPLOYEES WHOS SAL IS LESS THAN BLAKE AND MORE THAN
3500
16.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WHO EARN MORE
THAN SCOTT BUT LESS THAN KING
17.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOS NAME STARTS
WITH 'A' AND WORKS IN THE SAME DEPT AS BLAKE
18.WAQTD NAME AND COMM IF EMPLOYEES EARN COMISSION
AND WORK IN THE SAME DESIGNATION AS SMITH
19.WAQTD DETAILS OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
CLERK IN THE SAME DEPT AS TURNER .
20.WAQTD ENAME, SAL AND DESIGNATION OF THE EMPLOYEES
WHOS ANNUAL SALARY IS MORE THAN SMITH AND LESS THAN
KING.

1.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING MORE THAN

ADAMS
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ADAMS' );

2.WAQTD NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING

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2.WAQTD NAME AND SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING

LESS
THAN KING
SELECT ENAME , SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' );

3.WAQTD NAME AND DEPTNO OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY ARE

WORKING
IN THE SAME DEPT AS JONES
SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME =JONES');

4.WAQTD NAME AND JOB OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES WORKING

IN THE SAME
DESIGNATION AS JAMES
SELECT ENAME , JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = ( SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JAMES' );

5.WAQTD EMPNO AND ENAME ALONG WITH ANNUAL SALARY

OF ALL THE
EMPLOYEES IF THEIR ANNUAL SALARY IS GREATER THAN
WARDS
ANNUAL SALARY.
SELECT EMPNO , ENAME . SAL*12
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL * 12 > ( SELECT SAL*12
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'WARD' );

6.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY

ARE HIRED
BEFORE SCOTT
SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE < ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SCOTT' );

7.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY

ARE HIRED
AFTER THE PRESIDENT
SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE > ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = 'PRESIDENT' );
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WHERE JOB = 'PRESIDENT' );

8.WAQTD NAME AND SAL OF THE EMPLOYEE IF THEY ARE

EARNING SAL
LESS THAN THE EMPLOYEE WHOS EMPNO IS 7839
SELECT ENAME , SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE EMPNO = 7839 );

9.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THE

EMPLOYEES ARE
HIRED BEFORE MILLER
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE < ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' );

10.WAQTD ENAME AND EMPNO OF THE EMPLOYEES IF

EMPLOYEES ARE
EARNING MORE THAN ALLEN
SELECT ENAME , EMPNO
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ALLEN' );

11.WAQTD ENAME AND SALARY OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHO

ARE EARNING
MORE THAN MILLER BUT LESS THAN ALLEN
SELECT ENAME , SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER ) AND SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ALLEN' );

12.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING IN

DEPT 20
AND WORKING IN THE SAME DESIGNATION AS SMITH
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB = ( SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH');

13.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS

MANAGER
IN THE SAME DEPT AS TURNER
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
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WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='TURNER' ) ;

14.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES HIRED

AFTER 1980
AND BEFORE KING
SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE > '31-DEC-1980 ' AND HIREDATE < ( SELECT
HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' );

15.WAQTD NAME AND SAL ALONG WITH ANNUAL SAL FOR ALL
EMPLOYEES
WHOS SAL IS LESS THAN BLAKE AND MORE THAN 3500
SELECT ENAME , SAL , SAL*12
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 3500 AND SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='BLAKE );

16.WAQTD ALL THE DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WHO EARN MORE

THAN SCOTT
BUT LESS THAN KING
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SCOTT') AND SAL < ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' );

17.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOS NAME STARTS

WITH ‘A’ AND
WORKS IN THE SAME DEPT AS BLAKE
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE 'A%' AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='BLAKE' ) ;

18.WAQTD NAME AND COMM IF EMPLOYEES EARN COMISSION

AND WORK IN
THE SAME DESIGNATION AS SMITH
SELECT ENAME , COMM
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL AND JOB = ( SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH');

19.WAQTD DETAILS OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS

CLERK IN THE
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CLERK IN THE
SAME DEPT AS TURNER
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='CLERK' AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='TURNER' ) ;

20.WAQTD ENAME, SAL AND DESIGNATION OF THE EMPLOYEES

WHOS
ANNUAL SALARY IS MORE THAN SMITH AND LESS THAN KING
SELECT ENAME , SAL , JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL*12 > ( SELECT SAL *12
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH') AND SAL < ( SELECT SAL *12
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' );

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DAY 12
Saturday, August 1, 2020 9:38 AM

CASE-2 : Whenever the data to be selected and the condition to be

executed are present in different tables we use Sub Query .

Example :

Emp
EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO
1 ALLEN 1000 20 DEPT
2 BLAKE 2000 10 DEPTNO DNAME LOC

3 CLARK 3000 30 10 D1 L1

4 MILLER 1500 10 20 D2 L2

5 ADAMS 2500 20 30 D3 L3

1. WAQTD deptno of the employee whose name is Miller .

SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ;

2. WAQTD dname of the employee whose name is Miller .

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ) ;

3. WAQTD Location of ADAMS

SELECT LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ADAMS' ) ;

4. WAQTD names of the employees working in Location L2.

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE LOC ='L2' ) ;

5. WAQTD number of employees working in dept D3 .

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
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FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME ='D3' ) ;

6. WAQTD ename , sal of all the employee earning more than

Scott and working in dept 20 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SCOTT' ) ;

7. WAQTD all the details of the employee working as a Manager

In the dept Accounting .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND
DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME ='ACCOUNTING' ) ;

8. WAQTD all the details of the employee working in the same

designation as Miller and works in location New York .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = ( SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ) AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT
DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE LOC ='NEW YORK' ) ;

9. WAQTD number of employees working as a clerk in the same

deptno as SMITH and earning more than KING hired after
MARTIN in the location BOSTON .

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='CLERK' AND
DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH') AND
SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) AND
HIREDATE > ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MARTIN' ) AND
DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE LOC ='BOSTON' ) ;

10. WAQTD maximum salary given to a person working in

DALLAS .
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DALLAS .

SELECT MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE LOC ='DALLAS' ) ;

ASSIGNMENT ON CASE 2 :

21.WAQTD DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOS NAME IS

SMITH
22.WAQTD DNAME AND LOC OF THE EMPLOYEE WHOS
ENAME IS KING
23.WAQTD LOC OF THE EMP WHOS EMPLOYEE NUMBER IS
7902
24.WAQTD DNAME AND LOC ALONG WITH DEPTNO OF THE
EMPLOYEE WHOS NAME ENDS WITH 'R' .
25.WAQTD DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEE WHOS DESIGNATION
IS PRESIDENT
26.WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING IN
ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT
27.WAQTD ENAME AND SALARIES OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO
ARE WORKING IN THE LOCATION CHICAGO
28.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING IN SALES
29.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP ALONG WITH ANNUAL
SALARY IF EMPLOYEES ARE WORKING IN NEW YORK
30.WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN
OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT

ASSIGNMENT ON CASE 1 & 2

31.WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING MORE

THAN SCOTT IN ACCOUNTING DEPT
32.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
MANAGER IN THE LOCATION CHICAGO
33.WAQTD NAME AND SAL OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING
MORE THAN KING IN THE DEPT ACCOUNTING
34.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
SALESMAN IN THE DEPARTEMENT SALES
35.WAQTD NAME , SAL , JOB , HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES
WORKING IN OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT AND HIRED
BEFORE KING
36.DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE DEPARTMET
NAMES ENDING 'S'.
37.WAQTD DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOS NAMES HAS
CHARACTER 'A' IN IT .
38.WAQTD DNAME AND LOC OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOS
SALARY IS RUPEES 800 .
39.WAQTD DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO EARN
COMISSION
40.WAQTD LOC OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY EARN
COMISSION IN DEPT 40

MAX & MIN :

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MAX & MIN :

EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO
1 ALLEN 1000 20
2 BLAKE 2000 10
3 CLARK 3000 30
4 MILLER 1500 10
5 ADAMS 2500 20

1. WAQTD maximum salary of an employee .

SELECT MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP ;

2. WAQTD name of the employee getting maximum salary .

SELECT ENAME , MAX( SAL )

FROM EMP ;

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = MAX( SAL ) ;

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = ( SELECT MAX( SAL )
FROM EMP ) ;

3. WAQTD name and salary earned by the employee getting

Minimum salary .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = ( SELECT MIN( SAL )
FROM EMP ) ;

ASSIGNMENT ON MAX & MIN :

41.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE EARNING MAXIMUM

SALARY
42.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE EARNING MINIMUM
SALARY
43.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEE HIRED
BEFORE
ALL THE EMPLOYEES (FIRST EMP)
44.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES HIRED
AT THE LAST
45.WAQTD NAME, COMM OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO EARNS
MIN COMISSION
46.WAQTD NAME, SAL AND COMM OF THE EMPLOYEE
EARNING MAXIMUM
COMISSION
47.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO HAS GREATEST
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47.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO HAS GREATEST

EMPNO
48.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES HAVING THE LEAST
HIREDATE
49.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING LEAST
ANNUAL SALARY
50.WAQTD NAME , ANNUAL SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES IF
THEIR ANNUAL SALARY IS MORE THAN ALL THE SALESMAN

ASSIGNMENT ANSWERS ON CASE 2 :

21.WAQTD DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOS NAME IS

SMITH
SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) ;

22.WAQTD DNAME AND LOC OF THE EMPLOYEE WHOS

ENAME IS KING
SELECT DNAME ,LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME =''KING' ) ;

23.WAQTD LOC OF THE EMP WHOS EMPLOYEE NUMBER IS

7902
SELECT LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE EMPNO=7902 ) ;

24.WAQTD DNAME AND LOC ALONG WITH DEPTNO OF THE

EMPLOYEE WHO’S NAME ENDS WITH ‘R’.
SELECT DNAME , LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%R' ) ;

25.WAQTD DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEE WHOS DESIGNATION

IS PRESIDENT
SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = 'PRESIDENT' ) ;

26.WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING IN

ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT
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ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME = 'ACCOUNTING' );

27.WAQTD ENAME AND SALARIES OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO

ARE WORKING IN
THE LOCATION ‘CHICAGO’
SELECT ENAME ,SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE LOC = 'CHICAGO' );

28.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING IN SALES

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME ='SALES' );

29.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMP ALONG WITH ANNUAL

SALARY IF EMPLOYEES
ARE WORKING IN NEW YORK
SELECT EMP.* , SAL*12
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE LOC ='NEW YORK' );

30.WAQTD NAMES OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN

OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME ='OPERATIONS' );

ANSWERS ON CASE 1 & 2 :

31.WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING MORE

THAN SCOTT IN
ACCOUNTING DEPT
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SCOTT' ) AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME =
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WHERE DNAME =
'ACCOUNTING');

32.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS

MANAGER IN THE
LOCATION CHICAGO
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE LOC
='CHICAGO');

33.WAQTD NAME AND SAL OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING

MORE THAN KING
IN THE DEPT ACCOUNTING
SELECT ENAME ,SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME =
'ACCOUNTING');

34.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS

SALESMAN IN THE
DEPARTEMENT SALES
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='SALESMAN' AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME
='SALES');

35.WAQTD NAME , SAL , JOB , HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES

WORKING IN OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT AND HIRED
BEFORE KING
SELECT ENAME ,SAL , JOB , HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE < ( SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING') AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME
='OPERATIONS');
36.DISPLAY ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHOSE DEPARTMET
NAMES ENDING 'S'.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM DEPT
WHERE DNAME LIKE '%S' );

37.WAQTD DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOS NAMES HAS

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37.WAQTD DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOS NAMES HAS

CHARACTER ‘A’ IN IT .
SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO IN( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%A%' ) ;

38.WAQTD DNAME AND LOC OF THE EMPLOYEES WHOS

SALARY IS RUPEES 800 .
SELECT DNAME , LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = 800) ;

39.WAQTD DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO EARN

COMISSION
SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL );

40.WAQTD LOC OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY EARN

COMISSION IN DEPT 40
SELECT LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = 40 AND DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL ) ;

SELECT LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL AND DEPTNO = 40 ) ;

ANSWERS ON MAX & MIN :

41.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE EARNING MAXIMUM

SALARY
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = ( SELECT MAX(SAL)
FROM EMP );

42.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE EARNING MINIMUM

SALARY
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = ( SELECT MIN(SAL)
FROM EMP );

43.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEE HIRED

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43.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEE HIRED

BEFORE
ALL THE EMPLOYEES (FIRST EMP)
SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE = ( SELECT MIN(HIREDATE)
FROM EMP );

44.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF THE EMPLOYEES HIRED

AT THE LAST
SELECT ENAME , HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE = ( SELECT MAX(HIREDATE)
FROM EMP );

45.WAQTD NAME, COMM OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO EARNS

MIN COMISSION
SELECT ENAME , COMM
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM= ( SELECT MIN(COMM)
FROM EMP );

46.WAQTD NAME, SAL AND COMM OF THE EMPLOYEE

EARNING MAXIMUM
COMISSION
SELECT ENAME ,SAL, COMM
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM= ( SELECT MAX(COMM)
FROM EMP );

47.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO HAS GREATEST

EMPNO
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE EMPNO= ( SELECT MAX(EMPNO)
FROM EMP );

48.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES HAVING THE LEAST

HIREDATE
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE EMPNO= ( SELECT MIN(EMPNO)
FROM EMP );

49.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING LEAST

ANNUAL SALARY
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL*12= ( SELECT MIN(SAL*12)
FROM EMP );

50.WAQTD NAME , ANNUAL SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEES IF

THEIR ANNUAL
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THEIR ANNUAL
SALARY IS MORE THAN ALL THE SALESMAN
SELECT ENAME , SAL*12
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL*12 > ( SELECT MAX(SAL*12)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='SALESMAN' );
OR
SELECT ENAME , SAL*12
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL*12 > ALL ( SELECT SAL*12
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='SALESMAN' );

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DAY 13
Monday, August 3, 2020 9:47 AM

TYPES OF SUB - QUERY :

1. SINGLE ROW SUB QUERY

2. MULTI ROW SUB QUERY

Example :

Emp
EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO
1 ALLEN 1000 20 DEPT
2 BLAKE 2000 10 DEPTNO DNAME LOC
3 CLARK 3000 30 10 D1 L1
4 MILLER 1500 10 20 D2 L2
5 SMITH 2500 10 30 D3 L3

1. WAQTD dname of ALLEN .

SELECT DNAME
20
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'ALLEN' ) ;

2. WAQTD dnames of allen and smith .

20
SELECT DNAME 10
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
DEPTNO WHERE ENAME IN
20 ( 'ALLEN' ,'SMITH' ) ) ;
10
Here , since the sub query returns
30 2 records we cannot use '=' Op .
10 We've to use IN Op .
10

1. SINGLE ROW SUB QUERY :

➢ If the sub query returns exactly 1 record / value we call it as

Single Row Sub Query .
➢ If it returns only 1 value then we can use the normal
operators Or the Special Operators to compare the values .

2. MULTI ROW SUB QUERY :

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➢ If the sub query returns more than1 record / value we call it

as Multi Row Sub Query .
➢ If it returns more than 1 value then we cannot use the
normal operators We have to use only Special Operators to
compare the values .

Note : It is difficult to identify whether a query Belongs Single or Multi

row So , it is always recommended to use Special Operators to
Compare The values .

1. WAQTD ename and salary of the employees earning more than

Employees of dept 10 .

EID ENAME SAL DEPTNO

1 ALLEN 1000 20
2 BLAKE 2000 10
3 CLARK 3000 30
4 MILLER 1500 10
5 SMITH 2500 10

2000
1500
SELECT ENAME , SAL
FROM EMP 2500
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 ) ;

Here we cannot use > symbol to compare

Multiple values .

We cant use IN or. NOT IN as well because

It is used for = and != symbols .

Therefore we have to use Sub Query Operators

For Comparing Relational Operators such as
( > , < , >= , <= ) .

Sub Query Operators :

1. ALL :

"It is special Op used along with a relational Op ( > , < , > = , <= )
to compare the values present at the RHS ".
➢ ALL Op returns true if all the values at the RHS have satisfied the
condition .

Example :
2000
CLARK ,3000 1500
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Example :
2000
CLARK ,3000 1500
SELECT ENAME , SAL 2500
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ALL ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
SAL WHERE DEPTNO = 10 ) ;
1000
2000 1000 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )
3000
1500 1000 > 2000 False
2500 1000 > 1500 False
1000 > 2500 False

2000 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

2000 > 2000 False

2000 > 1500 True
2000 > 2500 False

3000 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

3000 > 2000 True

3000 > 1500 True
3000 > 2500 True

1500 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

1500 > 2000 False

1500 > 1500 False
1500 > 2500 False

2500 > ALL ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

2500 > 2000 True

2500 > 1500 True
2500 > 2500 False

2. ANY :

"It is special Op used along with a relational Op ( > , < , > = , <= )
to compare the values present at the RHS ".
• ANY Op returns true if one of the values at the RHS have satisfied
the condition .

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Example :
2000
1500
SELECT ENAME , SAL 2500
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ANY ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
SAL WHERE DEPTNO = 10 ) ;
1000
2000 1000 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )
3000
1500 1000 > 2000 False
2500 1000 > 1500 False
1000 > 2500 False

2000 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

2000 > 2000 False

2000 > 1500 True
2000 > 2500 False

3000 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

3000 > 2000 True

3000 > 1500 True
3000 > 2500 True

1500 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

1500 > 2000 False

1500 > 1500 False
1500 > 2500 False

2500 > ANY ( 2000 , 1500 , 2500 )

2500 > 2000 True

2500 > 1500 True
2500 > 2500 False

1. WAQTD name of the employee if the employee earns less than

The employees working as salesman .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ALL ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
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FROM EMP
WHERE JOB='SALESMAN' ) ;

2. WAQTD name of the employee if the employee earns less than

At least a salesman .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ANY ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='SALESMAN' ) ;

3. WAQTD names of the employees earning more than ADAMS .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ALL ( SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ADAMS' ) ;

ASSIGNMENT ON TYPES OF SUB QUERY .

51.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES EARNING SALARY

MORE THAN THE SALESMAN
52.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES HIRED AFTER ALL
THE CLERKS
53.WAQTD NAME AND SALARY FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES IF
THEY ARE EARNING LESS THAN ATLEST A MANAGER
54.WAQTD NAME AND HIREDATE OF EMPLOYEES HIRED
BEFORE ALL THE MANAGERS
55.WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES HIRED AFTER ALL
THE MANAGERS AND EARNING SALARY MORE THAN ALL
THE CLERKS
56.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES WORKING AS
CLERK AND HIRED BEFORE ATLEST A SALESMAN
57.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN
ACCOUNTING OR SALES DEPT
58.WAQTD DEPARTMENT NAMES OF THE EMPOYEES WITH
NAME SMITH , KING AND MILLER
59.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMPLOYEES WORKING NEWYORK
OR CHICAGO
60.WAQTD EMP NAMES IF EMPLOYEES ARE HIRED AFTER
ALL THE EMPLOYEES OF DEPT 10

INSTAGRAM - ( ro_sql_helpmate )

NESTED SUB QUERY :

" A sub query written inside a sub query is known as Nested Subquery "

SAL
➢ WE CAN NEST ABOUT 255 SUB QUERIES
1000
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➢ WE CAN NEST ABOUT 255 SUB QUERIES

1000
2000
4000
3000
5000

1. WAQTD maximum salary given to an employee .

SELECT MAX( SAL ) 5000

FROM EMP ;

2. WAQTD second maximum salary given to an employee .

4000
SELECT MAX( SAL )
FROM MP 5000
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL)
FROM EMP ) ;
SAL
1000
2000
4000
3000
5000

3. WAQTD 3rd maximum salary .

SELECT MAX( SAL ) 3000

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 4000
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 5000
FROM EMP ) )

4. WAQTD 4th maximum salary .

SELECT MAX( SAL ) 2000

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 3000
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 4000
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ( SELECT MAX( SAL ) 5000
FROM EMP ) ) )

5. WAQTD 3 minimum salary .

SELECT MIN(SAL )
FROM EMP

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FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT MIN(SAL )
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT MIN ( SAL )
FROM EMP ) ) ;

6. WAQTD Dept name of the employee getting 2nd Minimum

salary .

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN( SAL )
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ( SELECT MIN( SAL )
FROM EMP ) ) );

REMEMBER :

MAXIMUM MAX( ) <

MINIMUM MIN( ) >

ASSIGNMENT ON NESTED SUB QUERY :

61.WAQTD 2ND MINIMUM SALARY

62.WAQTD 5TH MAXIMUM SALARY
63.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE EARNING 3RD
MAXIMUM SALARY
64.WAQTD EMPNO OF THE EMPLOYEE EARNING 2D
MAXIMUM SALARY
65.WAQTD DEPARTMENT NAME OF AN EMPLOYEE GETTING
4TH MAX SAL
66.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO WAS HIRED 2nd
67.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE HIRED BEFORE THE
LAST EMPLOYEE
68.WAQTD LOC OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO WAS HIRED FIRST
69.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE EARNING 7TH
MINIMUM SALARY
70.WAQTD DNAME OF EMPLOYEE GETTING 2ND MAXIMUM
SALARY

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DAY 14
Tuesday, August 4, 2020 9:37 AM

EMPLOYEE AND MANAGER RELATION :

EID ENAME MGR

1 ALLEN 3
2 SMITH 1
3 JAMES 2
4 KING 3

CASE 1 :

➢ WAQTD name of Allen's manager .

JAMES
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP 3
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
1 WHERE ENAME ='ALLEN' )
2
3
4

➢ WAQTD name of SMITH's manager .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) ;

➢ WAQTD name of SMITH's manager's manager .

EID ENAME MGR

1 ALLEN 3
2 SMITH 1
3 JAMES 2
4 KING 3

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) ) ;

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WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ) ) ;

➢ WAQTD dname of King's Manager .

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) ) ;

➢ WAQTD Location of Adams's manager's manager .

SELECT LOC
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ADAMS' ) ) ) ;

CASE -2

➢ WAQTD Names of the employees reporting to KING.

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR = ( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' ) ;

➢ WAQTD Name and salary given to the employees reporting

To James .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE MGR = ( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JAMES' ) ;

To find Manager Select MGR in Sub Q

To find Employees Select EID in Sub Q

➢ WAQTD dname of the employee reporting to President .

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP

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FROM EMP
WHERE MGR = ( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='PRESIDENT' ) ) ;

➢ WAQTD Department details of the employees who are reporting

to MILLER .

SELECT *
FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR = ( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' ));

ASSIGNMENT ON EMP AND MANAGER RELATION .

71.WAQTD SMITHS REPORTING MANAGER'S NAME

72.WAQTD ADAMS MANAGER'S MANAGER NAME
73.WAQTD DNAME OF JONES MANAGER
74.WAQTD MILLER'S MANAGER'S SALARY
75.WAQTD LOC OF SMITH'S MANAGER'S MANAGER.
76.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO
BLAKE
77.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLPOYEES REPORTING TO KING
78.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO
JONES
79.WAQTD ENAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO
BLAKE'S MANAGER
80.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO FORD'S
MANAGER

SUB QUERY :

➢ What is Sub Query ?

➢ Explain ? ( draw )
➢ Why ? When ?
➢ Types of Sub Query
▪ Single Row Sub Query
▪ Multi Row Sub Query
➢ Sub Query Operators
▪ ALL
▪ ANY
➢ Nested Sub Query .

71.WAQTD SMITHS REPORTING MANAGER'S NAME

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE EID=( SELECT MGR
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WHERE EID=( SELECT MGR

FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' );

72.WAQTD ADAMS MANAGER'S MANAGER NAME

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE EID=( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='ADAMS' );

73.WAQTD DNAME OF JONES MANAGER

SELECT DNAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = ( SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE EID=( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JONES' ));

74.WAQTD MILLER'S MANAGER'S SALARY

SELECT SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE EID=( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='MILLER' );

75.WAQTD LOC OF SMITH'S MANAGER'S MANAGER.

SELECT LOC
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = (SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE EID=( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JONES' )));

76.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO BLAKE

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR=( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='BLAKE' );

77.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLPOYEES REPORTING TO KING

SELECT COUNT(ENAME)
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR=( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='KING' );

78.WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO

JONES
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JONES
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR=( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='JONES' );

79.WAQTD ENAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO

BLAKE'S MANAGER
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR =( SELECT EID
FROM EMP
WHERE EID = ( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='BLAKE' ) );

OR

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR =( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='BLAKE' );

80.WAQTD NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO FORD'S

MANAGER
SELECT COUNT(ENAME)
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR =( SELECT MGR
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='FORD' );

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DAY 15
Wednesday, August 5, 2020 9:33 AM

JOINS

"The process of retrieval of data from multiple tables simultaneously

is known as JOINS ".

Types of JOINS .

We have 5 types of joins

1. CARTESIAN JOIN / CROSS JOIN

2. INNER JOIN / EQUI JOIN
3. OUTER JOIN
i. LEFT OUTER JOIN
ii. RIGHT OUTER JOIN
iii. FULL OUTER JOIN
4. SELF JOIN
5. NATURAL JOIN .

1. CARTESIAN JOIN / CROSS JOIN :

In Cartesian Join a record from table 1 will be merged with

All the records of table 2 .

EMP DEPT
ENAME DEPTNO DNAME DEPTNO
A 20 D1 10
B 30 D2 20

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A 20 D1 10
B 30 D2 20
C 10 D3 30

➢ Number of Columns in the Result table : will be equivalent to

the summations of columns present in both the tables .

Number of Col = Number of Col T1 + Number of Col T2

2+2
= 4 Columns

➢ Number of Rows in the Result table : will be equivalent to the

product of number of rows present in the both the tables .

Number of Rows = Number of Rows T1 x Number of Rows T2

3x3
= 9 Rows .

Result Table :

ENAME DEPTNO DNAME DEPTNO

A 20 D1 10
A 20 D2 20
A 20 D3 30
B 30 D1 10
B 30 D2 20
B 30 D3 30
C 10 D1 10
C 10 D2 20
C 10 D3 30

SYNTAX:

1. ANSI [ American National Standard Institute ]

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 CROSS JOIN Table_Name2 ;

2. Oracle

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 , Table_Name2 ;

Example :

1. WAQTD ename and dept name for all the employees .

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1. WAQTD ename and dept name for all the employees .

SELECT ENAME , DNAME

FROM EMP , DEPT ;

SELECT ENAME , DNAME

FROM EMP CROSS JOIN DEPT ;

2. INNER JOIN :

"It is used to Obtain only Matching Records "

Or " A records which has a Pair " .

EMP DEPT
ENAME DEPTNO DNAME DEPTNO
A 20 D1 10
B 30 D2 20
C 10 D3 30

JOIN Condition : It is a condition on which the two tables

Are merged .

Syntax: Table_Name1.Col_Name = Table_Name2.Col_Name

Join Condition :EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO

20 = 10 False 30 = 10 False 10 = 10 True

20 = 20 True 30 = 20 False 10 = 20 False
20 = 30 False 30 = 30 True 10 = 30 False

Result Table :

ENAME EMP.DEPTNO DNAME DEPT.DEPTNO

A 20 D2 20
B 30 D3 30
C 10 D1 10

SYNTAX:

1. ANSI [ American National Standard Institute ]

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 INNER JOIN Table_Name2
ON < JOIN_CONDITION> ;

SELECT *
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FROM Table_Name1 INNER JOIN Table_Name2

ON < JOIN_CONDITION> ;

SELECT *
FROM EMP INNER JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO ;

2. Oracle

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 , Table_Name2
WHERE <JOIN_CONDITION > ;

SELECT *
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO ;

1. WAQTD ename and dept name for all the employees .

SELECT ENAME , DNAME

FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO ;

2. WAQTD ename and loc for all the employees working as

Manager .

SELECT ENAME , LOC

FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO AND JOB
='MANAGER' ;

3. WAQTD ename , sal and dname of the employee working as

Clerk in dept 20 with a salary of more than 1800 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , DNAME

FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO =DEPT.DEPTNO AND
EMP.DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB ='CLERK' AND SAL > 1800 ;

4. WAQTD ename deptno , dname and loc of the employee earning

more than 2000 in New York .

SELECT ENAME , EMP.DEPTNO , DNAME

FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO AND SAL > 2000
AND LOC ='NEW YORK' ;

ASSIGNMENT ON INNER JOIN :

1.NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE AND HIS LOCATION OF ALL THE

EMPLOYEES .
2.WAQTD DNAME AND SALARY FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEE
WORKING IN ACCOUNTING.
3.WAQTD DNAME AND ANNUAL SALARY FOR ALL
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3.WAQTD DNAME AND ANNUAL SALARY FOR ALL

EMPLOYEES WHOS SALARY IS MORE THAN 2340
4.WAQTD ENAME AND DNAME FOR EMPLOYEES HAVING
CAHARACTER 'A' IN THEIR DNAME
5.WAQTD ENAME AND DNAME FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES
WORKING AS SALESMAN
6.WADTD DNAME AND JOB FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHOS
JOB AND DNAME STARTS WITH CHARACTER 'S'
7.WAQTD DNAME AND MGR NO FOR EMPLOYEES
REPORTING TO 7839
8.WAQTD DNAME AND HIREDATE FOR EMPLOYEES HIRED
AFTER 83 INTO ACCOUNTING OR RESEARCH DEPT
9.WAQTD ENAME AND DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO
ARE GETTING COMM IN DEPT 10 OR 30
10.WAQTD DNAME AND EMPNO FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES
WHO'S EMPNO ARE (7839,7902) AND ARE WORKING IN LOC
NEW YORK.

Answers :

1.NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE AND HIS LOCATION OF ALL THE

EMPLOYEES .
SELECT ENAME , LOC
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO ;

2.WAQTD DNAME AND SALARY FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEE

WORKING IN
ACCOUNTING.
SELECT DNAME , SAL
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND DNAME ='ACCOUNTING';

3.WAQTD DNAME AND ANNUAL SALARY FOR ALL

EMPLOYEES WHOS SALARY
IS MORE THAN 2340
SELECT DNAME , SAL*12
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND SAL > 2340 ;

4.WAQTD ENAME AND DNAME FOR EMPLOYEES HAVING

CAHARACTER 'A'
IN THEIR DNAME
SELECT ENAME , DNAME
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND ENAME LIKE '%A%' ;

5.WAQTD ENAME AND DNAME FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES

WORKING AS SALESMAN
SELECT ENAME , DNAME Customer
FROM EMP , DEPT CNAME CID
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5.WAQTD ENAME AND DNAME FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES

WORKING AS SALESMAN
SELECT ENAME , DNAME Customer
FROM EMP , DEPT CNAME CID
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO X 101
AND JOB ='SALESMAN' ;
Y 102
6.WADTD DNAME AND JOB FOR ALL Z THE EMPLOYEES
103 WHOS
JOB AND DNAME
STARTS WITH CHARACTER 'S'
SELECT DNAME ,JOB
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND JOB LIKE 'S%' AND DNAME LIKE 'S%' ;

7.WAQTD DNAME AND MGR NO FOR EMPLOYEES

REPORTING TO 7839
SELECT DNAME , MGR
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND MGR = 7839 ;

8.WAQTD DNAME AND HIREDATE FOR EMPLOYEES HIRED

AFTER 83 INTO
ACCOUNTING OR RESEARCH DEPT
SELECT DNAME , HIREDATE
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND HIREDATE > '31-DEC-83' AND DNAME IN
('ACCOUNTING' ,'RESEARCH' );

9.WAQTD ENAME AND DNAME OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO

ARE GETTING COMM
IN DEPT 10 OR 30
SELECT ENAME , DNAME
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND COMM IS NOT NULL AND EMP.DEPTNO IN ( 10 , 30 ) ;

10.WAQTD DNAME AND EMPNO FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES

WHO'S EMPNO ARE
(7839,7902) AND ARE WORKING IN LOC NEW YORK.
SELECT DNAME , EMPNO
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO
AND EMPNO IN (7839,7902) AND LOC = 'NEW YORK' ;

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DAY 16
Thursday, August 6, 2020 9:34 AM

OUTER JOIN
"It is used to Obtain Un-Matched Records "

1. Left Outer Join :

"It is used to obtain Un-Matched Records of Left Table

Along with Matching Records ".

Example :

EMP DEPT
ENAME DEPTNO DNAME DEPTNO
A 20 D1 10
B Null D2 20
C 10 D3 30
D Null D4 40
Left Right

Result Table :

ENAME EMP.DEPTNO DNAME DEPT.DEPTNO

A 20 D2 20
C 10 D1 10
B Null Null Null
D Null Null Null

SYNTAX:

1. ANSI [ American National Standard Institute ]

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 LEFT [OUTER] JOIN Table_Name2
ON < JOIN_CONDITION> ;

SELECT *
FROM EMP LEFT JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO ;

2. Oracle

SELECT Column_Name
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2. Oracle

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 , Table_Name2
WHERE Table1.Col_Name = Table2.Col_Name (+) ;

SELECT *
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO (+) ;

➢ WAQTD names and dnames of all the employees even though

the employees Don’t work in any dept .

SELECT ENAME , DNAME

FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO(+) ;

ENAME DNAME
A D2
C D1
B Null
D Null

2. Right Outer Join :

"It is used to obtain Un-Matched Records of Right

Table Along with Matching Records ".

Example :

EMP DEPT
ENAME DEPTNO DNAME DEPTNO
A 20 D1 10
B Null D2 20
C 10 D3 30
D Null D4 40
Left Right

Result Table :

ENAME EMP.DEPTNO DNAME DEPT.DEPTNO

A 20 D2 20
C 10 D1 10
Null Null D3 30
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A 20 D2 20
C 10 D1 10
Null Null D3 30
Null Null D4 40

SYNTAX:

1. ANSI [ American National Standard Institute ]

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 RIGHT[OUTER] JOIN Table_Name2
ON < JOIN_CONDITION> ;

SELECT *
FROM EMP RIGHT JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO ;

2. Oracle

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 , Table_Name2
WHERE Table1.Col_Name (+) = Table2.Col_Name ;

SELECT *
FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO(+) = DEPT.DEPTNO ;

➢ WAQTD names and dnames of all the employees even though

the there are no employees in a dept .

SELECT ENAME , DNAME

FROM EMP , DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO(+) = DEPT.DEPTNO ;

ENAME DNAME
A D2
C D1
Null D3
Null D4

3. Full Outer Join :

"It is used to obtain Un-Matched Records of both Left

& Right Table Along with Matching Records ".

Example :

EMP DEPT
ENAME DEPTNO DNAME DEPTNO
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Example :

EMP DEPT
ENAME DEPTNO DNAME DEPTNO
A 20 D1 10
B Null D2 20
C 10 D3 30
D Null D4 40
Left Right

Result Table :

ENAME EMP.DEPTNO DNAME DEPT.DEPTNO

A 20 D2 20
C 10 D1 10
B Null Null Null
D Null Null Null
Null Null D3 30
Null Null D4 40

SYNTAX:

1. ANSI [ American National Standard Institute ]

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 FULL [OUTER] JOIN Table_Name2
ON < JOIN_CONDITION> ;

SELECT *
FROM EMP FULL JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO ;

➢ WAQTD names and dnames of all the employees and depts

even though the employees Don’t work in any dept and a dept
having no employees .

SELECT ENAME , DNAME

FROM EMP FULL OUTER DEPT
ON EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;

ENAME DNAME
A D2
C D1
B Null
D Null
Null D3

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Null D3
Null D4

SELF JOIN :

"Joining a table by itself is known as Self Join "

Why ? / When ?

"Whenever the data to select is in the same table but present

In different records we use self-join ".

Example :

EMP E1 EMP E2
EID ENAME E1.MGR E2.EID ENAME MGR
1 ALLEN 3 1 ALLEN 3
2 SMITH 1 2 SMITH 1
3 MILLER 2 3 MILLER 2

Join Condition : E1.MGR = E2.EID

Result table :

E1.eid E1.ename E1.mgr E2.eid E2.ename E2.mgr

1 ALLEN 3 3 MILLER 2
2 SMITH 1 1 ALLEN 3
3 MILLER 2 2 SMITH 1

Employees Details - E1 Managers Details - E2

SYNTAX:

1. ANSI [ American National Standard Institute ]

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1 JOIN Table_Name2
ON < JOIN_CONDITION> ;

SELECT *
FROM EMP E1 JOIN EMP E2
ON E1.MGR = E2.EID ;

2. Oracle

SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1T1 , Table_Name2 T2
WHERE < Join_Condition > ;
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SELECT Column_Name
FROM Table_Name1T1 , Table_Name2 T2
WHERE < Join_Condition > ;

SELECT *
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EID ;

1. WAQTD Ename and Manager's name for all the employees .

SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.ENAME

FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO ;

2. WAQTD Ename , sal along with manager's name and

manager's salary for all the employees .

SELECT E1.ENAME , E1.SAL , E2.ENAME , E2.SAL

FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO ;

3. WAQTD ename , manager's name along with their deptno

If employee is working as clerk .

SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.ENAME , E1.DEPTNO ,

E2.DEPTNO
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND E1.JOB='CLERK' ;

4. WAQTD ename , manager's job if manager works as Analyst .

SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.JOB

FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E2.JOB ='ANALYST' ;

5. WAQTD ename and manager's name along with their job if

emp and manager are working for same designation .

SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.ENAME , E1.JOB , E2.JOB

FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E1.JOB = E2.JOB ;

6. WAQTD ename emp salary manager's name manager's salary

If manager earns more than employee .

SELECT E1.ENAME , E1.SAL , E2.ENAME , E2.SAL

FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E2.SAL > E1.SAL ;

7. WAQTD ename and manager's name along with manager's

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7. WAQTD ename and manager's name along with manager's

commission if manager earns commission .

SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.ENAME , E2.COMM

FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E2.COMM IS NOT NULL ;

NOTE : TO join 'N' number of tables we need to write 'N-1'

number of join conditions

ASSIGNMENT ON SELF JOIN :

1.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE AND HIS MANAGER'S

NAME IF EMPLOYEE IS WORKING AS CLERK

2.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE AND MANAGER'S

DESIGNATION IF MANAGER WORKS IN DEPT 10 OR 20

3.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMP AND MANAGERS SALARY IF

EMPLOYEE AND MANAGER BOTH EARN MORE THAN 2300

4.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER'S HIREDATE IF

EMPLOYEE WAS HIRED BEFORE1982

5.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER'S COMM IF

EMPLOYEE WORKS AS SALESMAN AND MANAGER
WORKS IN DEPT 30

6.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER NAME AND THEIR

SALARIES IF EMPLOYEE EARNS MORE THAN MANAGER

7.WAQTD EMP NAME AND HIREDATE , MANAGER NAME

AND HIREDATE IF
MANAGER WAS HIRED BEFORE EMPLOYEE

8.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER NAME IF BOTH ARE

WORKING IN SAME JOB

9.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER NAME IF MANAGER

IS WORKING AS ACTUAL MANAGER

10.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER NAME ALONG

WITH THEIR ANNUAL SALARIES IF EMPLOYEE WORKS IN
DEPT 10 , 20 AND MANAGER'S SAL IS GREATER THAN
EMPLOYEES SALARY .

11.WAQTD EMPLOYEE'S NAME AND MANAGER'S

DESIGNATION FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES

12.WAQTD EMPLOYEE'S NAME AND MANAGER'S SALARY

FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES IF MANAGER'S SALARY ENDS
WITH 50

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Examples :

EMP DEPT

EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO

E1 E2

E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO

E1 E2 E3

E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
E2.MGR = E3.EMPNO
E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO

E1 D1 E2 D2

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO

5. NATURAL JOIN :

"It behaves as INNER JOIN if there is a relation between the given

two tables , else it behaves as CROSS JOIN" .

Syntax:

ANSI :
SELECT Col_Name
FROM Table_Name1 NATURAL JOIN Table_Name2;

Emp DEPT
ENAME DEPTNO DNAME DEPTNO
A 20 D1 10
B 30 D2 20
C 10 D3 30

Result Table : has a relation ( inner join )

DEPTNO ENAME DNAME

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DEPTNO ENAME DNAME

20 A D2
30 B D3
10 C D1

Emp CUSTOMER
ENAME DEPTNO CNAME CID
A 20 X 101
B 30 Y 102
C 10 Z 103

Result Table : has no relation ( cross join )

ENAME DEPTNO CNAME CID

A 20 X 101
A 20 Y 102
A 20 Z 103
B 30 X 101
B 30 Y 102
B 30 Z 103
C 10 X 101
C 10 Y 102
C 10 Z 103

QUESTIONS:
----------
1.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE AND HIS MANAGER'S
NAME IF EMPLOYEE IS WORKING AS CLERK
SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.ENAME
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E1.JOB = 'CLERK';

2.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE AND MANAGER'S

DESIGNATION IF MANAGER WORKS IN DEPT 10 OR 20
SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.JOB
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E2.DEPTNO IN ( 10 , 20 );

3.WAQTD NAME OF THE EMP AND MANAGERS SALARY IF

EMPLOYEE AND MANAGER BOTH EARN MORE THAN 2300
SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.SAL
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E1.SAL > 2300 AND E2.SAL>2300 ;
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AND E1.SAL > 2300 AND E2.SAL>2300 ;

4.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER'S HIREDATE IF

EMPLOYEE WAS HIRED BEFORE1982
SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.HIREDATE
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E1.HIREDATE < '01-JAN-82' ;

5.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER'S COMM IF

EMPLOYEE WORKS AS SALESMAN AND MANAGER
WORKS IN DEPT 30
SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.COMM
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E1.JOB = 'SALESMAN' AND E2.DEPTNO = 30 ; ;

6.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER NAME AND THEIR

SALARIES IF EMPLOYEE EARNS MORE THAN MANAGER
SELECT E1.ENAME, E1.SAL , E2.ENAME , E2.SAL
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E1.SAL > E2.SAL ;

7.WAQTD EMP NAME AND HIREDATE , MANAGER NAME

AND HIREDATE IF
MANAGER WAS HIRED BEFORE EMPLOYEE
SELECT E1.ENAME ,E1.HIREDATE , E2.ENAME , E2.HIREDATE
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E2.HIREDATE < E1.HIREDATE ;

8.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER NAME IF BOTH ARE

WORKING IN SAME JOB
SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.ENAME
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E1.JOB = E2.JOB ;

9.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER NAME IF MANAGER

IS WORKING AS ACTUAL MANAGER
SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.ENAME
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E2.JOB = 'MANAGER';

10.WAQTD EMP NAME AND MANAGER NAME ALONG

WITH THEIR ANNUAL SALARIES IF EMPLOYEE WORKS IN
DEPT 10 , 20 AND MANAGER'S SAL IS GREATER THAN
EMPLOYEES SALARY .
SELECT E1.ENAME , E1.SAL*12 , E2.ENAME , E2.SAL*12
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E1.DEPTNO IN ( 10,20) AND E2.SAL > E1.SAL ;

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11.WAQTD EMPLOYEE'S NAME AND MANAGER'S

DESIGNATION FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES
SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.JOB
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO ;

12.WAQTD EMPLOYEE'S NAME AND MANAGER'S SALARY

FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES IF MANAGER'S SALARY ENDS
WITH 50
SELECT E1.ENAME , E2.SAL
FROM EMP E1 , EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO
AND E2.SAL LIKE '%50' ;

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DAY 17
Friday, August 7, 2020 9:50 AM

CO - RELATED SUB QUERY

" A query written inside another query such that the outer query and the inner
query are Dependent on each other , this is known as Co-Related Sub-Query
".

WORKING PRINCIPLE :

Let us consider two queries inner and outer query respectively ,

1. Outer query executes first but partially
2. The partially executed output is given as an input to the inner Query
3. The inner query executes completely and generates an output
4. The output of inner query is fed as an input to the Outer query and
Outer
Query produces the result .
5. Therefore, we can state that the outer query and the inner query both are
INTERDEPENDENT ( dependent on each other ) .

NOTE :
i. In co-related sub query a Join condition is a must , And must be
written only in the Inner Query .
ii. Co-Related sub query works with the principles of both SUB
QUERY & JOINS .

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUB QUERY AND CO RELATED SUB

QUERY .
SUB QUERY CO-RELATED SUB QUERY
Inner query executes first Outer query executes first
Outer query is dependent on inner Both are interdependent
query
Join condition not mandatory Join condition is mandatory and
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Join condition not mandatory Join condition is mandatory and

must be written in inner query
Outer query executes Once Outer query executes Twice .

Example :
EMP
DEPT
ENAME DNO
DNAME DNO
A 20
D1 10
B 10
D2 20
C 20
D3 30
D 30
D4 40

D3
D2
D1 null ( 20 , 20 )
SELECT DNAME 10
30
FROM DEPT D
WHERE D.DNO IN ( SELECT E.DNO null
FROM EMP E
WHERE D.DNO= E.DNO ) ;
10
20 10 IN 10 True
30 10 = 20 False
40 20 IN ( 20 , 20 )
10 = 10 True
20 = 20 TRUE
10 = 20 False
20 = 20 TRUE
10 = 30 False
30 IN 30 True
20 = 20 True
40 IN Null Null
20 = 10 False
20 = 20 True
20 = 30 False

30 = 20 False
30 = 10 False
30 = 20 False
30 = 30 True

40 = 20 False
40 = 10 False
40 = 20 False
40 = 30 False

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1. WAQTD dnames in which there are employees working .

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT D
WHERE D.DEPTNO IN ( SELECT E.DEPTNO
FROM EMP E
WHERE D.DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO ) ;

2. WAQTD dname in which there are no employees working .

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT D
WHERE D.DEPTNO NOT IN ( SELECT E.DEPTNO
FROM EMP E
WHERE D.DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO ) ;

EXISTS & NOT EXISTS OPERATORS :

1. EXISTS : " Exists Op is a Unary Op ( One Operand ) which can accept

One Operand Towards RHS and that Operand has to be
A Co-related Sub Query "
➢ Exists Op returns true if the Sub Query returns Any value
other than Null.

D3
D2
D1
( 20 , 20 )
SELECT DNAME 10 30
FROM DEPT D null
WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT E.DNO
FROM EMP E
WHERE D.DNO= E.DNO. ) ;

10 = 20 False
10 = 10 True
10 = 20 False
10 = 30 False

20 = 20 True
20 = 10 False
20 = 20 True
20 = 30 False

30 = 20 False
30 = 10 False
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30 = 20 False
30 = 10 False
30 = 20 False
30 = 30 True

40 = 20 False
40 = 10 False
40 = 20 False
40 = 30 False

2. NOT EXISTS : " Not Exists Op is a Unary Op ( One Operand ) which

can accept
One Operand Towards RHS and that Operand has to be
A Co-related Sub Query "
➢ Not Exists Op returns true if the Sub Query returns NULL .

To Find MAX & MIN salary :

To find MAXIMUM salary :

SELECT SAL
FROM EMP E1
WHERE ( SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT SAL )
FROM EMP E2
WHERE E1.SAL < E2.SAL ) = N-1 ;

E1.SAL 3 MAX SAL :

1000
3000
3000
SELECT SAL
2000 FROM EMP E1 2
3000 WHERE ( SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT SAL )
FROM EMP E2
2000 WHERE E1.SAL < E2.SAL ) = 2 ;
4000
5000 E1.SAL E2.SAL
1000 1000
3000 3000
2000 2000
3000 3000
2000 2000
4000 4000
5000 5000

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4000 4000
5000 5000

2nd , 4th , 5th , 7th MAX salary

SELECT SAL
FROM EMP E1
WHERE ( SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT SAL )
FROM EMP E2
WHERE E1.SAL < E2.SAL ) in ( 1 , 3, 4 , 6 ) ;

To find MINUMUM salary :

SELECT SAL
FROM EMP E1
WHERE ( SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT SAL )
FROM EMP E2
WHERE E1.SAL > E2.SAL ) = N-1 ;

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DAY 18
Monday, August 10, 2020 9:47 AM

SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS

1. LENGTH( )
2. CONCAT( )
3. UPPER( )
4. LOWER( )
5. INITCAP( )
6. REVERSE( )
7. SUSBTR( )
8. INSTR( )
9. REPLACE( )
10. MOD( )
11. TRUNC( )
12. ROUND( )
13. MONTHS_BETWEEN( )
14. LAST_DAY( )
15. TO_CHAR( )
16. NVL( )

1. LENGTH : "It is used to count the number of characters present

In the given string ".

SYNTAX: LENGTH ( 'string' )

Example :

➢ WAQT count number of characters present in 'SMITH' .

SELECT LENGTH ( ENAME )

FROM EMP LENGTH(ENAME)
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ;
5
SELECT LENGTH( 'SMITH' )
FROM DUAL ;

SELECT LENGTH( 'HELLO WORLD' ) 11

FROM DUAL;

NOTE : DUAL TABLE

It is a DUMMY table which has 1 col and 1 row .
Which is used to output the result .

➢ DESC DUAL ;

➢ SELECT *
FROM DUAL ;

2. CONCAT( ) : "It is used to join the given two strings '

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SYNTAX : CONCAT ( 'string1' , 'String2' )

Example :

Input : Smith
Output : Mr. Smith

SELECT CONCAT( 'Mr. ' , ENAME )

FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ;

3. UPPER( ) : "It is used to convert a given string to upper case "

SYNTAX: UPPER ( 'string' )

4. LOWER( ) :"It is used to convert a given string to lower case "

SYNTAX: LOWER( 'string' )

5. INITCAP( ):"It is used to convert a given string to initial capital letter
case ".
SYNTAX: INITCAP( 'string' )

6. REVERSE( ): "It is used to reverse a given string ".

SYNTAX: REVERSE( 'string' )

Example :
REVERSE( 'SMITH' )
SELECT REVERSE( 'SMITH' ). HTIMS
FROM DUAL ;
UPPER( 'smith' )
SELECT UPPER( 'smith' ).
SMITH
FROM DUAL ;

SELECT LOWER( 'SMITH' ). LOWER( 'SMITH' )

FROM DUAL ; smith

SELECT INITCAP( 'SMITH' ).

FROM DUAL ; INITCAP( 'SMITH' )
Smith

7. SUBSTR : "It is used to extract a part of string from the given

Original string " .

SYNTAX: SUBSTR ( 'Original_String' , Position [ , Length ] )

NOTE: Length is not mandatory ,
Example : If length is not mentioned then

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SYNTAX: SUBSTR ( 'Original_String' , Position [ , Length ] )

NOTE: Length is not mandatory ,
Example : If length is not mentioned then
Consider the complete string .
-ve -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Q S P I D E R
+ve 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 2 , 3 ) SPI

Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 3 , 3 ) PID
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 2 ) SPIDER
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 1 , 6 ) QSPIDE
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 4, 1) I
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 1 , 1 ) Q
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 7 , 1) R
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 6 ) ER
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 0 , 3 ) QSP
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 6 , 6 ) ER
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , -2 , 1 ) E
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , -5 , 3 ) PID
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , -7 , 2 ) QS
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , -1 ) R

➢ WAQT extract first 3 characters of the emp names .

SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME, 1,3)

FROM EMP;

➢ WAQT extract last 3 characters of the employee names .

SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME, -3 )
FROM EMP;

➢ WAQT to display first half of employee names .

ENAME OUTPUT
SMITH SM
MILLER MIL
JONES JO
WARD WA

SELECT SUBSTR( ENAME , 1 , LENGTH( ENAME ) / 2 )

FROM EMP ;

SMITH SUBSTR( ENAME , 1 , LENGTH( ENAME ) / 2 )

SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , 1 , LENGTH ( 'SMITH' ) / 2 )

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SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , 1 , LENGTH ( 'SMITH' ) / 2 )

SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , 1 , 5 / 2 )
SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , 1 , 2 )
SM

WARD SUBSTR( ENAME , 1 , LENGTH( ENAME ) / 2 )

SUBSTR( 'WARD' , 1 , LENGTH ('WARD' ) / 2 )
SUBSTR( 'WARD' , 1 , 4 / 2 )
SUBSTR( 'WARD' , 1 , 2 )
WA

➢ WAQT to display second half of employee names .

ENAME OUTPUT
SMITH ITH
MILLER LER
JONES NES
WARD RD

SELECT SUBSTR( ENAME , LENGTH( ENAME ) / 2 + 1 )

FROM EMP ;

SMITH SUBSTR( ENAME , LENGTH( ENAME ) / 2 +1)

SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , LENGTH ( 'SMITH' ) / 2 +1)
SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , 5 / 2 +1)
SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , 3 )
ITH

WARD SUBSTR( ENAME , LENGTH( ENAME ) / 2+1 )

SUBSTR( 'WARD' , LENGTH ('WARD' ) / 2+1 )
SUBSTR( 'WARD' , 4 / 2 +1)
SUBSTR( 'WARD' , 3)
RD

8. REPLACE ( ) : "It is used to replace a string with another string in

The original string.
Null
SYNTAX:REPLACE ( 'Original_String' , 'string' [, 'new_String' ] )

Example : REPLACE ( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 'C' ) BCNCNC

Example : REPLACE ( 'BANANA' , 'N' , 'ABC' ) BAABCAABCA
Example : REPLACE ( 'OPPO' , 'O' , 'J' ) JPPJ
Example : REPLACE ( 'BANANA' , 'A' ) BNN
Example : REPLACE ( 'ENGINEERING' , 'E' ) NGINRING

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Example : REPLACE ( 'ENGINEERING' , 'E' , '123' ) 123N123123GINRING

NOTE : if the third argument is not mentioned the default

Value of it is Null .

1. WAQTD the number of times char 'A' is present in BANANA !!!

SELECT LENGTH('BANANA') - LENGTH ( REPLACE( 'BANANA','A' )

FROM DUAL ;

Length ( 'BANANA' ) - LENGTH( REPLACE('BANANA','A') )

Length ('BANANA') - LENGH ('BNN' )
6-3
= 3 times 'A' is present in BANANA

2. WAQTD to count number of time 'A' is present in 'MALAYALAM'

SELECT LENGTH('MALAYALAM') - LENGTH

( REPLACE( 'MALAYALAM','A' )
FROM DUAL ;

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DAY 19
Tuesday, August 11, 2020 9:56 AM

9. INSTR ( ) : "it is used to obtain the position in which the string is present in the Original string ".
It is used to search for a string in the Original string if present it returns the POSITION
Else it returns 0 ".

Syntax: INSTR( 'Original_String' , 'String' , Position [, Occurrence] )

Note : if occurrence is not Mentioned then , the default value of Occurrence is 1 .

B A N A N A
1 2 3 4 5 6

Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 1 , 1 ) POS: 2

Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 2 , 1 ) POS: 2
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 1 , 2 ) POS: 4
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 1 , 3 ) POS: 6
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 1 , 4 ) POS: 0
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 4 , 2 ) POS: 6
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 2 ) POS: 2
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'N' , 2 , 1) POS: 3
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'O' , 1 ,1 ) POS: 0
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'NA' , 2 , 2 ) POS: 5
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 3 , 3 ) POS: 0
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'ANA' , 1 , 2 ) POS: 4

1. WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY HAVE CHAR 'A' PRESENT IN THEIR NAMES

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 ,1 ) > 0 ;

2. WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY HAVE CHAR 'A' PRESENT ATLEAST TWICE IN
THEIR NAMES

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 , 2 ) > 0 ;

3. WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY HAVE CHAR 'A' PRESENT ATLEAST THRICE IN
THEIR NAMES

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 , 3 ) > 0 ;

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WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 , 3 ) > 0 ;

4. WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY HAVE CHAR 'A' EXACTLY TWICE

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 , 2 ) > 0 AND INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 , 3 ) = 0 ;

OR

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ( LENGTH( ENAME ) - LENGTH( REPLACE( ENAME ,'A') ) ) = 2;

ALLEN INSTR('ALLEN','A',1,2) Pos:0 INSTR('ALLEN','A',1,3) Pos:0

ADAMS INSTR('ADAMS','A',1,2) Pos:3 INSTR('ADAMS','A',1,3) Pos:0
AATISH INSTR('AATISH','A',1,2) Pos:2 INSTR('AATISH','A',1,3) Pos:0
AAA INSTR('AAA' ,'A',1 ,2) Pos:2 INSTR('AAA' ,'A',1 ,3) Pos:3
MALAYALAM INSTR('MALAYALAM' , 'A' , 1, 2 ) Pos:4 INSTR('MALAYALAM' , 'A' , 1, 3 ) Pos:6

ALLEN LENGTH( 'ALLEN' ) - LENGTH( REPLACE( 'ALLEN' ,A' ) ) =2

5 - LENGTH( 'LLEN' )
5-4
1 != 2
ADAMS 5 - LENGTH('DMS' )
5-3
2 =2
AAAAO 5 - LENGTH('O')
5-1
4 != 2

SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS

10. MOD( )
11. TRUNC( )
12. ROUND( )
13. MONTHS_BETWEEN( )
14. LAST_DAY( )
15. TO_CHAR( )
16. NVL( )

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10. MOD( ) : "It is used to obtain modulus/remainder of the given number "

Syntax: MOD ( m , n ) n)m(

Example : SELECT MOD( 5 , 2 )

FROM DUAL ; 1

1 . WAQTD ENAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO EARN SALARY IN MULTIPLES OF 3

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MOD( SAL , 3 ) = 0 ;

2. WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO HAVE ODD EID

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE MOD( EID , 2 ) = 1 ;

11. ROUND( ) : " It is used to Round-off the given number based on the scale value "

Syntax: ROUND ( Number [, Scale ] ) The default value of scale is 0

Example : ROUND ( 5.6 ) 6

Example : ROUND ( 5.5 ) 6 LHS RHS
Example : ROUND ( 5.4 ) 5
Example : ROUND ( 9.9 ) 10 Before the Decimal After the Decimal
Example : ROUND ( 9.4 ) 9
-ve SCALE +ve SCALE
Example : ROUND (8.6 , 0 ) 9
Decimal

When the scale is -ve it indicated the digits before the decimal ROUND ( 8421 .12 , -1 )
And the digit count begins from 1 .

Example : ROUND ( 8421.12 , -1 ) 8420

5.6 6 Rounding off to units place
Example : ROUND ( 8426.12 , -1 ) 8430
Example : ROUND ( 154264.12 , -2 ) 154300
Example : ROUND ( 338222 , -4 ) 340000
Example : ROUND ( 2514 , -3 ) 3000

When the scale is +ve it indicated the digits after the decimal
And the digit count begins from 0 .

Example : ROUND ( 124.23541 , 0 ) 124 ( 124.23541 , 0 ) = 124

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And the digit count begins from 0 .

Example : ROUND ( 124.23541 , 0 ) 124 ( 124.23541 , 0 ) = 124

Example : ROUND ( 124. 23541 , 1 ) 124.2 ( 124.23541 , 1 ) = 124.2
Example : ROUND ( 124. 23541 , 2 ) 124.24
( 123.6712638723 , 6 ) =
Example : ROUND ( 124. 2354391 , 5 ) 124.23544
123.671264

12. TRUNC( ): "It is similar to ROUND() but it always rounds-off the given number to the lower value "

Syntax: TRUNC( Number [, Scale ] )

Example : TRUNC ( 5.6 ) 5

Example : TRUNC ( 5.5 ) 5
Example : TRUNC ( 5.4 ) 5
Example : TRUNC ( 9.9 ) 9
Example : TRUNC ( 9.4 ) 9
Example : TRUNC (8.6 , 0 ) 8
Example: TRUNC( 451258.32541 , -5) 400000

NOTE :
DATE COMMANDS :
i. SYSDATE : " it is used to obtain Todays Date "
ii. CURRERNT_DATE : " it is also used to obtain todays date "
iii. SYSTIMESTAMP : "It is used to obtain date , time and time zone "

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE

2 FROM DUAL ;

SYSDATE
---------------
17-MAY-20

SQL> SELECT CURRENT_DATE

2 FROM DUAL ;

CURRENT_D
------------------
17-MAY-20

SQL> SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP

2 FROM DUAL ;

SYSTIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------------
17-MAY-20 05.05.52.356000 PM +05:30

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13. MONTHS_BETWEEN( ) :"It is used to Obtain the number of months present between the
Given two dates "

Syntax: MONTHS_BETWEEN ( DATE1 , DATE2 )

SELECT TRUNC( MONTHS_BETWEEN( SYSDATE , HIREDATE ) ) || ' Months'

FROM EMP

TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE))||'MONTH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
473 Months
470 Months

14. LAST_DAY( ): " it is used to Obtain the last day in the particular of the given date" .

Syntax: LAST_DAY( DATE ) ;

SQL> SELECT LAST_DAY( SYSDATE ) SYSDATE = 08-JUL-2020

2 FROM DUAL ;

LAST_DAY
----------------
31-JUL-20

15. TO_CHAR( ) :"It is used to convert the given date into String format based on the Model given "

Syntax: TO_CHAR( DATE , 'Format _ Models')

Format Models :
i. YEAR : TWENTY TWENTY
ii. YYYY : 2020
iii. YY : 20
iv. MONTH : JULY
v. MON : JUL
vi. MM : 07
vii. DAY : WEDNESDAY
viii. DY : WED
ix. DD : 08
x. D : 4 ( day of the week )
xi. HH24 : 17 hours
xii. HH12 : 5 hours
xiii. MI : 22 minutes
xiv. SS : 53 seconds
xv. 'HH12:MI:SS' : 5 : 22 : 53
xvi. 'DD-MM-YY' : 17 - 05 - 20
xvii. 'MM-DD-YYYY' : 05 - 17 - 2020

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1. WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO WAS HIRED ON A SUNDAY .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE TO_CHAR( HIREDATE , 'DAY' ) = 'SUNDAY' ;

2. WAQTD DETAILS OF AN EMPLOYEE HIRED ON MONDAY AT 10AM

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE TO_CHAR( HIREDATE , 'D' ) = 2 AND TO_CHAR( HIREDATE , 'HH24' ) = 10 ;

16. NVL( ) : [ NULL VALUE LOGIC ] " It is used to eliminate the side effects of using null in arithmetic
operations " .

WAQTD NAME AND TOTAL SALALRY OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES?

ENAME SAL COMM
A 500 100 SELECT ENAME , SAL + COMM
B 1000 NULL FROM EMP ;
C 2000 200
D 2000 NULL ENAME SAL+COMM
A 600
B NULL
C 2200
D NULL

Null value logic : Syntax : NVL ( Argument1 , Argument2 )

Argument 1 : Here write any column / exp which can result In null .
Argument 2 : Here we write a numeric value which will be substituted
if argument 1 results in Null ,
If argument 1 is NOT NULL then the same value will be considered .

SELECT ENAME , SAL + NVL ( COMM , 0 )

FROM EMP ;

A 500 + NVL ( 100 , 0 ) 500 + 100 600

B 1000 + NVL ( null , 0 ) 1000 + 0 1000
C 2000 + NVL ( 200 , 0 ) 2000+200 2200
D 2000 + NVL( null , 0 ) 2000 + 0 2000

After using NVL

ENAME SAL+nvl(COMM ,0)
A 600

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After using NVL

ENAME SAL+nvl(COMM ,0)
A 600
B 1000
C 2200
D 2000

1. List employees whose name having 4 characters

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE LENGTH(ENAME)=4 ;

2. List employees whose job is having 7 characters

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE LENGTH(JOB)=4;

3. Find out how many times letter 'S' occurs in 'qspiders'

SELECT LENGTH('QSPIDERS') - LENGTH( REPLACE( 'QSPIDERS' , 'S' ) )
FROM DUAL ;

4. List the employees whose job is having last 3 characters as 'man'

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SUBSTR( JOB , -3 ) = 'MAN' ;

5. List employees whose job is having first 3 characters as 'man'.

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SUBSTR( JOB , 1 , 3 ) = 'MAN' ;

6. Display all the names whose name is having exactly 1 'L'

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'L' , 1,1 ) != 0 AND INSTR( ENAME , 'L' , 1, 2 ) = 0 ;

OR

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE LENGTH( ENAME ) - LENGTH( REPLACE( ENAME , 'L' ) ) = 1 ;

7. Display dept names which are having letter 'O'

SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT
WHERE INSTR(DNAME,'O',1,1 ) !=0 ;

9. Calculate number of L in string 'HELLLLL'

SELECT LENGTH('HELLLLL') - LENGTH( REPLACE( 'HELLLLL' , 'L' ) )
FROM DUAL ;

10. Display all the employees whose job has a string 'MAN'

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10. Display all the employees whose job has a string 'MAN'
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR(JOB,'MAN',1,1 ) !=0 ;

11. Display all the employees whose job starts with string 'MAN'
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR(JOB,'MAN',1,1 ) =1 ;

OR

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SUBSTR( JOB ,1,3) = 'MAN' ;

12. Display all the employees whose job ends with string 'MAN'
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SUBSTR( JOB , -3 ) = 'MAN' ;

13. Display first 3 characters of ename in lower case and rest everything in upper case.
If ename is 'QSPIDERS' then display this as ‘qspIDERS’
SELECT LOWER(SUBSTR('QSPIDERS',1,3)) || UPPER( SUSBTR('QSPIDERS' , 4) )
FROM DUAL ;

14. Display the result from emp table as below.

SMITH is a CLERK and gets salary 2000
Here SMITH is ename column, CLERK is JOB and 2000 is SAL column and rest everything is literal
strings.
SELECT ENAME || ' IS A '|| JOB || ' AND GETS SALARY ' || SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'SMITH' ;

15.list the employees hired on a Wednesday

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE TO_CHAR( HIREDATE , 'DY' ) = WED ;

16.list the employees hired on a leap year

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE MOD( TO_CHAR( HIREDATE , 'YY' ) , 4 ) = 0 ;

17.list the employees hired on a Sunday in the month of may

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE TO_CHAR( HIREDATE , 'DY' ) = 'SUN' AND TO_CHAR( HIREDATE , 'MON' ) = 'MAY' ;

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DAY 20
Wednesday, August 12, 2020 8:48 AM

STATEMENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 5 DIFFERENT TYPES

➢ DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE ( DDL )
➢ DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE ( DML )
➢ TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE ( TCL )
➢ DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE ( DCL )
➢ DATA QUERY LANGUAGE ( DQL )

1. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE ( DDL ):

" DDL is used to construct an object in the database and deals with the Structure of the
Object "

It has 5 statements :
1. CREATE
2. RENAME
3. ALTER
4. TRUNCATE
5. DROP

1. CREATE : " IT IS USED TO BUILD / CONSTRUCT AN OBJECT "

Object / Entity can be a Table or a View ( Virtual Table ) .

How to Create a Table :

➢ Name of the table

 Tables cannot have same names .
➢ Number of Columns .
➢ Names of the columns .
➢ Assign datatypes for the Columns.
➢ Assign Constraints [ NOT MANDATORY ] .

Example 1:

Table_Name : CUSTOMER
Number of Columns : 4

Customer
Column_Name CID CNAME CNO ADDRESS
Datatypes Number(2) Varchar(10) Number (10) Varchar(15)
Null / Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Null
Unique Unique Unique
Check Check ( length( CNO ) = 10 )
Primary Key Primary Key
Foreign Key
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Check Check ( length( CNO ) = 10 )

Primary Key Primary Key
Foreign Key
Not Mandatory
Syntax to create a table :

CREATE TABLE Table_Name

(
Column_Name1 datatype constraint_type ,
Column_Name2 datatype constraint_type ,
Column_Name3 datatype constraint_type ,
.
.
Column_NameN datatype constraint_type
);

Example :

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER

(
CID Number(2) primary key ,
CNAME Varchar(10) ,
CNO Number(10) not null check( length( CNO ) = 10 ) ,
ADDRESS Varchar(15)
);

NOTE :
To Describe the table:
CUSTOMER PRODUCT
Syntax: DESC Table_Name ;
CID

Example 2:

Table_Name : PRODUCT
Number of Columns : 4

Product
Column_Name PID PNAME PRICE CID
Datatypes Number(2) Varchar(10) Number (7,2) Number(2)
Null / Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Null
Unique Unique
Check Check ( Price > 0 )
Primary Key Primary Key
Foreign Key Foreign Key

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Syntax to create a table :

CREATE TABLE Table_Name

(
Column_Name1 datatype constraint_type ,
Column_Name2 datatype constraint_type ,
Column_Name3 datatype constraint_type ,
.
.
Column_NameN datatype ,
Constraint Foreign key references Parent_Table_Name(Column_Name)
);

Example :

CREATE TABLE PRODUCT

(
PID Number(2) primary key ,
PNAME Varchar(10) ,
PRICE Number(7,2) check( Price > 0) ,
CID Number(2) ,
Constraint CID_FK Foreign Key(CID) references CUSTOMER( CID )
);

2.RENAME : "IT IS USED TO CHANGE THE NAME OF THE OBJECT "

Syntax: RENAME Table_Name TO New_Name ;

Example :
RENAME Customer TO Cust ;

3. ALTER :" IT IS USED TO MODIFY THE STRUCTURE OF THE TABLE "

➢ TO ADD A COLUMN :

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

ADD Column_Name Datatype Constraint_type ;

Example : ALTER TABLE Cust

ADD MAIL_ID Varchar(15) ;

➢ TO DROP A COLUMN :

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

DROP COLUMN Column_Name ;

Example : ALTER TABLE Cust

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Example : ALTER TABLE Cust

DROP COLUMN MAIL_ID ;

➢ TO RENAME A COLUMN :

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

RENAME COLUMN Column_Name TO new_Column_Name ;

Example : ALTER TABLE Cust

RENAME COLUMN CNO TO PHONE_NO ;

➢ TO MODIFY THE DATATYPE :

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

MODIFY COLUMN_NAME New_Datatype;

Example : ALTER TABLE Cust

MODIFY CNAME CHAR(10) ;

➢ TO MODIFY NOT NULL CONSTRAINTS :

Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

MODIFY COLUMN_NAME Existing_datatype [NULL]/NOT NULL;

Example : ALTER TABLE Cust

MODIFY ADDRESS Varchar(15) Not Null ;

4. TRUNCATE : " IT IS USED TO REMOVE ALL THE RECORDS FROM THE TABLE
PREMANENTLY "

Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE Table_Name ;

Cust
Cid Cname Phone_no Address
1 A 1234567890 BANGALORE
2 B 1234567899 MYSORE
3 C 1234567880 MANGALORE

Example : TRUNCATE TABLE Cust ;

Cust
Cid Cname Phone_no Address

5. DROP :" IT IS USED TO REMOVE THE TABLE FROM THE DATABASE "

Syntax: DROP TABLE Table_Name ;

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5. DROP :" IT IS USED TO REMOVE THE TABLE FROM THE DATABASE "

Syntax: DROP TABLE Table_Name ;

Example :
DATABASE
Bin Folder
Cust
Cid Cname Phone_no Address
1 A 1234567890 BANGALORE DROP Bin$123abc
2 B 1234567899 MYSORE Address
3 C 1234567880 MANGALORE

TO RECOVER THE TABLE :

Syntax: FLASHBACK TABLE Table_Name

TO BEFORE DROP ;

Example : Bin Folder

DATABASE
Address : BIN$123ABCXYZ
Cust

FLASHBACK
FLASHBACK TABLE Cust
TO BEFORE DROP ;

TO DELETE THE TABLE FROM BIN FOLDER :

Syntax: PURGE TABLE Table_Name ;

Example : PURGE TABLE Cust ;

Database Bin folder Trash

Cust
DROP PURGE Gone
BIN$123ABC
Forever

FLASHBACK

NOTE : DDL STATEMENTS ARE AUTO-COMMIT STATEMENTS

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FLASHBACK

NOTE : DDL STATEMENTS ARE AUTO-COMMIT STATEMENTS

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DAY 21
Thursday, August 13, 2020 9:41 AM

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE ( DML )

It is used to Manipulate the Object by performing insertion , updating and deletion .

1. INSERT
2. UPDATE
3. DELETE

1. INSERT : It is used to insert / create records in the table .

Syntax: INSERT INTO Table_Name VALUES( v1 , v2 , v3 …… ) ;

CUSTOMER
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES( 1 , 'DINGA' , 9876543210 ,'BANGALORE' ) ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 DINGA 9876543210 BANGALORE
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES( 2 , 'DINGI' , 9876543211 ,'MANGALORE' ) ;
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 DINGA 9876543210 BANGALORE
2 DINGI 9876543211 MANGALORE

PRODUCT
PID PNAME PRICE CID
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(6,2) NUMBER(3)

INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES( 11 , 'iPhone' , 10000 , 2 );

PID PNAME PRICE CID
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(6,2) NUMBER(3)
11 iPhone 10000 2
INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES( 22 , 'Mac Book' , 20000 , 1 );
PID PNAME PRICE CID
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(6,2) NUMBER(3)
11 iPhone 10000 2

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11 iPhone 10000 2
22 Mac Book 20000 1

2.UPDATE :It is used to modify an existing value .

Syntax: UPDATE Table_Name

SET Col_Name = Value , Col_Name = Value ,,,,,
[WHERE stmt ] ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
2 ABDUL 9876543210 MANGALORE

➢ WAQT update the phone number of Abdul to 7778889994

UPDATE CUSTOMER
SET CNO = 7778889994
WHERE CNAME ='ABDUL' ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
2 ABDUL 7778889994 MANGALORE

➢ WAQT change the address of the customer to Mysore whose cid is 1 .

UPDATE CUSTOMER
SET ADDRESS = 'MYSORE'
WHERE CID = 1 ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 MYSORE
2 ABDUL 7778889994 MANGALORE

3.DELETE : It is used to remove a particular record from the table .

Syntax: DELETE FROM Table_Name

[ WHERE stmt ];

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
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1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE

2 ABDUL 1234567891 MANGALORE
➢ WAQT remove abdul from the list of customers .

DELETE FROM CUSTOMER

WHERE CNAME ='ABDUL' ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE

ASSIGNMENT ON DML STATEMENTS :

1. WAQT update the salary of employee to double their salary if

He is working as a manager .

2. WAQT change the name of SMITH to SMIITH .

3. WAQT modify the job of KING to 'PRESIDENT' .

4. WAQT to change name of ALLEN to ALLEN MORGAN .

5. WAQT hike the salary of the employee to 10% . If employees earn less than
2000 as a salesman .

6. WAQ TO delete the employees who don’t earn commission .

7. WAQ to remove all the employees hired before 1987 in dept 20

8. Differentiate between TRUNCATE and DELETE statements .

TRUNCATE DELETE
Belongs to DDL Belongs to DML
Removes all the records from the Removes a particular record from the
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Removes all the records from the Removes a particular record from the
Table permanently . Table .
Auto COMMIT Not auto COMMIT .

3. TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE ( TCL )

"It is used to control the transactions done on the database ".

The DML Operations performed on the Database are known as Transactions
such as Insertion , Updating and Deletion .

We have 3 Statements :
1. COMMIT
2. ROLLBACK
3. SAVEPOINT

1.COMMIT : "This statement is used to SAVE the transactions into the DB ".

Syntax: COMMIT ;
Example :
Query WORKPLACE DATABASE

➢ CREATE T1 NAME SAL NAME SAL

➢ INSERT INTO T1
VALUES( 'A' , 100 ) ; NAME SAL NAME SAL
A 100 A 100
COMMIT ;

➢ INSERT INTO T1 NAME SAL NAME SAL

VALUES( 'B' , 200 ) ;
➢ INSERT INTO T1 A 100 A 100
VALUES( 'C' , 300 ) ; B 200 B 200
COMMIT ; C 300 C 300
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➢ INSERT INTO T1 A 100

VALUES( 'C' , 300 ) ; B 200 B 200
COMMIT ; C 300 C 300

NAME SAL
➢ UPDATE T1 A 1000
SET SAL = 1000 B 200
WHERE NAME = 'A' ;
C 300

➢ COMMIT ; NAME SAL

A 1000
B 200
C 300

2. ROLLBACK :

This statement is used to Obtain only the saved data from the DB .
It will bring you to the point where you have committed for the last time .

SYNTAX: ROLLBACK ;

3. SAVEPOINT :

This statement is used to mark the positions or restoration points . (nothing

related to DB ) .

SYNTAX: SAVEPOINT Savepoint_Name ;

Example :

Query WORKPLACE SAVEPOINT

➢ INSERT INTO T1 NAME SAL Savepoints

VALUES( 'A',100) ; A 100 S1
➢ SAVEPOINT S1 ;
B 200
➢ INSERT INTO T1
VALUES( 'B' , 200 ) ; C 300 S2
➢ INSERT INTO T1 D 400
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➢ INSERT INTO T1
VALUES( 'B' , 200 ) ; C 300 S2
➢ INSERT INTO T1 D 400
VALUES( 'C' , 300 ) ; E 500 S3
➢ SAVEPOINT S2 ;
➢ INSERT INTO T1 F 600
VALUES( 'D' , 400 ) ;
➢ INSERT INTO T1 ROLLBACK TO S3
VALUES( 'E' , 500 ) ;
ROLLBACK TO S2
➢ SAVEPOINT S3 ;
➢ INSERT INTO T1 ROLLBACK TO S1
VALUES( 'F' , 600 ) ;

SYNTAX: ROLLBACK TO Savepoint_Name ;

4. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE :

"This statement is used to control the flow of data between the users ".

We have 2 statements :
1. GRANT
2. REVOKE

1.GRANT : THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO GIVE PERMISSION TO A

USER .

SYNTAX: GRANT SQL_STATEMENT

ON TABLE_NAME
TO USER_NAME ;

2.REVOKE : THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO TAKE BACK THE

PERMISSION FROM THE USER .

SYNTAX: REVOKE SQL_STATEMENT

ON TABLE_NAME
FROM USER_NAME ;

Example :

User 1 : SCOTT User 2 : HR

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User 1 : SCOTT User 2 : HR

EMP SELECT *
ENAME SAL FROM SCOTT.EMP ;
A 100
B 200

GRANT SELECT ON EMP

TO HR ;

EMP SELECT *
ENAME SAL FROM SCOTT.EMP ;
A 100
B 200

REVOKE SELECT ON EMP

FROM HR ;

SELECT *
ENAME SAL FROM SCOTT.EMP ;
A 100
B 200

TRY !!!!

SQL> SHOW USER ;

USER is "SCOTT"
SQL> CONNECT
Enter user-name: HR
Enter password: *****
Connected.
SQL> SHOW USER ;
USER is "HR"

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Enter password: *****

Connected.
SQL> SHOW USER ;
USER is "HR"
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM SCOTT.EMP;
FROM SCOTT.EMP
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

SQL> CONNECT
Enter user-name: SCOTT
Enter password: *****
Connected.
SQL> GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO HR;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> CONNECT
Enter user-name: HR
Enter password: *****
Connected.
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM SCOTT.EMP;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

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DAY 22
Friday, August 14, 2020 9:39 AM

What is Normalization ?

" It is the process of reducing a large table into smaller tables in order to remove
redundancies and anomalies by identifying their functional dependencies is
known as Normalization . "

Or

"The process of decomposing a large table into smaller table is known as

Normalization ."

Or

"Reducing a table to its Normal Form is known as Normalization . "

T1 T2 T3

What is Normal Form ?

A table without redundancies and anomalies are said to be in Normal Form .

Levels of Normal From .

1. First Normal Form ( 1NF )
2. Second Normal Form ( 2NF )
3. Third Normal Form ( 3NF )
4. Boyce - Codd Normal Form ( BCNF )

Note : If any Table / entity is reduced to 3NF , then the table is said to be normalized.

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1. First Normal Form ( 1NF ) :

- No duplicates records .
- Multivalued data should not be present .

QSPIDERS
QID NAME COURSE
QID NAME C1 C2 C3
1 A JAVA
1 A JAVA MT
2 B JAVA , SQL
2 B JAVA SQL
3 C MT , SQL
3 C SQL MT
1 A MT

2. Second Normal Form ( 2NF )

- Table should be in 1NF
- Table should not have Partial Functional Dependency .

EMPLOYEE - ( EID , ENAME , SAL , DEPTNO , DNAME , LOC )

Eid ename sal Deptno dname Loc
1 A 100 10 D1 L1
2 B 120 20 D2 L2
3 C 320 10 D1 L1
4 D 251 10 D1 L1

Eid - ename ,sal

Deptno - dname , loc

:- ( Eid , deptno ) -> ( Ename , Sal , Dname , Loc ) composite key attribute
results in PFD

R1 - ( EID , ENAME , SAL )

R2 - ( DEPTNO , DNAME , LOC ) Eid ename sal
Deptno dname Loc
1 A 100
10 D1 L1
2 B 120
20 D2 L2
3 C 320
4 D 251
3. Third Normal Form ( 3NF )
- Table should be in 2NF .
- Table should not have Transitive Functional Dependency .

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Employee - ( EID , Ename , Sal , comm , Pin code , state , country )

EID -> ENAME :- Transitive Functional Dep

SAL
COMM
PINCODE -> STATE
COUNTRY
R1- ( eid , ename , comm )
R2- ( pincode , state , country )

➢ Prepare a RESUME !!
➢ Reference Notes : bit.ly/roSQLQCDM34
➢ Mail_Id : [email protected] [ resume ]
➢ Instagram : ro_sql_helpmate / rohan_singh_ro
➢ Any further details contact your respective branches
➢ Qspiders Basavanagudi [ BANGALORE ]
PHNO: 9845687781 , 9686700900
➢ For Reference : goo.gl/hVjjxE

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