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Reinforced Concrete Design I

Reinforced Concrete Structures

• Plain concrete and reinforced concrete are

used widely as building construction
materials around the world.
• Reinforced concrete are used in buildings of all
sorts, underground structures, foundations,
towers, dams, and bridges.

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Reinforced Concrete Structures

Buildings Foundations

Reinforced Concrete Structures

Bridges
Dams

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Reinforced Concrete Structures

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete

1. Economy: Frequently, the foremost consideration is the

overall cost of the structure. This is, of course, a function of
the costs of the materials and of the labor and time necessary
to erect the structure. Concrete floor systems tend to be
thinner than structural steel systems because the girders and
beams or joists all fit within the same depth.
2. Suitability of material for architectural and
structural function: Concrete has the advantage that it is
placed in a plastic condition and is given the desired shape
and texture by means of the forms and the finishing
techniques.

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Advantages of Reinforced Concrete

3. Fire Resistance: A concrete building inherently has a 1- to

3-hour fire rating without special fireproofing or other details.
Structural steel or timber buildings must be fireproofed to
attain similar fire ratings.
4. Rigidity: Concrete structures are more rigid due to the
greater stiffness and mass of a concrete structure.
5. Low Maintenance: Concrete structures required lower
maintenance than steel and timber structures.
6. Availability of Materials: Sand, gravel or crushed rock,
water, cement, and concrete mixing facilities are very widely
available.

Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete

1. Low Tensile Strength: The tensile strength of

concrete is much lower than its compressive strength
(about 1/10th); hence, concrete is subject to cracking
when subjected to tensile stresses.
2. Forms and Shoring: The construction of a cast-in-
place structure involves three steps (a) the
construction of the forms, (b) the removal of these
forms, and (c) the propping or shoring of the new
concrete to support its weight until its strength is
adequate. These steps are not encountered in the
construction of steel or timber structures.

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Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete

Construction of RC Slab

Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete

Construction of composite Slab

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Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete

3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight or

volume: The compressive strength of concrete is roughly
10 percent that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30
percent that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure
requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material
than does a comparable steel structure. As a result, steel is
often selected for long-span structures.
4. Time-dependent volume changes: concrete
undergoes drying shrinkage, which, if restrained, may cause
deflections or cracking. Furthermore, deflections in a
concrete floor will tend to increase with time, possibly
doubling, due to creep of the concrete under sustained
compression stress.

Objectives of Design

Appropriateness

Economy

St. Adequacy

Maintainability

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Objectives of Design

1. Appropriateness: The arrangement of spaces, spans,

ceiling heights, access, and traffic flow must complement the
intended use.
2. Economy: The overall cost of the structure should not
exceed the client’s budget.
2. Structural adequacy: Structural adequacy involves two
major aspects:
(a) A structure must be strong enough to support all anticipated
loadings safely.
(b) A structure must not deflect, lean, vibrate, or crack in a
manner that impairs its usefulness.

Objectives of Design

4. Maintainability: A structure should be designed so as

to require a minimum amount of simple maintenance
procedures.

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The Design Process

1. Determine the Client Needs

2. Development of Project Concept

3. Architectural Design

4. Structural Design

The Design Process

Structural Design Process

Structural Analysis: Determine shear, moment, torque…etc

Design of individual elements: Slab, beam, column…etc

Prepare drawings: Plans, sections, details of members…etc

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Loads
Loads on structures can be divided into three categories:

Dead Loads : weight of structure, any permanent materials

such as finishes, roof materials. Dead loads can be determined
by the dimensions of elements and the unit weight of material.

Live Loads : weight of people and weight of furniture…etc.

Such loads can be determined from ASCE 7-10 or Table 1.1 of
the assigned book.

Environmental loads : such as , snow, rain, wind and

seismic loads. These loads are computed according to ASCE 7-
10.

Loads (according to ASCE 7-10)

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Loads

Code of Practice/ ACI Code

• The Design Engineer is usually guided by

specification called Codes of Practice. These Codes
are set up by various organization to represent
minimum requirement necessary for the safety of
public.
• The definitive design specification for reinforced
concrete buildings in many countries around the
world and in Iraq is the Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11)
and Commentary. The latest version is (ACI 318-
14).

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Code of Practice/ ACI Code

• In recent years, the

ACI Code has
undergone a major
revision every three
years. Current plans
are to publish major
revisions on a six-year
cycle with interim
revisions half-way
through the cycle.

Design Basis- Working Stress Method

Working Stress Method Disadvantages

• It was used from early • It does not account for
1900s until 1960s. variability of loads and
• Design under service load resistance.
condition. • Factors of safety are not
• Apply F.S to strength of know clearly.
material (allowable stress • Incapable to deal with
level). group of loads especially
• Concrete, Fa = 0.45 fc’ when one of the loads
• Steel, Fa = 0.5 fy increases at different rate
from the others.

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Design Basis - Strength Deign Method

Strength Deign Method or (Ultimate Stress Design)

• Factored load (ultimate load) = Structure about to fail
• Design Strength ≥ Required strength (U)
• Load Factors ≥ 1
• Material safety factor (strength reduction) ≤ 1

Note: The aim of this method is to ensure that no

ultimate state will appear in a structural member during
service life.

Safety
• A structure must be safe against collapse, and
a structure must be adequate for all loads that
might act on it.
• But, we are uncertain about the followings:
1. Actual loads.
2. Forces/ loads that might be distributed different from
what we assumed.
3. The assumptions made in the analysis might not be
exactly correct.
4. Actual behavior might be different from that assumed.

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Safety

4. To allow for under strength due to variations in material

strengths and dimensions.
5. To permit inaccuracies in design provisions.

In addition,
6. To reflect the degree of ductility and required probability
of the member under the load effects being considered.
7. To reflect the importance of the member in the structure.

ACI Safety Provisions

Factored Strength ≥ Factored Load

Or can be written as

Nominal Strength X Strength Reduction Factor ≥

Load X Load Factors

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ACI Load Combinations

Condition Factored load and Load Effect U

Basic U = 1.2D + 1.6L

Dead plus fluid U = 1.4 (D+F)
Snow, rain, temperature U = 1.2 (D+F+T) + 1.6 (L+H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)

and wind U = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (1.0 L or 0.8 W)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
Earthquake U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

Where, D = Dead load, L = Live load, F = Fluids load, H = Height or pressure from soil, Lr =
roof live load, R = rain load, S = Snow load, T = Cumulative effects of temperature, creep,
shrinkage, and differential settlement, W = wind load, and E = Earthquake load

Serviceability

Serviceability requires that:

• Deflections be adequately small;
• Cracks if any be kept to a tolerable limits;
• Vibrations be minimized.

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